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Cordeiro LDS, Linhares DG, Barros Dos Santos AO, Lima Dos Santos L, de Castro JBP, Vale RGDS. Influence of resistance training on muscle architecture in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 112:105020. [PMID: 37043838 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training (RT) consists of planned exercise programs to increase muscle strength capacity through neural and structural adaptations, such as changes in the geometric arrangement of muscle fibers. This study aimed to analyze the influence of RT on muscle architecture in older people. METHODS This PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (identification number CRD42022340477) followed the PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that observed older individuals submitted to RT programs that reported muscle architecture outcomes. RESULTS Seventeen RCTs met the eligibility criteria with a total of 488 participants. The main results of the meta-analysis showed that RT interventions had a significant effect on the thickness of the medial gastrocnemius (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI: - 0.07 to 0.17; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION Based on available evidence, studies included in this review showed improvement in maximum isometric force, pennation angle, fascicle length, thickness, and muscle activation after RT interventions. In turn, the meta-analysis suggested a potential for improving the thickness of the medial gastrocnemius after the intervention. However, any clinical implications drawn from the analyses should be interpreted with caution, as these findings are substantially limited due to a low number of included studies and a potential heterogeneity between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilliany de Souza Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Diego Gama Linhares
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Oliveira Barros Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Luciano Lima Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Brandão Pinto de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Sport, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lira Filho, 9° andar, Bloco F, sala 9134/5, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20550-900, Brazil; Active Aging, Exercise, and Health (HEALTHY-AGE Network), Spain
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Ahmed A, Afzaal M, Ali SW, Muzammil HS, Masood A, Saleem MA, Saeed F, Hussain M, Rasheed A, Al Jbawi E. Effect of vegan diet (VD) on sports performance: a mechanistic review of metabolic cascades. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammar Masood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Saleem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amara Rasheed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lee SY, Lee HJ, Lim JY. Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements in older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 102:104758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mori H, Tokuda Y. De-Training Effects Following Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 24 Weeks of Follow-Up. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:994-1002. [PMID: 36437767 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of de-training after a combined intervention of leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation and resistance training on skeletal muscle mass and strength in older adults with sarcopenia. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SETTING A community in Hyogo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS The study included older adults aged ≥ 65 years who were screened for sarcopenia at the Care Center from, a community in Hyogo, Japan. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: whey protein supplementation after resistance training (RT + PRO; n = 27), resistance training only (RT; n = 27), and whey protein supplementation only (PRO; n = 27). INTERVENTIONS An intervention program was conducted over a period of 24 weeks. The program included RT and/or PRO supplementation twice a week for 24 weeks, followed by a de-training period for another 24 weeks. PRO supplementation included 11.0 g of protein and 2,300 mg of leucine. The total energy and protein intake amounts for the participants in all groups were controlled to achieve at least 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/day and 1.2 g/kg IBW/day, respectively, during the intervention and de-training periods. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcomes, such as mean change of appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ΔASMI), and secondary outcomes, such as handgrip strength (ΔHGS), were measured at baseline, the end of intervention, and at 12 and 24 weeks of de-training. RESULTS Compared to baseline, ASMI and HGS increased significantly at the end of the intervention period in the RT+PRO group (ASMI and HGS, p < 0.01); however, there were no significant differences in ΔASMI and ΔHGS between each group. At 24 weeks of the de-training period, ΔASMI and ΔHGS were higher in the RT + PRO group than in the RT group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that combined intervention of RT and PRO showed long-term maintenance in treating sarcopenia than RT only at 24 weeks after de-training. Therefore, PRO intake after RT may be useful in the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mori
- Hiroyasu Mori, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-Cho 3-18-15, Tokushima-City, Tokushima-Prefecture, 770-8503, Japan, Tel: +81-88-633-7587; Fax: +81-88-633-7589, E-mail:
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Sawicka AK, Jaworska J, Brzeska B, Sabisz A, Samborowska E, Radkiewicz M, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ, Szarmach A, Olek RA. L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:945-953. [PMID: 36259583 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in combination with leucine supplementation on muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy in aged women participating in a resistance exercise training (RET) program. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven out of sixty (38.3% dropout) healthy women aged 60-75 years (mean 67.6 ± 0.7 years) completed the intervention in one of three groups. One of the supplemented groups received 1 g of L-carnitine-L-tartrate in combination with 3 g of L-leucine per day (LC+L group; n = 12), and the second supplemented group received 4 g of L-leucine per day (L group; n = 13). The control group (CON group; n = 12) received no supplementation. INTERVENTION All three groups completed the same RET protocol involving exercise sessions twice per week for 24 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Before and after the experiment, participants performed isometric and isokinetic muscle strength testing on the Biodex dynamometer. The cross-sectional areas of the major knee extensors and total thigh muscles were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), myostatin and decorin, and plasma levels of total carnitine (TC) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels were measured. RESULTS The 24-week RET significantly increased muscle strength and muscle volume, but the group and time interactions were not significant for the muscle variables analyzed. Plasma total carnitine increased only in the LC+L group (p = 0.009). LC supplementation also caused a significant increase in plasma TMAO, which was higher after the intervention in the LC+L group than in the L (p < 0.001), and CON (p = 0.005) groups. The intervention did not change plasma TMAO concentration in the L (p = 0.959) and CON (p = 0.866) groups. After the intervention serum decorin level was higher than before in both supplemented groups combined (p = 0.012), still not significantly different to post intervention CON (p = 0.231). No changes in serum IGF-1 and myostatin concentrations and no links between the changes in blood markers and muscle function or muscle volume were observed. CONCLUSIONS LC combined with leucine or leucine alone does not appear to improve the effectiveness of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sawicka
- Robert A. Olek, Department of Athletics, Strength, and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39; 61-871 Poznan, Poland, e-mail: , ORCID: 0000-0002-3714-7386
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Pohl A, Schünemann F, Bersiner K, Gehlert S. The Impact of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on Physical Performance and Molecular Signaling in Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:3884. [PMID: 34836139 PMCID: PMC8623732 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular adaptations can be triggered by exercise and diet. As vegan and vegetarian diets differ in nutrient composition compared to an omnivorous diet, a change in dietary regimen might alter physiological responses to physical exercise and influence physical performance. Mitochondria abundance, muscle capillary density, hemoglobin concentration, endothelial function, functional heart morphology and availability of carbohydrates affect endurance performance and can be influenced by diet. Based on these factors, a vegan and vegetarian diet possesses potentially advantageous properties for endurance performance. Properties of the contractile elements, muscle protein synthesis, the neuromuscular system and phosphagen availability affect strength performance and can also be influenced by diet. However, a vegan and vegetarian diet possesses potentially disadvantageous properties for strength performance. Current research has failed to demonstrate consistent differences of performance between diets but a trend towards improved performance after vegetarian and vegan diets for both endurance and strength exercise has been shown. Importantly, diet alters molecular signaling via leucine, creatine, DHA and EPA that directly modulates skeletal muscle adaptation. By changing the gut microbiome, diet can modulate signaling through the production of SFCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pohl
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Frederik Schünemann
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Käthe Bersiner
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Labata-Lezaun N, Llurda-Almuzara L, López-de-Celis C, Rodríguez-Sanz J, González-Rueda V, Hidalgo-García C, Muniz-Pardos B, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Effectiveness of Protein Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2607. [PMID: 32867103 PMCID: PMC7551830 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of resistance training (RT) and protein supplementation (PS), compared to RT alone or combined with a placebo (plS), in the improvement of muscle strength and physical performance. The search strategy in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Sciences databases found a total of 294 studies. Once inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 16 studies were included for the qualitative analysis. A total of 657 healthy elderly (>60 years) participants were analysed. Finally, 15 articles were included in the quantitative analysis with one being excluded due to issues with data availability. Upper-limb, lower-limb, and handgrip strength were the primary outcomes of the meta-analysis. The secondary outcomes, related to physical performance, were Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed, and the five-chair-rise test (5CRT). The main results of the meta-analysis show no statistical differences for upper-limb (SMD: 0.56, 95% CI: -0.09, 1.21, p = 0.09, I2 = 68%), lower-limb (SMD: 0.00, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.18, p = 1.0, I2 = 11%), and handgrip strength (SMD: 0.03, 95% CI: -0.26, 0.32, p = 0.84, I2 = 0%) between the RT + PS and the RT alone (or combined with plS). Moreover, no statistical differences were found relating to physical performance. In view of these results, protein supplementation combined with RT does not provide additional benefits compared to RT alone or with plS in healthy elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Labata-Lezaun
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (N.L.-L.); (L.L.-A.); (J.R.-S.)
| | - Luis Llurda-Almuzara
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (N.L.-L.); (L.L.-A.); (J.R.-S.)
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (V.G.-R.)
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (N.L.-L.); (L.L.-A.); (J.R.-S.)
| | - Vanessa González-Rueda
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (V.G.-R.)
| | - César Hidalgo-García
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; (N.L.-L.); (L.L.-A.); (J.R.-S.)
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Daly RM, Gianoudis J, De Ross B, O'Connell SL, Kruger M, Schollum L, Gunn C. Effects of a multinutrient-fortified milk drink combined with exercise on functional performance, muscle strength, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress in middle-aged women: a 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:427-446. [PMID: 32469393 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multinutrient protein-enriched supplements are promoted to augment the effects of exercise on muscle mass and strength, but their effectiveness in middle-aged women, or whether there are any additional benefits to physical function, remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate whether a multinutrient-fortified milk drink (MFMD) could enhance the effects of exercise on functional muscle power (stair climbing) in middle-aged women. Secondary aims were to evaluate the intervention effects on physical function, muscle strength, lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle density, balance, flexibility, aerobic fitness, inflammation, oxidative stress, bone and cartilage turnover, blood pressure, and blood lipids. METHODS In this 4-mo, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, 244 women (45-65 y) participated in a multimodal resistance-type exercise program 3 d/wk, with random allocation to a twice-daily MFMD containing added protein, vitamin D, calcium, milk fat globule membrane (phospholipids and other bioactives), and other micronutrients (Ex + MFMD, n = 123) or an energy-matched placebo (Ex + placebo, n = 121). RESULTS A total of 216 women (89%) completed the study. After 4 mo, both groups experienced similar 3.6%-4.3% improvements in the primary outcomes of fast-pace 5- and 10-step stair ascent power. In contrast, Ex + MFMD experienced greater improvements in 5-step regular-pace stair descent time [net difference (95% CI): -0.09 s (-0.18, 0.00 s), P = 0.045], countermovement jump height [0.5 cm (0.04, 1.0 cm), P = 0.038], total body LM [0.3 kg (0.04, 0.60 kg), P = 0.020], FM [-0.6 kg (-1.0, -0.2 kg), P = 0.004], BMC [0.4% (0.1%, 0.6%), P = 0.020], muscle CSA [thigh: 1.8% (0.6%, 2.9%), P = 0.003; lower leg: 0.9% (0.3%, 1.6%), P = 0.005], balance eyes closed [3.3 s (1.1, 5.4 s), P = 0.005], 2-min step performance [8 steps (3, 12 steps), P = 0.003], and sit-and-reach flexibility [1.4 cm (0.6, 2.2 cm), P = 0.026]. MFMD did not enhance the effects of exercise on any measures of muscle strength, gait speed, dynamic balance, reaction time, or blood lipids, and there was no effect of either intervention on blood pressure, markers of inflammation, or cartilage turnover. Ex + placebo had a greater improvement in the oxidative stress marker protein carbonyls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged women, daily consumption of an MFMD did not enhance the effects of a multimodal exercise program on the primary outcome of stair climbing ascent power, but did elicit greater improvements in multiple secondary outcomes including various other measures of functional performance, LM, muscle size, FM, balance, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and bone metabolism.This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12617000383369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda De Ross
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella L O'Connell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marlena Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda Schollum
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Palmerston, North New Zealand
| | - Caroline Gunn
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Palmerston, North New Zealand
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Master PBZ, Macedo RCO. Effects of dietary supplementation in sport and exercise: a review of evidence on milk proteins and amino acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1225-1239. [PMID: 32363897 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1756216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements, especially protein, are used by athletes to achieve the exercise and training daily demands, and have been receiving research focus on their role regarding recovery and performance. Protein supplements are preferred over traditional protein sources because of their ease of availability and use. In addition to consuming a complete protein supplement, such as whey protein, the ingestion of a supplement containing only amino acids has been of interest for promoting skeletal muscle anabolism and high-quality weight loss. The aim of this study was to review the existing evidence on the effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on exercise. The preponderance of evidence suggests that protein supplementation, especially milk proteins, potentiate muscle protein synthesis, lean mass and exercise recovery. Unlike proteins, amino acids supplementation (branched-chain amino acids, glutamine or leucine) results from research are equivocal and are not warranted.
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Trezise J, Blazevich AJ. Anatomical and Neuromuscular Determinants of Strength Change in Previously Untrained Men Following Heavy Strength Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1001. [PMID: 31447693 PMCID: PMC6691166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether changes in strength following a moderate-duration strength training program were associated with changes in specific combinations of anatomical and neuromuscular variables. 36 men (18-40 y) completed 10 weeks of lower-limb heavy resistance (6-RM) strength training. Measurements included cross-sectional area (CSA), fascicle length (lf) and fascicle angle (θf) from proximal, middle and distal regions of the four quadriceps components; agonist (EMG:M), antagonist (EMG) muscle activities and percent voluntary quadriceps activation (%VA; interpolated twitch technique); patellar tendon moment arm distance; and maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric (60° s-1) torque. Multiple regression models were developed to quantify the relationship between the change in maximum torque and the changes in combinations of anatomical and neuromuscular variables. The best model for each contraction mode was determined using Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), an information-theoretic approach for model selection. Strength increased significantly following training (mean range = 12.5-17.2%), and moderate relationships were observed between modeled data (using best-fit prediction models) and the change in torque for each contraction mode. The change in isometric torque was best (although weakly) predicted by the linear combination of the change in proximal-region vastus lateralis (VL) CSA and fascicle angle (R 2 = 0.27, p < 0.05; AICc wi = 0.52, i.e., the probability the model would be selected as the "best model"). The models best predicting the change in concentric and eccentric torque both included the combination of the change in quadriceps (i.e., mean of all muscles) EMG:M and the change in vastus intermedius fascicle angle combined with either a change in proximal-region VL (R 2 = 0.40, p < 0.001; AICc wi = 0.15) or whole quadriceps (R 2 = 0.41, p < 0.001; AICc wi = 0.30) CSA (concentric and eccentric, respectively). Models incorporating the change in proximal CSA typically received substantial support (AICC < 2) for concentric torque prediction models, and the change in % VA and pre-training moment arm distance had substantial support for use in eccentric torque prediction models. In conclusion, adaptations varied between individuals, however strength training programs targeted to improve a group of variables that particularly includes agonist muscle activation might yield the greatest improvements in concentric and eccentric knee extension strength, whereas proximal muscle size and fascicle angle appear most important for isometric torque improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trezise
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - A J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Kirk B, Mooney K, Amirabdollahian F, Khaiyat O. Exercise and Dietary-Protein as a Countermeasure to Skeletal Muscle Weakness: Liverpool Hope University - Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT). Front Physiol 2019; 10:445. [PMID: 31133863 PMCID: PMC6524700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of a 16-week concurrent exercise regimen [resistance exercise (RE) + functional exercise (FE)] in combination with, or without, a leucine-enriched whey protein isolate supplement on muscle strength, physical functioning, aerobic capacity, and cardiometabolic health in older adults (≥60 years). Physical activity levels were also evaluated 6 months post-cessation of the intervention. Methods Forty-six, community-dwelling, previously untrained males, and females [age: 68 ± 5 years (mean ± SD); BMI: 27.8 ± 6.2 kg/m2] who completed the trial were initially randomized to one of two independent arms [Exercise n = 24 (E); Exercise+Protein n = 22 (EP)]. Both arms completed 16 weeks of RE (performed to fatigue) (2 times/week) with FE (1 time/week) on non-consecutive days. Additionally, EP were administered a leucine-enriched whey protein supplement (3 times/day) for 16 weeks based on individual body-weight (1.5 g/kg/day). Results As a result of dietary supplementation, protein intake increased in EP (∼1.2 ± 0.4 to 1.5 ± 0.7 g/kg/day) during the intervention. Maximal strength (1RM) values for leg press (E: +39 ± 7 kg, p = 0.006; EP: +63 ± 7 kg, p < 0.001), chest press (E: +22 ± 4 kg, p < 0.001; EP: +21 ± 6 kg, p < 0.001), and bicep curl (E: +7 ± 0 kg, p = 0.002; EP: +6 ± 1 kg, p = 0.008) significantly increased in E and EP respectively, with no differences between arms (p > 0.05). Physical functioning in the obstacle course (E: -5.1 ± 6.8 s, p < 0.001; EP: -2.8 ± 0.8 s, p < 0.001) and short-physical performance battery scores (E: +0.5 ± 0.5, p = <0.001; EP: +0.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.038), and aerobic capacity in the 6-min walk test (E: +37 ± 24 m, p = 0.014; EP: +36 ± 3 m, p = 0.005) improved in E and EP respectively, with no differences between arms (p > 0.05). No significant change was observed for markers of cardiometabolic health (glycaemic control or blood pressure) (p > 0.05). At follow-up, 86% of older adults reported to performing physical activity ≥1 per week. Of those, 61% were still participating in strength- and cardiovascular- based exercise. Conclusion Concurrent exercise (RE + FE) offers a potent method to combat age-related muscle weakness, and our results suggest a high proportion of older adults may continue to exercise unsupervised. However, leucine-enriched whey protein isolate supplementation did not confer any additional benefit in those already consuming ample amounts of dietary protein at trial enrolment. Future trials should utilize a whole-foods approach and investigate the effects in frail and non-frail older adults habitually consuming the RDA of protein, to assess if a higher intake of protein is needed to delay the onset of muscle weakness. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02912130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Mooney
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Omid Khaiyat
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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O’Bryan KR, Doering TM, Morton RW, Coffey VG, Phillips SM, Cox GR. Do multi-ingredient protein supplements augment resistance training-induced gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 trials. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:573-581. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of multi-ingredient protein (MIP) supplements on resistance exercise training (RT)-induced gains in muscle mass and strength compared with protein-only (PRO) or placebo supplementation.Data sourcesSystematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials with interventions including RT ≥6 weeks in duration and a MIP supplement.DesignRandom effects meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation on fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, one-repetition maximum (1RM) upper body and 1RM lower body muscular strength. Subgroup analyses compared the efficacy of MIP supplementation relative to training status and chronological age.ResultsThe most common MIP supplements included protein with creatine (n=17) or vitamin D (n=10). Data from 35 trials with 1387 participants showed significant (p<0.05) increases in FFM (0.80 kg (95% CI 0.44 to 1.15)), 1RM lower body (4.22 kg (95% CI 0.79 to 7.64)) and 1RM upper body (2.56 kg (95% CI 0.79 to 4.33)) where a supplement was compared with all non-MIP supplemented conditions (means (95% CI)). Subgroup analyses indicated a greater effect of MIP supplements compared with all non-MIP supplements on FFM in untrained (0.95 kg (95% CI 0.51 to 1.39), p<0.0001) and older participants (0.77 kg (95% CI 0.11 to 1.43), p=0.02); taking MIP supplements was also associated with gains in 1RM upper body (1.56 kg (95% CI 0.80 to 2.33), p=0.01) in older adults.Summary/conclusionsWhen MIP supplements were combined with resistance exercise training, there were greater gains in FFM and strength in healthy adults than in counterparts who were supplemented with non-MIP. MIP supplements were not superior when directly compared with PRO supplements. The magnitude of effect of MIP supplements was greater (in absolute values) in untrained and elderly individuals undertaking RT than it was in trained individuals and in younger people.Trial registration numberCRD42017081970.
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Efficacy of a new strength training design: the 3/7 method. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bergia RE, Hudson JL, Campbell WW. Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:539-551. [PMID: 29688559 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua L Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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