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Jeerawattanawart S, Siripurkpong P, Roytrakul S, Angkasekwinai P. IL-25 directly modulates adipocyte function and inflammation through the regulation of adiponectin. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1229-1244. [PMID: 35819460 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the direct role of IL-25 in modulating adipocyte function during homeostasis and low-grade inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS The 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell lines and primary cultures of adipose-derived stromal vascular precursor cells of wild-type and IL-17RB-deficient mice were used to determine the direct function of IL-25. The expression of IL-17RB in differentiating adipocyte was determined using real-time PCR and flow cytometry analysis. The effect of IL-25 on lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, lipolysis, glucose uptake, and adipokine expression in the mature adipocytes was evaluated. IL-25 modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines in adipocytes induced by low dose LPS was determined using real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS The receptor for IL-25 was up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation and IL-25 directly modulated adipocyte function by reducing lipid accumulation and triglyceride concentration and enhancing lipolysis without affecting an insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Interestingly, IL-25 induced adiponectin secretion through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes under low-grade inflammation, IL-25 attenuated the expression of IL-6 and CCL5 through the induction of adiponectin. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that IL-25 directly regulates adipocyte function by maintaining the adiponectin level during homeostasis and by alleviating inflammatory response through the regulation of adiponectin during low-grade inflammation in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pilaiwan Siripurkpong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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2
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Fujita M, Yamamoto H, Yoshida N, Ono R, Matsuoka T, Kihara S. Atheroprotective Roles of Adiponectin via CCL2 Inhibition. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:1204-1213. [PMID: 33191365 PMCID: PMC8592692 DOI: 10.5551/jat.58875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
Adiponectin (APN) exhibits different atheroprotective effects, and we have previously reported that APN function is modulated by its binding proteins, E-selectin ligand 1, Mac-2 binding protein, and cystatin C. In the present study, we aimed to identify a novel atheroprotective mechanism of APN via C–C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2).
Methods:
We conducted iMAP
®
-intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in 111 Japanese male patients with stable angina. The plaque characteristics were determined where “plaque burden” [(EEM CSA − lumen CSA)/(EEM CSA)×100 (%)] >50%, and their correlation with serum CCL2 and APN levels was analyzed. Using western blot analysis, the effects of APN on the biological effects of CCL2 were examined in their mutual binding by co-immunoprecipitation assay, the monocyte migration, and the phosphorylation of MAP kinases.
Results:
In a clinical study, we found that the percentage of plaque in the culprit lesion was correlated positively with serum CCL2 and negatively with serum APN levels, with significance. We identified CCL2 as a novel APN-binding serum protein using immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. CCL2-induced phosphorylation of MAP kinases and monocyte migration was significantly attenuated by APN
in vitro
.
Conclusion:
The opposite association of APN and CCL2 on the percentage of coronary plaque might be caused by their direct interaction and competitive functions on monocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fujita
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Runa Ono
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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3
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Kirketerp-Møller N, Bayarri-Olmos R, Krogfelt KA, Garred P. C1q/TNF-Related Protein 6 Is a Pattern Recognition Molecule That Recruits Collectin-11 from the Complement System to Ligands. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1598-1606. [PMID: 32041782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) 6 is a member of the CTRP protein family associated with the regulation of cellular and endocrine processes. CTRP6 contains collagen and globular structures, resembling the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) of the classical and lectin complement pathways. We expressed human CTRP6 in Chinese hamster ovary cells and investigated the binding to different putative ligands (acetylated BSA [AcBSA], zymosan, mannan, and LPS from Escherichia coli and Salmonella as well as to the monosaccharides l-fucose, d-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and galactose). Furthermore, we investigated the binding of CTRP6 to various Gram-negative bacteria as well as PRMs and enzymes of the lectin complement pathway. We found that CTRP6 bound to AcBSA and to a lesser extent to zymosan. Using EDTA as chelating agent, we observed an increased binding to AcBSA, zymosan and the two strains of LPS. We detected no binding to mannan and BSA. We identified l-fucose as a ligand for CTRP6 and that it bound to certain enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, whereas to other bacterial isolates, no binding was observed. CTRP6 did not appear to interact directly with the activating enzymes of the lectin pathway; however, we could show the specific recruitment of collectin-11 and subsequent initiation of the complement cascade through deposition of C4. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the binding of CTRP6 to a variety of microbial and endogenous ligands identifying CTRP6 as a novel human lectin and PRM of importance for complement recognition and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Kirketerp-Møller
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; and.,Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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4
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Pulmonary Hypertension and Obesity: Focus on Adiponectin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040912. [PMID: 30791536 PMCID: PMC6412189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is an umbrella term including many different disorders causing an increase of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥ 25 mmHg. Recent data revealed a strong association between obesity and pulmonary hypertension. Adiponectin is a protein synthetized by the adipose tissue with pleiotropic effects on inflammation and cell proliferation, with a potential protective role on the pulmonary vasculature. Both in vivo and in vitro studies documented that adiponectin is an endogenous modulator of NO production and interferes with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ) signaling preventing endothelial dysfunction and proliferation. Furthermore, adiponectin ameliorates insulin resistance by mediating the biological effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Therefore, adiponectin modulation emerged as a theoretical target for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, currently under investigation. Recently, consistent data showed that hypoglycemic agents targeting PPARγ as well as renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers may influence pulmonary hemodynamics in different models of pulmonary hypertension.
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5
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Kubota M, Yoneda M, Maeda N, Ohno H, Oki K, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Hattori N. Westernization of lifestyle affects quantitative and qualitative changes in adiponectin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:83. [PMID: 28683803 PMCID: PMC5501538 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Japanese–Americans and native Japanese share the same genetic predispositions, they live different lifestyles, resulting in insulin resistance in Japanese–Americans. We investigated whether the quantitative and qualitative changes in adiponectin (APN) due to differences in lifestyle contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Methods We evaluated 325 native Japanese in Hiroshima, Japan and 304 Japanese–Americans in Los Angeles, the United States, who were aged between 30 and 70 years and underwent medical examinations between 2009 and 2010. All participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess their glucose tolerance. The insulin response to oral glucose load, the Matsuda index, total APN levels, and C1q-APN/total-APN ratios were compared between native Japanese and Japanese–Americans. Results Compared with the native Japanese, the Japanese–Americans had significantly lower Matsuda index and higher area under the curve values for serum insulin concentration during OGTT in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) groups, but not in the diabetes mellitus (DM) group. Furthermore, the Japanese–Americans had significantly lower total APN levels and higher C1q-APN/total-APN ratios than the native Japanese in the NGT and IGT groups, but not in the DM group. Conclusions This study suggested that, in Japanese people, the westernization of their lifestyle might affect quantitative and qualitative changes in APN and induce insulin resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0565-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunobu Kubota
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tohru Funahashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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6
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Matsumoto A, Yamamoto H, Matsuoka T, Kayama K, Onishi S, Matsuo N, Kihara S. Cystatin C-Adiponectin Complex in Plasma Associates with Coronary Plaque Instability. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:970-979. [PMID: 28321013 PMCID: PMC5587523 DOI: 10.5551/jat.39545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Adiponectin (APN) is an adipocyte-derived bioactive molecule with antiatherogenic properties. We previously reported that cystatin C (CysC) abolished the anti-atherogenic effects of APN. We aimed to elucidate the clinical significance of CysC–APN complex in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We enrolled 43 stable CAD male patients to examine the relationship between CysC–APN complex and coronary plaque characteristics. Serum was immunoprecipitated by the anti-APN antibody and immunoblotted by the anti-CysC antibody to demonstrate the presence of CysC–APN complexes in vivo. To confirm their binding in vitro, HEK293T cell lysates overexpressing myc-APN and FLAG-CysC were immunoprecipitated with an anti-myc or anti-FLAG antibody, followed by immunoblotting with an anti-APN or anti-CysC antibody. Results: CysC was identified as a specific co-immunoprecipitant with APN by the anti-APN antibody in human serum. In vitro, FLAG-CysC was co-immunoprecipitated with myc-APN by the antimyc antibody and myc-APN was co-immunoprecipitated with FLAG-CysC by the anti-FLAG antibody. Among CAD patients, serum CysC–APN complex levels negatively correlated with fibrotic components of coronary plaques and positively correlated with either necrotic or lipidic plus necrotic components. Plaque burden negatively correlated with serum APN levels but not serum CysC–APN complex levels. Serum CysC levels had no association with plaque characteristics. In multivariate analysis, CysC–APN complex levels were identified as the strongest negative factor for fibrotic components and the strongest positive factor for both necrotic and lipidic plus necrotic components. Conclusion: Measuring serum CysC–APN complex levels is helpful for evaluating coronary plaque instability in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Matsumoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital
| | - Kento Kayama
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sumire Onishi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Natsumi Matsuo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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7
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Chimen M, Apta BHR, Mcgettrick HM. Introduction: T Cell Trafficking in Inflammation and Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1591:73-84. [PMID: 28349476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6931-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell migration across vascular endothelium is essential for T cell responses, as through the expression of specific tissue-homing receptors, these cells then access peripheral tissues, with the goal of eliminating invading pathogens and/or tumor cells. However, aberrant trafficking of T cells to peripheral tissues contributes to the development of most chronic inflammatory diseases. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which T cell trafficking is regulated during inflammation, and it is thus difficult to target this aspect of pathology for the development of new therapies. It is therefore important to understand the pathways involved in regulating the recruitment of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bonita H R Apta
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen M Mcgettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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8
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Niinaga R, Yamamoto H, Yoshii M, Uekita H, Yamane N, Kochi I, Matsumoto A, Matsuoka T, Kihara S. Marked elevation of serum M2BP–adiponectin complex in men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:70-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Katira A, Tan PH. Adiponectin and its receptor signaling: an anti-cancer therapeutic target and its implications for anti-tumor immunity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1105-25. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1035710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Suarez-Martinez E, Husain K, Ferder L. Adiponectin expression and the cardioprotective role of the vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol and the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in ApoE-deficient mice. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 8:224-36. [PMID: 25037058 DOI: 10.1177/1753944714542593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number one cause of death in the US. The adipokine adiponectin has been studied intensively for presenting and inversed association with almost every stage of CHD. For instance, the evaluation of molecules capable of enhancing endogenous adiponectin expression is well justified. In this study, we investigated the effect of the vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA) paricalcitol and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) enalapril on adiponectin expression, lipid profiles, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), antioxidant capacity, CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), Mn-SOD, NADPH p22phox subunits, inducible nitric oxidesynthase (iNOS), endothelial marker eNOS, and 81 atherosclerosis-related genes in ApoE-deficient mice. METHOD Seven-week-old ApoE-deficient mice were treated for 16 weeks as follows: Group 1, ApoE vehicle control (intraperitoneal [i.p.] 100 µl propylene glycol); Group 2, ApoE-paricalcitol (200 ng i.p., 3/week); Group 3, ApoE-Enalapril (30 mg/kg daily); Group 4, ApoE-paricalcitol + enalapril (described dosing); and Group 5, wild-type control (C57BLV). RESULTS All treated groups presented significant changes in circulating and cardiac adiponectin, cardiac cholesterol levels, AMPK, MCP-1, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, eNOS, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD and p22phox. There were 15 genes that differed in their expression, 5 of which are involved in cardioprotection and antithrombotic mechanisms: Bcl2a1a, Col3a1, Spp1 (upregulated), Itga2, and Vwf (downregulated). CONCLUSION Together, our data presented a novel role for VDRA and ACEI in reducing factors associated with CHD that may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic venues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edu Suarez-Martinez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, PO Box 7186, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
| | - Leon Ferder
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
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11
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Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Adiponectin and the cardiometabolic syndrome: an epidemiological perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:93-106. [PMID: 24417949 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein with cardio-vasculo-protective and anti-diabetic properties. Plasma adiponectin levels are low in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome (a cluster of multiple risk factors based on visceral fat accumulation). Routine measurement of plasma adiponectin may be useful to encourage life-style changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Funahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 B5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuji Matsuzawa
- Sumitomo Hospital, 5-3-20 Nakanoshima, Kita-Ku, Osaka 530-0005, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
Adiponectin is a protein synthesized and secreted predominantly by adipocytes into the peripheral blood. However, circulating adiponectin level is inversely related with body weight, especially visceral fat accumulation. The mechanism of this paradoxical relation remains obscure. Low circulating adiponectin concentrations (hypoadiponectinemia; <4 μg/mL) are associated with a variety of diseases, including dysmetabolism (type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, hyperuricemia), atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease), sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gastritis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, pancreatitis, osteoporosis, and cancer (endometrial cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, leukemia, colon cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer). On the other hand, hyperadiponectinemia is associated with cardiac, renal and pulmonary diseases. This review article focuses on the significance of adiponectin as a clinical biomarker of obesity-related diseases. Routine measurement of adiponectin in patients with lifestyle-related diseases is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tohru Funahashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Nakatsuji H, Kobayashi H, Kishida K, Nakagawa T, Takahashi S, Tanaka H, Akamatsu S, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Binding of adiponectin and C1q in human serum, and clinical significance of the measurement of C1q-adiponectin / total adiponectin ratio. Metabolism 2013; 62:109-20. [PMID: 22819529 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiponectin and C1q have similar sequences, exist abundantly in blood, and are produced by adipose tissues. The aim of this study was to examine whether adiponectin and C1q form protein-complex in blood and to know the clinical significance of the C1q-adiponectin (C1q-APN) complex in serum. METHODS The direct interaction between adiponectin and C1q was investigated by far western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation. The relationship between serum C1q-APN and various clinical features was analyzed in 329 Japanese men who underwent health check-up, including measurements of visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) by computed tomography (Victor-J study). RESULTS Adiponectin bound to C1q in vitro and C1q-APN complex existed in human blood. C1q-APN complexes were identified in high- and middle-molecular weight forms of adiponectin in human serum by gel-filtration chromatography. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified body mass index, VFA and SFA as significant determinants of serum C1q-APN level. Serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio correlated positively with cardiovascular risk factor accumulation in subjects with VFA ≥100 cm(2). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that high- and middle-molecular forms of adiponectin partly consist of adiponectin-complex with other proteins including C1q and that the blood C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio may serve as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome in general male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Nakatsuji H, Kishida K, Kobayashi H, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Three-month treatment with pioglitazone reduces circulating C1q-binding adiponectin complex to total-adiponectin ratio, without changes in body mass index, in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 99:e14-7. [PMID: 23142017 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We measured circulating C1q-binding adiponectin (C1q-APN) levels before and after 3-month treatment with pioglitazone in people with type 2 diabetes. The results indicate 3-month treatment with pioglitazone reduces circulating levels of C1q-APN/total-adiponectin ratio without changes in body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Dubern B, Lafarge JC, Fellahi S, Naour N, Copin N, Bastard JP, Simon C, Clément K, Bonnet D, Tounian P, Guerre-Millo M. Relevance of increased serum cystatin C to vascular alterations in obese children. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:374-81. [PMID: 22653843 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies report a positive relationship between serum cystatin C and cardiovascular outcomes in adults. Here, we tested the relevance of cystatin C as a biomarker for early vascular alterations in severely obese children. METHODS Two hundred nineteen obese (140 girls; age = 11.7 ± 2.7 years, BMI Z-score = 4.7 ± 1.2 SD) and 262 non-obese children (129 girls; age = 11.6 ± 0.6 years, body mass index [BMI] Z-score = 0.1 ± 1.0 SD). Serum cystatin C was measured by immunonephelometry. Intima media thickness (IMT), incremental elastic modulus, and flow-mediated and glyceryl-trinitrate-mediated dilations were determined at the common carotid artery and the brachial artery in obese children. RESULTS Obese children had significantly higher serum cystatin C than normal weight controls (0.86 ± 0.01 vs. 0.80 ± 0.01, P < 0.0001). In obese children, serum cystatin C correlates positively with BMI and the homeostasis model assessment index and negatively with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and adiponectin. A positive relationship was found between serum cystatin C and carotid IMT (r = 0.23, P = 0.0005), which remained significant in multivariate models adjusted for BMI (P = 0.01) and adiponectin with a trend towards significance (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION This study positions cystatin C and adiponectin as covariables associated with arterial wall thickness in obese children. Although the underlying pathophysiology linking cystatin C to early vascular disease remains to be deciphered, cystatin C may represent a novel adipose tissue-derived biomarker implicated in obesity-related comorbidities early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dubern
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; INSERM, Paris, France
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16
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Medoff BD. Fat, fire and muscle--the role of adiponectin in pulmonary vascular inflammation and remodeling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:420-6. [PMID: 22750271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a life-threatening condition that results from a heterogeneous group of diseases, many of which demonstrate characteristic pathologic changes of pulmonary vascular inflammation and remodeling. Recent clinical studies indicate obesity to be a risk factor for the development of pulmonary hypertension; however, the mechanisms leading to this association are unknown. Adipocytes secrete multiple bioactive mediators that can influence inflammation and tissue remodeling, suggesting that adipose tissue may directly influence the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. One of these mediators is adiponectin, a protein with a wide range of metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Paradoxically, adiponectin is present in high concentration in the serum of lean healthy individuals, but decreases in obesity. Studies suggest that relative adiponectin-deficiency may contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases in obesity, and recent animal studies implicate adiponectin in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Most notably, experimental studies show that adiponectin can reduce lung vascular remodeling in response to inflammation and hypoxia. Moreover, mice deficient in adiponectin develop a spontaneous lung vascular phenotype characterized by age-dependent increases in peri-vascular inflammatory cells and elevated pulmonary artery pressures. Emerging evidence indicates adiponectin's effects are mediated through anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions on cells in the lung. This review aims to synthesize the existing data related to adiponectin's effects on the pulmonary vasculature and to discuss how changes in adiponectin levels might contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Medoff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Juhl C, Beck-Sickinger AG. Molecular tools to characterize adiponectin activity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:31-56. [PMID: 23017711 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Within the past years, numerous hormones were found to be secreted by adipose tissue. As these adipokines exert different physiological effects with great importance in obesity, they provide new strategies for the treatment of obesity associated disorders. Adiponectin is one of the most promising targets due to its protective properties in glucose and lipid metabolism, which are mediated by the adiponectin receptor 1 and 2. Within the past decades, substantial progress in understanding the molecular function of this unique ligand-receptor system could be achieved. This review summarizes the most important approaches for the investigation of adiponectin activity. Even though many insights into adipokine function could be achieved, clarification of the detailed mode of action is still challenging. For this reason, this review gives an overview of frequently used methods, which led to the molecular characterization of adiponectin and might help to get more detailed insights into the broad aspects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Juhl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Hosokawa Y, Yamada Y, Obata Y, Baden MY, Saisho K, Ihara A, Yamamoto K, Katsuragi K, Matsuzawa Y. Relationship between serum cystatin C and serum adiponectin level in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 16:399-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Factor H binds to the N-terminus of adiponectin and modulates complement activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Komura N, Kihara S, Sonoda M, Maeda N, Tochino Y, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Increment and impairment of adiponectin in renal failure. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:471-7. [PMID: 20035033 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Patients with chronic renal failure are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies in healthy population showed that hypoadiponectinemia was associated with high cardiovascular disease risk. However, plasma adiponectin (APN) levels are increased in renal dysfunction. Therefore, the clinical significance of plasma APN level in patients with moderate renal dysfunction is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the change of plasma APN levels in a mouse model of renal failure and the loss of vasculo-protective function of APN in the presence of high cystatin C levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy was performed in APN-knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The procedure in WT mice resulted in the significant increase of plasma APN and cystatin C levels. The clearance rate of APN was measured by injecting plasma from WT mice into KO mice. The clearance rate was significantly decreased in subtotal nephrectomized KO mice compared with sham-operated KO mice. Adiponectin protein and mRNA levels in adipose tissue were similar to subtotal nephrectomized and sham-operated mice. In cultured endothelial cells, at a high concentration corresponding to renal failure, cystatin C abolished the suppressive effects of APN on tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced expression of monocyte adhesion molecules. CONCLUSION Plasma APN increases in chronic renal failure, at least in part due to low clearance rate. High concentrations of cystatin C abolish the vasculo-protective effect of APN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Komura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Foucher AL, Hartmann K, Hauptmann M, Wildgruber R, Safinowski M, Forst T, Pfützner A, Gelfand CA, Nissum M. Resolution of adiponectin oligomers in human plasma using free flow electrophoresis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115:267-78. [PMID: 19883214 DOI: 10.3109/13813450903307814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an important adipocytokine hormone which circulates in blood as homo-oligomers (trimer, hexamer and high molecular weight (HMW) forms) as well as a truncated form corresponding to the globular domain. Free flow electrophoresis (FFE) used in zone electrophoresis mode revealed the presence of isoforms within these oligomeric forms in plasma. HMW adiponectin oligomer showed two isoforms which carry different charge density at pH 4.7, only one of which is susceptible to dissociation by SDS. The adiponectin hexamer was shown to consist of a doublet and also shown to have at least two isoforms. A truncated form of adiponectin was identified as the main constituent of adiponectin in plasma and appeared to circulate bound to a basic protein, potentially one of the chemokines reported to bind to the globular domain. Analysis of the monomer composition of the oligomers revealed differences in monomeric isoforms used to build up the oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude L Foucher
- BD Diagnostics, Am Klopferspitz 19a, Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Zhu M, Hug C, Kasahara DI, Johnston RA, Williams AS, Verbout NG, Si H, Jastrab J, Srivastava A, Williams ES, Ranscht B, Shore SA. Impact of adiponectin deficiency on pulmonary responses to acute ozone exposure in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:487-97. [PMID: 19915153 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0086oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese mice have increased responses to acute ozone (O(3)) exposure. T-cadherin is a binding protein for the high-molecular weight isoforms of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory hormone that declines in obesity. The objective of the present study was to determine whether adiponectin affects pulmonary responses to O(3), and whether these effects are mediated through T-cadherin. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and measured pulmonary responsiveness to methacholine after acute air or O(3) exposure (2 ppm for 3 h) in adiponectin-deficient (Adipo(-/-)) or T-cadherin-deficient (T-Cad(-/-)) mice. O(3) increased pulmonary responses to methacholine and increased BAL neutrophils and protein to a greater extent in wild-type than in Adipo(-/-) mice, whereas T-cadherin deficiency had no effect. O(3)-induced increases in BAL IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), which contribute to O(3)-induced pulmonary neutrophilia, were also greater in wild-type than in Adipo(-/-) mice. In contrast, responses to O(3) were not altered by transgenic overexpression of adiponectin. To determine which adiponectin isoforms are present in the lung, Western blotting was performed. The hexameric isoform of adiponectin dominated in serum, whereas BAL was dominated by the high-molecular weight isoform of adiponectin. Interestingly, serum adiponectin was greater in T-Cad(-/-) versus wild-type mice, whereas BAL adiponectin was lower in T-Cad(-/-) versus wild-type mice, suggesting that T-cadherin may be important for transit of high-molecular weight adiponectin from the blood to the lung. Our results indicate that adiponectin deficiency inhibits pulmonary inflammation induced by acute O(3) exposure, and that T-cadherin does not mediate the effects of adiponectin responsible for these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jung C, Fischer N, Fritzenwanger M, Pernow J, Brehm BR, Figulla HR. Association of waist circumference, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and stromal-derived factor-1 in adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10:329-35. [PMID: 19076302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and the metabolic syndrome (MS) represent dramatically increasing problems in children and adolescents. Waist circumference (WC) is an important factor to determine MS. So far, WC is a predictor of blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin concentration, and visceral fat in adolescents. We investigated whether WC and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) are predictors of adiponectin, stromal-derived factor (SDF-1), and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) as parameters for beginning insulin resistance and endothelial damage. METHODS Seventy-nine male Caucasian adolescents were studied, aged 13-17 yr. Thirty-eight (48%) of them had a WC above 90th age percentile. All participants were enrolled in one consultation, recording various parameters and collecting one blood sample. RESULTS Differences in systolic blood pressure, HDL, high sensitive C-reactive protein, and hemoglobin A1c could be found between groups above or below the 90th WC percentile. Linear regression analysis revealed that WC and BMI-SDS predict traditional risk factors, as well as reduced adiponectin, lower SDF-1, and higher sE-selectin levels. Multiple linear regression analyses show that SDF-1 is in closest correlation to WC and BMI-SDS. CONCLUSIONS WC and BMI-SDS predict various alterations of traditional and new cardiovascular risk factors. SDF-1 might be a new marker for diagnosis of obesity-related diseases and help understand pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jung
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
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24
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Ponemone V, Fayad R, Gove ME, Pini M, Fantuzzi G. Effect of adiponectin deficiency on intestinal damage and hematopoietic responses of mice exposed to gamma radiation. Mutat Res 2009; 690:102-7. [PMID: 19583972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an adipose tissue-derived cytokine that regulates insulin sensitivity and inflammation. It is also involved in modulation of cell proliferation by binding to various growth factors. Based on its known effects in modulating cell proliferation and oxidative stress, APN may potentially be involved in regulating tissue damage and repair following irradiation. Adiponectin KO mice and their WT littermates were exposed to a single whole-body dose of 3 or 6Gy gamma radiation. Radiation-induced alterations were studied in jejunum, blood, bone marrow and thymus at days 1 and 5 post-irradiation and compared with sham-irradiated groups. In WT mice, irradiation did not significantly alter serum APN levels while inducing a significant decrease in serum leptin. Irradiation caused a significant reduction in thymocyte cellularity, with concomitant decrease in CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cell populations, with no significant differences between WT and APN KO mice. Irradiation resulted in a significantly higher increase in the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in the blood of APN KO compared with WT mice, whereas frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow at day 5 was significantly higher in WT compared with APN KO mice. Finally, irradiation induced similar alterations in villus height and crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum of WT and APN KO mice. Jejunum explants from sham-irradiated APN KO mice produced higher levels of IL-6 compared with tissue from WT animals, but the difference was no longer apparent following irradiation. Our data indicate that APN deficiency does not play a significant role in modulating radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury in mice, while it may participate in regulation of damage to the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Ponemone
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Krenning
- From the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Renier A.J. Moonen
- From the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Harmsen
- From the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ebina K, Oshima K, Matsuda M, Fukuhara A, Maeda K, Kihara S, Hashimoto J, Ochi T, Banda NK, Yoshikawa H, Shimomura I. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of adiponectin reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 378:186-91. [PMID: 19026984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is a hormone released by adipose tissue with anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of systemic delivery of APN in murine arthritis model. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in male DBA1/J mice, and adenoviral vectors encoding human APN (Ad-APN) or beta-galactosidase (Ad-beta-gal) as control were injected either before or during arthritis progression. Systemic APN delivery at both time points significantly decreased clinical disease activity scores of CIA. In addition, APN treatment before arthritis progression significantly decreased histological scores of inflammation and cartilage damage, bone erosion, and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the joints, without altering serum anti-collagen antibodies levels. Immunohistochemical staining showed significant inhibition of complement C1q and C3 deposition in the joints of Ad-APN infected CIA mice. These results provide novel evidence that systemic APN delivery prevents inflammation and joint destruction in murine arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ebina
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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27
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Ichii M, Oritani K, Yokota T, Nishida M, Takahashi I, Shirogane T, Ezoe S, Saitoh N, Tanigawa R, Kincade PW, Kanakura Y. Regulation of human B lymphopoiesis by the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in a newly established coculture system using human mesenchymal stem cells as a supportive microenvironment. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:587-97. [PMID: 18346840 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize and evaluate the validity of a novel coculture system for studying human B-lymphocyte developmental biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a long-term culture system to produce B lymphocytes from human CD34(+) cells purified from umbilical cord blood using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) as stroma. We evaluated the effects of several low molecular weight inhibitors, recombinant proteins, and neutralizing antibodies (Abs) as potential regulators of B-lymphocyte development. RESULTS Our cocultures of 2000 CD34(+) cells in the presence of stem cell factor and Flt3-ligand produced 1-5 x 10(5) CD10(+) cells after 4 weeks of culture. Surface IgM(+) immature B cells began to appear after 4 weeks. We evaluated the negative-regulatory effects of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily on human B lymphopoiesis, and found that adding an anti-activin A antibody enhanced generation of CD10(+) cells two- to three-fold. As well, the proportion of CD10(+) cells in the generated cells increased markedly, indicating that activin A downregulated B lymphopoiesis more efficiently than myelopoiesis. Addition of TGF-beta1 suppressed B-lymphocyte production by 20% to 30%, while addition of an anti-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 antibody or recombinant BMP-4 had no effect. Therefore, the strength of ability to suppress human B lymphopoiesis seemed to be activin A > TGF-beta1 > BMP-4. None of these three factors influenced the emergence of IgM(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS hMSC coculture supported human B lymphopoiesis. Activin A selectively suppressed B lymphocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Vascular effects of adiponectin: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic intervention. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:361-74. [PMID: 18230060 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a major adipocyte-secreted adipokine abundantly present in the circulation as three distinct oligomeric complexes. In addition to its role as an insulin sensitizer, mounting evidence suggests that adiponectin is an important player in maintaining vascular homoeostasis. Numerous epidemiological studies based on different ethnic groups have identified adiponectin deficiency (hypoadiponectinaemia) as an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular complications. Conversely, elevation of circulating adiponectin concentrations by either genetic or pharmacological approaches can alleviate various vascular dysfunctions in animal models. Adiponectin exerts its vasculoprotective effects through its direct actions in the vascular system, such as increasing endothelial NO production, inhibiting endothelial cell activation and endothelium-leucocyte interaction, enhancing phagocytosis, and suppressing macrophage activation, macrophage-to-foam cell transformation and platelet aggregation. In addition, adiponectin reduces neointima formation through an oligomerization-dependent inhibition of smooth muscle proliferation. The present review highlights recent research advances in unveiling the molecular mechanisms that underpin the vascular actions of adiponectin and discusses the potential strategies of using adiponectin or its signalling pathways as therapeutic targets to combat obesity-related metabolic and vascular diseases.
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Post-translational modifications of adiponectin: mechanisms and functional implications. Biochem J 2008; 409:623-33. [PMID: 18177270 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. This adipokine is secreted from adipocytes into the circulation as three oligomeric isoforms, including trimeric, hexameric and the HMW (high-molecular-mass) oligomeric complex consisting of at least 18 protomers. Each oligomeric isoform of adiponectin exerts distinct biological properties in its various target tissues. The HMW oligomer is the major active form mediating the insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin, whereas the central actions of this adipokine are attributed primarily to the hexameric and trimeric oligomers. In patients with Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, circulating levels of HMW adiponectin are selectively decreased due to an impaired secretion of this oligomer from adipocytes. The biosynthesis of the adiponectin oligomers is a complex process involving extensive post-translational modifications. Hydroxylation and glycosylation of several conserved lysine residues in the collagenous domain of adiponectin are necessary for the intracellular assembly and stabilization of its high-order oligomeric structures. Secretion of the adiponectin oligomers is tightly controlled by a pair of molecular chaperones in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), including ERp44 (ER protein of 44 kDa) and Ero1-Lalpha (ER oxidoreductase 1-Lalpha). ERp44 inhibits the secretion of adiponectin oligomers through a thiol-mediated retention. In contrast, Ero1-Lalpha releases HMW adiponectin trapped by ERp44. The PPARgamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonists thiazolidinediones selectively enhance the secretion of HMW adiponectin through up-regulation of Ero1-Lalpha. In the present review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the structural and biological properties of the adiponectin oligomeric isoforms and highlight the role of post-translational modifications in regulating the biosynthesis of HMW adiponectin.
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Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of cardiovascular function: physiologic and clinical perspectives. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 17:275-83. [PMID: 18021938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the biology of white adipose tissue has increased dramatically since the discovery of leptin in 1994. The identification of the product of the gene obese (ob) threw light on the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity-related diseases and spurred the identification of numerous other adipokines, many of a proinflammatory nature. It has become increasingly evident that white adipose tissue-derived cytokines mediate between obesity-related exogenous factors (nutrition and lifestyle) and the molecular events that lead to metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases. Here we review recent adipokine research, with particular attention to the roles of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, apelin, omentin, and chemerin in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gualillo
- Research Laboratory 4 (Laboratory of Neuro Endocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Gabler NK, Spurlock ME. Integrating the immune system with the regulation of growth and efficiency. J Anim Sci 2007; 86:E64-74. [PMID: 17911231 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle growth in meat animals is a complex process governed by integrated signals emanating from multiple endocrine and immune cells. A generalized phenomenon among meat animal industries is that animals commonly fail to meet their genetic potential for growth in commercial production settings. Recent evidence indicates that adipocytes and myofibers are equipped with functional pattern recognition receptors and are capable of responding directly to the corresponding pathogens and other receptor ligands. Thus, these cells are active participants in the innate immune response and, as such, produce a number of immune and metabolic regulators, including proinflammatory cytokines and adiponectin. Specifically, the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B, is activated in adipocytes and muscle cells by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and certain saturated fatty acids, which are potent agonists for the Toll-like receptor-4 pattern recognition receptor. Receptor activation results in the local production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and creates a local environment by which these cytokines regulate both metabolic and immunological pathways. However, adipocytes are also the predominant source of the antiinflammatory hormone, adiponectin, which suppresses the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The molecular ability to recognize antigens and produce regulatory molecules strategically positions adipocytes and myofibers to regulate growth locally and to reciprocally regulate metabolism in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Gabler
- Departments of Food Science & Human Nutrition and Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Xidakis C, Polychronaki M, Voudouri T, Kouroumalis EA. Circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 52:855-66. [PMID: 16432373 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that adipocytokines play an important role in metabolism and in inflammation. Because human metabolism dramatically changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic inflammation is the hallmark of the disease, we studied serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in comparison with healthy controls (HC). METHODS Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and active ghrelin serum levels were measured in 100 IBD patients (46 UC and 54 CD) and in 60 matched HC using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin levels were correlated with disease activity, type, localization, and treatment. RESULTS Mean serum leptin levels were 10.6+/-2.0 ng/mL in UC patients, 12.5+/-2.6 ng/mL in CD patients, and 15.0+/-1.8 ng/mL in HC (P=.01). Mean serum adiponectin levels were 9514.8+/-787.8 ng/mL in UC patients, 7651.1+/-613 ng/mL in CD patients, and 7270.6+/-559.4 ng/mL in HC (P=.05). Mean serum resistin levels were 21.2+/-2.2 ng/mL in UC patients, 18.7+/-1.6 ng/mL in CD patients and 11.8+/-0.6 ng/mL in HC (P=.0002). Mean serum ghrelin levels were 48.2+/-4.2 pg/mL in UC patients, 49.4+/-4.6 pg/mL in CD patients and 14.8+/-3.0 pg/mL in HC (P<.0001). Serum levels of these adipocytokines were not correlated with either C-reactive protein levels or the clinical indices of activity. No association between serum adipocytokines levels and disease localization in both UC and CD patients was found. Only serum ghrelin was significantly higher in ileal compared with colonic CD (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, and active ghrelin are increased whereas serum levels of leptin are decreased in patients with IBD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of adipocytokines in IBD.
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