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Almeida JS, Casanova JM, Santos-Rosa M, Tarazona R, Solana R, Rodrigues-Santos P. Natural Killer T-like Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032743. [PMID: 36769064 PMCID: PMC9917533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD56+ T cells are generally recognized as a distinct population of T cells and are categorized as NKT-like cells. Although our understanding of NKT-like cells is far from satisfactory, it has been shown that aging and a number of disease situations have impacted these cells. To construct an overview of what is currently known, we reviewed the literature on human NKT-like cells. NKT-like cells are highly differentiated T cells with "CD1d-independent" antigen recognition and MHC-unrestricted cell killing. The genesis of NKT-like cells is unclear; however, it is proposed that the acquisition of innate characteristics by T cells could represent a remodeling process leading to successful aging. Additionally, it has been shown that NKT-like cells may play a significant role in several pathological conditions, making it necessary to comprehend whether these cells might function as prognostic markers. The quantification and characterization of these cells might serve as a cutting-edge indicator of individual immune health. Additionally, exploring the mechanisms that can control their killing activity in different contexts may therefore result in innovative therapeutic alternatives in a wide range of disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani-Sofia Almeida
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Casanova
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- University Clinic of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Service, Tumor Unit of the Locomotor Apparatus (UTAL), Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Santos-Rosa
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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The Future of Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy for B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B Cell NHL). Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:381-403. [PMID: 35258793 PMCID: PMC8930876 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have played a critical—if largely unrecognized or ignored—role in the treatment of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) since the introduction of CD20-directed immunotherapy with rituximab as a cornerstone of therapy over 25 years ago. Engagement with NK cells leading to lysis of NHL targets through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a critical component of rituximab’s mechanism of action. Despite this important role, the only aspect of B cell NHL therapy that has been adopted as standard therapy that even indirectly augments or restores NK cell function is the introduction of obinutuzumab, a CD20 antibody with enhanced ability to engage with NK cells. However, over the last 5 years, adoptive immunotherapy with effector lymphocytes of B cell NHL has experienced tremendous growth, with five different CAR T cell products now licensed by the FDA, four of which target CD19 and have approved indications for some subtype of B cell NHL—axicabtagene ciloleucel, brexucabtagene autoleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel, and tisagenlecleucel. These T cell-based immunotherapies essentially mimic the recognition, activation pathway, and cytotoxic machinery of a CD19 antibody engaging NK cells and lymphoma targets. Despite their efficacy, these T cell-based immunotherapies have been difficult to implement because they require 4–6 weeks of manufacture, are costly, and have significant toxicities. This renewed interest in the potential of cellular immunity—and the manufacturing, supply chain, and administration logistics that have been addressed with these new agents—have ignited a new wave of enthusiasm for NK cell-directed therapies in NHL. With high safety profiles and proven anti-lymphoma efficacy, one or more new NK cell-directed modalities are certain to be introduced into the standard toolbox of NHL therapy within the next few years, be it function-enhancing cytokine muteins, multi-domain NK cell engagers, or adoptive therapy with expanded or genetically modified NK cells.
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3
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Shereck E, Day NS, Awasthi A, Ayello J, Chu Y, McGuinn C, van de Ven C, Lim MS, Cairo MS. Immunophenotypic, cytotoxic, proteomic and genomic characterization of human cord blood vs. peripheral blood CD56 Dim NK cells. Innate Immun 2019; 25:294-304. [PMID: 31068047 PMCID: PMC6830905 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919846584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrelated cord blood (CB) is an excellent alternative as an allogeneic donor
source for stem cell transplantation. CB transplantation is associated with
lower incidence of severe acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and chronic
GVHD but similar rates of malignant relapse compared with other unrelated donor
cell transplants. NK cells are critical innate immune components and the
comparison of CB vs. peripheral blood (PB) NK cells is relatively unknown. NK
cell receptor expression, cell function, and maturation may play a role in the
risk of relapse after CB transplant. We investigated CB vs. PB NK cell subset
cytotoxicity, function, receptor expression, and genomic and proteomic
signatures. The CB CD56dim compared with PB CD56dim
demonstrated significantly increased expression of NKG2A and NKG2D,
respectively. CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells had significantly decreased
in vitro cytotoxicity against a variety of non-Hodgkin
lymphoma targets. Various proteins were significantly under- and over-expressed
in CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells. Microarray analyses and qRT-PCR in CB
vs. PB CD56dim demonstrated significantly increased expression of
genes in cell regulation and development of apoptosis, respectively. In summary,
CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells appear to be earlier in development, have
decreased functional activity, and increased capacity for programmed cell death,
suggesting that CB NK cells require functional and maturational stimulation to
achieve similar functional levels as PB CD56dim NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Shereck
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, 97239, USA
| | - Nancy S Day
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Aradhana Awasthi
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | - Janet Ayello
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | - Yaya Chu
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | | | | | - Megan S Lim
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA.,5 Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA.,6 Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA.,8 Department Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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4
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El Assal R, Abou‐Elkacem L, Tocchio A, Pasley S, Matosevic S, Kaplan DL, Zylberberg C, Demirci U. Bioinspired Preservation of Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802045. [PMID: 30937270 PMCID: PMC6425501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to cryopreserve natural killer (NK) cells has a significant potential in modern cancer immunotherapy. Current cryopreservation protocols cause deterioration in NK cell viability and functionality. This work reports the preservation of human cytokine-activated NK cell viability and function following cryopreservation using a cocktail of biocompatible bioinspired cryoprotectants (i.e., dextran and carboxylated ε-poly-L-lysine). Results demonstrate that the recovered NK cells after cryopreservation and rewarming maintain their viability immediately after thawing at a comparable level to control (dimethyl sulfoxide-based cryopreservation). Although, their viability drops in the first day in culture compared to controls, the cells grow back to a comparable level to controls after 1 week in culture. In addition, the anti-tumor functional activity of recovered NK cells demonstrates higher cytotoxic potency against leukemia cells compared to control. This approach presents a new direction for NK cell preservation, focusing on function and potentially enabling storage and distribution for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami El Assal
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | - Lotfi Abou‐Elkacem
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS)Department of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | - Alessandro Tocchio
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | | | - Sandro Matosevic
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyCollege of PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTufts University School of EngineeringMedfordMA02155USA
| | | | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy)Stanford University School of EngineeringPalo AltoCA94304USA
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5
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Nayyar G, Chu Y, Cairo MS. Overcoming Resistance to Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies for Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 30805309 PMCID: PMC6378304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of several solid tumor malignancies remains poor. Different factors associated with solid tumors including a varied genetic signature, complex molecular signaling pathways, defective cross talk between the tumor cells and immune cells, hypoxic and immunosuppressive effects of tumor microenvironment result in a treatment resistant and metastatic phenotype. Over the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option against multiple malignancies. The unique ability of natural killer (NK) cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity makes them an ideal candidate for use against solid tumors. However, the outcomes of adoptive NK cell infusions into patients with solid tumors have been disappointing. Extensive studies have been done to investigate different strategies to improve the NK cell function, trafficking and tumor targeting. Use of cytokines and cytokine analogs has been well described and utilized to enhance the proliferation, stimulation and persistence of NK cells. Other techniques like blocking the human leukocyte antigen-killer cell receptors (KIR) interactions with anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies, preventing CD16 receptor shedding, increasing the expression of activating NK cell receptors like NKG2D, and use of immunocytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors can enhance NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Using genetically modified NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific and trispecific NK cell engagers, NK cells can be effectively redirected to the tumor cells improving their cytotoxic potential. In this review, we have described these strategies and highlighted the need to further optimize these strategies to improve the clinical outcome of NK cell based immunotherapy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nayyar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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6
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Chu Y, Lee S, Shah T, Yin C, Barth M, Miles RR, Ayello J, Morris E, Harrison L, Van de Ven C, Galardy P, Goldman SC, Lim MS, Hermiston M, McAllister-Lucas LM, Giulino-Roth L, Perkins SL, Cairo MS. Ibrutinib significantly inhibited Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) phosphorylation, in-vitro proliferation and enhanced overall survival in a preclinical Burkitt lymphoma (BL) model. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1512455. [PMID: 30546948 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1512455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric and adult patients with recurrent/refractory Burkitt lymphoma (BL) continue to have poor outcomes, emphasizing the need for newer therapeutic agents. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is activated following B-cell receptor stimulation and in part regulates normal B-cell development. Ibrutinib, a selective and irreversible BTK inhibitor, has been efficacious in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and marginal zone lymphoma. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ibrutinib alone and in selective adjuvant combinations against BL in-vitro and in a human BL xenografted immune-deficient NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mouse model. Our data demonstrated that phospho-BTK level was significantly reduced in BL cells treated with ibrutinib (p < 0.001). Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in cell proliferation as well as significant decrease in IC50 of ibrutinib in combination with dexamethasone, rituximab, obinutuzumab, carfilzomib, and doxorubicin (p < 0.001). In-vivo studies demonstrated ibrutinib treated mice had a significantly prolonged survival with median survival of mice following ibrutinib treatment (32 days) (24 days) (p < 0.02). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the significant in-vitro and preclinical in-vivo effects of ibrutinib in BL. Based on our preclinical results in this investigation, there is an on-going clinical trial comparing overall survival in children and adolescents with relapsed/refractory BL treated with chemoimmunotherapy with or without ibrutinib (NCT02703272).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Tishi Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Changhong Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rodney R Miles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Erin Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul Galardy
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stanton C Goldman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, NY, USA
| | - Sherrie L Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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7
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Chu Y, Yahr A, Huang B, Ayello J, Barth M, S Cairo M. Romidepsin alone or in combination with anti-CD20 chimeric antigen receptor expanded natural killer cells targeting Burkitt lymphoma in vitro and in immunodeficient mice. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1341031. [PMID: 28932644 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1341031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitating the development of alternative targeted therapeutic strategies is urgently required to improve outcome or circumvent chemotherapy resistance in children, adolescents, and adults with recurrent/refractory de novo mature B-cell (CD20) non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. We have demonstrated the significant anti-tumor effect of anti-CD20 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified expanded peripheral blood natural killer (exPBNK) against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL. This study examined the anti-tumor activity of romidepsin alone and in combination with anti-CD20 CAR exPBNKs against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL in vitro and in vivo. We found that romidepsin significantly inhibited both rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL cell proliferation in vitro (P < 0.001) and induced cell death in rituximab-sensitive Raji (P < 0.001) and cell cycle arrest in rituximab-resistant Raji-2R and Raji-4RH (P < 0.001). Consistent with in vitro observations, we also found romidepsin significantly inhibited the growth of rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL in BL xenografted NSG mice. We also demonstrated that romidpesin significantly induced the expression of Natural Killer Group 2, Member D (NKG2D) ligands MICA/B in both rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL cells (P < 0.001) resulting in enhancement of exPBNK in vitro cytotoxicity through NKG2D. Finally, we observed the combination of romidepsin and anti-CD20 CAR exPBNK significantly induced cell death in BL cells in vitro, reduced tumor burden and enhanced survival in humanized BL xenografted NSG mice (p < 0.05). Our data suggests that romidepsin is an active HDAC inhibitor that also potentiates expanded NK and anti-CD20 CAR exPBNK activity against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Ashlin Yahr
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Brian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Matthew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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8
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Genetically re-engineered K562 cells significantly expand and functionally activate cord blood natural killer cells: Potential for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Exp Hematol 2016; 46:38-47. [PMID: 27765614 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant role in reducing relapse in patients with hematological malignancies after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but NK cell number and naturally occurring inhibitory signals limit their capability. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 4-1BBL are important modulators of NK expansion and functional activation. To overcome these limitations, cord blood mononuclear cells (CB MNCs) were ex vivo expanded for 7 days with genetically modified K562-mbIL15-41BBL (MODK562) or wild-type K562 (WTK562). NK cell expansion; expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), granzyme B, and perforin; and in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity against B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) were evaluated. In vivo tumor growth in B-NHL-xenografted nonobese diabetic severe combined immune deficient (NOD-scid) gamma (NSG) mice was monitored by tumor volume, cell number, and survival. CB MNCs cultured with MODK562 compared with WTK562 demonstrated significantly increased NK expansion (thirty-fivefold, p < 0.05); LAMP-1 (p < 0.05), granzyme B, and perforin expression (p < 0.001); and in vitro cytotoxicity against B-NHL (p < 0.01). Xenografted mice treated with MODK562 CB experienced significantly decreased B-NHL tumor volume (p = 0.0086) and B-NHL cell numbers (p < 0.01) at 5 weeks and significantly increased survival (p < 0.001) at 10 weeks compared with WTK562. In summary, MODK562 significantly enhanced CB NK expansion and cytotoxicity, enhanced survival in a human Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft NSG model, and could be used in the future as adoptive cellular immunotherapy after umbilical CB transplantation. Future directions include expanding anti-CD20 chimeric receptor-modified CB NK cells to enhance B-NHL targeting in vitro and in vivo.
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9
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Lin SJ, Huang YC, Cheng PJ, Lee PT, Hsiao HS, Kuo ML. Interleukin-15 enhances the expansion and function of natural killer T cells from adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood. Cytokine 2016; 76:348-355. [PMID: 26481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like non-conventional T cells restricted by the CD1d molecule that are unique in their ability to play a pivotal role in immune regulation. Deficient iNKT function has been reported in patients receiving umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation. We sought to determine the effect of interleukin (IL)-15 on α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-expanded iNKT cell function from UCB and adult peripheral blood (APB) mononuclear cells (MNCs). Fresh APB and UCB MNCs were cultured with IL-15 (50 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of α-GalCer (100 ng/ml) for 10 days. Cells were harvested for examination of cell yield, apoptosis, cytokine production and cytotoxic function of Vα24(+)/Vβ11(+) iNKT cells. We observed that α-GalCer-expanded APB and UCB iNKT cells and such expansion was further enhanced with IL-15. The percentage of CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT-like cells in both APB and UCB MNCs was increased with IL-15 but not with α-GalCer. Apoptosis of UCB iNKT cells was ameliorated by IL-15. Although APB and UCB iNKT cells secreted lower IFN-γ, it could be enhanced with IL-15. The expression of perforin in APB iNKT cells can also be enhanced with IL-15. UCB Vα24(+)Vβ11(+) iNKT cells further augmented K562 cytotoxicity mediated by IL-15. Taken together, these results demonstrated the relative functional deficiencies of α-GalCer induced UCB iNKT cells, which can be ameliorated by IL-15. Our findings suggest a therapeutic benefit of IL-15 immunotherapy during the post-UCB transplant period when iNKT function remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tzu Lee
- Health Research Division, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Shan Hsiao
- Health Research Division, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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10
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Vasu S, Berg M, Davidson-Moncada J, Tian X, Cullis H, Childs RW. A novel method to expand large numbers of CD56(+) natural killer cells from a minute fraction of selectively accessed cryopreserved cord blood for immunotherapy after transplantation. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1582-93. [PMID: 26432560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) is increasingly used to treat acute leukemias. UCB units are thawed and infused in their entirety at transplant, precluding later use as immunotherapy to prevent or treat leukemia relapse. METHODS We developed a device that selectively thaws only 1 mL of the UCB unit, leaving the remaining UCB unit cryopreserved for subsequent transplantation. We also show that large numbers of CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells can be expanded from these 1-mL fractions of selectively accessed UCB. Immunomagnetic depletion of CD3(+) cells of the 1-mL fraction was performed, and the cells were subsequently stimulated with irradiated Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCLs) and set to culture in media containing interleukin (IL)-2. RESULTS When a 1:20 ratio of total nucleated cells to EBV-LCL feeder cells was used, day-21 and day-35 NK cell cultures initiated from 1 mL of UCB contained a median of 430 × 10(6) (range: 44-4321 × 10(6)) and 6092 × 10(6) (range: 165-20947 × 10(6)) CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells. These cells expressed high levels of CD161, LFA-1, CD69, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp80 and NKp46. UCB-derived NK cells were highly cytotoxic against K562 leukemia cells, although cytotoxicity was slightly lower than in expanded PBMC-derived NK cells. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and optimized a strategy to selectively access a small fraction from cryopreserved UCB and show that large numbers of CD56(+) cells can be expanded from this selectively accessed fraction. This strategy presents a method to explore whether early adoptive transfer of NK cells expanded from the same UCB unit used for transplantation can prevent leukemic relapse and decrease graft-versus-host disease after UCBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumithira Vasu
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Berg
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Xin Tian
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Herb Cullis
- American Flouroseal Corporation, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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11
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Barth MJ, Chu Y, Hanley PJ, Cairo MS. Immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:597-616. [PMID: 27062282 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was the first malignancy successfully treated with an immunotherapeutic agent. Since then, numerous advances have expanded the repertoire of immunotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, including many lymphoma subtypes. These include the introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting a variety of cell surface proteins, including the successful targeting of immunoregulatory checkpoint receptors present on T-cells or tumour cells. Additionally, cellular immunotherapeutic approaches utilize T- or Natural Killer-cells generated with chimeric antigen receptors against cell surface proteins or Epstein-Barr virus-associated latent membrane proteins. The following review describes the current state of immunotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including a summary of currently available data and promising agents currently in clinical development with future promise in the treatment of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Sheikhz Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, D.C., USA.,Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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12
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Modification of Expanded NK Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptor mRNA for Adoptive Cellular Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1441:215-30. [PMID: 27177669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3684-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are bone marrow-derived cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses. The regulation of NK activation vs inhibition is regulated by the expression of a variety of NK receptors (NKRs) and specific NKRs' ligands expressed on their targets. However, factors limiting NK therapy include small numbers of active NK cells in unexpanded peripheral blood and lack of specific tumor targeting. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) usually include a single-chain Fv variable fragment from a monoclonal antibody, a transmembrane hinge region, and a signaling domain such as CD28, CD3-zeta, 4-1BB (CD137), or 2B4 (CD244) endodimers. Redirecting NK cells with a CAR will circumvent the limitations of the lack of NK targeting specificity. This chapter focuses on the methods to expand human NK cells from peripheral blood by co-culturing with feeder cells and to modify the expanded NK cells efficiently with the in vitro transcribed CAR mRNA by electroporation and to test the functionality of the CAR-modified expanded NK cells for use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy.
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13
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Sakamoto N, Ishikawa T, Kokura S, Okayama T, Oka K, Ideno M, Sakai F, Kato A, Tanabe M, Enoki T, Mineno J, Naito Y, Itoh Y, Yoshikawa T. Phase I clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy using novel expansion method in patients with advanced digestive cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:277. [PMID: 26303618 PMCID: PMC4548900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NK cells can destroy tumor cells without prior sensitization or immunization. Tumors often lose expression of MHC molecules and/or antigens. However, NK cells can lyse tumor cells in a non-MHC-restricted manner and independent of the expression of tumor-associated antigens. NK cells are therefore considered ideal for adoptive cancer immunotherapy; however the difficulty of obtaining large numbers of fully functional NK cells that are safe to administer deters its clinical use. This phase I clinical trial seeks to address this obstacle by first developing a novel system that expands large numbers of highly activated clinical grade NK cells, and second, determining if these cells are safe in a mono-treatment so they can be combined with other reagents in the next round of clinical trials. Methods Patients with unresectable, locally advanced and/or metastatic digestive cancer who did not succeed with standard therapy were enrolled. NK cells were expanded ex vivo by stimulating PBMCs with OK432, IL-2, and modified FN-CH296 induced T cells. Patients were administered autologous natural killer cell three times weekly via intravenous infusions in a dose-escalating manner (dose 0.5 × 109, 1.0 × 109, 2.0 × 109 cells/injection, three patients/one cohort). Results Total cell population had a median expansion of 586-fold (range 95–1102), with a significantly pure (90.96 %) NK cell population. Consequently, NK cells were expanded to approximately 4720-fold (range 1372–14,116) with cells being highly lytic in vitro and strongly expressing functional markers such as NKG2D and CD16. This NK cell therapy was very well tolerated with no severe adverse events. Although no clinical responses were observed, cytotoxicity of peripheral blood was elevated approximately twofolds up to 4 weeks post the last transfer. Conclusion We successfully generated large numbers of activated NK cells from small quantities of blood without prior purification of the cells. We also determined that the expanded cells were safe to administer in a monotherapy and are suitable for the next round of clinical trials where their efficacy will be tested combined with other reagents. Trial Registration: UMIN UMIN000007527 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0632-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Iseikai Hyakumanben Clinic, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Cancer ImmunoCell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kokura
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Center for Education Research and Development, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Okayama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Cancer ImmunoCell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Kaname Oka
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | - Akiko Kato
- CDM Center, Takara Bio Inc, Otsu, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Cancer ImmunoCell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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14
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Shan CC, Shi LR, Ding MQ, Zhu YB, Li XD, Xu B, Jiang JT, Wu CP. Cytokine-induced killer cells co-cultured with dendritic cells loaded with the protein lysate produced by radiofrequency ablation induce a specific antitumor response. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1549-1556. [PMID: 25788999 PMCID: PMC4356333 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) causes coagulative necrosis of tumor tissue and the production of local tumor protein debris. These fragments of tumor protein debris contain a large number of various antigens, which can stimulate a specific cellular immune response. In the present study, dendritic cells (DCs) were loaded with tumor protein lysate antigens that were produced in situ by RFA, and were used to treat murine colon carcinoma in combination with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Subsequent to the treatment of murine colon carcinoma by RFA, the in situ supernatant of tumor lysis was collected and the DCs were loaded with the lysate antigen to generate Ag-DCs. CIK cells induced from the spleen cells of mice were co-cultured with Ag-DCs to generate Ag-DC-CIK cells. The results revealed that the Ag-DC-CIK cells exhibited strong antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The morphology and immunophenotypes of these cells were determined using microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of Ag-DC-CIK cells was determined using a CCK-8 assay. To establish a mouse model, mice were randomized into Ag-DC-CIK, DC-CIK, CIK and PBS control groups and monitored for tumor growth and survival time. ANOVA was used to compare the trends in the three groups for implanted tumor volumes. The log-rank test was used to compare the survival time. The present findings indicated that DCs loaded with the protein lysate antigens of tumors, produced in situ by RFA, combined with CIK cells may be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chan Shan
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Rong Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Qian Ding
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bei Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China ; Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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15
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Chu Y, Hochberg J, Yahr A, Ayello J, van de Ven C, Barth M, Czuczman M, Cairo MS. Targeting CD20+ Aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma by Anti-CD20 CAR mRNA-Modified Expanded Natural Killer Cells In Vitro and in NSG Mice. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:333-44. [PMID: 25492700 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis is very dismal for patients with relapsed CD20(+) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Facilitating the development of alternative novel therapeutic strategies is required to improve outcomes in patients with recurrent/refractory CD20(+) B-NHL. In this study, we investigated functional activities of anti-CD20 CAR-modified, expanded peripheral blood NK cells (exPBNK) following mRNA nucleofection against CD20(+) B-NHL in vitro and in vivo. CAR(+) exPBNK had significantly enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity, compared with CAR(-) exPBNK against CD20(+) Ramos (P < 0.05), Daudi, Raji, and two rituximab-resistant cell lines, Raji-2R and Raji-4RH (P < 0.001). As expected, there was no significant difference against CD20(-) RS4;11 and Jurkat cells. CD107a degranulation and intracellular IFNγ production were also enhanced in CAR(+) exPBNK in response to CD20(+) B-NHL -: specific stimulation. In Raji-Luc and Raji-2R-Luc xenografted NOD/SCID/γ-chain(-/-) (NSG) mice, the luciferase signals measured in the CAR(+) exPBNK-treated group were significantly reduced, compared with the signals measured in the untreated mice and in mice treated with the CAR(-) exPBNK. Furthermore, the CAR exPBNK-treated mice had significantly extended survival time (P < 0.001) and reduced tumor size, compared with those of the untreated and the CAR(-) exPBNK-treated mice (P < 0.05). These preclinical data suggest that ex vivo-exPBNK modified with anti-CD20 CAR may have therapeutic potential for treating patients with poor-risk CD20(+) hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jessica Hochberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Ashlin Yahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Carmella van de Ven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Matthew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Myron Czuczman
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
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16
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Enhanced cytotoxic function of natural killer and CD3+CD56+ cells in cord blood after culture. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:39-49. [PMID: 25464114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rate of immune reconstitution directly correlates with the number of hematopoietic stem cells infused and is particularly delayed in patients undergoing cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT). Methods to increase the number of CB natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to improve immune reconstitution after CBT. NK cells are the first lymphocyte population to recover after hematopoietic stem cells transplantation and are central to preventing early relapse and infection. CB NK cells are low in number and are known to be incomplete in maturation and require activation for effective function. Here, we report a clinically relevant ex vivo expansion method that increases the number of activated CB NK cells. We report a multilog increase in NK cell number when CB mononuclear cells are cocultured with IL-2 and IL-15. Furthermore, NK cells expressing activating receptors and adhesion molecules responsible for cytotoxicity increased throughout culture, whereas inhibitory receptor expression remained low. Additionally, cytotoxic function against various malignancies was significantly enhanced in cultured NK cells but not CD3(+)CD56(+) cells. These data suggest that ex vivo expansion and activation of CB NK cells is a clinically feasible and relevant approach to prevent early infection and relapse after CBT.
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17
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Satwani P, Bavishi S, Saha A, Zhao F, Ayello J, van de Ven C, Chu Y, Cairo MS. Upregulation of NKG2D ligands in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells by romidepsin and enhanced in vitro and in vivo natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1431-40. [PMID: 24856896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS There is a critical need to prevent and/or treat hematological relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The activating NKG2D receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, when engaged by its corresponding ligands (MIC A/B), activates NK cells to become cytotoxic against malignant cells. METHODS We incubated acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells for 24 h with 10 ng/mL of romidepsin. Flow cytometry was performed to demonstrate changes in surface expression of NKG2D ligands MIC A/B. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity was measured by means of modified Europium assay, and non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice were xenografted with RS 4:11 cells. RESULTS We demonstrated an approximately 50, 200, 1300 and 180-fold increase in the number of cells positive for the surface expression of MIC A/B in RS 4:11 (P < 0.001), REH (P < 0.001), Ramos (P < 0.001) and Jurkat cells (P < 0.001), respectively. We further demonstrated a significant increase in NK cell-mediated in vitro cytotoxicity against RS 4:11 (P < 0.004), Ramos (P < 0.05), Jurkat (P < 0.001) and REH cells (P < 0.01), respectively. Romidepsin-mediated NK cytotoxicity was blocked by pre-incubating NK cells with anti-NKG2D-Fc in RS 4:11 (P < 0.03) and Ramos cells (P < 0.01), respectively. Finally, non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice xenografted with RS 4:11 cells had a significant increase in survival (P < 0.02) in mice treated with romidepsin and interleukin-2-activated NK cells compared with each of these other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Romidepsin significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo NK cell cytotoxicity mediated in part by increased MIC A/B expression on malignant cells. This translational approach of the use of romidepsin and interleukin-2-activated NK cells should be considered in patients with relapsed/refractory leukemia or lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Satwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Sejal Bavishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aniket Saha
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frances Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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18
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Ingersoll SB, Stoltzfus GP, Merchant MH, Ahmad S, Edwards CR, Ahmed A, Oyer JL, Finkler NJ, Holloway RW, Edwards JR. Comparison of the cytotoxic response against ovarian cancer by immune effector cells isolated and expanded from normal donors and ovarian cancer patients. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:716-23. [PMID: 22409787 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.663484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic response against ovarian cancer (OC) cells elicited by different immune effector cells in combination with the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN) α-2b. METHODS OC cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal donors or OC patients and IL-2 or IFN α-2b alone or in combination, in order to determine the cytotoxicity. T cells were isolated from healthy donors to determine T cell cytotoxic activity. PBMC from healthy donors and OC patients were expanded in an IL-2/IL-7/IL-12 cocktail with and without anti-CD3 antibody, and the cytotoxic activity measured. Flow cytometry was performed on primary, selected and expanded cells to determine T, B, and natural killer- (NK) cell percentages. RESULTS Healthy donor PBMC elicited a significant cytotoxic response (59%) compared with OC patient PBMC (7%). T cells enriched from normal donors elicited a significant cytotoxic response (18%) compared with controls lacking effector cells (1.4%); however, the cytotoxicity observed was significantly less compared with unselected PBMC. Expanded effector cells consisted primarily of T cells (98%) and the fold-expansion was significantly higher in the presence of anti-CD3 (19- versus 132-fold). No significant difference in the expansion (either fold-expansion or cell type) was observed between OC patients and healthy donors. Expanded cells from both healthy donors and OC patients elicited a significant cytotoxic response in the presence of IL-2 (19% and 22%) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS PBMC from OC patients do not elicit a significant cytotoxic response; however, ex vivo-expanded cells from OC patients are capable of cytotoxic killing similar to unexpanded T cells isolated from normal donors. These data provide the groundwork for further development of cellular therapy against OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Blaydes Ingersoll
- Florida Hospital Gynecologic Oncology, Florida Hospital Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida 32804, USA. susan.blaydes@fl hosp.org
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Expansion of NK cells from cord blood with antileukemic activity using GMP-compliant substances without feeder cells. Leukemia 2011; 26:1149-52. [PMID: 22143670 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Hunger RE, Kernland Lang K, Markowski CJ, Trachsel S, Møller M, Eriksen JA, Rasmussen AM, Braathen LR, Gaudernack G. Vaccination of patients with cutaneous melanoma with telomerase-specific peptides. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1553-64. [PMID: 21681371 PMCID: PMC11029400 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase I study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, and immunological responses to vaccination with a combination of telomerase-derived peptides GV1001 (hTERT: 611-626) and p540 (hTERT: 540-548) using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or tuberculin as adjuvant in patients with cutaneous melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ten patients with melanoma stages UICC IIb-IV were vaccinated 8 times intradermally with either 60 or 300 nmole of GV1001 and p540 peptide using GM-CSF as adjuvant. A second group of patients received only 300 nmole GV1001 in combination with tuberculin PPD23 injections. HLA typing was not used as an inclusion criterion. Peptide-specific immune responses were measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, in vitro T cell proliferation assays, and cytotoxicity (51-Chromium release) assays for a selected number of clones subsequently generated. RESULTS Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. Peptide-specific immune response measured by DTH reactions and in vitro response could be induced in a dose-dependent fashion in 7 of 10 patients. Cloned T cells from the vaccinated patients showed proliferative responses against both vaccine peptides GV1001 and p540. Furthermore, T cell clones were able to specifically lyse p540-pulsed T2 target cells and various pulsed and unpulsed tumor cell lines. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that immunity to hTERT can be generated safely and effectively in patients with advanced melanoma and therefore encourage further trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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21
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Geyer MB, Jacobson JS, Freedman J, George D, Moore V, van de Ven C, Satwani P, Bhatia M, Garvin JH, Bradley MB, Harrison L, Morris E, Della-Latta P, Schwartz J, Baxter-Lowe LA, Cairo MS. A comparison of immune reconstitution and graft-versus-host disease following myeloablative conditioning versus reduced toxicity conditioning and umbilical cord blood transplantation in paediatric recipients. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:218-34. [PMID: 21848882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune reconstitution appears to be delayed following myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in paediatric recipients. Although reduced toxicity conditioning (RTC) versus MAC prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation is associated with decreased transplant-related mortality, the effects of RTC versus MAC prior to UCBT on immune reconstitution and risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are unknown. In 88 consecutive paediatric recipients of UCBT, we assessed immune cell recovery and immunoglobulin reconstitution at days +100, 180 and 365 and analysed risk factors associated with acute and chronic GVHD. Immune cell subset recovery, immunoglobulin reconstitution, and the incidence of opportunistic infections did not differ significantly between MAC versus RTC groups. In a Cox model, MAC versus RTC recipients had significantly higher risk of grade II-IV acute GVHD [Hazard Ratio (HR) 6·1, P = 0·002] as did recipients of 4/6 vs. 5-6/6 HLA-matched UCBT (HR 3·1, P = 0·03), who also had significantly increased risk of chronic GVHD (HR 18·5, P = 0·04). In multivariate analyses, MAC versus RTC was furthermore associated with significantly increased transplant-related (Odds Ratio 26·8, P = 0·008) and overall mortality (HR = 4·1, P = 0·0001). The use of adoptive cellular immunotherapy to accelerate immune reconstitution and prevent and treat opportunistic infections and malignant relapse following UCBT warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Geyer
- Department of Pediatrics, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Liu C, Betancourt A, Cohen DA, Adams AA, Sun L, Horohov DW. Granzyme B-mRNA expression by equine lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells is associated with the induction of apoptosis in target cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:108-15. [PMID: 21802151 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are a subset of cytotoxic cells capable of lysing freshly isolated tumor cells. While LAK activity is typically measured using the (51)Cr-release assay, here we used a non-radioactive flow cytometric method to demonstrate equine LAK activity. Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with recombinant human interleukin 2 (hIL-2) to generate LAK cells. An equine tumor cell line, EqT8888, labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was used as target cells. Following incubation of the targets with different concentrations of LAK cells, Annexin V was added to identify the early apoptotic cells. With increasing effector to target cell ratios, EqT8888 apoptosis was increased. We also measured interferon-gamma, granzyme B and perforin mRNA expression in the LAK cell cultures as possible surrogate markers for cytotoxic cell activity and found granzyme B mRNA expression correlated best with LAK activity. Also, we found that the reduced LAK activity of young horses was associated with decreased granzyme B mRNA expression. Our results indicate that fluorescence-based detection of LAK cell activity provides a suitable non-radioactive alternative to (51)Cr-release assays and mRNA expression of granzyme B can be used as surrogate marker for these cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Satwani P, van de Ven C, Ayello J, Cairo D, Simpson LL, Baxi L, Cairo MS. Interleukin (IL)-15 in combination with IL-2, fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand and anti-CD3 significantly enhances umbilical cord blood natural killer (NK) cell and NK-cell subset expansion and NK function. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:730-8. [PMID: 21413839 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.563292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Interleukin (IL)-15 and fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT-3) are crucial factors for the development of human and murine natural killer (NK) cells. Previously, we have demonstrated significant ex vivo expansion and activation of unrelated cord blood (UCB) NK cells with an antibody/cytokine cocktail consisting of anti-CD3 + IL-2 + IL-12 + IL-7 and anti-CD3 + IL-2 + IL-12 + IL-18. METHODS In the current experiments, we investigated the effects of short-term culture with anti-CD3 + IL-2 + FLT-3 + IL-15 on cord blood (CB) NK cell and NK-cell subset expansion and function. CB mononuclear cells were cultured for 48 h in AIM-V media or AIM-V + IL-2 (5 ng/mL) + anti-CD3 (50 ng/mL) + FLT-3 (50 ng/mL) ± escalating doses of IL-15 (1, 10 or 100 ng/mL). Flow cytometric analysis was performed using various fluorescent-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined with a standard europium assay against K562 and Daudi cells. RESULTS There was a 4.8-fold significant increase in NK-cell population (CD3(-)/16(+)/56(+); P < 0.03), 21-fold significant increase in CD3(-)/56(+)/158a(+) (KIR2DL1/S1; P < 0.002), 46-fold significant increase in CD3(-)/56(+)/158b(+) (KIR2DL1/S2; P < 0.002) and 11.5-fold significant increase in CD3(-)/56(+)/NKB1(+) (KIR3DL1; P < 0.01). We also noted a significant increase in both NK and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity with IL-2 + anti-CD3 + FLT-3 + IL-15 (100 ng/mL) compared with IL-2 + anti-CD3 + FLT-3 and media alone against K562 (P < 0.01) and Daudi (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a significant increase in UCB NK cells and NK cells expressing a variety of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) receptors after short-term culture with anti-CD3, IL-2, FLT-3 and IL-15. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in in vitro NK/LAK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Satwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Berg SL, Cairo MS, Russell H, Ayello J, Ingle AM, Lau H, Chen N, Adamson PC, Blaney SM. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide in children and adolescents with relapsed/refractory solid tumors or myelodysplastic syndrome: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium report. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29:316-23. [PMID: 21149673 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.30.8387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum-tolerated or recommended phase II dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), pharmacokinetics (PK), and immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide in children with recurrent or refractory solid tumors or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Cohorts of children with solid tumors received lenalidomide once daily for 21 days, every 28 days at dose levels of 15 to 70 mg/m(2)/dose. Children with MDS received a fixed dose of 5 mg/m(2)/dose. Specimens for PK and immune modulation were obtained in the first cycle. RESULTS Forty-nine patients (46 solid tumor, three MDS), median age 16 years (range, 1 to 21 years), were enrolled, and 42 were fully assessable for toxicity. One patient had a cerebrovascular ischemic event of uncertain relationship to lenalidomide. DLTs included hypercalcemia at 15 mg/m(2); hypophosphatemia/hypokalemia, neutropenia, and somnolence at 40 mg/m(2); and urticaria at 55 mg/m(2). At the highest dose level evaluated (70 mg/m(2)), zero of six patients had DLT. A maximum-tolerated dose was not reached. No objective responses were observed. PK studies (n = 29) showed that clearance is faster in children younger than 12 years of age. Immunomodulatory studies (n = 26) showed a significant increase in serum interleukin (IL) -2, IL-15, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, natural killer (NK) cells, NK cytotoxicity, and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cytoxicity, and a significant decrease in CD4(+)/CD25(+) regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION Lenalidomide is well-tolerated at doses up to 70 mg/m(2)/d for 21 days in children with solid tumors. Drug clearance in children younger than 12 years is faster than in adolescents and young adults. Lenalidomide significantly upregulates cellular immunity, including NK and LAK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Berg
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, 6621 Fannin St, MC3-3320, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Bonanno G, Iudicone P, Mariotti A, Procoli A, Pandolfi A, Fioravanti D, Corallo M, Perillo A, Scambia G, Pierelli L, Rutella S. Thymoglobulin, interferon-γ and interleukin-2 efficiently expand cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in clinical-grade cultures. J Transl Med 2010; 8:129. [PMID: 21138560 PMCID: PMC3004824 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are typically differentiated in vitro with interferon (IFN)-γ and αCD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), followed by the repeated provision of interleukin (IL)-2. It is presently unknown whether thymoglobulin (TG), a preparation of polyclonal rabbit γ immunoglobulins directed against human thymocytes, can improve the generation efficiency of CIK cells compared with αCD3 mAb in a clinical-grade culture protocol. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 10 healthy donors and 4 patients with solid cancer were primed with IFN-γ on day 0 and low (50 ng/ml), intermediate (250 ng/ml) and high (500 ng/ml) concentrations of either αCD3 mAb or TG on day 1, and were fed with IL-2 every 3 days for 21 days. Aliquots of cells were harvested weekly to monitor the expression of representative members of the killer-like immunoglobulin receptor (KIR), NK inhibitory receptor, NK activating receptor and NK triggering receptor families. We also quantified the frequency of bona fide regulatory T cells (Treg), a T-cell subset implicated in the down-regulation of anti-tumor immunity, and tested the in vitro cytotoxic activity of CIK cells against NK-sensitive, chronic myeloid leukaemia K562 cells. Results CIK cells expanded more vigorously in cultures supplemented with intermediate and high concentrations of TG compared with 50 ng/ml αCD3 mAb. TG-driven CIK cells expressed a constellation of NK activating/inhibitory receptors, such as CD158a and CD158b, NKp46, NKG2D and NKG2A/CD94, released high quantities of IL-12p40 and efficiently lysed K562 target cells. Of interest, the frequency of Treg cells was lower at any time-point compared with PBMC cultures nurtured with αCD3 mAb. Cancer patient-derived CIK cells were also expanded after priming with TG, but they expressed lower levels of the NKp46 triggering receptor and NKG2D activating receptor, thus manifesting a reduced ability to lyse K562 cells. Conclusions TG fosters the generation of functional CIK cells with no concomitant expansion of tumor-suppressive Treg cells. The culture conditions described herein should be applicable to cancer-bearing individuals, although the differentiation of fully functional CIK cells may be hindered in patients with advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Bonanno
- Department of Gynecology, Catholic University Med. School, and Department of Blood Transfusion and Cell Therapy, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
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Omoto Y, Yamanaka K, Tokime K, Kitano S, Kakeda M, Akeda T, Kurokawa I, Gabazza EC, Tsutsui H, Katayama N, Yamanishi K, Nakanishi K, Mizutani H. Granzyme B is a novel interleukin-18 converting enzyme. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Advances in cellular therapy for the treatment of thyroid cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:179491. [PMID: 20671939 PMCID: PMC2910457 DOI: 10.1155/2010/179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, there are no curative therapies available for the subset of metastasized undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. This review describes the possible use of immunocompetent cells which may help to restore the antitumor immune recognition for treating an existing tumor or preventing its recurrence. The most prominent experimental strategy is the use of dendritic cells (DCs) which are highly potent in presenting tumor antigens. Activated DCs subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present antigens to naïve lymphocytes and induce cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Alternatively to DC therapy, adoptive cell transfer may be performed by either using natural killer cells or ex vivo maturated CTLs. Within this review article we will focus on recent advances in the understanding of anti-tumor immune responses, for example, in thyroid carcinomas including the advances which have been made for the identification of potential tumor antigens in thyroid malignancies.
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Abstract
This review highlights the unique features of immune reconstitution following unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) that lead to heightened risk of infection-related mortality in the early post-UCBT period. There is no evidence that innate immunity is uniquely compromised after UCBT, but the development of antigen-specific cellular immunity is affected by numerical and qualitative deficits, primarily within the first 100 days. Nevertheless, beyond the first few months after UCBT there is no evidence for reduced graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) or anti-viral immunity compared to other hematopoietic cell therapy (HCT) modalities. Novel cellular therapies that are about to enter the clinical setting in the form of natural killer (NK) cell and T-cell therapies in the form of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szabolcs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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