1
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Lyu Z, Xin M, Oyston DR, Xue T, Kang H, Wang X, Wang Z, Li Q. Cause and consequence of heterogeneity in human mesenchymal stem cells: Challenges in clinical application. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155354. [PMID: 38870711 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are mesoderm-derived adult stem cells with self-proliferation capacity, pluripotent differentiation potency, and excellent histocompatibility. These advantages make hMSCs a promising tool in clinical application. However, the majority of clinical trials using hMSC therapy for diverse human diseases do not achieve expectations, despite the prospective pre-clinical outcomes in animal models. This is partly attributable to the intrinsic heterogeneity of hMSCs. In this review, the cause of heterogeneity in hMSCs is systematically discussed at multiple levels, including isolation methods, cultural conditions, donor-to-donor variation, tissue sources, intra-tissue subpopulations, etc. Additionally, the effect of hMSCs heterogeneity on the contrary role in tumor progression and immunomodulation is also discussed. The attempts to understand the cellular heterogeneity of hMSCs and its consequences are important in supporting and improving therapeutic strategies for hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lyu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Xin
- Assisted Reproductive Center, Women's & Children's Hospital of Northwest, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Dale Reece Oyston
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tingyu Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Rasińska J, Klein C, Stahn L, Maidhof F, Pfeffer A, Schreyer S, Gossen M, Kurtz A, Steiner B, Hemmati‐Sadeghi S. Transposon‐mediated glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells: A potential approach for neuroregenerative medicine? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:515-529. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rasińska
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Charlotte Klein
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Laura Stahn
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Maidhof
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Pfeffer
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreyer
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Virchow Campus Berlin Germany
- Institute of Active Polymers Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Teltow Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Virchow Campus Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Shabnam Hemmati‐Sadeghi
- Department of Neurology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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3
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Wang D, Fu Y, Fan J, Wang Y, Li C, Xu Y, Chen H, Hu Y, Cao H, Zhao RC, He W, Zhang J. Identification of alpha-enolase as a potential immunogenic molecule during allogeneic transplantation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:393-404. [PMID: 34863626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Given their low immunogenicity, immunoregulatory effects and multiple differentiation capacity, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the potential to be used for "off-the-shelf" cell therapy to treat various diseases. However, the allorejection of MSCs indicates that they are not fully immune-privileged. In this study, the authors investigated the immunogenicity of human adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) and identified potential immunogenic molecules. METHODS To evaluate the immunogenicity of human Ad-MSCs in vivo, cells were transplanted into humanized mice (hu-mice), then T-cell infiltration and clearance of human Ad-MSCs were observed by immunofluorescence and bioluminescence imaging. One-way mixed lymphocyte reaction and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity of human Ad-MSCs in vitro. High-throughput T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire sequencing and mass spectrometry were applied to identified potential immunogenic molecules. RESULTS The authors observed that allogeneic Ad-MSCs recruited human T cells and caused faster clearance in hu-mice than non-humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. The proliferation and activation of T cells were significantly enhanced during in vitro co-culture with human Ad-MSCs. In addition, the level of HLA-II expression on human Ad-MSCs was dramatically increased after co-culture with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the TCR repertoire of the Ad-MSC-recruited T cells to identify dominant TCR CDR3 sequences. Using synthesized TCR CDR3 peptides, the authors identified several potential immunogenic candidates, including alpha-enolase (ENO1). The ENO1 expression level of Ad-MSCs significantly increased after co-culture with PBMCs, whereas ENO1 inhibitor (ENOblock) treatment decreased the expression level of ENO1 and Ad-MSC-induced proliferation of T cells. CONCLUSIONS The authors' findings improve the understanding of the immunogenicity of human Ad-MSCs and provide a theoretical basis for the safe clinical application of allogeneic MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for T Cells and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.
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Fahy N, Palomares Cabeza V, Lolli A, Witte-Bouma J, Merino A, Ridwan Y, Wolvius EB, Hoogduijn MJ, Farrell E, Brama PAJ. Chondrogenically Primed Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Persist and Undergo Early Stages of Endochondral Ossification in an Immunocompetent Xenogeneic Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715267. [PMID: 34659205 PMCID: PMC8515138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches using progenitor cells such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising strategy to regenerate bone. Previous work has demonstrated the potential of chondrogenically primed human MSCs to recapitulate the process of endochondral ossification and form mature bone in vivo, using immunodeficient xenogeneic models. To further the translation of such MSC-based approaches, additional investigation is required to understand the impact of interactions between human MSC constructs and host immune cells upon the success of MSC-mediated bone formation. Although human MSCs are considered hypoimmunogenic, the potential of chondrogenically primed human MSCs to induce immunogenic responses in vivo, as well as the efficacy of MSC-mediated ectopic bone formation in the presence of fully competent immune system, requires further elucidation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of chondrogenically primed human MSC constructs to persist and undergo the process of endochondral ossification in an immune competent xenogeneic model. Chondrogenically differentiated human MSC pellets were subcutaneously implanted to wild-type BALB/c mice and retrieved at 2 and 12 weeks post-implantation. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, and classical/non-classical monocyte subsets were not altered in the peripheral blood of mice that received chondrogenic MSC constructs compared to sham-operated controls at 2 weeks post-surgery. However, MSC-implanted mice had significantly higher levels of serum total IgG compared to sham-operated mice at this timepoint. Flow cytometric analysis of retrieved MSC constructs identified the presence of T cells and macrophages at 2 and 12 weeks post-implantation, with low levels of immune cell infiltration to implanted MSC constructs detected by CD45 and CD3 immunohistochemical staining. Despite the presence of immune cells in the tissue, MSC constructs persisted in vivo and were not degraded/resorbed. Furthermore, constructs became mineralised, with longitudinal micro-computed tomography imaging revealing an increase in mineralised tissue volume from 4 weeks post-implantation until the experimental endpoint at 12 weeks. These findings indicate that chondrogenically differentiated human MSC pellets can persist and undergo early stages of endochondral ossification following subcutaneous implantation in an immunocompetent xenogeneic model. This scaffold-free model may be further extrapolated to provide mechanistic insight to osteoimmunological processes regulating bone regeneration and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fahy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Virginia Palomares Cabeza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Transplantation Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Lolli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janneke Witte-Bouma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana Merino
- Transplantation Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eppo B Wolvius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Transplantation Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A J Brama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhao L, Hu C, Han F, Chen D, Cheng J, Wu J, Peng W, Chen J. Induction therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells in kidney transplantation: a meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:158. [PMID: 33648596 PMCID: PMC7923637 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) versus traditional regimens for induction therapy in kidney transplantation (KT), especially the safety of MSC infusion, practicability of MSCs as induction therapy agents, and posttransplant complications. Methods PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library were searched for prospective clinical trials that compared MSCs with traditional regimens for induction therapy in KT. Results Four trials were included, including a total of 197 patients. The pooled results revealed that MSC therapy had a lower 1-year infection rate than did the traditional therapies (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.9, P = 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two protocols regarding the 1-year acute rejection (AR) rate (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.41–1.45, P = 0.42), 1-year graft survival rate (RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.95–1.03, P = 0.74), delayed graft function (DGF) rate (RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.21–1.38, P = 0.2) and renal graft function at 1 month (MD = −1.56, 95% CI: − 14.2–11.08, p = 0.81), 3 months (MD = 0.15, 95% CI: − 5.63–5.93, p = 0.96), 6 months (MD = − 1.95, 95% CI: − 9.87–5.97, p = 0.63), and 12 months (MD = − 1.13, 95% CI: − 7.16–4.89, p = 0.71) postsurgery. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the 1-year AR rate, 1-year graft survival rate, DGF rate, and renal graft function at 12 months postsurgery did not significantly differ between the low-dose calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) group and the standard-dose CNI group, indicating the potential benefits of successful CNI sparing in combination with MSC treatment. Moreover, when MSCs were applied as an alternative therapy rather than an additional therapy or allogeneic MSCs were utilized instead of autologous MSCs, all of the outcomes mentioned above were comparable. Conclusion Induction therapy with MSCs is safe and has similar immune response modulation effects to those of traditional regimens in the short term in KT recipients. However, regarding the long-term effects, as suggested by the 1-year infection rate and the potential of CNI sparing, MSC therapy has significant advantages. However, these advantages should be further verified in more well-designed, multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with large sample sizes and long follow-up periods. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02219-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dajin Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Peng
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Kotze PG, Spinelli A, Lightner AL. Cell-based Therapy for Perianal Fistulising Crohn's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:41-46. [PMID: 31092172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190308095651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (CD) represents a challenge for patients, gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons. There are clear limitations with current medical and surgical options, and healing rates remain far from what is expected. A multidisciplinary approach with optimized medical therapy, usually anti-TNF agents, associated with setons and additional surgical techniques is currently the best strategy to aim fistula healing. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). RESULTS The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has recently emerged as a promising new therapeutic strategy for complex fistulas in CD patients. This review summarizes the evidence of the use of MSCs in complex CD fistulas, by exploring in detail the types of cells that can be used and their modes of delivery. Additionally, the results of the most recent phase III randomized trial with local MSCs injection are described, and future challenges of this therapeutic option are discussed. CONCLUSION The use of MSCs represents hope for better outcomes in patients with CD-related perianal fistulas. More research in the field will help to position this specific therapy in treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gustavo Kotze
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, IBD outpatient clinics, Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Amy Lee Lightner
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
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7
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Muñoz MF, Argüelles S, Medina R, Cano M, Ayala A. Adipose‐derived stem cells decreased microglia activation and protected dopaminergic loss in rat lipopolysaccharide model. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13762-13772. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario F. Muñoz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Sandro Argüelles
- Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Rafael Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Mercedes Cano
- Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Antonio Ayala
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
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Langrzyk A, Nowak WN, Stępniewski J, Jaźwa A, Florczyk-Soluch U, Józkowicz A, Dulak J. Critical View on Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:169-190. [PMID: 28874054 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The belief in the potency of stem cells has resulted in the medical applications of numerous cell types for organ repair, often with the low adherence to methodological stringency. Such uncritical enthusiasm is mainly presented in the approaches employing so-called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), for the treatment of numerous, unrelated conditions. However, it should be stressed that such broad clinical applications of MSC are mostly based on the belief that MSC can efficiently differentiate into multiple cell types, not only osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipose cells. Recent Advances: Studies employing lineage tracing established more promising markers to characterize MSC identity and localization in vivo and confirmed the differences between MSC isolated from various organs. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical experiments proved that transdifferentiation of MSC is unlikely to contribute to repair of numerous tissues, including the heart. Therefore, the salvage hypotheses, like MSC fusion with cells in target organs or the paracrine mechanisms, were proposed to justify the widespread application of MSC and to explain transient, if any, effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The lack of standardization concerning the cells markers, their origin and particularly the absence of stringent functional characterization of MSC, leads to propagation of the worrying hype despite the lack of convincing therapeutic efficiency of MSC. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The adherence to rigorous methodological rules is necessary to prevent the application of procedures which can be dangerous for patients and scientific research on the medical application of stem cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witold N Nowak
- 2 Cardiovascular Division, King's College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Florczyk-Soluch
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- 1 Kardio-Med Silesia , Zabrze, Poland .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
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9
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Iohara K, Utsunomiya S, Kohara S, Nakashima M. Allogeneic transplantation of mobilized dental pulp stem cells with the mismatched dog leukocyte antigen type is safe and efficacious for total pulp regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29703239 PMCID: PMC5921747 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently demonstrated that autologous transplantation of mobilized dental pulp stem cells (MDPSCs) was a safe and efficacious potential therapy for total pulp regeneration in a clinical study. The autologous MDPSCs, however, have some limitations to overcome, such as limited availability of discarded teeth from older patients. In the present study, we investigated whether MDPSCs can be used for allogeneic applications to expand their therapeutic use. Methods Analysis of dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) was performed using polymerase chain reaction from blood. Canine allogeneic MDPSCs with the matched and mismatched DLA were transplanted with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in collagen into pulpectomized teeth respectively (n = 7, each). Results were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson trichrome staining, PGP9.5 immunostaining, and BS-1 lectin immunostaining performed 12 weeks after transplantation. The MDPSCs of the same DLA used in the first transplantation were further transplanted into another pulpectomized tooth and evaluated 12 weeks after transplantation. Results There was no evidence of toxicity or adverse events of the allogeneic transplantation of the MDPSCs with the mismatched DLA. No adverse event of dual transplantation of the MDPSCs with the matched and mismatched DLA was observed. Regenerated pulp tissues including neovascularization and neuronal extension were quantitatively and qualitatively similar at 12 weeks in both matched and mismatched DLA transplants. Regenerated pulp tissue was similarly observed in the dual transplantation as in the single transplantation of MDPSCs both with the matched and mismatched DLA. Conclusions Dual allogeneic transplantation of MDPSCs with the mismatched DLA is a safe and efficacious method for total pulp regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0855-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Iohara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Shinji Utsunomiya
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sakae Kohara
- Preclinical Research Support Division, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Kainan, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
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10
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Arzi B, Clark KC, Sundaram A, Spriet M, Verstraete FJM, Walker NJ, Loscar MR, Fazel N, Murphy WJ, Vapniarsky N, Borjesson DL. Therapeutic Efficacy of Fresh, Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Refractory Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1710-1722. [PMID: 28618186 PMCID: PMC5689767 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunomodulatory functions and are a promising therapy for immune‐mediated inflammatory disorders. We previously demonstrated the efficacy of fresh, autologous, adipose‐derived MSCs (ASCs) to treat feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), a chronic oral mucosal inflammatory disease similar to human oral lichen planus. Here, we investigate the use of fresh allogeneic ASCs for treatment of FCGS in seven cats. Radiolabeled ASCs were also tracked systemically. Each cat received two intravenous injections of 20 million ASCs, 1 month apart. Oral inflammation, blood lymphocyte subsets, anti‐fetal bovine serum antibody levels, ASC crossmatching and serum proteins and cytokine concentrations were determined. Four of the 7 cats (57%) responded to treatment [complete clinical remission (n = 2) or substantial clinical improvement (n = 2)]. Three cats were nonresponders. Prior to therapy, most cats had increased circulating CD8+ T cells, decreased CD8lo cells, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio, however clinical resolution was not associated with normalization of these parameters. Nonresponders showed more severe systemic inflammation (neutrophilia, hyperglobulinemia and increased interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration) prior to ASC therapy. Clinical remission took up to 20 months and no clinical relapse has occurred. A higher fraction of radiolabeled ASCs were identified in the oral cavity of FCGS affected cats than the control cat. The administration of fresh, allogenic ASCs appeared to have lower clinical efficacy with a delayed response as compared to the fresh, autologous ASCs. In addition, the mechanism(s) of action for autologous and allogenic ASCs may differ in this model of oral inflammation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1710–1722
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin C Clark
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ayswarya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Megan R Loscar
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nasim Fazel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Joswig AJ, Mitchell A, Cummings KJ, Levine GJ, Gregory CA, Smith R, Watts AE. Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells causes an adverse response compared to autologous cells in the equine model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28241885 PMCID: PMC5329965 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is efficacious in osteoarthritis therapy. A direct comparison of the response of the synovial joint to intra-articular injection of autologous versus allogeneic MSCs has not been performed. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical response to repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic versus autologous MSCs prepared in a way to minimize xeno-contaminants in a large animal model. Methods Intra-articular injections of bone marrow-derived, culture-expanded MSCs to a forelimb metacarpophalangeal joint were performed at week 0 and week 4 (six autologous; six autologous with xeno-contamination; six allogeneic). In the week following each injection, clinical and synovial cytology evaluations were performed. Results Following the first intra-articular injection, there were no differences in clinical parameters over time. Following the second intra-articular injection, there was a significant adverse response of the joint to allogeneic MSCs and autologous MSCs with xeno-contamination with elevated synovial total nucleated cell counts. There was also significantly increased pain from joints injected with autologous MSCs with xeno-contamination. Conclusions Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic MSCs results in an adverse clinical response, suggesting there is immune recognition of allogeneic MSCs upon a second exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0503-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda-Jo Joswig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexis Mitchell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Phinney DG. Advancing mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-based therapies for neurologic disease. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:60-61. [PMID: 28250743 PMCID: PMC5319237 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
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13
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Fernandez-Pernas P, Rodríguez-Lesende I, de la Fuente A, Mateos J, Fuentes I, De Toro J, Blanco FJ, Arufe MC. CD105+-mesenchymal stem cells migrate into osteoarthritis joint: An animal model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188072. [PMID: 29190645 PMCID: PMC5708708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are being the focus of connective tissue technology and regenerative medicine, presenting a good choice cell source for improving old and well recognized techniques of cartilage defect repair. For instance, the autologous chondrocyte transplantation using new concepts of regenerative medicine. The present study investigated the risk of xenogenicity of human synovial membrane-derived MSCs, injected into the monkeys using intravenous and intra-articular administration. The animal models used were adult monkeys Rhesus which had been injured into the left knee to create an Osteoarthritis (OA) animal model. CD105+-MSCs were injected twice into the OA monkeys with an interval of one week between them. The animals were euthanized one month after treatment. Immunohistochemistry analysis of different organs: spleen, heart, fat, liver, gut, pancreas, lung, skeletal muscle and kidney from the animals revealed that CD105+-MSCs migrated towards the injured knee joint. MSCs naive were found statistically significant increased in the injured knee in front of healthy one. CD105+-MSCs were negatives for CD68 and the area where CD105+-MSCs were found presented SDF-1 increased levels in front of healthy knee. We concluded that a characterized MSCs subset could be a safe alternative for cell therapy in clearly localized pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernandez-Pernas
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Lesende
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alexandre de la Fuente
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Grupo de Investigación de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, España
| | - Isaac Fuentes
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier De Toro
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, España
- * E-mail: (FJB); (MCA)
| | - M. C. Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER BBN/ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail: (FJB); (MCA)
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Isakova IA, Baker KC, Dufour J, Phinney DG. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Yield Transient Improvements in Motor Function in an Infant Rhesus Macaque with Severe Early-Onset Krabbe Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:99-109. [PMID: 28170189 PMCID: PMC5442751 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease, or globoid cell leukodystrophy, is a rare disorder caused by deficient galactosylceramidase activity and loss of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, resulting in progressive demyelination and severely impaired motor function. Disease symptoms in humans appear within 3-6 months of age (early infantile) and manifest as marked irritability, spasticity, and seizures. The disease is often fatal by the second year of life, with few effective treatment options. Herein we evaluated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) administered intracranially to a 1-month-old rhesus macaque diagnosed with severe early-onset Krabbe disease that displayed neurologic and behavioral symptoms similar to those of human patients. The infant was subjected to physical and neurological behavior examinations and nerve conduction velocity tests to assess efficacy, and outcomes were compared with age-matched normal infants and Krabbe-affected rhesus monkeys with late-onset disease. Changes in major blood lymphocyte populations were also monitored to assess host immune cell responses. MSC administration resulted in transient improvements in coordination, ambulation, cognition, and large motor skills, which correlated with increased peripheral nerve conduction velocities and decreased latencies. Improvements also corresponded to transient increases in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, but secondary challenge failed to elicit allo-antibody production. Nevertheless, white cell and neutrophil counts showed dramatic increases, and CD20+ B cell counts underwent a precipitous decline at late stages of disease progression. Correlative data linking MSC administration to transient improvements in motor function suggest that MSCs should be evaluated further as an experimental therapy for rare neurodegenerative diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:99-109.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate C. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Donald G. Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute–Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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15
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Fink KD, Deng P, Torrest A, Stewart H, Pollock K, Gruenloh W, Annett G, Tempkin T, Wheelock V, Nolta JA. Developing stem cell therapies for juvenile and adult-onset Huntington's disease. Regen Med 2016; 10:623-46. [PMID: 26237705 PMCID: PMC6785015 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies have been explored as a new avenue for the treatment of neurologic disease and damage within the CNS in part due to their native ability to mimic repair mechanisms in the brain. Mesenchymal stem cells have been of particular clinical interest due to their ability to release beneficial neurotrophic factors and their ability to foster a neuroprotective microenviroment. While early stem cell transplantation therapies have been fraught with technical and political concerns as well as limited clinical benefits, mesenchymal stem cell therapies have been shown to be clinically beneficial and derivable from nonembryonic, adult sources. The focus of this review will be on emerging and extant stem cell therapies for juvenile and adult-onset Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Fink
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Peter Deng
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Audrey Torrest
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Heather Stewart
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Kari Pollock
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - William Gruenloh
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Geralyn Annett
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Teresa Tempkin
- GenomeCenter, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Dr. Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Vicki Wheelock
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Health Systems, 4860 Y Street Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
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Casiraghi F, Perico N, Cortinovis M, Remuzzi G. Mesenchymal stromal cells in renal transplantation: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:241-53. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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The challenges and promises of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 26620426 PMCID: PMC4665863 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ideal for cell-based therapy in various inflammatory diseases because of their immunosuppressive and tissue repair properties. Moreover, their immunosuppressive properties and low immunogenicity contribute to a reduced or weakened immune response elicited by the implantation of allogeneic MSCs compared with other cell types. Therefore, implantation of allogeneic MSCs may be a promising cell-based therapy. In this review, we first summarize the unique advantages of allogeneic MSCs for therapeutic applications. Second, we critically analyze the factors influencing their therapeutic effects, including administration routes, detection time-points, disease models, differentiation of MSCs in vivo, and timing and dosage of MSC administration. Finally, current approaches to allogeneic MSC application are discussed. In conclusion, allogeneic MSCs are a promising option because of their low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive and tissue repair capabilities. Further investigations are needed to enhance the consistency and efficacy of MSCs when used as a cell-based therapy in inflammatory diseases as well as for tissue repair.
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Almeida-Porada G, Soland M, Boura J, Porada CD. Regenerative medicine: prospects for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Regen Med 2014; 8:631-44. [PMID: 23998755 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current understanding of the processes driving the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), discusses how the dynamic crosstalk between resident microorganisms, host cells and the immune system is required in order to maintain immune homeostasis, and considers innovative strategies that allow the modification or modulation of the intestinal microorganismal community as a potential approach for treating IBD. This article next rationalizes the use of cell-based regenerative medicine as treatment for IBD, discusses the obstacles hindering its success, summarizes some of the results of recent clinical trials employing these therapies, and discusses ongoing work to enhance mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, making them better suited to the task of repairing the damage within the IBD gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
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Phinney DG, Isakova IA. Mesenchymal stem cells as cellular vectors for pediatric neurological disorders. Brain Res 2014; 1573:92-107. [PMID: 24858930 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders characterized by a deficiency in lysosomal function. Although these disorders differ in their etiology and phenotype those that affect the nervous system generally manifest as a profound deterioration in neurologic function with age. Over the past several decades implementation of various treatment regimens including bone marrow and cord blood cell transplantation, enzyme replacement, and substrate reduction therapy have proved effective for managing some clinical manifestations of these diseases but their ability to ameliorate neurologic complications remains unclear. Consequently, there exists a need to develop alternative therapies that more effectively target the central nervous system. Recently, direct intracranial transplantation of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells has been explored as a means to reconstitute metabolic deficiencies in the CNS. In this chapter we discuss the merits of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for this purpose. Originally identified as progenitors of connective tissue cell lineages, recent findings have revealed several novel aspects of MSC biology that make them attractive as therapeutic agents in the CNS. We relate these advances in MSC biology to their utility as cellular vectors for treating neurologic sequelae associated with pediatric neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, A213, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Iryna A Isakova
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Biology Department, National Dnepropetrovsk University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
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Enhancement of muscle repair using human mesenchymal stem cells with a magnetic targeting system in a subchronic muscle injury model. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:478-88. [PMID: 24562652 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A magnetic cell targeting system was previously developed to promote the accumulation of transplanted cells in sites of injury in order to effectively treat injured tissues. However, the optimum time of exposure to the magnetic field and the strength of the magnetic force have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the optimum conditions of the magnetic force required to retain iron-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) at the site of transplantation for muscle repair in a subchronic skeletal muscle injury nude rat model. METHODS First, the optimum strength and time of exposure to the magnetic force for cell retention at the transplantation site were investigated 2 days after cell transplantation (1 × 10(5) cells). Second, the degree of enhancement of muscle repair was investigated at 3 weeks after cell transplantation in the group treated without a magnetic force and two typical magnetic condition groups that exhibited different levels of cell integration in first part of the study. RESULTS On the basis of the results of the first investigation, it was concluded that a magnetic strength of 1.5 T and 10 min of exposure to the magnetic force were efficient conditions to induce the retention of transplanted cells at the site of transplantation. In the second study, the groups exposed to a 1.5-T magnetic field for 10 min demonstrated significant enhancement of muscle repair, both histologically and electromechanically. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the optimal conditions required to retain transplanted hMSCs at the site of transplantation using a magnetic targeting system. This study also showed that the restoration of subchronic muscle injuries can be enhanced by magnetically labeled hMSCs following the application of a magnetic force.
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Kavanagh DPJ, Robinson J, Kalia N. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Priming: Fine-tuning Adhesion and Function. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:587-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:252-60. [PMID: 24561556 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) may be exploited for treatment of a multitude of inflammatory conditions. MSCs have long been reported to be hypoimmunogenic or 'immune privileged'; this property is thought to enable MSC transplantation across major histocompatibility barriers and the creation of off-the-shelf therapies consisting of MSCs grown in culture. However, recent studies describing generation of antibodies against and immune rejection of allogeneic donor MSCs suggest that MSCs may not actually be immune privileged. Nevertheless, whether rejection of donor MSCs influences the efficacy of allogeneic MSC therapies is not known, and no definitive clinical advantage of autologous MSCs over allogeneic MSCs has been demonstrated to date. Although MSCs may exert therapeutic function through a brief 'hit and run' mechanism, protecting MSCs from immune detection and prolonging their persistence in vivo may improve clinical outcomes and prevent patient sensitization toward donor antigens.
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Allo-reactivity of mesenchymal stem cells in rhesus macaques is dose and haplotype dependent and limits durable cell engraftment in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87238. [PMID: 24489878 PMCID: PMC3906169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging paradigm that MSCs are immune privileged has fostered the use of “off-the-shelf” allogeneic MSC-based therapies in human clinical trials. However, this approach ignores studies in experimental animals wherein transplantation of MSCs across MHC boundaries elicits measurable allo-immune responses. To determine if MSCs are hypo-immunogeneic, we characterized the immune response in rhesus macaques following intracranial administration of allogeneic vs. autologous MSCs. This analysis revealed unambiguous evidence of productive allo-recognition based on expansion of NK, B and T cell subsets in peripheral blood and detection of allo-specific antibodies in animals administered allogeneic but not autologous MSCs. Moreover, the degree of MHC class I and II mismatch between the MSC donor and recipient significantly influenced the magnitude and nature of the allo-immune response. Consistent with these findings, real-time PCR analysis of brain tissue from female recipients administered varying doses of male, allogeneic MSCs revealed a significant inverse correlation between MSC engraftment levels and cell dose. Changes in post-transplant neutrophil and lymphocyte counts also correlated with dose and were predictive of overall MSC engraftment levels. However, secondary antigen challenge failed to elicit a measurable immune response in allogeneic recipients. Finally, extensive behavior testing of animals revealed no main effect of cell dose on motor skills, social development, or temperament. Collectively, these data indicate that allogeneic MSCs are weakly immunogenic when transplanted across MHC boundaries in rhesus macaques and this negatively impacts durable engraftment levels. Therefore the use of unrelated donor MSCs should be carefully evaluated in human patients.
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Galipeau J. The mesenchymal stromal cells dilemma--does a negative phase III trial of random donor mesenchymal stromal cells in steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease represent a death knell or a bump in the road? Cytotherapy 2013; 15:2-8. [PMID: 23260081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of cryopreserved unmatched allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for treatment of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease has become medical practice in many European jurisdictions. The enthusiasm for use of MSCs in transplantation medicine builds on compelling phase II clinical trial data published by European collaborative groups in the past few years. Notwithstanding, it was reported in 2009 that a large multicenter phase III clinical trial (NCT00366145) conducted in the USA examining the use of an industrial MSC product (Prochymal; Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA) failed to meet its primary clinical endpoint of achieving a significant increase of complete response of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease lasting at least 28 days compared with placebo. Although peer-reviewed publication of the trial and its results are not in public domain at the time of this writing, it is worthwhile to reflect on the apparent discrepancy between the European experience and this industry-sponsored phase III study. This review presents a heuristic failure analysis focusing on the potential variables affecting MSCs and their utility as a cellular pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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25
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Conese M, Carbone A, Castellani S, Di Gioia S. Paracrine effects and heterogeneity of marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells: relevance for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:445-73. [PMID: 23652321 DOI: 10.1159/000348831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatment may represent a hope for the treatment of acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and other chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is well established in preclinical models that bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells exert beneficial effects on inflammation, immune responses and repairing of damage in virtually all lung-borne diseases. While it was initially thought that the positive outcome was due to a direct engraftment of these cells into the lung as endothelial and epithelial cells, paracrine factors are now considered the main mechanism through which stem and progenitor cells exert their therapeutic effect. This knowledge has led to the clinical use of marrow cells in pulmonary hypertension with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and in COPD with mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs). Bone marrow-derived stem cells, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, MSCs, EPCs and fibrocytes, encompass a wide array of cell subsets with different capacities of engraftment and injured tissue-regenerating potential. The characterization/isolation of the stem cell subpopulations represents a major challenge to improve the efficacy of transplantation protocols used in regenerative medicine and applied to lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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26
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English K, Wood KJ. Mesenchymal stromal cells in transplantation rejection and tolerance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a015560. [PMID: 23637312 PMCID: PMC3633184 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for cell-based immunotherapy in solid organ transplantation (SOT). In addition to immune modulation, MSCs possess proreparative properties and preclinical studies indicate that MSCs have the capacity to prolong graft survival and in some cases induce tolerance. Currently, the application of MSCs in SOT is being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Whereas the mechanisms of action used by MSC immunomodulation have been somewhat elucidated in vitro, the data from preclinical transplant models have been unclear. Furthermore, the optimal timing, dose, and route of administration remain to be elucidated. Importantly, MSCs have the ability to sense their environment, which may influence their function. In this article, we discuss the impact of the local microenvironment on MSCs and the mechanisms of MSC immunomodulation in the setting of SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen English
- Cellular Immunology Group, Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
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Ciciarello M, Zini R, Rossi L, Salvestrini V, Ferrari D, Manfredini R, Lemoli RM. Extracellular purines promote the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:1097-111. [PMID: 23259837 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are potent signaling molecules mediating cell-specific biological functions, mostly within the processes of tissue damage and repair and flogosis. We previously demonstrated that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) inhibits the proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSCs), while stimulating, in vitro and in vivo, their migration. Here, we investigated the effects of ATP on BM-hMSC differentiation capacity. Molecular analysis showed that ATP treatment modulated the expression of several genes governing adipogenic and osteoblastic (i.e., WNT-pathway-related genes) differentiation of MSCs. Functional studies demonstrated that ATP, under specific culture conditions, stimulated adipogenesis by significantly increasing the lipid accumulation and the expression levels of the adipogenic master gene PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma). In addition, ATP stimulated osteogenic differentiation by promoting mineralization and expression of the osteoblast-related gene RUNX2 (runt-related transcription factor 2). Furthermore, we demonstrated that ATP stimulated adipogenesis via its triphosphate form, while osteogenic differentiation was induced by the nucleoside adenosine, resulting from ATP degradation induced by CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases expressed on the MSC membrane. The pharmacological profile of P2 purinergic receptors (P2Rs) suggests that adipogenic differentiation is mainly mediated by the engagement of P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptors, while stimulation of the P1R adenosine-specific subtype A2B is involved in adenosine-induced osteogenic differentiation. Thus, we provide new insights into molecular regulation of MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ciciarello
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences, L. & A. Seràgnoli, Institute of Hematology, Stem Cell Research Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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28
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Griffin MD, Ryan AE, Alagesan S, Lohan P, Treacy O, Ritter T. Anti-donor immune responses elicited by allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: what have we learned so far? Immunol Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23207278 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) have potent anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive properties which underlie much of their therapeutic potential. This fact has led to the widely accepted belief that MSCs from genetically unrelated individuals (allogeneic (allo)-MSCs) can be used therapeutically with equal efficacy to autologous MSCs and without triggering the donor-specific immune responses that are typically associated with allo-transplants. In this article, we critically review available experimental data to determine whether good in vivo evidence exists in support of the 'immune privileged' status of allo-MSCs. We also examine published studies regarding the immunogenicity of allo-MSCs following activation ('licensing') by inflammatory stimuli or following differentiation. Among the identified studies which have addressed in vivo immunogenicity of allo-MSCs, there was substantial variability as regards experimental species, disease model, route of MSC administration, cell dose and stringency of the immunological assays employed. Nonetheless, the majority of these studies has documented specific cellular (T-cell) and humoral (B-cell/antibody) immune responses against donor antigens following administration of non-manipulated, interferon-γ-activated and differentiated allo-MSCs. The consequences of such anti-donor immune responses were also variable and ranged from reduced in vivo survival of allo-MSCs with accelerated rejection of subsequent allogeneic transplants to apparent promotion of donor-specific tolerance. On the basis of these findings and on existing knowledge of allo-antigen recognition from the field of transplant immunology, we propose that the concept of the immune privileged nature of allo-MSCs should be reconsidered and that the range and clinical implications of anti-donor immune responses elicited by allo-MSCs be more precisely studied in human and animal recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), NCBES, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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29
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von Bahr L, Batsis I, Moll G, Hägg M, Szakos A, Sundberg B, Uzunel M, Ringden O, Le Blanc K. Analysis of Tissues Following Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Humans Indicates Limited Long-Term Engraftment and No Ectopic Tissue Formation. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1575-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Soland MA, Bego MG, Colletti E, Porada CD, Zanjani ED, St Jeor S, Almeida-Porada G. Modulation of human mesenchymal stem cell immunogenicity through forced expression of human cytomegalovirus us proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36163. [PMID: 22666319 PMCID: PMC3364258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cell therapy, as they migrate to areas of injury, differentiate into a broad range of specialized cells, and have immunomodulatory properties. However, MSC are not invisible to the recipient's immune system, and upon in vivo administration, allogeneic MSC are able to trigger immune responses, resulting in rejection of the transplanted cells, precluding their full therapeutic potential. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has developed several strategies to evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cell recognition. Our goal is to exploit HCMV immunological evasion strategies to reduce MSC immunogenicity. Methodology/Principal Findings We genetically engineered human MSC to express HCMV proteins known to downregulate HLA-I expression, and investigated whether modified MSC were protected from CTL and NK attack. Flow cytometric analysis showed that amongst the US proteins tested, US6 and US11 efficiently reduced MSC HLA-I expression, and mixed lymphocyte reaction demonstrated a corresponding decrease in human and sheep mononuclear cell proliferation. NK killing assays showed that the decrease in HLA-I expression did not result in increased NK cytotoxicity, and that at certain NK∶MSC ratios, US11 conferred protection from NK cytotoxic effects. Transplantation of MSC-US6 or MSC-US11 into pre-immune fetal sheep resulted in increased liver engraftment when compared to control MSC, as demonstrated by qPCR and immunofluorescence analyses. Conclusions and Significance These data demonstrate that engineering MSC to express US6 and US11 can be used as a means of decreasing recognition of MSC by the immune system, allowing higher levels of engraftment in an allogeneic transplantation setting. Since one of the major factors responsible for the failure of allogeneic-donor MSC to engraft is the mismatch of HLA-I molecules between the donor and the recipient, MSC-US6 and MSC-US11 could constitute an off-the-shelf product to overcome donor-recipient HLA-I mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa A Soland
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
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31
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van Velthoven CTJ, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for neonatal ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:474-81. [PMID: 22430383 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have been proven effective in experimental models of numerous disorders. Treatment of ischemic brain injury by transplantation of MSCs in neonatal animal models has been shown to be effective in reducing lesion volume and improving functional outcome. The beneficial effect of MSC transplantation to treat neonatal brain injury might be explained by the great plasticity of the neonatal brain. The neonatal brain is still in a developmentally active phase, leading to a better efficiency of MSC transplantation than that observed in experiments using adult models of stroke. Enhanced neurogenesis and axonal remodeling likely underlie the improved functional outcome following MSC treatment after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. With respect to the mechanism of repair by MSCs, MSCs do not survive long term and replace damaged tissue themselves. We propose that MSCs react to the needs of the ischemic cerebral environment by secretion of several growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive molecules to regulate damage and repair processes. Parenchymal cells react to the secretome of the MSCs and contribute to stimulate repair processes. These intrinsic adaptive properties of MSCs make them excellent candidates for a novel therapy to treat the devastating effects of HI encephalopathy in the human neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T J van Velthoven
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Baiguera S, Jungebluth P, Mazzanti B, Macchiarini P. Mesenchymal stromal cells for tissue-engineered tissue and organ replacements. Transpl Int 2012; 25:369-82. [PMID: 22248229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), a rare heterogeneous subset of pluripotent stromal cells that can be easily isolated from different adult tissues, in vitro expanded and differentiated into multiple lineages, are immune privileged and, more important, display immunomodulatory capacities. Because of this, they are the preferred cell source in tissue-engineered replacements, not only in autogeneic conditions, where they do not evoke any immune response, but especially in the setting of allogeneic organ and tissue replacements. However, more preclinical and clinical studies are requested to completely understand MSC's immune biology and possible clinical applications. We herein review the immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, their possible mechanisms and potential clinical use for tissue-engineered organ and tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baiguera
- BIOAIRlab, European Center of Thoracic Research (CERT), University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Prophylaxis of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease-A Phase II Study. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2012:968213. [PMID: 22242033 PMCID: PMC3253492 DOI: 10.1155/2012/968213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and the safety of the administration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) were studied. This prospective clinical trial was based on the random patient allocation to the following two groups receiving (1) standard GVHD prophylaxis and (2) standard GVHD prophylaxis combined with MMSCs infusion. Bone marrow MMSCs from hematopoietic stem cell donors were cultured and administered to the recipients at doses of 0.9–1.3 × 106/kg when the blood counts indicated recovery. aGVHD of stage II–IV developed in 38.9% and 5.3% of patients in group 1 and group 2, respectively, (P = 0.002). There were no differences in the graft rejection rates, chronic GVHD development, or infectious complications. Overall mortality was 16.7% for patients in group 1 and 5.3% for patients in group 2. The efficacy and the safety of MMSC administration for aGVHD prophylaxis were demonstrated in this study.
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Wang Y, Han ZB, Ma J, Zuo C, Geng J, Gong W, Sun Y, Li H, Wang B, Zhang L, He Y, Han ZC. A toxicity study of multiple-administration human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in cynomolgus monkeys. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1401-8. [PMID: 21958114 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on stem cells have shown very attractive potential in many clinical studies. However, the data about the safety of stem cells application remains insufficient. The present study was designed to evaluate the overall toxicology of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in cynomolgus monkeys with repeated administrations. hUC-MSCs were administered by intravenous injection once every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. The dose levels employed in this study were 2×10(6), 1×10(7) cells/kg body weight. Toxicity was evaluated by clinical observations (body weight, body temperature, and ophthalmology exams), pathology (blood cell counts, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, and bone marrow smears), immunologic consequences (lymphoproliferation assay, the secretion of interferon-γ and interleukin-4, the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8 T cells, and the ratio of CD4 and CD8 T cells) and anatomic pathology. Pharmacodynamics in blood and distribution of hUC-MSCs in the tissues of cynomolgus monkeys were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. All animals survived until scheduled euthanasia. No stem cells transplantation-related toxicity was found in this study. hUC-MSCs could be found in the blood of cynomolgus monkeys beyond 8 h. The findings of this 6-week toxicity study showed that the transplantation of hUC-MSCs did not affect the general health of cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Griffin MD, Ritter T, Mahon BP. Immunological aspects of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapies. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1641-55. [PMID: 20718666 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) are proposed as cell therapies for degenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. The feasibility of allogeneic MSC therapies rests heavily on the concept that these cells avoid or actively suppress the immunological responses that cause rejection of most allogeneic cells and tissues. In this article the validity of the immune privileged status of allogeneic MSCs is explored in the context of recent literature. Current data that provide the mechanistic basis for immune modulation by MSCs are reviewed with particular attention to how MSCs modify the triggering and effector functions of innate and adaptive immunity. The ability of MSCs to induce regulatory dendritic and T-cell populations is discussed with regard to cell therapy for autoimmune disease. Finally, we examine the evidence for and against the immune privileged status of allogeneic MSCs in vivo. Allogeneic MSCs emerge as cells that are responsive to local signals and exert wide-ranging, predominantly suppressive, effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Nonetheless, these cells also retain a degree of immunogenicity in some circumstances that may limit MSC longevity and attenuate their beneficial effects. Ultimately successful allogeneic cell therapies will rely on an improved understanding of the parameters of MSC-immune system interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell therapy for intestinal diseases is an emerging area in clinical gastroenterology. We will review recent literature regarding mesenchymal stem cells, which have been utilized in preclinical models and are now headed for clinical trials in several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Important studies over the last 2 years have made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of action of these cell types. The two major competing hypotheses are that mesenchymal stem cells home to areas of injury where they repair based on their stem cell activity or that mesenchymal stem cells act as a source of secreted factors that stimulate repair and inhibit inflammation. SUMMARY Mesenchymal stem cells show promise for therapy in a number of intestinal diseases. Further understanding of their mechanism of action should improve our ability to use them therapeutically.
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