1
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Stribbling SM, Beach C, Ryan AJ. Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108631. [PMID: 38467308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Stribbling
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Fast Biopharma, Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, OX49 5SW, UK.
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2
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Kellaway SG, Potluri S, Keane P, Blair HJ, Ames L, Worker A, Chin PS, Ptasinska A, Derevyanko PK, Adamo A, Coleman DJL, Khan N, Assi SA, Krippner-Heidenreich A, Raghavan M, Cockerill PN, Heidenreich O, Bonifer C. Leukemic stem cells activate lineage inappropriate signalling pathways to promote their growth. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1359. [PMID: 38355578 PMCID: PMC10867020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is caused by multiple mutations which dysregulate growth and differentiation of myeloid cells. Cells adopt different gene regulatory networks specific to individual mutations, maintaining a rapidly proliferating blast cell population with fatal consequences for the patient if not treated. The most common treatment option is still chemotherapy which targets such cells. However, patients harbour a population of quiescent leukemic stem cells (LSCs) which can emerge from quiescence to trigger relapse after therapy. The processes that allow such cells to re-grow remain unknown. Here, we examine the well characterised t(8;21) AML sub-type as a model to address this question. Using four primary AML samples and a novel t(8;21) patient-derived xenograft model, we show that t(8;21) LSCs aberrantly activate the VEGF and IL-5 signalling pathways. Both pathways operate within a regulatory circuit consisting of the driver oncoprotein RUNX1::ETO and an AP-1/GATA2 axis allowing LSCs to re-enter the cell cycle while preserving self-renewal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie G Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Blood Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Sandeep Potluri
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen J Blair
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Ames
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice Worker
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paulynn S Chin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Assunta Adamo
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel J L Coleman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Naeem Khan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Manoj Raghavan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Princess Maxima Center of Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Stevens AM, Terrell M, Rashid R, Fisher KE, Marcogliese AN, Gaikwad A, Rao P, Vrana C, Krueger M, Loken M, Menssen AJ, Cook JA, Keogh N, Alozie M, Oviedo H, Gonzalez AK, Ilangovan T, Kim J, Sandhu S, Redell MS. Addressing a Pre-Clinical Pipeline Gap: Development of the Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Program at Texas Children's Hospital at Baylor College of Medicine. Biomedicines 2024; 12:394. [PMID: 38397996 PMCID: PMC10886789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (pAML) is currently around 60%. While survival has slowly increased over the past few decades, the development of novel agents likely to further improve survival for this heterogeneous patient population has been limited by gaps in the pAML pre-clinical pipeline. One of the major hurdles in evaluating new agents for pAML is the lack of pAML patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Unlike solid tumors and other types of leukemias, AML is notoriously hard to establish in mouse models, likely due in part to the need for specific human microenvironment elements. Our laboratory at TCH/BCM addressed this gap by establishing a systematic PDX workflow, leveraging advanced immunodeficient hosts and capitalizing on our high volume of pAML patients and close coordination between labs and clinical sections. Patients treated at TCH are offered the chance to participate in specimen banking protocols that allow blood and bone marrow collection as well as the collection of relevant clinical data. All patients who consent and have samples available are trialed for PDX development. In addition, samples from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) are also trialed for PDX generation. Serially transplanting PDX models are validated using short tandem repeat (STR) and characterized using both targeted DNA/RNA next generation sequencing and RNAseq. As of March 2023, this systematic approach has resulted in 26 serially transplanting models. Models have been shared with requesting labs to facilitate external pAML pre-clinical studies. Available PDX models can be located through the BCM PDX Portal. We expect our growing PDX resource to make a significant contribution to expediting the testing of promising novel therapeutics for pAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Stevens
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Maci Terrell
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Raushan Rashid
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Kevin E. Fisher
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Genomic Medicine Division, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea N. Marcogliese
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Division, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amos Gaikwad
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Pulivarthi Rao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Chelsea Vrana
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Michael Krueger
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Noah Keogh
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Michelle Alozie
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Hailey Oviedo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Alan K. Gonzalez
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Tamilini Ilangovan
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Julia Kim
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Sohani Sandhu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
| | - Michele S. Redell
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St, Suite 750, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.S.R.)
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4
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Boyd AL, Lu J, Hollands CG, Alsostovar L, Murali S, Reid JC, Ye W, Vandersluis S, Johnson P, ElRafie A, Porras DP, Xenocostas D, Leber A, Leber B, Foley R, Trus M, Berg T, Kawata E, Xenocostas A, Bhatia M. Leukemic progenitor compartment serves as a prognostic measure of cancer stemness in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Rep Med 2023:101108. [PMID: 37433297 PMCID: PMC10394166 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigate functional and molecular measures of stemness in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using a cohort of 121 individuals. We confirm that the presence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) detected through in vivo xenograft transplantation is associated with poor survival. However, the measurement of leukemic progenitor cells (LPCs) through in vitro colony-forming assays provides an even stronger predictor of overall and event-free survival. LPCs not only capture patient-specific mutations but also retain serial re-plating ability, demonstrating their biological relevance. Notably, LPC content represents an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analyses including clinical guidelines of risk stratification. Our findings suggest that LPCs provide a robust functional measure of AML, enabling quantitative and rapid assessment of a wide range of patients. This highlights the potential of LPCs as a valuable prognostic factor in AML management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Boyd
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin Lu
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Cameron G Hollands
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lili Alsostovar
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Shiva Murali
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Reid
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Wendy Ye
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sean Vandersluis
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Paige Johnson
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Amro ElRafie
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Deanna P Porras
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dimetri Xenocostas
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Andrew Leber
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Brian Leber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ronan Foley
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Trus
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tobias Berg
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Eri Kawata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anargyros Xenocostas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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5
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de Janon A, Mantalaris A, Panoskaltsis N. Three-Dimensional Human Bone Marrow Organoids for the Study and Application of Normal and Abnormal Hematoimmunopoiesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:895-904. [PMID: 36947817 PMCID: PMC7614371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Hematoimmunopoiesis takes place in the adult human bone marrow (BM), which is composed of heterogeneous niches with complex architecture that enables tight regulation of homeostatic and stress responses. There is a paucity of representative culture systems that recapitulate the heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) human BM microenvironment and that can endogenously produce soluble factors and extracellular matrix that deliver culture fidelity for the study of both normal and abnormal hematopoiesis. Native BM lymphoid populations are also poorly represented in current in vitro and in vivo models, creating challenges for the study and treatment of BM immunopathology. BM organoid models leverage normal 3D organ structure to recreate functional niche microenvironments. Our focus herein is to review the current state of the art in the use of 3D BM organoids, focusing on their capacities to recreate critical quality attributes of the in vivo BM microenvironment for the study of human normal and abnormal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de Janon
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Ireland
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, St. James’s Hospital Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Mayer IM, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V, Doma E. Isolation, Maintenance and Expansion of Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Leukemic Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071723. [PMID: 35406494 PMCID: PMC8996967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transplantation of adult hematopoietic stem cells is an important therapeutic tool to help patients suffering from diverse hematological disorders. All types of blood cells can develop from a single hematopoietic stem cell underlining their enormous potential. Intense efforts are ongoing to generate “engraftable” human hematopoietic stem cells to treat hematopoietic diseases and to understand the molecular machinery driving them. Leukemic stem cells represent a low frequency subpopulation of leukemia cells that possess stem cell properties. They can instigate, maintain, and serially propagate leukemia in vivo, while they retain the capacity to differentiate into committed progenitors. Leukemic stem cells are unaffected by many therapeutic strategies and represent the major cause of relapse. We here describe all methods to maintain and expand murine and human hematopoietic cells in culture and describe their specific advantages. These methods are also employed to understand the biology of leukemic stem cells and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, self-renewing cells that perch on top of the hematopoietic tree. The HSCs ensure the constant supply of mature blood cells in a tightly regulated process producing peripheral blood cells. Intense efforts are ongoing to optimize HSC engraftment as therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from hematopoietic diseases. Preclinical research paves the way by developing methods to maintain, manipulate and expand HSCs ex vivo to understand their regulation and molecular make-up. The generation of a sufficient number of transplantable HSCs is the Holy Grail for clinical therapy. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their acquired stem cell characteristics and are responsible for disease initiation, progression, and relapse. We summarize efforts, that have been undertaken to increase the number of long-term (LT)-HSCs and to prevent differentiation towards committed progenitors in ex vivo culture. We provide an overview and compare methods currently available to isolate, maintain and enrich HSC subsets, progenitors and LSCs and discuss their individual advantages and drawbacks.
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Comparison of clonal architecture between primary and immunodeficient mouse-engrafted acute myeloid leukemia cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1624. [PMID: 35338146 PMCID: PMC8956585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are widely used as human cancer models. Previous studies demonstrated clonal discordance between PDX and primary cells. However, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-PDX models, the significance of the clonal dynamics occurring in PDX remains unclear. By evaluating changes in the variant allele frequencies (VAF) of somatic mutations in serial samples of paired primary AML and their PDX bone marrow cells, we identify the skewing engraftment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML clones in 57% of PDX models generated from multiclonal AML cells at diagnosis, even if R/R clones are minor at <5% of VAF in patients. The event-free survival rate of patients whose AML cells successfully engraft in PDX models is consistently lower than that of patients with engraftment failure. We herein demonstrate that primary AML cells including potentially chemotherapy-resistant clones dominantly engraft in AML-PDX models and they enrich pre-existing treatment-resistant subclones.
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8
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Aung MMK, Mills ML, Bittencourt‐Silvestre J, Keeshan K. Insights into the molecular profiles of adult and paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2253-2272. [PMID: 33421304 PMCID: PMC8410545 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease characterised by uncontrolled proliferation, block in differentiation and acquired self-renewal of hematopoietic stem and myeloid progenitor cells. This results in the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts within the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The incidence of AML increases with age, and in childhood, AML accounts for 20% of all leukaemias. Whilst there are many clinical and biological similarities between paediatric and adult AML with continuum across the age range, many characteristics of AML are associated with age of disease onset. These include chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and differentiation lineage. Following chemotherapy, AML cells that survive and result in disease relapse exist in an altered chemoresistant state. Molecular profiling currently represents a powerful avenue of experimentation to study AML cells from adults and children pre- and postchemotherapy as a means of identifying prognostic biomarkers and targetable molecular vulnerabilities that may be age-specific. This review highlights recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular profiles with a focus on transcriptomes and metabolomes, leukaemia stem cells and chemoresistant cells in adult and paediatric AML and focus on areas that hold promise for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Myat Khine Aung
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research CentreInstitute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Megan L. Mills
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research CentreInstitute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | | | - Karen Keeshan
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research CentreInstitute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
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9
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Sommerkamp P, Mercier FE, Wilkinson AC, Bonnet D, Bourgine PE. Engineering human hematopoietic environments through ossicle and bioreactor technologies exploitation. Exp Hematol 2021; 94:20-25. [PMID: 33278488 PMCID: PMC7879567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment contains cellular niches that maintain the pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and support hematopoietic maturation. Malignant hematopoietic cells also co-opt normal cellular interactions to promote their own growth and evade therapy. In vivo systems used to study human hematopoiesis have been developed through transplantation into immunodeficient mouse models. However, incomplete cross-compatibility between the murine stroma and transplanted human hematopoietic cells limits the rate of engraftment and the study of relevant interactions. To supplement in vivo xenotransplantation models, complementary strategies have recently been developed, including the use of three-dimensional human bone marrow organoids in vivo, generated from bone marrow stromal cells seeded onto osteo-inductive scaffolds, as well as the use of ex vivo bioreactor models. These topics were the focus of the Spring 2020 International Society for Experimental Hematology New Investigator webinar. We review here the latest advances in generating humanized hematopoietic organoids and how they allow for the study of novel microenvironmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Sommerkamp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François E Mercier
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Adam C Wilkinson
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- The Francis Crick Institute, Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Paul E Bourgine
- Laboratory for Cell, Tissue, and Organ Engineering, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Ebinger S, Zeller C, Carlet M, Senft D, Bagnoli JW, Liu WH, Rothenberg-Thurley M, Enard W, Metzeler KH, Herold T, Spiekermann K, Vick B, Jeremias I. Plasticity in growth behavior of patients' acute myeloid leukemia stem cells growing in mice. Haematologica 2020; 105:2855-2860. [PMID: 33256387 PMCID: PMC7716350 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.226282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ebinger
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
| | - Christina Zeller
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
| | - Michela Carlet
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
| | - Daniela Senft
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
| | - Johannes W. Bagnoli
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig- Maximilians-University, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wen-Hsin Liu
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
| | - Maja Rothenberg-Thurley
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig- Maximilians-University, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Herold
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich
| | | | - Binje Vick
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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11
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Vetrie D, Helgason GV, Copland M. The leukaemia stem cell: similarities, differences and clinical prospects in CML and AML. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:158-173. [PMID: 31907378 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For two decades, leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have been advanced paradigms for the cancer stem cell field. In CML, the acquisition of the fusion tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL1 in a haematopoietic stem cell drives its transformation to become a LSC. In AML, LSCs can arise from multiple cell types through the activity of a number of oncogenic drivers and pre-leukaemic events, adding further layers of context and genetic and cellular heterogeneity to AML LSCs not observed in most cases of CML. Furthermore, LSCs from both AML and CML can be refractory to standard-of-care therapies and persist in patients, diversify clonally and serve as reservoirs to drive relapse, recurrence or progression to more aggressive forms. Despite these complexities, LSCs in both diseases share biological features, making them distinct from other CML or AML progenitor cells and from normal haematopoietic stem cells. These features may represent Achilles' heels against which novel therapies can be developed. Here, we review many of the similarities and differences that exist between LSCs in CML and AML and examine the therapeutic strategies that could be used to eradicate them.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Management
- Disease Susceptibility
- Drug Development
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Research/history
- Research/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vetrie
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - G Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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12
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A stemness screen reveals C3orf54/INKA1 as a promoter of human leukemia stem cell latency. Blood 2019; 133:2198-2211. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-881441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that the molecular properties of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are associated with clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and LSCs have been linked to therapy failure and relapse. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the persistence and regenerative potential of LSCs is expected to result in the development of more effective therapies. We therefore interrogated functionally validated data sets of LSC-specific genes together with their known protein interactors and selected 64 candidates for a competitive in vivo gain-of-function screen to identify genes that enhanced stemness in human cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. A consistent effect observed for the top hits was the ability to restrain early repopulation kinetics while preserving regenerative potential. Overexpression (OE) of the most promising candidate, the orphan gene C3orf54/INKA1, in a patient-derived AML model (8227) promoted the retention of LSCs in a primitive state manifested by relative expansion of CD34+ cells, accumulation of cells in G0, and reduced output of differentiated progeny. Despite delayed early repopulation, at later times, INKA1-OE resulted in the expansion of self-renewing LSCs. In contrast, INKA1 silencing in primary AML reduced regenerative potential. Mechanistically, our multidimensional confocal analysis found that INKA1 regulates G0 exit by interfering with nuclear localization of its target PAK4, with concomitant reduction of global H4K16ac levels. These data identify INKA1 as a novel regulator of LSC latency and reveal a link between the regulation of stem cell kinetics and pool size during regeneration.
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13
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Chramiec A, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue engineered models of healthy and malignant human bone marrow. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:78-92. [PMID: 31002835 PMCID: PMC6663611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is becoming increasingly successful in providing in vitro models of human tissues that can be used for ex vivo recapitulation of functional tissues as well as predictive testing of drug efficacy and safety. From simple tissue models to microphysiological platforms comprising multiple tissue types connected by vascular perfusion, these "tissues on a chip" are emerging as a fast track application for tissue engineering, with great potential for modeling diseases and supporting the development of new drugs and therapeutic targets. We focus here on tissue engineering of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment and the malignancies that can develop in the human bone marrow. Our overall goal is to demonstrate the utility and interconnectedness of improvements in bioengineering methods developed in one area of bone marrow studies for the remaining, seemingly disparate, bone marrow fields.
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14
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Almosailleakh M, Schwaller J. Murine Models of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E453. [PMID: 30669675 PMCID: PMC6358780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a rare but severe form of human cancer that results from a limited number of functionally cooperating genetic abnormalities leading to uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Before the identification of genetic driver lesions, chemically, irradiation or viral infection-induced mouse leukaemia models provided platforms to test novel chemotherapeutics. Later, transgenic mouse models were established to test the in vivo transforming potential of newly cloned fusion genes and genetic aberrations detected in patients' genomes. Hereby researchers constitutively or conditionally expressed the respective gene in the germline of the mouse or reconstituted the hematopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice with bone marrow virally expressing the mutation of interest. More recently, immune deficient mice have been explored to study patient-derived human AML cells in vivo. Unfortunately, although complementary to each other, none of the currently available strategies faithfully model the initiation and progression of the human disease. Nevertheless, fast advances in the fields of next generation sequencing, molecular technology and bioengineering are continuously contributing to the generation of better mouse models. Here we review the most important AML mouse models of each category, briefly describe their advantages and limitations and show how they have contributed to our understanding of the biology and to the development of novel therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Carcinogens/administration & dosage
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Editing
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation, Ionizing
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Almosailleakh
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Juerg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Lyne AM, Kent DG, Laurenti E, Cornils K, Glauche I, Perié L. A track of the clones: new developments in cellular barcoding. Exp Hematol 2018; 68:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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