1
|
Sturchio A, Rocha EM, Kauffman MA, Marsili L, Mahajan A, Saraf AA, Vizcarra JA, Guo Z, Espay AJ. Recalibrating the Why and Whom of Animal Models in Parkinson Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Brain Sci 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38391726 PMCID: PMC10887152 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used to gain pathophysiologic insights into Parkinson's disease (PD) and aid in the translational efforts of interventions with therapeutic potential in human clinical trials. However, no disease-modifying therapy for PD has successfully emerged from model predictions. These translational disappointments warrant a reappraisal of the types of preclinical questions asked of animal models. Besides the limitations of experimental designs, the one-size convergence and oversimplification yielded by a model cannot recapitulate the molecular diversity within and between PD patients. Here, we compare the strengths and pitfalls of different models, review the discrepancies between animal and human data on similar pathologic and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of organoids as novel modeling tools, and evaluate the types of questions for which models can guide and misguide. We propose that animal models may be of greatest utility in the evaluation of molecular mechanisms, neural pathways, drug toxicity, and safety but can be unreliable or misleading when used to generate pathophysiologic hypotheses or predict therapeutic efficacy for compounds with potential neuroprotective effects in humans. To enhance the translational disease-modification potential, the modeling must reflect the biology not of a diseased population but of subtypes of diseased humans to distinguish What data are relevant and to Whom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sturchio
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología José María Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires C1221ADC, Argentina
| | - Luca Marsili
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ameya A Saraf
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arpin DJ, Mitchell T, Archer DB, Burciu RG, Chu WT, Gao H, Guttuso T, Hess CW, Lai S, Malaty IA, McFarland NR, Pasternak O, Price CC, Shukla AW, Wu SS, Okun MS, Vaillancourt DE. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Progression in Parkinson's Disease: A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Rasagiline. Mov Disord 2022; 37:325-333. [PMID: 34724257 PMCID: PMC9019575 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasagiline has received attention as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether rasagiline is disease modifying remains in question. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to determine whether rasagiline has disease-modifying effects in PD over 1 year. Secondarily we evaluated two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences to determine the best sequence to measure disease progression. METHODS This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the effects of rasagiline administered at 1 mg/day over 12 months in early-stage PD. The primary outcome was 1-year change in free-water accumulation in posterior substantia nigra (pSN) measured using two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences, one with a repetition time (TR) of 2500 ms (short TR; n = 90) and one with a TR of 6400 ms (long TR; n = 75). Secondary clinical outcomes also were assessed. RESULTS Absolute change in pSN free-water accumulation was not significantly different between groups (short TR: P = 0.346; long TR: P = 0.228). No significant differences were found in any secondary clinical outcomes between groups. Long TR, but not short TR, data show pSN free-water increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.025). Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.009), and baseline free-water in the pSN correlated with the 1-year change in Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III (P = 0.004) and 1-year change in bradykinesia score (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that 1 mg/day rasagiline has a disease-modifying effect in PD over 1 year. We found pSN free-water increased over 1 year, and baseline free-water relates to clinical motor progression, demonstrating the importance of diffusion imaging parameters for detecting and predicting PD progression. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Arpin
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Trina Mitchell
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Derek B. Archer
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roxana G. Burciu
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Winston T. Chu
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hanzhi Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Guttuso
- Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christopher W. Hess
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Song Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology & CTSI Human Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine C. Price
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology and Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel S. Wu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David E. Vaillancourt
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song IU, Im JJ, Jeong H, Na SH, Chung YA. Possible neuroprotective effects of rasagiline in Alzheimer's disease: a SPECT study. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:784-790. [PMID: 32646230 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120940264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current lack of effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the rapidly increasing burden of the disease highlight the urgent need to find new treatments. Despite accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of rasagiline in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, the effects of rasagiline on the brains of patients with AD have not been elucidated. PURPOSE To examine the effects of rasagiline on regional cerebral flow (rCBF) in patients with AD using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Among 22 patients with AD, 11 patients received adjunctive rasagiline at 1 mg/day in conjunction with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI); 11 patients were only treated with AChEI for about 1.6 years. All patients underwent brain technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime SPECT scans and clinical assessments at baseline and follow-up visits. Annual percent changes in rCBF were compared between the groups in a voxel-wise manner. RESULTS SPECT analysis revealed that the rasagiline-treated group showed more increased rCBF in the cingulate gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, putamen, and thalamus compared to the comparison group (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that adjunctive rasagiline treatment may have beneficial effects on brain perfusion in patients with AD, suggesting potential neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Uk Song
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jamie Im
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Jeong
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Na
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-An Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reina M, Celaya CA, Muñiz J. C
36
and C
35
E (E=N and B) Fullerenes as Potential Nanovehicles for Neuroprotective Drugs: A Comparative DFT Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S.N. Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70–360 Coyoacán C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Christian A. Celaya
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S.N. Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70–360 Coyoacán C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México México
- Instituto de Energías Renovables Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Piv. Xochicalcos/n. Col. Centro Temixco, C.P. 62580 Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Muñiz
- Instituto de Energías Renovables Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Piv. Xochicalcos/n. Col. Centro Temixco, C.P. 62580 Morelos, México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalili A, Peimani AR, Safarian N, Youssef K, Zoidl G, Rezai P. Phenotypic chemical and mutant screening of zebrafish larvae using an on-demand response to electric stimulation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 11:373-383. [PMID: 31851358 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral responses of zebrafish larvae to environmental cues are important functional readouts that should be evoked on-demand and studied phenotypically in behavioral, genetical and developmental investigations. Very recently, it was shown that zebrafish larvae execute a voluntary and oriented movement toward the positive electrode of an electric field along a microchannel. Phenotypic characterization of this response was not feasible due to larva's rapid movement along the channel. To overcome this challenge, a microfluidic device was introduced to partially immobilize the larva's head while leaving its mid-body and tail unrestrained in a chamber to image motor behaviors in response to electric stimulation, hence achieving quantitative phenotyping of the electrically evoked movement in zebrafish larvae. The effect of electric current on the tail-beat frequency and response duration of 5-7 days postfertilization zebrafish larvae was studied. Investigations were also performed on zebrafish exposed to neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine and larvae carrying a pannexin1a (panx1a) gene knockout, as a proof of principle applications to demonstrate on-demand movement behavior screening in chemical and mutant assays. We demonstrated for the first time that 6-hydroxydopamine leads to electric response impairment, levodopa treatment rescues the response and panx1a is involved in the electrically evoked movement of zebrafish larvae. We envision that our technique is broadly applicable as a screening tool to quantitatively examine zebrafish larvae's movements in response to physical and chemical stimulations in investigations of Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases, and as a tool to combine recent advances in genome engineering of model organisms to uncover the biology of electric response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khalili
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Peimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khaled Youssef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pellegrini C, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Dolfi A, Errede M, Virgintino D, Fornai M, Antonioli L, Garelli F, Nericcio A, Colucci R, Cerri S, Blandini F, Blandizzi C, Bernardini N. Pathological remodelling of colonic wall following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104821. [PMID: 32088380 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are often characterized by functional gastrointestinal disorders. Such disturbances can occur at all stages of PD and precede the typical motor symptoms of the disease by many years. However, the morphological alterations associated with intestinal disturbances in PD are undetermined. This study examined the remodelling of colonic wall in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rats. METHODS 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection animals were sacrificed. Inflammatory infiltrates, collagen deposition and remodelling of intestinal epithelial barrier and tunica muscularis in the colonic wall were assessed by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. RESULTS 6-OHDA rats displayed significant alterations of colonic tissues as compared with controls. Signs of mild inflammation (eosinophil infiltration) and a transmural deposition of collagen fibres were observed. Superficial colonic layers were characterized by severe morphological alterations. In particular, lining epithelial cells displayed a reduced claudin-1 and transmembrane 16A/Anoctamin 1 (TMEM16A/ANO1) expression; goblet cells increased their mucin expression; colonic crypts were characterized by an increase in proliferating epithelial cells; the density of S100-positive glial cells and vimentin-positive fibroblast-like cells was increased as well. Several changes were found in the tunica muscularis: downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin/desmin expression and increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells; increased vimentin expression and proliferative phenotype in myenteric ganglia; reduction of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) density. CONCLUSIONS A pathological remodelling occurs in the colon of 6-OHDA rats. The main changes include: enhanced fibrotic deposition; alterations of the epithelial barrier; activation of mucosal defense; reduction of ICCs. These results indicate that central nigrostriatal denervation is associated with histological changes in the large bowel at mucosal, submucosal and muscular level. These alterations might represent morphological correlates of digestive symptoms in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amelio Dolfi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariella Errede
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Garelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Nericcio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Varešlija D, Tipton KF, Davey GP, McDonald AG. 6-Hydroxydopamine: a far from simple neurotoxin. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:213-230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Vaz RL, Sousa S, Chapela D, van der Linde HC, Willemsen R, Correia AD, Outeiro TF, Afonso ND. Identification of antiparkinsonian drugs in the 6-hydroxydopamine zebrafish model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 189:172828. [PMID: 31785245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known as a movement disorder due to characteristic motor features. Existing therapies for PD are only symptomatic, and their efficacy decreases as disease progresses. Zebrafish, a vertebrate in which parkinsonism has been modelled, offers unique features for the identification of molecules with antiparkinsonian properties. Here, we developed a screening assay for the selection of neuroactive agents with antiparkinsonian potential. First, we performed a pharmacological validation of the phenotypes exhibited by the 6-hydroxydopamine zebrafish model, by testing the effects of known antiparkinsonian agents. These drugs were also tested for disease-modifying properties by whole mount immunohistochemistry to TH+ neurons and confocal microscopy in the dopaminergic diencephalic cluster of zebrafish. Next, we optimized a phenotypic screening using the 6-hydroxydopamine zebrafish model and tested 1600 FDA-approved bioactive drugs. We found that 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned zebrafish larvae exhibit bradykinetic and dyskinetic-like behaviours that are rescued by the administration of levodopa, rasagiline, isradipine or amantadine. The rescue of dopaminergic cell loss by isradipine was also verified, through the observation of a higher number of TH+ neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned zebrafish larvae treated with this compound as compared to untreated lesioned larvae. The phenotypic screening enabled us to identify several compounds previously positioned for PD, as well as, new molecules with potential antiparkinsonian properties. Among these, we selected stavudine, tapentadol and nabumetone as the most promising candidates. Our results demonstrate the functional similarities of the motor impairments exhibited by 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned zebrafish with mammalian models of PD and with PD patients, and highlights novel molecules with antiparkinsonian potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Vaz
- TechnoPhage, SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- TechnoPhage, SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Chapela
- TechnoPhage, SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana D Correia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School |Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nuno D Afonso
- TechnoPhage, SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novel oxindole derivatives prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:242-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
10
|
Szökő É, Tábi T, Riederer P, Vécsei L, Magyar K. Pharmacological aspects of the neuroprotective effects of irreversible MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline, in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1735-1749. [PMID: 29417334 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The era of MAO-B inhibitors dates back more than 50 years. It began with Kálmán Magyar's outstanding discovery of the selective inhibitor, selegiline. This compound is still regarded as the gold standard of MAO-B inhibition, although newer drugs have also been introduced to the field. It was revealed early on that selective, even irreversible inhibition of MAO-B is free from the severe side effect of the non-selective MAO inhibitors, the potentiation of tyramine, resulting in the so-called 'cheese effect'. Since MAO-B is involved mainly in the degradation of dopamine, the inhibitors lack any antidepressant effect; however, they became first-line medications for the therapy of Parkinson's disease based on their dopamine-sparing activity. Extensive studies with selegiline indicated its complex pharmacological activity profile with MAO-B-independent mechanisms involved. Some of these beneficial effects, such as neuroprotective and antiapoptotic properties, were connected to its propargylamine structure. The second MAO-B inhibitor approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, rasagiline also possesses this structural element and shows similar pharmacological characteristics. The preclinical studies performed with selegiline and rasagiline are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szökő
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Magarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
| | - Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neuroprotective and Neuro-restorative Effects of Minocycline and Rasagiline in a Zebrafish 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2017; 367:34-46. [PMID: 29079063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, debilitating, neurodegenerative disorder for which the current gold standard treatment, levodopa (L-DOPA) is symptomatic. There is an urgent, unmet need for neuroprotective or, ideally, neuro-restorative drugs. We describe a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) zebrafish model to screen drugs for neuroprotective and neuro-restorative capacity. Zebrafish larvae at two days post fertilization were exposed to 6-OHDA for three days, with co-administration of test drugs for neuroprotection experiments, or for 32 h, with subsequent treatment with test drugs for neuro-restoration experiments. Locomotor activity was assessed by automated tracking and dopaminergic neurons were visualized by tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-histochemistry. Exposure to 6-OHDA for either 32 h or 3 days induced similar, significant locomotor deficits and neuronal loss in 5-day-old larvae. L-DOPA (1 mM) partially restored locomotor activity, but was neither neuroprotective nor neuro-restorative, mirroring the clinical situation. The calcium channel blocker, isradipine (1 µM) did not prevent or reverse 6-OHDA-induced locomotor deficit or neuronal loss. However, both the tetracycline analog, minocycline (10 µM), and the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, rasagiline (1 µM), prevented the locomotor deficits and neuronal loss due to three-day 6-OHDA exposure. Importantly, they also reversed the locomotor deficit caused by prior exposure to 6-OHDA; rasagiline also reversed neuronal loss and minocycline partially restored neuronal loss due to prior 6-OHDA, making them candidates for investigation as neuro-restorative treatments for Parkinson's disease. Our findings in zebrafish reflect preliminary clinical findings for rasagiline and minocycline. Thus, we have developed a zebrafish model suitable for high-throughput screening of putative neuroprotective and neuro-restorative therapies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Colucci R, Tirotta E, Gentile D, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Levandis G, Cerri S, Blandini F, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bernardini N, Blandizzi C, Fornai M. Effects of L-DOPA/benserazide co-treatment on colonic excitatory cholinergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
13
|
Guo B, Zheng C, Cai W, Cheng J, Wang H, Li H, Sun Y, Cui W, Wang Y, Han Y, Lee SMY, Zhang Z. Multifunction of Chrysin in Parkinson's Model: Anti-Neuronal Apoptosis, Neuroprotection via Activation of MEF2D, and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase-B. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5324-5333. [PMID: 27245668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin, a flavonoid compound existing in several plants, is applied as a dietary supplement because of its beneficial effects on general human health and alleviation of neurological disorders. However, mechanisms underlying neuroprotection of chrysin has not been fully elucidated, and the effects of chrysin on the Parkinson's disease (PD) model in vivo have not been investigated. It is here shown that chrysin protects primary granular neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion insult via antiapoptosis by reversing the dysregulated expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3. The mechanisms also involved activating transcriptional factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) via regulation of AKT-GSK3β signaling. In this in vivo model of PD, chrysin rescued the dopaminergic neurons loss and alleviated the decrease in dopamine level induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Moreover, chrysin markedly inhibited monoamine oxidase-B activity in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, chrysin exerts beneficial effects to PD, possibly through multitarget mechanisms including antineuronal apoptosis, activation of the AKT-GSK3β/MEF2D pathway, and inhibition of the MAO-B activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Wei Cai
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Jiehong Cheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yewei Sun
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University , Zhejiang, 315211 China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Colucci R, Tirotta E, Blandini F, Levandis G, Cerri S, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Bernardini N, Cseri K, Blandizzi C, Haskó G, Antonioli L. Alteration of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:146. [PMID: 27295950 PMCID: PMC4907252 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying such disorders are still largely unknown, although the occurrence of a bowel inflammatory condition has been hypothesized. This study examined the impact of central dopaminergic degeneration, induced by intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on distal colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility in rats. METHODS Animals were euthanized 4 and 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Tachykininergic contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation or exogenous substance P (SP), were recorded in vitro from longitudinal muscle colonic preparations. SP, tachykininergic NK1 receptor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, as well as the density of eosinophils and mast cells in the colonic wall, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA, colorimetric assay), TNF, and IL-1β (ELISA assay) levels were also examined. The polarization of peritoneal macrophages was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS In colonic preparations, electrically and SP-evoked tachykininergic contractions were increased in 6-OHDA rats. Immunohistochemistry displayed an increase in SP and GFAP levels in the myenteric plexus, as well as NK1 receptor expression in the colonic muscle layer of 6-OHDA rats. MDA, TNF, and IL-1β levels were increased also in colonic tissues from 6-OHDA rats. In 6-OHDA rats, the number of eosinophils and mast cells was increased as compared with control animals, and peritoneal macrophages polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the induction of central nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is followed by bowel inflammation associated with increased oxidative stress, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, activation of enteric glia and inflammatory cells, and enhancement of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Tirotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Cseri
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang T, Yang L, Hua J, Xie H, Jiang X, Wang L. Simultaneous bioanalysis of rasagiline and its major metabolites in human plasma by LC–MS/MS: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
Burciu RG, Ofori E, Shukla P, Pasternak O, Chung JW, McFarland NR, Okun MS, Vaillancourt DE. Free-water and BOLD imaging changes in Parkinson's disease patients chronically treated with a MAO-B inhibitor. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2894-903. [PMID: 27089850 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasagiline is a monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor that possesses no amphetamine-like properties, and provides symptomatic relief in early and late stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Data in animal models of PD suggest that chronic administration of rasagiline is associated with structural changes in the substantia nigra, and raise the question whether the structure and function of the basal ganglia could be different in PD patients treated chronically with rasagiline as compared with PD patients not treated with rasagiline. Here, we performed a retrospective cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study at 3 T that investigated nigrostriatal function and structure in PD patients who had taken rasagiline before testing (∼8 months), PD who had not taken rasagiline before testing, and age-matched controls. The two PD groups were selected a priori to not differ significantly in age, sex, disease duration, severity of symptoms, cognitive status, and total levodopa equivalent daily dose of medication. We evaluated percent signal change in the posterior putamen during force production using functional MRI, free-water in the posterior substantia nigra using diffusion MRI, and performance on a bimanual coordination task using a pegboard test. All patients were tested after overnight withdrawal from antiparkinsonian medication. The rasagiline group had greater percent signal change in the posterior putamen, less free-water in the posterior substantia nigra, and better performance on the coordination task than the group not taking rasagiline. These findings point to a possible chronic effect of rasagiline on the structure and function of the basal ganglia in PD. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2894-2903, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G Burciu
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Edward Ofori
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Priyank Shukla
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jae Woo Chung
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, College of Medicine, University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, College of Medicine, University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ledreux A, Boger HA, Hinson VK, Cantwell K, Granholm AC. BDNF levels are increased by aminoindan and rasagiline in a double lesion model of Parkinson׳s disease. Brain Res 2016; 1631:34-45. [PMID: 26607251 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The anti-Parkinsonian drug rasagiline is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase and is used in the treatment of Parkinson׳s disease (PD). Its postulated neuroprotective effects may be attributed to MAO inhibition, or to its propargylamine moiety. The major metabolite of rasagiline, aminoindan, has shown promising neuroprotective properties in vitro but there is a paucity of studies investigating in vivo effects of this compound. Therefore, we examined neuroprotective effects of rasagiline and its metabolite aminoindan in a double lesion model of PD. Male Fisher 344 rats received i.p. injections of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 and intra-striatal stereotaxic microinjections of the dopamine neurotoxin 6-OHDA. Saline, rasagiline or aminoindan (3mg/kg/day s.c.) were delivered via Alzet minipumps for 4 weeks. Rats were then tested for spontaneous locomotion and a novel object recognition task. Following behavioral testing, brain tissue was processed for ELISA measurements of growth factors and immunohistochemistry. Double-lesioned rats treated with rasagiline or aminoindan had reduced behavioral deficits, both in motor and cognitive tasks compared to saline-treated double-lesioned rats. BDNF levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus and striatum of the rasagiline- and aminoindan-lesioned groups compared to the saline-treated lesioned group. Double-lesioned rats treated with rasagiline or aminoindan exhibited a sparing in the mitochondrial marker Hsp60, suggesting mitochondrial involvement in neuroprotection. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry revealed a sparing of TH-immunoreactive terminals in double-lesioned rats treated with rasagiline or aminoindan in the striatum, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. These data provide evidence of neuroprotection by aminoindan and rasagiline via their ability to enhance BDNF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vanessa K Hinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Neurology Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelsey Cantwell
- Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fornai M, Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Vegezzi G, Al Harraq Z, Blandini F, Levandis G, Cerri S, Blandizzi C, Bernardini N, Colucci R. Enteric Dysfunctions in Experimental Parkinson's Disease: Alterations of Excitatory Cholinergic Neurotransmission Regulating Colonic Motility in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:434-44. [PMID: 26582732 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is frequently associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, mostly represented by constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. This study examined the impact of central dopaminergic denervation, induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle, on distal colonic excitatory cholinergic neuromotor activity in rats. Animals were euthanized 4 and 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. In vivo colonic transit was evaluated by radiologic assay. Electrically induced and carbachol-induced cholinergic contractions were recorded in vitro from longitudinal and circular muscle colonic preparations, whereas acetylcholine levels were assayed in the incubation media. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), HuC/D (pan-neuronal marker), muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors were assessed by immunohistochemistry or western blot assay. As compared with control rats, at week 4, 6-OHDA-treated animals displayed the following changes: decreased in vivo colonic transit rate, impaired electrically evoked neurogenic cholinergic contractions, enhanced carbachol-induced contractions, decreased basal and electrically stimulated acetylcholine release from colonic tissues, decreased ChAT immunopositivity in the neuromuscular layer, unchanged density of HuC/D immunoreactive myenteric neurons, and increased expression of colonic muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors. The majority of such alterations were also detected at week 8 post 6-OHDA injection. These findings indicate that central nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation is associated with an impaired excitatory neurotransmission characterized by a loss of myenteric neuronal ChAT positivity and decrease in acetylcholine release, resulting in a dysregulated smooth muscle motor activity, which likely contributes to the concomitant decrease in colonic transit rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Barocelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Vigilio Ballabeni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Gaia Vegezzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Zainab Al Harraq
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.F., C.P., L.A., C.S., C.I., C.B., N.B.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (E.B., V.B., G.V., Z.A.H.); Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurologic Institute, Pavia, Italy (F.B., G.L., S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (R.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cisbani G, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gibrat C, Saint-Pierre M, Lagacé M, Badrinarayanan S, Lavallée-Bourget M, Charest J, Chabrat A, Boivin L, Lebel M, Bousquet M, Lévesque M, Cicchetti F. Cystamine/cysteamine rescues the dopaminergic system and shows neurorestorative properties in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:430-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
Sadeghian M, Mullali G, Pocock JM, Piers T, Roach A, Smith KJ. Neuroprotection by safinamide in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:423-35. [PMID: 26300398 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Current therapies in Parkinson's disease mainly treat symptoms rather than provide effective neuroprotection. We examined the effects of safinamide (monoamine oxidase B and sodium channel blocker) on microglial activation and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of PD in vivo, and on microglia in vitro. METHODS Rats received unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle on day 0: The contralateral side served as control. Safinamide or vehicle was delivered from days 0 or 1, for 7 days, via sub-cutaneous mini-pumps. RESULTS In vehicle-treated rats 6-hydroxydopamine caused a significant increase in the number of activated MHC-II(+) microglia compared with the contralateral side, and only 50% of the dopaminergic neurons survived in the ipsilateral SNc. In contrast, rats treated daily with safinamide 50 and 150 mg/ml (on day 0 or 1) exhibited a significantly reduced number of activated microglia (55% reduction at 150 mg/ml) and a significant protection of dopaminergic neurons (80% of neurons survived) (P < 0.001) compared with vehicle-treated controls. Rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, and lamotrigine, a sodium channel blocking drug, also protected dopaminergic neurons, indicating that safinamide may act by either or both mechanisms. Safinamide also reduced the activation of microglial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide exposure in vitro. CONCLUSION Safinamide therapy suppresses microglial activation and protects dopaminergic neurons from degeneration in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD, suggesting that the drug not only treats symptoms but also provides neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadeghian
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gizem Mullali
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Arthur Roach
- Parkinson's UK, London, UK.,Chord. Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth J Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Poewe W, Mahlknecht P, Krismer F. Therapeutic advances in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1528-38. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bar-Am O, Amit T, Kupershmidt L, Aluf Y, Mechlovich D, Kabha H, Danovitch L, Zurawski VR, Youdim MB, Weinreb O. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities of a novel iron chelator-brain selective monoamine oxidase-A/monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor in animal models of Parkinson's disease and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
Lin S, Ye S, Huang J, Tian Y, Xu Y, Wu M, Wang J, Wu S, Cai J. How do Chinese medicines that tonify the kidney inhibit dopaminergic neuron apoptosis? Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2820-6. [PMID: 25206603 PMCID: PMC4146012 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.30.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wistar rats were intragastrically perfused with Chinese medicines used for tonifying the kidney. These included 0.180 g/mL of Herba Epimedii (Epimedium), Semen Cuscutae (Dodder Seed), or Herba Cistanches (Desertliving Cistanche), 0.04 mg/mL monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor selegiline, or distilled water for 14 consecutive days to prepare drug-containing serum or blank serum. MES23.5 cells in the logarithmic phase were cultured in media supplemented with 15% drug-containing serum for 24 hours, followed by incubation in culture solution containing 100 μmol/L H2O2 for 3 hours. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow tometry results showed that all drug-containing serums improved the survival rate of H2O2-injured MES23.5 cells, inhibited pro-apoptotic FasL and caspase-3 expression, promoted anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. However, drug-containing serums had little influence on Fas expression in H2O2-injured MES23.5 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that serum containing Herba Cistanches or Herba Epimedii increased the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in injured MES23.5 cells; serum containing Semen Cuscutae only increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression; while expression of the above neurotrophic factors remained the same in cells treated with serum containing selegiline. These findings indicate that Chinese medicines used to tonify the kidney can protect nerve cells by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related factors and neuro-trophic factors in MES23.5 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Lin
- Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuifen Ye
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinmu Huang
- Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Songying Wu
- The Second People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Naoi M, Maruyama W. Functional mechanism of neuroprotection by inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1233-50. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
Naoi M, Maruyama W, Inaba-Hasegawa K. Revelation in the neuroprotective functions of rasagiline and selegiline: the induction of distinct genes by different mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:671-84. [PMID: 23739004 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cell death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra progresses and neuroprotective therapy is required to halt neuronal loss. In cellular and animal models, selegiline [(-)deprenyl] and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, protect neuronal cells from programmed cell death. In this paper, the authors review their recent results on the molecular mechanisms by which MAO inhibitors prevent the cell death through the induction of antiapoptotic, prosurvival genes. MAO-A mediates the induction of antiapoptotic bcl-2 and mao-a itself by rasagiline, whereas a different mechanism is associated with selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline preferentially increase GDNF and BDNF in nonhuman primates and Parkinsonian patients, respectively. Enhanced neurotrophic factors might be applicable to monitor the neurorescuing activity of neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pienaar IS, Dexter DT, Burkhard PR. Mitochondrial proteomics as a selective tool for unraveling Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:205-26. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
27
|
Kim W, Im MJ, Park CH, Lee CJ, Choi S, Yoon BJ. Remodeling of the dendritic structure of the striatal medium spiny neurons accompanies behavioral recovery in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt B:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Mandel S, Amit T, Kalfon L, Youdim MB. Applying transcriptomic and proteomic knowledge to Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1225-40. [PMID: 23496130 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is recognised that in both genetic and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD), the basis of its etiopathology resides in the particular vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to oxidative stress and in the failure to adequately remove abnormal proteins. These observations have been confirmed recently by microarray transcriptomic studies in human SN from PD brains and have extended understanding of the molecular pathways underlying the PD pathology. This article reviews recent gene expression profiling studies in sporadic PD postmortem SN and highlights gene candidates as putative molecular signatures for early disease diagnosis. In addition, the application of transcriptomics and proteomics in the quest for multifunctional neuroprotective-neurorescue drugs that might possess disease-modifying action is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Efron Street, PO Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel +972 4 8295289 ; +972 4 8513145 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ham A, Kim DW, Kim KH, Lee SJ, Oh KB, Shin J, Mar W. Reynosin protects against neuronal toxicity in dopamine-induced SH-SY5Y cells and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats as models of Parkinson's disease: Reciprocal up-regulation of E6-AP and down-regulation of α-synuclein. Brain Res 2013; 1524:54-61. [PMID: 23751361 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (ASYN) is considered a major determinant of neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). E6-associated protein (E6-AP), an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, has been known to promote the degradation of α-synuclein. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the sesquiterpene lactone reynosin on dopamine (DA)-induced neuronal toxicity and regulation of E6-associated protein and α-synuclein proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Usi"ng flow cytometry and western blot analysis, we determined that reynosin significantly protected both against cell death from dopamine-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and against the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats (a rodent Parkinson's disease model system). In addition, reynosin made up-regulation of E6-associated protein expression and down-regulation of the over-expression of α-synuclein protein in both dopamine-treated SH-SY5Y cells and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. These results suggest that the protective effect of reynosin against dopamine-induced neuronal cell death may be due to the reciprocal up-regulation of E6-associated protein and down-regulation of α-synuclein protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahrom Ham
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rasagiline prevents apoptosis induced by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein (18 kDa), in SH-SY5Y cells through suppression of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1539-51. [PMID: 23681678 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline protects neuronal cells from cell death caused by various lines of insults. Its neuroprotective function is due to suppression of mitochondrial apoptosis signaling and induction of neuroprotective genes, including Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors. Rasagiline inhibits the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, an initial stage in apoptosis, but the mechanism has been elusive. In this paper, it was investigated how rasagiline regulates mitochondrial death cascade in apoptosis induced in SH-SY5Y cells by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein of 18 kDa. Rasagiline prevented release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c), and the following caspase 3 activation, ATP depletion and apoptosis, but did not inhibit the mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, in contrast to Bcl-2 overexpression. Rasagiline stabilized the mitochondrial contact site and suppressed Cyt-c release into cytoplasm, which should be the critical point for the regulation of apoptosis. Monoamine oxidase was not associated with anti-apoptotic activity of rasagiline in PK11195-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Petit GH, Berkovich E, Hickery M, Kallunki P, Fog K, Fitzer-Attas C, Brundin P. Rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in an alpha-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60691. [PMID: 23573275 PMCID: PMC3616111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired olfaction is an early pre-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. The neuropathology underlying olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is unknown, however α-synuclein accumulation/aggregation and altered neurogenesis might play a role. We characterized olfactory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease expressing human wild-type α-synuclein under the control of the mouse α-synuclein promoter. Preliminary clinical observations suggest that rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, improves olfaction in Parkinson's disease. We therefore examined whether rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in this Parkinson's disease model and investigated the role of olfactory bulb neurogenesis. α-Synuclein mice were progressively impaired in their ability to detect odors, to discriminate between odors, and exhibited alterations in short-term olfactory memory. Rasagiline treatment rescued odor detection and odor discrimination abilities. However, rasagiline did not affect short-term olfactory memory. Finally, olfactory changes were not coupled to alterations in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We conclude that rasagiline reverses select olfactory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The findings correlate with preliminary clinical observations suggesting that rasagiline ameliorates olfactory deficits in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine H Petit
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a predominantly sporadic, adult-onset, fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. MSA is characterized by autonomic failure, levodopa-unresponsive parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal signs in any combination. MSA belongs to a group of neurodegenerative disorders termed α-synucleinopathies, which also include Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Their common pathological feature is the occurrence of abnormal α-synuclein positive inclusions in neurons or glial cells. In MSA, the main cell type presenting aggregates composed of α-synuclein are oligodendroglial cells . This pathological hallmark, also called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) , is associated with progressive and profound neuronal loss in various regions of the brain. The development of animal models of MSA is justified by the limited understanding of the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and GCIs formation, which is paralleled by a lack of therapeutic strategies. Two main types of rodent models have been generated to replicate different features of MSA neuropathology. On one hand, neurotoxin-based models have been produced to reproduce neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. On the other hand, transgenic mouse models with overexpression of α-synuclein in oligodendroglia have been used to reproduce GCIs-related pathology. This chapter gives an overview of the atypical Parkinson's syndrome MSA and summarizes the currently available MSA animal models and their relevance for pre-clinical testing of disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fellner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Hellman AM, Morley JF, Duda JE. Disease modification in Parkinson’s disease: are we there yet with currently available therapies? Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently based primarily on dopamine-replacement therapy for the alleviation of motor symptoms. Current medical and surgical therapies can provide long-lasting symptomatic benefit, but they do not modify progression of the disease. Research is ongoing to find a therapy that can provide neuroprotection, defined herein as preventing vulnerable neurons from dying. Studies of neuroprotection are limited by a lack of adequate biomarkers of PD progression and by the confounding symptomatic effects of many putative neuroprotective therapies. Studies have shown that levodopa prolongs life, but they have not clearly shown that it modifies disease progression. Trials of dopamine agonists have demonstrated symptomatic effect but no unequivocal neuroprotective benefits. While some studies of monamine oxidase B inhibitors have been promising, they have not conclusively proven disease modification. Exercise provides many benefits to patients with PD, may modify the progression of the disease and should be part of each patient’s treatment plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hellman
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education & Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
| | - James F Morley
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education & Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
| | - John E Duda
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education & Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
7-Nitroindazole down-regulates dopamine/DARPP-32 signaling in neostriatal neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1258-67. [PMID: 22877786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is involved in the regulation of diverse intracellular messenger systems in the brain. Nitric Oxide (NO) contributes to inducing signaling cascades that involve a complex pattern of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 (in Thr-34), which controls the phosphoproteins involved in neuronal activation. However, the role of NO in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and its effect in striatal neurons have been scarcely explored. In the present work, we investigate the effects of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) in the nigrostriatal pathway of striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. Our quantitative histological findings show that treatment with 7-NI significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic damage in the dorsolateral striatum and Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Moreover, 6-OHDA lesioned rats show a significant increase of nNOS(+) and Phospho-Thr34-DARPP-32(+) cells, accompanied by a consequent decrease of total DARPP-32(+) cells, which suggests an imbalance of NO activity in the DA-depleted striatum, which is also reflected in behavioral studies. Importantly, these effects are reverted in the group treated with 7-NI. These results show a clear link between the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and parkinsonism, which is regulated by nNOS. This new evidence suggests a prominent role for nitric oxide in the neurotransmitter balance within the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of experimental parkinsonism.
Collapse
|
37
|
Colucci M, Cervio M, Faniglione M, De Angelis S, Pajoro M, Levandis G, Tassorelli C, Blandini F, Feletti F, De Giorgio R, Dellabianca A, Tonini S, Tonini M. Intestinal dysmotility and enteric neurochemical changes in a Parkinson's disease rat model. Auton Neurosci 2012; 169:77-86. [PMID: 22608184 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders, constipation in particular, are the most common non-motor dysfunctions affecting Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We have previously reported that rats bearing unilateral nigrostriatal lesion caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) stereotaxic injection develop severe constipation together with a region-specific decrease of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in enteric neurons of the lower intestinal tract. Here, we extend these observations on other enteric neuronal subpopulations, investigating also the propulsive activity of isolated colonic specimens. Four weeks post 6-OHDA injection, lesioned rats showed a significant increase of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) concomitant with the reduced expression of nNOS in the myenteric plexus of distal ileum and proximal colon; in particular VIP increased in a subpopulation of neurons actively expressing nNOS. On the other hand, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was not modified in any of the intestinal segments analyzed. Interestingly, we found a reduced expression of dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) in proximal (-66.8%) and distal (-54.5%) colon, together with reduced peristalsis efficiency (decrease in intraluminal pressure and frequency of peristaltic events) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The selective depletion of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons is associated with changes in the expression of enteric inhibitory neurotransmitters, as well as of the D2R in intestinal specific regions. Moreover, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats demonstrated altered colon propulsive activity referable to the D2R decrease. Our findings unveil subtle mechanisms underlying the enteric neurochemical plasticity events evoked by disruption of the normal brain-gut cross-talk, giving a peculiar point of view on the pathophysiology of the severe constipation that frequently affects PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Colucci
- Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic Sciences and Pharmaco-Toxicology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that is clinically manifested by a triad of cardinal motor symptoms - rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor - due to loss of dopaminergic neurons. The motor symptoms of PD become progressively worse as the disease advances. PD is also a heterogeneous disease since rigidity and bradykinesia are the major complaints in some patients whereas tremor is predominant in others. In recent years, many studies have investigated the progression of the hallmark symptoms over time, and the cardinal motor symptoms have different rates of progression, with the disease usually progressing faster in patients with rigidity and bradykinesia than in those with predominant tremor. The current treatment regime of dopamine-replacement therapy improves motor symptoms and alleviates disability. Increasing the dosage of dopaminergic medication is commonly used to combat the worsening symptoms. However, the drug-induced involuntary body movements and motor complications can significantly contribute to overall disability. Further, none of the currently-available therapies can slow or halt the disease progression. Significant research efforts have been directed towards developing neuroprotective or disease-modifying agents that are intended to slow the progression. In this article, the most recent clinical studies investigating disease progression and current progress on the development of disease-modifying drug trials are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Xia
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Laloux C, Petrault M, Lecointe C, Devos D, Bordet R. Differential susceptibility to the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
40
|
Schapira AHV. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review of symptomatic and potential disease-modifying effects. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:1061-71. [PMID: 22133327 DOI: 10.2165/11596310-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a disorder characterized pathologically by progressive neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic cells of the nigrostriatal pathway. Although the resulting dopamine deficiency is the cause of the typical motor features of Parkinson's disease (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor), additional non-motor symptoms appear at various timepoints and are the result of non-dopamine nerve degeneration. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors are used in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease as they increase synaptic dopamine by blocking its degradation. Two MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline, are currently licensed in Europe and North America for the symptomatic improvement of early Parkinson's disease and to reduce off-time in patients with more advanced Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations related to levodopa. A third MAO-B inhibitor (safinamide), which also combines additional non-dopaminergic properties of potential benefit to Parkinson's disease, is currently under development in phase III clinical trials as adjuvant therapy to either a dopamine agonist or levodopa. MAO-B inhibitors have also been studied extensively for possible neuroprotective or disease-modifying actions. There is considerable laboratory evidence that MAO-B inhibitors do exert some neuroprotective properties, at least in the Parkinson's disease models currently available. However, these models have significant limitations and caution is required in assuming that such results may easily be extrapolated to clinical trials. Rasagiline 1 mg/day has been shown to provide improved motor control in terms of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score at 18 months in those patients with early disease who began the drug 9 months before a second group. There are a number of possible explanations for this effect that may include a disease-modifying action; however, the US FDA recently declined an application for the licence of rasagiline to be extended to cover disease modification.
Collapse
|
41
|
Seidl SE, Potashkin JA. The promise of neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2011; 2:68. [PMID: 22125548 PMCID: PMC3221408 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Since there are limited treatment options for PD, neuroprotective agents are currently being tested as a means to slow disease progression. Agents targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation are prime candidates for neuroprotection. This review identifies Rasagiline, Minocycline, and creatine, as the most promising neuroprotective agents for PD, and they are all currently in phase III trials. Other agents possessing protective characteristics in delaying PD include stimulants, vitamins, supplements, and other drugs. Additionally, combination therapies also show benefits in slowing PD progression. The identification of neuroprotective agents for PD provides us with therapeutic opportunities for modifying the course of disease progression and, perhaps, reducing the risk of onset when preclinical biomarkers become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Seidl
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Multiple system atrophy: a clinical and neuropathological perspective. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:581-90. [PMID: 21962754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease involving motor abnormalities that include akinesia, rigidity and postural instability. While improved diagnostic criteria have aided the accurate diagnosis of MSA, our understanding of the neuropathological aspects underlying MSA was bolstered by the identification of α-synuclein (α-syn) as the primary constituent of the abnormal protein aggregates observed in the brains of MSA patients. The generation of transgenic animal models of MSA coupled with an increasing understanding of the biochemical structure and function of α-syn has highlighted a number of key pathological pathways thought to underlie the neurodegeneration observed in MSA. This review summarizes key findings in the field, discusses current areas of debate, and describes current experimental approaches towards disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
43
|
Jenner P, Langston JW. Explaining ADAGIO: a critical review of the biological basis for the clinical effects of rasagiline. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2316-23. [PMID: 21953831 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAGIO study demonstrated a symptomatic benefit for rasagiline in early Parkinson's disease (PD) and suggested a disease-modifying effect. Evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of PD and that this may be the site of effect for rasagiline. In this systematic review, evidence for the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of PD are reviewed in light of other proposed mechanisms of neuronal degeneration and the actions of rasagiline and its component parts, namely propargylamine and the metabolite, aminoindan. Evidence for the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD are reviewed in light of other proposed mechanisms of neuronal degeneration and clinical actions of rasagiline. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) located in the outer mitochondrial membrane controls dopamine metabolism in early PD, and this is the likely location for the symptomatic action of rasagiline. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD, either directly or through other mechanisms such as oxidative stress or protein misfolding. Further rasagiline affects numerous mitochondrial mechanisms that prevent apoptotic cell death including prevention of opening of the mitochondrial transition pore, decreased release of cytochrome C, alterations in pro-antiapoptotic genes and proteins, and the nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Thus, the functional neuroprotective actions of rasagiline may not be dependent on MAO-B inhibition, but rather may involve actions of the propargylamine moiety and the aminoindan metabolite. An accumulating body of literature indicates a mitochondrial site of action for rasagiline and highlights the neuroprotective action of the drug, providing strong biological plausibility for disease-modifying effects of the drug such as those observed in ADAGIO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Löhle M, Reichmann H. Controversies in neurology: why monoamine oxidase B inhibitors could be a good choice for the initial treatment of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:112. [PMID: 21939547 PMCID: PMC3192665 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early initiation of pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is nowadays widely advocated by experts since the delay of treatment has shown to be associated with a significant deterioration of health related quality of life in affected patients. Due to marked advances in PD treatment during the last decades, physicians are nowadays fortunately equipped with a variety of substances that can effectively ameliorate emerging motor symptoms of the disease, among them levodopa, dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors. Despite numerous drug intervention trials in early PD, there is however still ongoing controversy among neurologists which substance to use for the initial treatment of the disease. DISCUSSION In multiple studies, MAO-B inhibitors, such as selegiline and rasagiline, have shown to provide mild symptomatic effects, delay the need for levodopa, and to reduce the incidence of motor fluctuations. Although their symptomatic efficacy is inferior compared to dopamine agonists and levodopa, MAO-B inhibitors undoubtedly have fewer side effects and are easy to administer. In contrary to their competitors, MAO-B inhibitors may furthermore offer a chance for disease modification, which so far remains a major unmet need in the management of PD and eventually makes them ideal candidates for the early treatment of the disease. SUMMARY MAO-B inhibitors may constitute a preferable therapeutic option for early PD, mainly due to their favourable safety profile and their putative neuroprotective capabilities. Since the symptomatic effects of MAO-B inhibitors are comparatively mild, dopamine agonists and levodopa should however be considered for initial treatment in those PD patients, in whom robust and immediate symptomatic relief needs to be prioritized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Löhle
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Armentero MT, Pinna A, Ferré S, Lanciego JL, Müller CE, Franco R. Past, present and future of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:280-99. [PMID: 21810444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several selective antagonists for adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) are currently under evaluation in clinical trials (phases I to III) to treat Parkinson's disease, and they will probably soon reach the market. The usefulness of these antagonists has been deduced from studies demonstrating functional interactions between dopamine D₂ and adenosine A(2A) receptors in the basal ganglia. At present it is believed that A(2A)R antagonists can be used in combination with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA to minimize the motor symptoms of Parkinson's patients. However, a considerable body of data indicates that in addition to ameliorating motor symptoms, adenosine A(2A)R antagonists may also prevent neurodegeneration. Despite these promising indications, one further issue must be considered in order to develop fully optimized antiparkinsonian drug therapy, namely the existence of (hetero)dimers/oligomers of G protein-coupled receptors, a topic that is currently the focus of intense debate within the scientific community. Dopamine D₂ receptors (D₂Rs) expressed in the striatum are known to form heteromers with A(2A) adenosine receptors. Thus, the development of heteromer-specific A(2A) receptor antagonists represents a promising strategy for the identification of more selective and safer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Therese Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS National Institute of Neurology "C. Mondino", Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fernández M, Negro S, Slowing K, Fernández-Carballido A, Barcia E. An effective novel delivery strategy of rasagiline for Parkinson's disease. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:271-80. [PMID: 21807080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on the efficacy of a new controlled release system developed for rasagiline mesylate (RM) in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). PLGA microspheres in vitro released RM at a constant rate of 62.3 μg/day for two weeks. Intraperitoneal injection of rotenone (2 mg/kg/day) to Wistar rats produced typical PD symptoms. Catalepsy, akinesia and swim tests outcomes in animals receiving RM either in solution or within microspheres showed a reversal in descent latency when compared to rotenone-treated animals, being this reversal specially pronounced in animals receiving RM microspheres (dose equivalent to 1 mg/kg/day RM injected i.p. every 15 days). Nissl-staining of brain sections showed selective degeneration of the substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons in rotenone-treated animals which was markedly reverted by RM microspheres. PET/CT with (18)F-DG resulted in mean increases of accumulation of radiotracer in striatum and SNc of around 40% in animals treated with RM microspheres which also had significant beneficial effects on Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α mRNA and SOD2 levels as detected by real-time RT-PCR. Our results confirm the robust effect achieved by the new controlled release system developed for RM which exhibited better in vivo efficacy than RM given in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernández
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hickey P, Stacy M. Available and emerging treatments for Parkinson's disease: a review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2011; 5:241-54. [PMID: 21607020 PMCID: PMC3096539 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s11836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a commonly encountered neurodegenerative disorder primarily found in aged populations. A number of medications are available to control symptoms, although these are less effective in advanced disease. Deep brain stimulation provides a practicable alternative at this stage, although a minority of patients meet the strict criteria for surgery. Novel medications that provide enhanced symptomatic control remain in developmental demand. Both gene and cell-based therapies have shown promise in early clinical studies. A major unmet need is a treatment that slows or stops disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hickey
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Robottom BJ. Efficacy, safety, and patient preference of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Patient Prefer Adherence 2011; 5:57-64. [PMID: 21423589 PMCID: PMC3058602 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the most treatable. Treatment of PD is symptomatic and generally focuses on the replacement or augmentation of levodopa. A number of options are available for treatment, both in monotherapy of early PD and to treat complications of advanced PD. This review focuses on rasagiline and selegiline, two medications that belong to a class of antiparkinsonian drugs called monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors. Topics covered in the review include mechanism of action, efficacy in early and advanced PD, effects on disability, the controversy regarding disease modification, safety, and patient preference for MAO-B inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Robottom
- Correspondence: Bradley J Robottom, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca Street, Rm 3-S-128, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel +1 410 328 8586, Fax +1 410 328 0167, Email
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bolasco A, Carradori S, Fioravanti R. Focusing on new monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:909-39. [PMID: 20553094 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.495716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a significant role in the control of intracellular concentration of monoaminergic neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and dietary amines. The rapid degradation of these molecules ensures the proper functioning of synaptic neurotransmission and is critically important for the regulation of emotional and other brain functions. Furthermore, modulators of neurotransmitters exert pleiotropic effects on mental and cognitive functions. The by-products of MAO-mediated reactions include several chemical species with neurotoxic potential. It is widely speculated that prolonged or excessive activity of these enzymes may be conducive to mitochondrial damages and neurodegenerative disturbances. In keeping with these premises, the development of human MAO inhibitors has led to important breakthroughs in the therapy of several neuropsychiatric disorders. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the recent MAO inhibitors related patents published from July 2005 to December 2009. It also reports on new associations of already known MAO inhibitors with other drugs, innovative therapeutic targets, MAO inhibitors obtained by plants extraction, alternative administration routes and synthetic processes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an overview of the main structures being investigated and their biological activities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Several of these MAO inhibitors appear promising for further clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bolasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|