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Ma J, Subramaniam P, Yancey JR, Farrington AA, McGlade EC, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Elevated circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sCD25) level is associated with prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in individuals with chronic pain: A proton MRS study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:1-9. [PMID: 38772429 PMCID: PMC11269041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal excitability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in cognitive and affective pain processing. Such excitability may be amplified by activated circulating immune cells, including T lymphocytes, that interact with the central nervous system. Here, we conducted a study of individuals with chronic pain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate the clinical evidence for the interaction between peripheral immune activation and prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. In thirty individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain, we assessed markers of peripheral immune activation, including soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (sCD25) levels, as well as brain metabolites, including Glx (glutamate + glutamine) to GABA+ (γ-aminobutyric acid + macromolecules/homocarnosine) ratio in the ACC. We found that the circulating level of sCD25 was associated with prefrontal Glx/GABA+. Greater prefrontal Glx/GABA+ was associated with higher pain catastrophizing, evaluative pain ratings, and anxiodepressive symptoms. Further, the interaction effect of sCD25 and prefrontal Glx/GABA+ on pain catastrophizing was significant, indicating the joint association of these two markers with pain catastrophizing. Our results provide the first evidence suggesting that peripheral T cellular activation, as reflected by elevated circulating sCD25 levels, may be linked to prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in individuals with chronic pain. The interaction between these two systems may play a role as a potential mechanism underlying pain catastrophizing. Further prospective and treatment studies are needed to elucidate the specific role of the immune and brain interaction in pain catastrophizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Punitha Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James R Yancey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amy A Farrington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin C McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah A Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Journée SH, Mathis VP, Fillinger C, Veinante P, Yalcin I. Janus effect of the anterior cingulate cortex: Pain and emotion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105362. [PMID: 37595650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, clinical and preclinical studies point to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a site of interest for several neurological and psychiatric conditions. The ACC plays a critical role in emotion, autonomic regulation, pain processing, attention, memory and decision making. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the involvement of the ACC in the emotional component of pain and its comorbidity with emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. Thanks to the development of animal models combined with state-of-the-art technologies, we now have a better mechanistic understanding of the functions of the ACC. Hence, the primary aim of this review is to compile the most recent preclinical studies on the role of ACC in the emotional component and consequences of chronic pain. Herein, we thus thoroughly describe the pain-induced electrophysiological, molecular and anatomical alterations in the ACC and in its related circuits. Finally, we discuss the next steps that are needed to strengthen our understanding of the involvement of the ACC in emotional and pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Journée
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor P Mathis
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clémentine Fillinger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Veinante
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Neugebauer V, Presto P, Yakhnitsa V, Antenucci N, Mendoza B, Ji G. Pain-related cortico-limbic plasticity and opioid signaling. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109510. [PMID: 36944393 PMCID: PMC10585936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity in cortico-limbic circuits has been implicated in pain persistence and pain modulation in clinical and preclinical studies. The amygdala has emerged as a key player in the emotional-affective dimension of pain and pain modulation. Reciprocal interactions with medial prefrontal cortical regions undergo changes in pain conditions. Other limbic and paralimbic regions have been implicated in pain modulation as well. The cortico-limbic system is rich in opioids and opioid receptors. Preclinical evidence for their pain modulatory effects in different regions of this highly interactive system, potentially opposing functions of different opioid receptors, and knowledge gaps will be described here. There is little information about cell type- and circuit-specific functions of opioid receptor subtypes related to pain processing and pain-related plasticity in the cortico-limbic system. The important role of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala in MOR-dependent analgesia is most well-established, and MOR actions in the mesolimbic system appear to be similar but remain to be determined in mPFC regions other than ACC. Evidence also suggests that KOR signaling generally serves opposing functions whereas DOR signaling in the ACC has similar, if not synergistic effects, to MOR. A unifying picture of pain-related neuronal mechanisms of opioid signaling in different elements of the cortico-limbic circuitry has yet to emerge. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Opioid-induced changes in addiction and pain circuits".
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Peyton Presto
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vadim Yakhnitsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nico Antenucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brianna Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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The BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex is involved in the development of pain aversion in rats with bone cancer via NR2B and ERK-CREB signaling. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jarrin S, Pandit A, Roche M, Finn DP. Differential Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortical Glutamatergic Neurons in Pain-Related Aversion Learning and Nociceptive Behaviors in Male and Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:139. [PMID: 32848657 PMCID: PMC7431632 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is comprised of both sensory and affective components. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key brain region involved in the emotional processing of pain. Specifically, glutamatergic transmission within the ACC has been shown to modulate pain-related aversion. In the present study, we use in vivo optogenetics to activate or silence, using channelrhodopsin (ChR2) and archaerhodopsin (ArchT) respectively, calmodulin-kinase IIα (CaMKIIα)-expressing excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the ACC during a formalin-induced conditioned place aversion (F-CPA) behavioral paradigm in both female and male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, was assessed within the ACC using immunohistochemistry. Optogenetic inhibition of glutamatergic neurons of the ACC abolished F-CPA without affecting formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during conditioning. In male rats, optogenetic activation of ACC glutamatergic neurons decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during conditioning without affecting F-CPA. Interestingly, the opposite effect was seen in females, where optogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons of the ACC increased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during conditioning. The abolition of F-CPA following optogenetic inhibition of glutamatergic neurons of the ACC was associated with a reduction in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the ACC in male rats, but not female rats. These results suggest that excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the ACC play differential and sex-dependent roles in the aversion learning and acute sensory components of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jarrin
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Kummer KK, Mitrić M, Kalpachidou T, Kress M. The Medial Prefrontal Cortex as a Central Hub for Mental Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3440. [PMID: 32414089 PMCID: PMC7279227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain patients frequently develop and suffer from mental comorbidities such as depressive mood, impaired cognition, and other significant constraints of daily life, which can only insufficiently be overcome by medication. The emotional and cognitive components of pain are processed by the medial prefrontal cortex, which comprises the anterior cingulate cortex, the prelimbic, and the infralimbic cortex. All three subregions are significantly affected by chronic pain: magnetic resonance imaging has revealed gray matter loss in all these areas in chronic pain conditions. While the anterior cingulate cortex appears hyperactive, prelimbic, and infralimbic regions show reduced activity. The medial prefrontal cortex receives ascending, nociceptive input, but also exerts important top-down control of pain sensation: its projections are the main cortical input of the periaqueductal gray, which is part of the descending inhibitory pain control system at the spinal level. A multitude of neurotransmitter systems contributes to the fine-tuning of the local circuitry, of which cholinergic and GABAergic signaling are particularly emerging as relevant components of affective pain processing within the prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, factors such as distraction, positive mood, and anticipation of pain relief such as placebo can ameliorate pain by affecting mPFC function, making this cortical area a promising target region for medical as well as psychosocial interventions for pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.K.K.); (M.M.); (T.K.)
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Noble DJ, Martin KK, Parvin S, Garraway SM. Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Respiratory Rate Elevation Corresponds to Development of Allodynia in Spinal Cord-Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1909-1922. [PMID: 30489202 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory complications frequently accompany spinal cord injury (SCI) and slowed breathing has been shown to mitigate pain sensitivity. It is possible that elevated respiratory rates (RRs) signal the emergence of chronic pain after SCI. We previously validated the use of remote electric field sensors to noninvasively track breathing in freely behaving rodents. Here, we examined spontaneous (resting) and stimulus-evoked RRs as potential indices of mechanical hypersensitivity following SCI. Adult male Long-Evans rats received a lower thoracic hemisection or contusion SCI, or sham surgery, and underwent weekly assessments of mechanical and thermal sensitivity using the von Frey and Hargreaves tests, respectively. Resting RRs were recorded with remote sensors prior to nociception assays as well as 1 day post-surgery. Evoked RRs were quantified weekly in response to at-level mechanical stimulation provided by a small brush at various stimulation speeds, including those corresponding to the distinct tuning properties of a sub-population of cutaneous afferents known as C-low threshold mechanoreceptors. SCI rats developed mechanical hypersensitivity, which peaked 2-3 weeks after SCI. Compared with at baseline, hemisection SCI rats showed significantly heightened resting RRs at 1 day and 7 days post-injury, and the latter predicted development of pain hypersensitivity. In contusion SCI rats, resting RR increases were less substantial but occurred at all weekly time-points. Increases in brush-evoked RR coincided with full expression of hypersensitivity at 14 (hemisection) or 21 (contusion) days after SCI, and these effects were restricted to the lowest brush speeds. Our results support the possibility that early changes in RR may convey pain information in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Noble
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karmarcha K Martin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shangrila Parvin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra M Garraway
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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The role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in pain-induced aversive motivation. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Effect of Electroacupuncture at Different Acupoints on the Expression of NMDA Receptors in ACC and Colon in IBS Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4213928. [PMID: 30854008 PMCID: PMC6377955 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4213928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoints on the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor ) and behaviors in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control group (blank group, n=10) and model preparation group (n=50); experimental rat model of IBS was established by the “neonatal maternal separation and acetic acid enema” combined with “colorectal distension stimulation” method. A total of 50 IBS rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 each: model group, Yintang (GV29) group, Neiguan (PC6) group, Tianshu (ST25) group, and Zusanli (ST36) group. Rats in four treatment groups, aged 9 weeks old, were treated with EA by HANS with a sparse-dense wave with a frequency of 2/100 Hz, current of 0.1-0.3mA, and 20 min/stimulation, every other day for a total of 5 sessions. After treatment, the abdominal visceral sensitivity was evaluated by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), and the psychological and emotional behavior of rats were evaluated by the open-field test (OFT). The expression of NMDA receptors in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR, and the positive expression of NMDA receptors in colon was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The IBS rat's abdomen is more sensitive and irritable; NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in ACC and NR1 and NR2B in colon of rats significantly increased in the model group versus the normal group (P<0.01) and were inhibited in all treatment groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). Additionally, NR2A and NR2B in ACC reduced more in GV29 group (P<0.01) than in other treatment groups (P all<0.05) compared with the model group. The expression of NR2B in colon was significantly inhibited in ST36 group (P<0.01) and inhibited in GV29 group and ST25 group (P all <0.05) compared with the model group. And the expression of NR2B in colon was more inhibited in ST36 group than in PC6 group (P<0.01). Conclusions EA at different acupoints could obviously relieve abdominal pain and abnormal behaviors in IBS rats in different degrees of effects. The effect of abdominal pain-relief, from greatest to least, is ST25, ST36, GV29, and PC6, while the effect of relieving abnormal behaviors caused by IBS, from greatest to least, is GV29, PC6, ST36, and ST25. There are significant differences in the expressions of NMDA receptors in ACC and colon among different acupoints. This difference should be related to the location distribution and indications of acupoints.
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Xiao X, Zhang YQ. A new perspective on the anterior cingulate cortex and affective pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Inhibition of Acid Sensing Ion Channel 3 Aggravates Seizures by Regulating NMDAR Function. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1227-1241. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 12, 2011. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is pain that arises in the missing limb after amputation and can be severe, intractable, and disabling. Various medications have been studied in the treatment of phantom pain. There is currently uncertainty in the optimal pharmacologic management of PLP. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to summarise the evidence of effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions in treating PLP. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, and Embase for relevant studies. We ran the searches for the original review in September 2011 and subsequent searches for this update up to April 2016. We sought additional studies from clinical trials databases and reference lists of retrieved papers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised trials studying the effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, another active treatment, or no treatment, in established PLP. We considered the following outcomes: change in pain intensity, function, sleep, depression or mood, quality of life, adverse events, treatment satisfaction, and withdrawals from the study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently assessed issues of study quality and extracted efficacy and adverse event data. Due to the wide variability in the studies, we did not perform a meta-analysis for all the interventions and outcomes, but attempted to pool the results of some studies where possible. We prepared a qualitative description and narrative summary of results. We assessed clinical heterogeneity by making qualitative comparisons of the populations, interventions, outcomes/outcome measures, and methods. MAIN RESULTS We added only one new study with 14 participants to this updated review. We included a 14 studies (10 with low risk of bias and 4 with unclear risk of bias overall) with a total of 269 participants. We added another drug class, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), in particular botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A), to the group of medications reviewed previously. Our primary outcome was change in pain intensity. Most studies did not report our secondary outcomes of sleep, depression or mood, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, or withdrawals from the study.BoNT/A did not improve phantom limb pain intensity during the six months of follow-up compared with lidocaine/methylprednisolone.Compared with placebo, morphine (oral and intravenous) was effective in decreasing pain intensity in the short term with reported adverse events being constipation, sedation, tiredness, dizziness, sweating, voiding difficulty, vertigo, itching, and respiratory problems.The N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists ketamine (versus placebo; versus calcitonin) and dextromethorphan (versus placebo), but not memantine, had analgesic effects. The adverse events of ketamine were more serious than placebo and calcitonin and included loss of consciousness, sedation, hallucinations, hearing and position impairment, and insobriety.The results for gabapentin in terms of pain relief were conflicting, but combining the results favoured treatment group (gabapentin) over control group (placebo) (mean difference -1.16, 95% confidence interval -1.94 to -0.38; 2 studies). However, gabapentin did not improve function, depression score, or sleep quality. Adverse events experienced were somnolence, dizziness, headache, and nausea.Compared with an active control benztropine mesylate, amitriptyline was not effective in PLP, with dry mouth and dizziness as the most frequent adverse events based on one study.The findings for calcitonin (versus placebo; versus ketamine) and local anaesthetics (versus placebo) were variable. Adverse events of calcitonin were headache, vertigo, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and hot and cold flushes. Most of the studies were limited by their small sample sizes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Since the last version of this review, we identified another study that added another form of medical therapy, BoNTs, specifically BoNT/A, to the list of pharmacologic interventions being reviewed for clinical efficacy in phantom limb pain. However, the results of this study did not substantially change the main conclusions. The short- and long-term effectiveness of BoNT/A, opioids, NMDA receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, calcitonins, and local anaesthetics for clinically relevant outcomes including pain, function, mood, sleep, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and adverse events remain unclear. Based on a small study, BoNT/A (versus lidocaine/methylprednisolone) does not decrease phantom limb pain. Morphine, gabapentin, and ketamine demonstrate favourable short-term analgesic efficacy compared with placebo. Memantine and amitriptyline may not be effective for PLP. However, results must be interpreted with caution, as they were based mostly on a small number of studies with limited sample sizes that varied considerably and also lacked long-term efficacy and safety outcomes. The direction of efficacy of calcitonin, local anaesthetics, and dextromethorphan needs further clarification. Overall, the efficacy evidence for the reviewed medications is thus far inconclusive. Larger and more rigorous randomised controlled trials are needed for us to reach more definitive conclusions about which medications would be useful for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jenelyn M Alviar
- University of Melbourne-Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
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Harris-Bozer AL, Peng YB. Inflammatory pain by carrageenan recruits low-frequency local field potential changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:8-14. [PMID: 27524675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been extensively cited as a key area for processing pain affect. While local field potential (LFP) studies in other fields have yielded a great deal of information about neural oscillations, there is a poverty in the pain literature about the neural LFP profile related to pain, particularly in freely moving animals. In this study, we revealed the LFP profile in the ACC in freely moving rats during carrageenan inflammation. Mechanical allodynia was recorded before and after unilateral injection of carrageenan/saline in the left hindpaw. LFP activity in the ACC was recorded at baseline, after injection, and after injection with mechanical stimulation to the paw using a von Frey filament. This study uniquely reveals that carrageenan injection significantly recruited ACC LFP activity in delta, theta, and alpha bands (0-13Hz). Application of von Frey mechanical stimulation to the carrageenan-injected paw resulted in a significant increase in delta, theta, and alpha bands over and above what was recruited by carrageenan alone and further expanded the LFP range to additionally include beta activity (13-30Hz). Taken together, these data reveal significant changes in the lowest-frequency activities in the LFP range during painful inflammation, which merit attention. LFP is a powerful window to reveal wide-range, integrated synaptic processing by low-frequency cellular events during behavior. Information about LFP during pain broadens the scope of our understanding of pain mechanisms, our greatest resource for designing management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Harris-Bozer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yuan B Peng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Lu B, Jiang J, Sun J, Xiao C, Meng B, Zheng J, Li X, Wang R, Wu G, Chen J. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex attenuates pain-related aversion in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 310:51-8. [PMID: 27163752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience that comprises both sensory and affective dimensions. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the modulation of neuronal plasticity associated with the pathogenesis of pain sensation. However, the role of mTOR in pain affect is unclear. Using a formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) test, the current study investigated the effects of the mTOR specific inhibitor rapamycin on noxious stimulation induced aversion in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Intraplantar injection of 5% formalin was associated with significant activation of mTOR, as well as p70 ribosomal S6 protein (p70S6K), its downstream effector, in the rACC. The inhibition of mTOR activation with rapamycin disrupted pain-related aversion; however, this inhibition did not affect formalin-induced spontaneous nociceptive behaviors in rats. These findings demonstrated for the first time that mTOR and its downstream pathway in the rACC contribute to the induction of pain-related negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesia, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Jinwei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Ruichun Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Guorong Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Junping Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo NO. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China.
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Galan-Arriero I, Avila-Martin G, Ferrer-Donato A, Gomez-Soriano J, Bravo-Esteban E, Taylor J. Oral administration of the p38α MAPK inhibitor, UR13870, inhibits affective pain behavior after spinal cord injury. Pain 2014; 155:2188-98. [PMID: 25180015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p38α mitogenous activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell signaling pathway is a key mechanism of microglia activation and has been studied as a target for neuropathic pain. The effect of UR13870, a p38α MAPK inhibitor, on microglia expression in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and spinal dorsal horn was addressed after T9 contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat, in addition to behavioral testing of pain-related aversion and anxiety. Administration of intravenous UR13870 (1mg/kg i.v.) and pregabalin (30 mg/kg i.v.) reduced place escape avoidance paradigm (PEAP) but did not affect open-field anxiety behavior 42 days after SCI. PEAP behavior was also reduced in animals administered daily with oral UR13870 (10mg/kg p.o.) and preserved spinal tissue 28 days after SCI. Although UR13870 (10mg/kg p.o.) failed to reduce OX-42 and glial fibrillar acid protein immunoreactivity within the spinal dorsal horn, a reduction toward the control level was observed close to the SCI site. In the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a significant increase in OX-42 immunoreactivity was identified after SCI. UR13870 (10mg/kg p.o.) treatment significantly reduced OX-42, metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGluR5), and NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) 2B subunit receptor (NR2B) expression in the ACC after SCI. To conclude, oral treatment with a p38α MAPK inhibitor reduces the affective behavioral component of pain after SCI in association with a reduction of microglia and specific glutamate receptors within the ACC. Nevertheless the role of neuroinflammatory processes within the vicinity of the SCI site in the development of affective neuropathic pain cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriana Galan-Arriero
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Gerardo Avila-Martin
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Agueda Ferrer-Donato
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Julio Gomez-Soriano
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; E.U.E. Fisioterapia de Toledo, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Bravo-Esteban
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; IAI, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Arganda del Rey, Spain
| | - Julian Taylor
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
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Cao H, Zang KK, Han M, Zhao ZQ, Wu GC, Zhang YQ. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex attenuates pain-related negative emotion in rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:79-88. [PMID: 25038392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The emotional components of pain are far less studied than the sensory components. Previous studies have indicated that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is implicated in the affective response to noxious stimuli. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the spinal cord has been documented to play an important role in diverse kinds of pathological pain states. We used formalin-induced conditioned place aversion (F-CPA) in rats, an animal model believed to reflect the emotional response to pain, to investigate the involvement of p38 MAPK in the rACC after the induction of affective pain. Intraplantar formalin injection produced a significant activation of p38 MAPK, as well as mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MKK) 3 and MKK6, its upstream activators, in the bilateral rACC. p38 MAPK was elevated in both NeuN-positive neurons and Iba1-positive microglia in the rACC, but not GFAP-positive cells. Blocking p38 MAPK activation in the bilateral rACC using its specific inhibitor SB203580 or SB239063 dose-dependently suppressed the formation of F-CPA. Inhibiting p38 MAPK activation did not affect formalin-induced two-phase spontaneous nociceptive response and low intensity electric foot-shock induced CPA. The present study demonstrated that p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the rACC contributes to pain-related negative emotion. Thus, a new pharmacological strategy targeted at the p38 MAPK cascade may be useful in treating pain-related emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Kai-Kai Zang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Han
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Fuchs PN, Peng YB, Boyette-Davis JA, Uhelski ML. The anterior cingulate cortex and pain processing. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:35. [PMID: 24829554 PMCID: PMC4017137 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural network that contributes to the suffering which accompanies persistent pain states involves a number of brain regions. Of primary interest is the contribution of the cingulate cortex in processing the affective component of pain. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent data obtained using novel behavioral paradigms in animals based on measuring escape and/or avoidance of a noxious stimulus. These paradigms have successfully been used to study the nature of the neuroanatomical and neurochemical contributions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to higher order pain processing in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry N Fuchs
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, USA ; Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, USA
| | - Yuan Bo Peng
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, USA
| | | | - Megan L Uhelski
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
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Paclitaxel-induced hyperalgesia modulates negative affective component of pain and NR1 receptor expression in the frontal cortex in rats. Neurosci Res 2014; 80:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Zugaib J, Coutinho MR, Ferreira MD, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Glutamate/GABA balance in ACC modulates the nociceptive responses of vocalization: An expression of affective-motivational component of pain in guinea pigs. Physiol Behav 2014; 126:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Lu YF, Wang Y, He Y, Zhang FK, He T, Wang RR, Chen XF, Yang F, Gong KR, Chen J. Spatial and temporal plasticity of synaptic organization in anterior cingulate cortex following peripheral inflammatory pain: multi-electrode array recordings in rats. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:1-20. [PMID: 23686522 PMCID: PMC5561851 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore whether experiencing inflammatory pain has an impact upon intracortical synaptic organization, the planar multi-electrode array (MEA) technique and 2-dimensional current source density (2D-CSD) imaging were used in slice preparations of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from rats. Synaptic activity across different layers of the ACC was evoked by deep layer stimulation through one electrode. The layer-localization of both local field potentials (LFPs) and the spread of current sink calculated by 2D-CSD analysis was characterized pharmacologically. Moreover, the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and changes in LTP magnitude were also evaluated. We found that under naïve conditions, the current sink was initially generated in layer VI, then spread to layer V and finally confined to layers II-III. This spatial pattern of current sink movement typically reflected changes in depolarized sites from deep layers (V-VI) to superficial layers (II-III) where intra- and extracortical inputs terminate. In the ACC slices from rats in an inflamed state (for 2 h) caused by intraplantar bee-venom injection, the spatial profile of intra-ACC synaptic organization was significantly changed, showing an enlarged current sink distribution and a leftward shift of the stimulus-response curves relative to the naïve and saline controls. The change was more distinct in the superficial layers (II-III) than in the deep site. In terms of temporal properties, the rate of LTP induction was significantly increased in layers II-III by inflammatory pain. However, the magnitude of LTP was not significantly enhanced by this treatment. Taken together, these results show that inflammatory pain results in distinct spatial and temporal plasticity of synaptic organization in the ACC, which may lead to altered synaptic transmission and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Ying He
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Fu-Kang Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Ting He
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xue-Feng Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Fei Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Ke-Rui Gong
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi’an, 710038 China
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
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21
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Edelmayer RM, Brederson JD, Jarvis MF, Bitner RS. Biochemical and pharmacological assessment of MAP-kinase signaling along pain pathways in experimental rodent models: a potential tool for the discovery of novel antinociceptive therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:390-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Han M, Xiao X, Yang Y, Huang RY, Cao H, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. SIP30 is required for neuropathic pain-evoked aversion in rats. J Neurosci 2014; 34:346-55. [PMID: 24403136 PMCID: PMC6608160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3160-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SIP30 (SNAP25 interacting protein of 30) is a SNAP25 interaction protein of 30 kDa that functions in neurotransmitter release. Using a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain, we profiled gene expression in the rat spinal cord and brain and identified sip30, which was upregulated after CCI. Here, we show that CCI induced a bilateral increase of SIP30 in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), a key brain region that has been implicated in pain affect. We put rats in a chamber with one half painted white (light area) and the other half painted black (dark area), and measured neuropathic pain-evoked place escape/avoidance paradigm (PEAP) to quantify the level of negative emotion evoked by painful stimuli using a Von Frey hair. Inhibition of CCI-mediated induction of SIP30 by intra-rACC injection of shRNA targeting the rat sip30 gene reduced PEAP. Interestingly, knockdown of SIP30 did not affect CCI-induced evoked pain such as heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Neither did it affect general learning and memory. CCI-induced upregulation of SIP30 was correlated with activation of ERK, PKA, and CREB in the rACC. Intra-rACC administration of PKA or ERK inhibitors suppressed CCI-induced SIP30 upregulation and blocked the induction of PEAP. Additionally, knockdown of SIP30 suppressed the frequency of mEPSCs and increased paired-pulse ratios in rACC slices and decreased extracellular glutamate concentrations. Together, our results highlight SIP30 as a target of PKA and ERK in the rACC to mediate neuropathic pain-evoked negative emotion via modulation of glutamate release and excitatory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Ru-Yi Huang
- Department of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
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On the persistence of cocaine-induced place preferences and aversions in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:115-23. [PMID: 23568579 PMCID: PMC3732809 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rats develop preferences for places associated with the immediate rewarding effects of cocaine and aversions for places paired with the drug's delayed negative effects. The motivation to seek cocaine should therefore depend upon the relative magnitude of these two opposing effects of the drug. OBJECTIVE The current study tested this notion by assessing the relative persistence of the positive and negative associations formed between environmental cues and the immediate or delayed effects of cocaine. METHODS Rats were administered 1.0 mg/kg intravenous cocaine and placed into a distinctive environment either immediately or 15-min after injection, alternating daily with pairings of a second environment with saline. After four drug-place and four saline-place pairings, rats were returned to their home cages for 1, 7, or 21 days after which a 15-min place preference test was conducted. In a second experiment, the effectiveness of a single reconditioning session (one drug-place and one saline-place pairing) to reactivate learned cocaine-place associations was assessed after 1 or 3 weeks of drug abstinence. RESULTS Places associated with the immediate effects of cocaine were preferred (CPP), while places associated with the delayed effects of cocaine were avoided (CPA). The persistence of these effects differed with CPP remaining viable at 3 weeks of withdrawal, while CPA was no longer present after 1 week. Reconditioning with an additional cocaine-place pairing failed to reinstate the CPA. CONCLUSIONS Cue-induced "relapse" of cocaine-seeking behavior may be fueled in part by an increased persistence of positive relative to negative associations with drug-paired stimuli.
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Ryley Parrish R, Albertson AJ, Buckingham SC, Hablitz JJ, Mascia KL, Davis Haselden W, Lubin FD. Status epilepticus triggers early and late alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NMDA glutamate receptor Grin2b DNA methylation levels in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2013; 248:602-19. [PMID: 23811393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers abnormal expression of genes in the hippocampus, such as glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2 (Grin2b/Nr2b) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), that is thought to occur in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We examined the underlying DNA methylation mechanisms and investigated whether these mechanisms contribute to the expression of these gene targets in the epileptic hippocampus. Experimental TLE was provoked by kainic acid-induced SE. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed increased Grin2b/Nr2b and decreased Bdnf DNA methylation levels that corresponded to decreased Grin2b/Nr2b and increased Bdnf mRNA and protein expression in the epileptic hippocampus. Blockade of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity with zebularine decreased global DNA methylation levels and reduced Grin2b/Nr2b, but not Bdnf, DNA methylation levels. Interestingly, we found that DNMT blockade further decreased Grin2b/Nr2b mRNA expression whereas GRIN2B protein expression increased in the epileptic hippocampus, suggesting that a posttranscriptional mechanism may be involved. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we found that DNMT inhibition restored the decreases in AP2alpha transcription factor levels at the Grin2b/Nr2b promoter in the epileptic hippocampus. DNMT inhibition increased field excitatory postsynaptic potential in hippocampal slices isolated from epileptic rats. Electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring confirmed that DNMT inhibition did not significantly alter the disease course, but promoted the latency to seizure onset or SE. Thus, DNA methylation may be an early event triggered by SE that persists late into the epileptic hippocampus to contribute to gene expression changes in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryley Parrish
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - A J Albertson
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - S C Buckingham
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - J J Hablitz
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - K L Mascia
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - W Davis Haselden
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - F D Lubin
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Zhang Y, Meng X, Li A, Xin J, Berman BM, Lao L, Tan M, Ren K, Zhang RX. Electroacupuncture alleviates affective pain in an inflammatory pain rat model. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:170-81. [PMID: 22323370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain has both sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective dimensions. Previous studies demonstrate that electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates the sensory dimension but do not address the affective. An inflammatory pain rat model, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test to determine whether EA inhibits spontaneous pain-induced affective response and, if so, to study the possibility that rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) opioids underlie this effect. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g, Harlan) were used. The rats showed place aversion (i.e. affective pain) by spending less time in a pain-paired compartment after conditioning than during a preconditioning test. Systemic non-analgesic morphine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the affective reaction, suggesting that the affective dimension is underpinned by mechanisms different from those of the sensory dimension of pain. Morphine at 0.5 and at 1 mg/kg did not induce reward. Rats given EA treatment before pain-paired conditioning at GB 30 showed no aversion to the pain-paired compartment, indicating that EA inhibited the affective dimension. EA treatment did not produce reward or aversive effect. Intra-rACC administration of D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr amide (CTOP), a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, but not norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, blocked EA inhibition of the affective dimension. These data demonstrate that EA activates opioid receptors in the rACC to inhibit pain-induced affective responses and that EA may be an effective therapy for both the sensory-discriminative and the affective dimensions of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 520 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Xiao X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang XM, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. Estrogen in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Contributes to Pain-Related Aversion. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2190-203. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cao H, Ren WH, Zhu MY, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. Activation of glycine site and GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors is necessary for ERK/CREB signaling cascade in rostral anterior cingulate cortex in rats: implications for affective pain. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:77-87. [PMID: 22233892 PMCID: PMC5560288 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is implicated in processing the emotional component of pain. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are highly expressed in the rACC and mediate pain-related affect by activating a signaling pathway that involves cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) and/or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). The present study investigated the contributions of the NMDAR glycine site and GluN2B subunit to the activation of ERK and CREB both in vitro and in vivo in rat rACC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to separately assess the expression of phospho-ERK (pERK) and phospho-CREB (pCREB) in vitro and in vivo. Double immunostaining was also used to determine the colocalization of pERK and pCREB. RESULTS Both bath application of NMDA in brain slices in vitro and intraplantar injection of formalin into the rat hindpaw in vivo induced significant up-regulation of pERK and pCREB in the rACC, which was inhibited by the NMDAR antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phospho-novaleric acid. Selective blockade of the NMDAR GluN2B subunit and the glycine-binding site, or degradation of endogenous D-serine, a co-agonist for the glycine site, significantly decreased the up-regulation of pERK and pCREB expression in the rACC. Further, the activated ERK predominantly colocalized with CREB. CONCLUSION Either the glycine site or the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs participates in the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB induced by bath application of NMDA in brain slices or hindpaw injection of 5% formalin in rats, and these might be fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying pain affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Institutes of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wen-Hua Ren
- Institutes of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Mu-Ye Zhu
- Department of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Institutes of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institutes of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Roche M, Johnston P, Mhuircheartaigh ON, Olango WM, Mackie K, Finn DP. Effects of intra-basolateral amygdala administration of rimonabant on nociceptive behaviour and neuronal activity in the presence or absence of contextual fear. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:487-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schley M, Topfner S, Wiech K, Schaller HE, Konrad CJ, Schmelz M, Birbaumer N. Continuous brachial plexus blockade in combination with the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine prevents phantom pain in acute traumatic upper limb amputees. Eur J Pain 2012; 11:299-308. [PMID: 16716615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperexcitability of N-methyl-d-aspartate acid (NMDA) receptors may play an important role in the development of phantom limb pain (PLP). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate whether early treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine attenuates phantom pain memory formation in traumatic amputees. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial 19 patients with acute traumatic amputation of the upper extremity were investigated. All patients received postoperative analgesia by continuous brachial plexus anesthesia (ropivacaine 0.375% 5 ml/h) for at least 7 days. In addition, the patients received either memantine (20-30 mg daily, n=10) or placebo (n=9) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Memantine treatment reduced the number of requested ropivacacine bolus injections during the first week and resulted in a significant decrease of PLP prevalence and intensity at 4 weeks and 6 months follow up, but not at 12 months follow up. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that memantine can reduce intensity of phantom limb pain and might also prevent the development of PLP. However, despite the very early begin of treatment; no long-term effect on established PLP was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schley
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Pain Research/Pain Centre, University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Phantom limb pain (PLP) is pain that arises in the missing limb after amputation and can be severe, intractable and disabling. Various medications have been studied in the treatment of phantom pain. Presently there is uncertainty in the optimal pharmacologic management of PLP. OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarize the evidence of effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions in treating PLP. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group (PaPaS) Trials Register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE and EMBASE up to September 2011 for randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing pharmacologic treatment with placebo, another active treatment, or no treatment. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised trials studying the effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions in patients with established PLP. The outcomes considered were change in pain intensity, function, mood, sleep, quality of life, satisfaction and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently assessed the methodologic quality of the studies and extracted the data. We reported continuous and dichotomous data on change in pain intensity, function, mood/depression scores, sleep, quality of life, satisfaction for each study, where available. Because of the wide variability in the studies, we did not perform a meta-analysis for all the interventions and outcomes but we attempted to pool the results of some studies where possible. We prepared a qualitative description and narrative summary of results and described adverse effects. We assessed clinical heterogeneity by making qualitative comparisons in terms of the populations, interventions, outcomes/outcome measures and methods. MAIN RESULTS From 583 references/publications, we selected 13 studies involving 255 participants. Six groups of medications were reviewed, namely, N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anaesthetics, opioids, and calcitonin. Ten studies were of high quality and three were of moderate quality based on both Jadad and Van Tulder criteria. Because of the wide variation (heterogeneity) in the pharmacologic interventions, outcome measures, analyses, reporting of results, duration of follow-ups and study designs, it was not possible to pool the results for most of the interventions and outcomes. Morphine (oral and intravenous) was effective in decreasing pain intensity in the short-term with reported adverse effects being constipation, sedation, tiredness, dizziness, sweating, voiding difficulty, vertigo, itching, and respiratory problems. The NMDA receptor antagonists, ketamine and dextromethorphan but not memantine, had analgesic effects. The adverse effects of ketamine were more serious and included loss of consciousness, sedation, hallucinations, hearing and position impairment, and insobriety. The results for gabapentin in terms of pain relief were conflicting but combining the results showed a trend towards benefit. Gabapentin, however, did not improve function, depression score and sleep quality. Side effects experienced were somnolence, dizziness, headache and nausea. Amitryptiline was not effective in PLP with dry mouth and dizziness as side effects based on one study. The findings for calcitonin and anaesthetics were variable. Adverse effects of calcitonin were headache, vertigo, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and hot and cold flushes. Most of the studies were limited by their small sample sizes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The short- and long-term effectiveness of opioids, NMDA receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, calcitonins, and anaesthetics for clinically relevant outcomes that include pain, function, mood, sleep, quality of life, satisfaction and adverse effects remains unclear. Morphine, gabapentin and ketamine demonstrate trends towards short-term analgesic efficacy. Memantine and amitriptyline were ineffective for PLP. Results, however, are to be interpreted with caution as these were based mostly on a small number of studies with limited sample sizes that varied considerably and also lacked long-term efficacy and safety outcomes. The direction of efficacy of calcitonin, anaesthetics and dextromethorphan need further clarification. Larger and more rigorous randomised controlled trials are needed to make stronger recommendations about which medications would be useful for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jenelyn M Alviar
- University of Melbourne-Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
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32
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Yan N, Cao B, Xu J, Hao C, Zhang X, Li Y. Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex mediates the affective component of visceral pain memory in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 97:156-64. [PMID: 22107830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of both humans and animals suggest that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for processing pain perception. We identified that perigenul ACC (pACC) sensitization and enhanced visceral pain in a visceral hypersensitive rat in previous studies. Pain contains both sensory and affective dimensions. Teasing apart the mechanisms that control the neural pathways mediating pain affect and sensation in nociceptive behavioral response is a challenge. In this study, using a rodent visceral pain assay that combines the colorectal distension (CRD)-induced visceromotor response (VMR) with the conditioning place avoidance (CPA), we measured a learned behavior that directly reflects the affective component of visceral pain. When CRD was paired with a distinct environment context, the rats spent significantly less time in this compartment on the post-conditioning test days as compared with the pre-conditioning day. Effects were lasted for 14 days. Bilateral pACC lesion significantly reduced CPA scores without reducing acute visceral pain behaviors (CRD-induced VMR). Bilateral administration of non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX or NMDA receptor antagonist AP5 into the pACC decreased the CPA scores. AP5 or CNQX at dose of 400 mM produced about 70% inhibition of CRD-CPA in the day 1, 4 and 7, and completely abolished the CPA in the day 14 after conditioning. We concluded that neurons in the pACC are necessary for the "aversiveness" of visceral nociceptor stimulation. pACC activation is critical for the memory processing involved in long-term negative affective state and prediction of aversive stimuli by contextual cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yan
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hayes DJ, Northoff G. Identifying a network of brain regions involved in aversion-related processing: a cross-species translational investigation. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:49. [PMID: 22102836 PMCID: PMC3215229 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond appropriately to aversive stimuli is essential for all organisms, from fruit flies to humans. This suggests the existence of a core neural network which mediates aversion-related processing. Human imaging studies on aversion have highlighted the involvement of various cortical regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, while animal studies have focused largely on subcortical regions like the periaqueductal gray and hypothalamus. However, whether and how these regions form a core neural network of aversion remains unclear. To help determine this, a translational cross-species investigation in humans (i.e., meta-analysis) and other animals (i.e., systematic review of functional neuroanatomy) was performed. Our results highlighted the recruitment of the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior insula, and the amygdala as well as other subcortical (e.g., thalamus, midbrain) and cortical (e.g., orbitofrontal) regions in both animals and humans. Importantly, involvement of these regions remained independent of sensory modality. This study provides evidence for a core neural network mediating aversion in both animals and humans. This not only contributes to our understanding of the trans-species neural correlates of aversion but may also carry important implications for psychiatric disorders where abnormal aversive behavior can often be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Quintero GC, Herrera J, Bethancourt J. Cortical NR2B NMDA subunit antagonism reduces inflammatory pain in male and female rats. J Pain Res 2011; 4:301-8. [PMID: 22003303 PMCID: PMC3191929 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a critical role in pain processing at different levels of the central nervous system. Methods In this study, we used adult Wistar rats to examine gender differences in the effects of NR2B NMDA antagonism at the level of the anterior cingulate cortex in phasic pain, and in the first and second phases of a formalin test. Rats underwent stereotactic surgery for cannula implantation in the anterior cingulate cortex. After recovery, paw withdrawal latency to a noxious thermal stimulus was assessed. Rats were also subjected to a formalin pain test whereby 60 μL of 5% formalin was injected into the right hind paw. Results Female and male rats that received Ro 25-6981, an NR2B antagonist, before formalin injection showed significantly reduced pain responses to the formalin test compared with saline-injected control rats (P < 0.05). No gender differences in phasic pain responses were found in rats treated with Ro 25-6981. Conclusion These results suggest that cortical antagonism of the NR2B subunit reduces inflammatory pain levels in both genders of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Quintero
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), Center for Neurosciences, Panama
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35
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Pagano RL, Assis DV, Clara JA, Alves AS, Dale CS, Teixeira MJ, Fonoff ET, Britto LR. Transdural motor cortex stimulation reverses neuropathic pain in rats: a profile of neuronal activation. Eur J Pain 2011; 15:268.e1-14. [PMID: 20817578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been used to treat patients with neuropathic pain resistant to other therapeutic approaches; however, the mechanisms of pain control by MCS are still not clearly understood. We have demonstrated that MCS increases the nociceptive threshold of naive conscious rats, with opioid participation. In the present study, the effect of transdural MCS on neuropathic pain in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve was investigated. In addition, the pattern of neuronal activation, evaluated by Fos and Zif268 immunolabel, was performed in the spinal cord and brain sites associated with the modulation of persistent pain. MCS reversed the mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by peripheral neuropathy. After stimulation, Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) decreased in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in the ventral posterior lateral and medial nuclei of the thalamus, when compared to animals with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the MCS increased the Fos-IR in the periaqueductal gray, the anterior cingulate cortex and the central and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Zif268 results were similar to those obtained for Fos, although no changes were observed for Zif268 in the anterior cingulate cortex and the central amygdaloid nucleus after MCS. The present findings suggest that MCS reverts neuropathic pain phenomena in rats, mimicking the effect observed in humans, through activation of the limbic and descending pain inhibitory systems. Further investigation of the mechanisms involved in this effect may contribute to the improvement of the clinical treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana L Pagano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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36
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Bie B, Brown DL, Naguib M. Synaptic plasticity and pain aversion. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:26-31. [PMID: 21699892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Negative affective emotions are defined as the conceptual feature of pain. A number of clinical and animal studies have indicated that the limbic system including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala plays a critical role in the processing of affective components of pain. Glutamatergic transmission plays an important role in the processing of affective aspects of pain. Long-term changes on glutamatergic synapses contribute to the expression of aversion behavior induced by pain. In this article, the neurocircuits involved in the processing of affective aspects of pain, the glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in these brain regions, and the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pain-related synaptic plasticity will be reviewed and discussed. New discoveries regarding the interaction between the synaptic plasticity and affective components of pain may advance our understanding on the pain mechanism, and lead to new strategies for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
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37
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Acupuncture alleviates the affective dimension of pain in a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2104-10. [PMID: 21695393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although studies demonstrate that electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates the sensory dimension of pain, they have not addressed EA's effect on the affective dimension. An inflammatory pain rat model, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a conditioned place avoidance test to determine EA's effects and its underpinning mechanism on the affective dimension of pain. CFA-injected rats showed place aversion, i.e. the affective dimension of pain, by spending less time in a pain-paired compartment after conditioning than before, while saline-injected rats did not. CFA rats given EA treatment at GB30 before a post-conditioning test showed no aversion to the pain-paired compartment, indicating that EA inhibited the affective response. Intra-rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) administration of a κ-, but not μ-opioid receptor antagonist, blocked EA action. These data demonstrate that EA activates opioid receptors in the rACC to inhibit the affective dimension of pain.
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Li XY, Ko HG, Chen T, Collingridge GL, Kaang BK, Zhuo M. Erasing injury-related cortical synaptic potentiation as a new treatment for chronic pain. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:847-55. [PMID: 21584648 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord and the cortex is believed to be important for the amplification of painful information in chronic pain conditions. The investigation of molecular mechanism responsible for maintaining injury-related plastic changes, such as through the study of long-term potentiation in these structures, provides potential novel targets for designing new medicine for chronic pain. Recent studies using integrative neurobiological approaches demonstrate that protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) maintains pain-induced persistent changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and inhibiting PKMζ by ζ-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide produces analgesic effects in animal models of chronic pain. We propose that targeting PKMζ, or its up- or downstream signaling proteins, in the ACC may provide novel clinical treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room no. 3342, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Deyama S, Ide S, Kondoh N, Yamaguchi T, Yoshioka M, Minami M. Inhibition of noradrenaline release by clonidine in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis attenuates pain-induced aversion in rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:156-60. [PMID: 21497164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. The neural systems underlying the sensory component of pain have been studied extensively, but we are only beginning to understand those underlying the affective component of pain. Previously, we showed the pivotal role of noradrenergic transmission in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) in the negative affective component of pain using a conditioned place paradigm. In this study, we examined the effect of local administration of clonidine, an α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, into the vBNST on noradrenaline release and on conditioned place aversion (CPA) induced by an intraplantar formalin injection in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo microdialysis showed that the formalin-induced increase in the extracellular noradrenaline level within the vBNST was significantly suppressed by clonidine (100 μM) perfusion through a microdialysis probe. Bilateral intra-vBNST injections of clonidine (1 and 10 nmol/side) dose-dependently attenuated formalin-induced CPA without reducing nociceptive behaviors. These results suggest that clonidine inhibits noradrenaline release by acting on α(2)-adrenoceptors located in the vBNST and thereby attenuates pain-induced aversion. α(2)-adrenoceptors in the vBNST play a pivotal role in the regulation of negative affective, but not the sensory, component of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Lu Y, Zhu L, Gao YJ. Pain-related aversion induces astrocytic reaction and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in rats. Brain Res Bull 2010; 84:178-82. [PMID: 21168476 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain involves sensory and affective dimensions. It is well-known that activation of glial cells and a subsequent increase in proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of pain sensation. However, the role of glial cells and proinflammatory cytokines in pain affect is unclear. Several lines of evidence indicate that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key structure for pain affect. Using the formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) model, which reflects the pain-related negative affective state induced by nociceptive stimuli, we examined the mRNA and protein expression levels of astrocytic markers and proinflammatory cytokines in the ACC. F-CPA produced robust aversion-like behaviors in rats. In parallel, a significant increase of mRNA of astrocytic markers (GFAP and S100B), and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were observed in the ACC. The protein level of GFAP, IL-1β and TNF-α were also enhanced in the ACC. The results showed for the first time that astrocytes and proinflammatory cytokines are associated with the processing of pain-related aversion and may be crucial players in the affective dimension of pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Koga K, Li X, Chen T, Steenland HW, Descalzi G, Zhuo M. In vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recording of sensory synaptic responses of cingulate pyramidal neurons to noxious mechanical stimuli in adult mice. Mol Pain 2010; 6:62. [PMID: 20920185 PMCID: PMC2954916 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays important roles in emotion, learning, memory and persistent pain. Our previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that pyramidal neurons in layer II/III of the adult mouse ACC can be characterized into three types: regular spiking (RS), intermediate (IM) and intrinsic bursting (IB) cells, according to their action potential (AP) firing patterns. However, no in vivo information is available for the intrinsic properties and sensory responses of ACC neurons of adult mice. Here, we performed in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from pyramidal neurons in adult mice ACC under urethane anesthetized conditions. First, we classified the intrinsic properties and analyzed their slow oscillations. The population ratios of RS, IM and IB cells were 10, 62 and 28%, respectively. The mean spontaneous APs frequency of IB cells was significantly greater than those of RS and IM cells, while the slow oscillations were similar among ACC neurons. Peripheral noxious pinch stimuli induced evoked spike responses in all three types of ACC neurons. Interestingly, IB cells showed significantly greater firing frequencies than RS and IM cells. In contrast, non-noxious brush did not induce any significant response. Our studies provide the first in vivo characterization of ACC neurons in adult mice, and demonstrate that ACC neurons are indeed nociceptive. These findings support the critical roles of ACC in nociception, from mice to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Coutinho MR, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Role of homocysteic acid in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) anterior cingulate cortex in tonic immobility and the influence of NMDA receptors on the dorsal PAG. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:237-42. [PMID: 19963012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI) is an innate defensive behaviour elicited by physical restriction and postural inversion, and is characterised by a profound and temporary state of akinesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that glutamatergic stimulation of the dorsomedial/dorsolateral portion of periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) decreases the duration of TI in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Furthermore, evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) constitutes an important source of glutamate for the dPAG. Hence, in the current study, we investigated the effects of microinjection of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonist DL-homocysteic acid (DLH) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 into the ACC on the duration of TI in guinea pigs. We also assessed the effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801) into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) prior to DLH microinjection into the ACC on the TI duration in the guinea pig. Our results demonstrated that DLH microinjections into the ACC decreased the duration of TI. This effect was blocked by previous MK-801 microinjections into the ACC or into the dPAG. The MK-801 microinjections alone did not influence TI duration. These results provide the new insight that EAAs in the ACC can decrease the duration of TI. The mechanism seems to be dependent on the NMDA receptors present in the ACC and in the dPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Ramos Coutinho
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Minami M. Neuronal mechanisms for pain-induced aversion behavioral studies using a conditioned place aversion test. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 85:135-44. [PMID: 19607966 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)85010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pain consists of sensory discriminative and negative affective components. Although the neural systems responsible for the sensory component of pain have been studied extensively, the neural basis of the affective component is not well understood. Recently, behavioral studies using conditioned place aversion (CPA) tests have successfully elucidated the neural circuits and mechanisms underlying the negative affective component of pain. Excitotoxic lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), central amygdaloid nucleus, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLA), or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) suppressed intraplantar formalin-induced aversive responses. Glutamatergic transmission within the ACC and BLA via NMDA receptors was shown to play a critical role in the affective component of pain. In the BNST, especially its ventral part, noradrenergic transmission via beta-adrenergic receptors was demonstrated as important for pain-induced aversion. Because persistent pain is frequently associated with psychological and emotional dysfunction, studies of the neural circuits and the molecular mechanisms involved in the affective component of pain may have considerable clinical importance in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masabumi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Wang HC, Wang YC, Huang ACW, Chai SC, Wu YS, Wang CC. Roles of corticosterone in formalin-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:122-6. [PMID: 19703521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones have been shown to contribute to many cognitive functions, such as depressions, learning and memory, and abnormal glucocorticoid secretion results in functional changes in prefrontal cortex and amygdala. In the present study, we used the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm to investigate the role of corticosterone (CORT) in the negative affective component of chemical somatic pain induced by intraplantar injection of formalin into male adult Long-Evan rats. Five percent of formalin produced acute biphasic nociceptive behaviors, including flinching and licking of hindpaw, and CPA. Intraplantar formalin induced CPA was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy and the impairment of CPA can be restored by the CORT treatment. However, the adrenalectomy failed to affect the formalin-produced acute nociceptive behaviors. Therefore, data from the present study suggest that CORT secretion by the adrenal cortex may play a role in chemical somatic noxious stimuli-induced avoidance learning and aversive memory, but not sensory discrimination of noxious stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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NMDA NR2A and NR2B receptors in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex contribute to pain-related aversion in male rats. Pain 2009; 146:183-93. [PMID: 19695778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors, which are implicated in pain processing, are highly expressed in forebrain areas including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The ACC has been implicated in the affective response to noxious stimuli. Using a combination of immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, electrophysiological recording and formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) rat behavioral model that directly reflects the affective component of pain, the present study examined formalin nociceptive conditioning-induced changes in the expressions of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in the rostral ACC (rACC) and its possible functional significance. We found that unilateral intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of dilute formalin with or without contextual conditioning exposure markedly increased the expressions of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B but not of NR1 in the bilateral rACC. NMDA-evoked currents in rACC neurons were significantly greater in formalin-injected rats than in naïve or normal saline-injected rats. Selectively blocking either NR2A or NR2B subunit in the rACC abolished the acquisition of F-CPA and formalin nociceptive conditioning-induced Fos expression, but it did not affect formalin acute nociceptive behaviors and non-nociceptive fear stimulus-induced CPA. These results suggest that both NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B in the rACC are critically involved in pain-related aversion. Thus, a new strategy targeted at NMDA NR2A or NR2B subunit might be raised for the prevention of pain-related emotional disturbance.
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Prescot A, Becerra L, Pendse G, Tully S, Jensen E, Hargreaves R, Renshaw P, Burstein R, Borsook D. Excitatory neurotransmitters in brain regions in interictal migraine patients. Mol Pain 2009; 5:34. [PMID: 19566960 PMCID: PMC2714306 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine biochemical differences in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula during the interictal phase of migraine patients. We hypothesized that there may be differences in levels of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters and/or their derivatives in migraine group based on their increased sensitivity to pain. METHODS 2D J-resolved proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) data were acquired at 4.0 Tesla (T) from the ACC and insula in 10 migraine patients (7 women, 3 men, age 43 +/- 11 years) and 8 age gender matched controls (7 women, 3 men, age 41 +/- 9 years). RESULTS Standard statistical analyses including analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant metabolite differences between the two subject cohorts in the ACC nor the insula. However, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) introduced a clear separation between subject cohorts based on N-acetyl aspartylglutamate (NAAG) and glutamine (Gln) in the ACC and insula. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with glutamatergic abnormalities in the ACC and insula in migraine patients during their interictal period compared to healthy controls. An alteration in excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters and their derivatives may be a contributing factor for migraineurs for a decrease in sensitivity for migraine or a consequence of the chronic migraine state. Such findings, if extrapolated to other regions of the brain would offer new opportunities to modulate central system as interictal or preemptive medications in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Prescot
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Cao H, Gao YJ, Ren WH, Li TT, Duan KZ, Cui YH, Cao XH, Zhao ZQ, Ji RR, Zhang YQ. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the anterior cingulate cortex contributes to the induction and expression of affective pain. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3307-21. [PMID: 19279268 PMCID: PMC2682784 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4300-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in the affective response to noxious stimuli. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. The present study demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the ACC plays a crucial role in pain-related negative emotion. Intraplantar formalin injection produced a transient ERK activation in laminae V-VI and a persistent ERK activation in laminae II-III of the rostral ACC (rACC) bilaterally. Using formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) in rats, which is believed to reflect the pain-related negative emotion, we found that blockade of ERK activation in the rACC with MEK inhibitors prevented the induction of F-CPA. Interestingly, this blockade did not affect formalin-induced two-phase spontaneous nociceptive responses and CPA acquisition induced by electric foot-shock or U69,593, an innocuous aversive agent. Upstream, NMDA receptor, adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphokinase A (PKA) activators activated ERK in rACC slices. Consistently, intra-rACC microinjection of AC or PKA inhibitors prevented F-CPA induction. Downstream, phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was induced in the rACC by formalin injection and by NMDA, AC and PKA activators in brain slices, which was suppressed by MEK inhibitors. Furthermore, ERK also contributed to the expression of pain-related negative emotion. Thus, when rats were re-exposed to the conditioning context for retrieval of pain experience, ERK and CREB were reactivated in the rACC, and inhibiting ERK activation blocked the expression of F-CPA. All together, our results demonstrate that ERK activation in the rACC is required for the induction and expression of pain-related negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Wen-Hua Ren
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kai-Zheng Duan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Hui Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Deyama S, Katayama T, Ohno A, Nakagawa T, Kaneko S, Yamaguchi T, Yoshioka M, Minami M. Activation of the beta-adrenoceptor-protein kinase A signaling pathway within the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis mediates the negative affective component of pain in rats. J Neurosci 2008; 28:7728-36. [PMID: 18667605 PMCID: PMC6670369 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1480-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. The neural systems underlying the sensory component of pain have been studied extensively, but we are only beginning to understand those underlying its affective component. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been implicated in stress responses and negative affective states, such as anxiety, fear, and aversion. Recently, we demonstrated the crucial role of the BNST in the negative affective component of pain using the conditioned place aversion (CPA) test. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the beta-adrenoceptor-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway within the BNST, in particular, within the ventral part of the BNST (vBNST), in pain-induced aversion in male Sprague Dawley rats. In vivo microdialysis showed that extracellular noradrenaline levels within the vBNST were significantly increased by intraplantar formalin injection. Using the CPA test, we found that intra-vBNST injection of timolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose-dependently attenuated the intraplantar-formalin-induced CPA (F-CPA) without reducing nociceptive behaviors. Experiments with subtype-selective antagonists demonstrated the essential role of beta(2)-adrenoceptors in F-CPA. Intra-vBNST injection of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, dose-dependently produced CPA even in the absence of noxious stimulation. This isoproterenol-induced CPA was reversed by the coinjection of Rp-cyclic adenosine monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS), a selective PKA inhibitor. Furthermore, intra-vBNST injection of Rp-cAMPS dose-dependently attenuated the F-CPA. Together, these results suggest that PKA activation within the vBNST via the enhancement of beta-adrenergic transmission is important for the negative affective component of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Takahiro Katayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohno
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Taku Yamaguchi
- Deparment of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshioka
- Deparment of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masabumi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Wu X, Gao J, Yan J, Fan J, Owyang C, Li Y. Role for NMDA receptors in visceral nociceptive transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex of viscerally hypersensitive rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G918-27. [PMID: 18258793 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have identified colorectal distension (CRD)-responsive neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and demonstrated that persistence of a heightened visceral afferent nociceptive input to the ACC induces ACC sensitization. In the present study, we confirmed that rostral ACC neurons of sensitized rats [induced by chicken egg albumin (EA)] exhibit enhanced spike responses to CRD. Simultaneous in vivo recording and reverse microdialysis of single ACC neurons showed that a low dose of glutamate (50 microM) did not change basal ACC neuronal firing in normal rats but increased ACC neuronal firing in EA rats from 18 +/- 2 to 32 +/- 3.8 impulses/10 s. A high dose of glutamate (500 microM) produced 1.95-fold and a 4.27-fold increases of ACC neuronal firing in sham-treated rats and in EA rats, respectively, suggesting enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the ACC neurons of EA rats. Reverse microdialysis of the 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainite receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 microM) reduced basal and abolished CRD-induced ACC neuronal firing in normal rats. In contrast, microdialysis of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist AP5 had no effect on ACC neuronal firing in normal rats. However, AP5 produced 86% inhibition of ACC neuronal firing evoked by 50 mmHg CRD in the EA rats. In conclusion, ACC nociceptive transmissions are mediated by glutamate AMPA receptors in the control rats. ACC responses to CRD are enhanced in viscerally hypersensitive rats. The enhancement of excitatory glutamatergic transmission in the ACC appears to mediate this response. Furthermore, NMDA receptors mediate ACC synaptic responses after the induction of visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Wu
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Cao Z, Wu X, Chen S, Fan J, Zhang R, Owyang C, Li Y. Anterior cingulate cortex modulates visceral pain as measured by visceromotor responses in viscerally hypersensitive rats. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:535-43. [PMID: 18242219 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We have identified that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons are responsive to colorectal distention (CRD) and shown that sensitization of ACC neurons occurs in viscerally hypersensitive rats. However, the role of the ACC in pain response has not been clearly defined. We aimed to determine if ACC neuron activation enhances visceral pain in viscerally hypersensitive rats and to identify the receptor involved in facilitation of visceral pain. METHODS The nociceptive response (visceromotor response [VMR]) to CRD was recorded in normal and viscerally hypersensitive rats induced by colonic anaphylaxis. The ACC was stimulated electrically, and ACC lesions were generated with ibotenic acid. l-glutamate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxozole propionic acid receptor antagonist cyanonitroquinoxaline dione, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist aminophosphonopentanoic acid were microinjected into the rostral ACC. RESULTS Electrical stimulation of the rostral ACC enhanced the VMR to CRD in normal rats. ACC lesions caused a decrease in the VMR in viscerally hypersensitive rats but had no effect in normal rats. ACC microinjection of 2 mmol/L glutamate increased the VMR to CRD (10 mm Hg) in viscerally hypersensitive rats, and 20 mmol/L glutamate induced a more potent VMR in viscerally hypersensitive than in normal rats. Cyanonitroquinoxaline dione did not affect the VMR in either group. Aminophosphonopentanoic acid significantly suppressed the VMR in viscerally hypersensitive rats but not in normal rats. CONCLUSIONS The ACC plays a critical role in the modulation of visceral pain responses in viscerally hypersensitive rats. This process appears to be mediated by enhanced activities of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Cao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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