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Heller DT, Kolson DR, Brandebura AN, Amick EM, Wan J, Ramadan J, Holcomb PS, Liu S, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Qian J, Mathers PH, Spirou GA. Astrocyte ensheathment of calyx-forming axons of the auditory brainstem precedes accelerated expression of myelin genes and myelination by oligodendrocytes. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25552. [PMID: 37916792 PMCID: PMC10922096 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal brain development involves complex interactions among maturing neurons and glial cells that drive tissue organization. We previously analyzed gene expression in tissue from the mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) during the first postnatal week to study changes that surround rapid growth of the large calyx of Held (CH) nerve terminal. Here, we present genes that show significant changes in gene expression level during the second postnatal week, a developmental timeframe that brackets the onset of airborne sound stimulation and the early stages of myelination. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that many of these genes are related to the myelination process. Further investigation of these genes using a previously published cell type-specific bulk RNA-Seq data set in cortex and our own single-cell RNA-Seq data set in the MNTB revealed enrichment of these genes in the oligodendrocyte lineage (OL) cells. Combining the postnatal day (P)6-P14 microarray gene expression data with the previously published P0-P6 data provided fine temporal resolution to investigate the initiation and subsequent waves of gene expression related to OL cell maturation and the process of myelination. Many genes showed increasing expression levels between P2 and P6 in patterns that reflect OL cell maturation. Correspondingly, the first myelin proteins were detected by P4. Using a complementary, developmental series of electron microscopy 3D image volumes, we analyzed the temporal progression of axon wrapping and myelination in the MNTB. By employing a combination of established ultrastructural criteria to classify reconstructed early postnatal glial cells in the 3D volumes, we demonstrated for the first time that astrocytes within the mouse MNTB extensively wrap the axons of the growing CH terminal prior to OL cell wrapping and compaction of myelin. Our data revealed significant expression of several myelin genes and enrichment of multiple genes associated with lipid metabolism in astrocytes, which may subserve axon wrapping in addition to myelin formation. The transition from axon wrapping by astrocytes to OL cells occurs rapidly between P4 and P9 and identifies a potential new role of astrocytes in priming calyceal axons for subsequent myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R. Kolson
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ashley N. Brandebura
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Emily M. Amick
- Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jun Wan
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Paul S. Holcomb
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
| | - Sheng Liu
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas J. Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter H. Mathers
- WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
- Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
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Al-Griw MA, Salter MG, Wood IC. Inhibition of ionotropic GluR signaling preserves oligodendrocyte lineage and myelination in an ex vivo rat model of white matter ischemic injury. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:233-248. [PMID: 34672294 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants have a high risk of neonatal white matter injury (WMI). WMI leads to reduced myelination, inflammation, and clinical neurodevelopmental deficits for which there are no effective treatments. Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) induced excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cell loss and demyelination in brain models of neonatal and adult WMI. Here, we hypothesized that simulated ischemia (oxygen‑glucose deprivation) damages white matter via activation of iGluR signaling, and that iGluR inhibition shortly after WMI could mitigate OL loss, enhance myelination, and suppress inflammation in an ex vivo cerebellar slice model of developing WMI. Inhibition of iGluR signaling by a combined block of AMPA and NMDA receptors, shortly after simulated ischemia, restored myelination, reduced apoptotic OLs, and enhanced OL precursor cell proliferation and maturation as well as upregulated expression of transcription factors regulating OL development and remyelination. Our findings demonstrate that iGluR inhibition post‑injury alleviates OL lineage cell loss and inflammation and promotes myelination upon developing WMI. The findings may help to develop therapeutic interventions for the WMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Al-Griw
- Department of Histology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya;
| | | | - Ian C Wood
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Baksmeier C, Blundell P, Steckel J, Schultz V, Gu Q, Da Silva Filipe A, Kohl A, Linnington C, Lu D, Dell A, Haslam S, Wang J, Czajkowsky D, Goebels N, Pleass RJ. Modified recombinant human IgG1-Fc is superior to natural intravenous immunoglobulin at inhibiting immune-mediated demyelination. Immunology 2021; 164:90-105. [PMID: 33880776 PMCID: PMC8358725 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment for numerous autoimmune conditions. Although Fc fragments derived from IVIG have shown efficacy in controlling immune thrombocytopenia in children, the mechanisms of action are unclear and controversial. The aim of this study was to dissect IVIG effector mechanisms using further adapted Fc fragments on demyelination in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system-immune interface. Using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OSCs) from transgenic mice, we induced extensive immune-mediated demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss with an antibody specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Protective effects of adapted Fc fragments were assessed by live imaging of green fluorescent protein expression, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Cysteine- and glycan-adapted Fc fragments protected OSC from demyelination in a dose-dependent manner where equimolar concentrations of either IVIG or control Fc were ineffective. The protective effects of the adapted Fc fragments are partly attributed to interference with complement-mediated oligodendroglia damage. Transcriptome analysis ruled out signatures associated with inflammatory or innate immune responses. Taken together, our findings show that recombinant biomimetics can be made that are at least two hundred-fold more effective than IVIG in controlling demyelination by anti-MOG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baksmeier
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Pat Blundell
- Department of Tropical Disease BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Julia Steckel
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Verena Schultz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Quan Gu
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Alain Kohl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Chris Linnington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Dongli Lu
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stuart Haslam
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineKey Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Czajkowsky
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes and Bio‐ID CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Richard J. Pleass
- Department of Tropical Disease BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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A morphological analysis of activity-dependent myelination and myelin injury in transitional oligodendrocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9588. [PMID: 33953273 PMCID: PMC8099889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is established as a driver of oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination. The concept of activity-dependent myelin plasticity, and its role in cognition and disease, is gaining support. Methods capable of resolving changes in the morphology of individual myelinating OL would advance our understanding of myelin plasticity and injury, thus we adapted a labelling approach involving Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) vectors to resolve and quantify the 3-D structure of OL processes and internodes in cerebellar slice cultures. We first demonstrate the utility of the approach by studying changes in OL morphology after complement-mediated injury. SFV vectors injected into cerebellar white matter labelled transitional OL (TOL), whose characteristic mixture of myelinating and non-myelinating processes exhibited significant degeneration after complement injury. The method was also capable of resolving finer changes in morphology related to neuronal activity. Prolonged suppression of neuronal activity, which reduced myelination, selectively decreased the length of putative internodes, and the proportion of process branches that supported them, while leaving other features of process morphology unaltered. Overall this work provides novel information on the morphology of TOL, and their response to conditions that alter circuit function or induce demyelination.
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Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111424. [PMID: 31726662 PMCID: PMC6912544 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes.
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Yildirimer L, Zhang Q, Kuang S, Cheung CWJ, Chu KA, He Y, Yang M, Zhao X. Engineering three-dimensional microenvironments towards
in vitro
disease models of the central nervous system. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab17aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Peschl P, Schanda K, Zeka B, Given K, Böhm D, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Lutterotti A, Rostásy K, Höftberger R, Berger T, Macklin W, Lassmann H, Bradl M, Bennett JL, Reindl M. Human antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein can cause complement-dependent demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:208. [PMID: 29070051 PMCID: PMC5657084 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with a subset of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. However, whether human MOG antibodies are pathogenic or an epiphenomenon is still not completely clear. Although MOG is highly conserved within mammals, previous findings showed that not all human MOG antibodies bind to rodent MOG. We therefore hypothesized that human MOG antibody-mediated pathology in animal models may only be evident using species-specific MOG antibodies. Methods We screened 80 human MOG antibody-positive samples for their reactivity to mouse and rat MOG using either a live cell-based assay or immunohistochemistry on murine, rat, and human brain tissue. Selected samples reactive to either human MOG or rodent MOG were subsequently tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated damage in murine organotypic brain slices or enhance demyelination in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model in Lewis rats. The MOG monoclonal antibody 8-18-C5 was used as a positive control. Results Overall, we found that only a subset of human MOG antibodies are reactive to mouse (48/80, 60%) or rat (14/80, 18%) MOG. Purified serum antibodies from 10 human MOG antibody-positive patients (8/10 reactive to mouse MOG, 6/10 reactive to rat MOG), 3 human MOG-negative patients, and 3 healthy controls were tested on murine organotypic brain slices. Purified IgG from one patient with high titers of anti-human, mouse, and rat MOG antibodies and robust binding to myelin tissue produced significant, complement-mediated myelin loss in organotypic brain slices, but not in the EAE model. Monoclonal 8-18-C5 MOG antibody caused complement-mediated demyelination in both the organotypic brain slice model and in EAE. Conclusion This study shows that a subset of human MOG antibodies can induce complement-dependent pathogenic effects in a murine ex vivo animal model. Moreover, a high titer of species-specific MOG antibodies may be critical for demyelinating effects in mouse and rat animal models. Therefore, both the reactivity and titer of human MOG antibodies must be considered for future pathogenicity studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bleranda Zeka
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherine Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Denise Böhm
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Saiz
- Service of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Datteln, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Doussau F, Dupont JL, Neel D, Schneider A, Poulain B, Bossu JL. Organotypic cultures of cerebellar slices as a model to investigate demyelinating disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1011-1022. [PMID: 28712329 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1356285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demyelinating disorders, characterized by a chronic or episodic destruction of the myelin sheath, are a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults in western countries. Studying the complex mechanisms involved in axon myelination, demyelination and remyelination requires an experimental model preserving the neuronal networks and neuro-glial interactions. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures appear to be the best alternative to in vivo experiments and the most commonly used model for investigating etiology or novel therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis. Areas covered: This review gives an overview of slice culture techniques and focuses on the use of organotypic cerebellar slice cultures on semi-permeable membranes for studying many aspects of axon myelination and cerebellar functions. Expert opinion: Cerebellar slice cultures are probably the easiest way to faithfully reproduce all stages of axon myelination/demyelination/remyelination in a three-dimensional neuronal network. However, in the cerebellum, neurological disability in multiple sclerosis also results from channelopathies which induce changes in Purkinje cell excitability. Cerebellar cultures offer easy access to electrophysiological approaches which are largely untapped and we believe that these cultures might be of great interest when studying changes in neuronal excitability, axonal conduction or synaptic properties that likely occur during multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Doussau
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean-Luc Dupont
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Dorine Neel
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Aline Schneider
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Bernard Poulain
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean Louis Bossu
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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Peschl P, Bradl M, Höftberger R, Berger T, Reindl M. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28533781 PMCID: PMC5420591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker for oligodendrocyte maturation. Discovered about 30 years ago, it is one of the best-studied autoantigens for experimental autoimmune models for multiple sclerosis (MS). Human studies, however, have yielded controversial results on the role of MOG, especially MOG antibodies (Abs), as a biomarker in MS. But with improved detection methods using different expression systems to detect Abs in patients' samples, this is meanwhile no longer the case. Using cell-based assays with recombinant full-length, conformationally intact MOG, several recent studies have revealed that MOG Abs can be found in a subset of predominantly pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), monophasic or recurrent isolated optic neuritis (ON), or transverse myelitis, in atypical MS and in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndromes. Whereas MOG Abs are only transiently observed in monophasic diseases such as ADEM and their decline is associated with a favorable outcome, they are persistent in multiphasic ADEM, NMOSD, recurrent ON, or myelitis. Due to distinct clinical features within these diseases it is controversially disputed to classify MOG Ab-positive cases as a new disease entity. Neuropathologically, the presence of MOG Abs is characterized by MS-typical demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology associated with Abs and complement. However, it remains unclear whether MOG Abs are a mere inflammatory bystander effect or truly pathogenetic. This article provides deeper insight into recent developments, the clinical relevance of MOG Abs and their role in the immunpathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Winter M, Baksmeier C, Steckel J, Barman S, Malviya M, Harrer-Kuster M, Hartung HP, Goebels N. Dose-dependent inhibition of demyelination and microglia activation by IVIG. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:828-843. [PMID: 27844029 PMCID: PMC5099529 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment for numerous autoimmune conditions. Clinical trials of IVIG for multiple sclerosis, using diverse dose regimens, yielded controversial results. The aim of this study is to dissect IVIG effector mechanisms on demyelination in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system (CNS)‐immune interface. Methods Using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OSC) from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in oligodendrocytes/myelin, we induced extensive immune‐mediated demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss with an antibody specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Protective IVIG effects were assessed by live imaging of GFP expression, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, gene expression analysis and flow cytometry. Results IVIG protected OSC from demyelination in a dose‐dependent manner, which was at least partly attributed to interference with complement‐mediated oligodendroglia damage, while binding of the anti‐MOG antibody was not prevented. Staining with anti‐CD68 antibodies and flow cytometry confirmed that IVIG prevented microglia activation and oligodendrocyte death, respectively. Equimolar IVIG‐derived Fab fragments or monoclonal IgG did not protect OSC, while Fc fragments derived from a polyclonal mixture of human IgG were at least as potent as intact IVIG. Interpretation Both intact IVIG and Fc fragments exert a dose‐dependent protective effect on antibody‐mediated CNS demyelination and microglia activation by interfering with the complement cascade and, presumably, interacting with local immune cells. Although this experimental model lacks blood–brain barrier and peripheral immune components, our findings warrant further studies on optimal dose finding and alternative modes of application to enhance local IVIG concentrations at the site of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Winter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Christine Baksmeier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Julia Steckel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Manish Malviya
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany; Present address: CPTP, Centre Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282-Université Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Melanie Harrer-Kuster
- University of Zuerich, Clinical Neuroimmunology Zuerich Switzerland; Present address: Abb Vie AG Baar Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf Moorenstr. 5 D-40225 Duesseldorf Germany
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Madill M, Fitzgerald D, O'Connell KE, Dev KK, Shen S, FitzGerald U. In vitro and ex vivo models of multiple sclerosis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1504-1511. [PMID: 27265771 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Current therapies suppress a misdirected myelin-destructive immune response. To combat the progressive, neurodestructive phase of MS, the therapeutic research focus is currently on compounds that might boost the endogenous potential of the brain to remyelinate axons, thereby achieving lesion repair. Here, we describe the testing of fingolimod on cultures of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and organotypic brain slices. We detail the protocols, pros, and cons of these in vitro and ex vivo approaches, along with the potential benefit of exploiting skin-punch biopsies from patients with MS, before concluding with a summary of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Madill
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Denise Fitzgerald
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kara E O'Connell
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Rassul SM, Neely RK, Fulton D. Live-imaging in the CNS: New insights on oligodendrocytes, myelination, and their responses to inflammation. Neuropharmacology 2015; 110:594-604. [PMID: 26407765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The formation and repair of myelin involves alterations in the molecular and physical properties of oligodendrocytes, and highly coordinated interactions with their target axons. Characterising the nature and timing of these events at the molecular and cellular levels illuminates the fundamental events underlying myelin formation, and provides opportunities for the development of therapies to replace myelin lost through traumatic injury and inflammation. The dynamic nature of these events requires that live-imaging methods be used to capture this information accurately and completely. Developments in imaging technologies, and model systems suitable for their application to myelination, have advanced the study of myelin formation, injury and repair. Similarly, new techniques for single molecule imaging, and novel imaging probes, are providing opportunities to resolve the dynamics of myelin proteins during myelination. Here, we explore these developments in the context of myelin formation and injury, identify unmet needs within the field where progress can be advanced through live-imaging approaches, identify technical challenges that are limiting this progress, and highlight practical applications for these approaches that could lead to therapies for the protection of oligodendrocytes and myelin from injury, and restore myelin lost through injury and disease. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Muhammed Rassul
- Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biomedical Sciences Training Programme, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert K Neely
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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13
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Hill RA, Medved J, Patel KD, Nishiyama A. Organotypic slice cultures to study oligodendrocyte dynamics and myelination. J Vis Exp 2014:e51835. [PMID: 25177825 DOI: 10.3791/51835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Jelena Medved
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut
| | - Kiran D Patel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut; Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut;
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14
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Florea F, Bernards C, Caproni M, Kleindienst J, Hashimoto T, Koch M, Sitaru C. Ex vivo pathogenicity of anti-laminin γ1 autoantibodies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:494-506. [PMID: 24300951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity against laminins has been described in several autoimmune diseases (including mucous membrane pemphigoid, anti-laminin γ1 pemphigoid, and connective tissue diseases), in pregnancy loss, and in infections such as Chagas disease. Except for anti-laminin-332 mucous membrane pemphigoid, adequate evidence has been lacking for the tissue injury potential of laminin-specific antibodies and the pathogenic epitopes. We evaluated the pathogenic potential of antibodies targeting laminin γ1, a major constituent of basement membranes and the main antigen in anti-laminin γ1 pemphigoid. Rabbit antibodies were generated against fragments of the N-terminus and C-terminus of murine laminin γ1, and their ability to disrupt ligand interactions and/or to activate complement and granulocytes was assessed using previously established ex vivo assays. Our findings document a pathogenic potential of antibodies targeting the laminin γ1 N-terminus. These antibodies interfere with the binding of nidogen to laminin and can activate granulocytes and the complement cascade. We detected antibodies with different degrees of reactivity with laminin γ1 N-terminus in patients with anti-laminin γ1 pemphigoid, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the tissue damage associated with laminin autoimmunity and could facilitate development of appropriate diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Florea
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bernards
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marzia Caproni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessika Kleindienst
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Ferent J, Ruat M, Traiffort E. Investigation of the proteolipid protein promoter activity during demyelination and repair. Differentiation 2013; 85:182-9. [PMID: 23827460 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic plp-GFP mouse line expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the mouse myelin proteolipid protein (plp) gene promoter has been previously used to study the contribution of the plp lineage to oligodendrocyte development in the embryonic brain. Here, we show that the GFP fluorescence reflects the developmental expression of proteolipid protein during the postnatal development until adulthood in brain slices and in primary cultures of plp-GFP(+) cells derived from postnatal animals. In the adult brain, plp-GFP-expressing cells are mature oligodendrocytes but not oligodendroglial progenitors. In the model of focal demyelination induced by lysolecithin (LPC) in the corpus callosum of adult plp-GFP animals, we observed an up-regulation of the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in the LPC-induced lesion but not in the control animals. Moreover, we show that the adenovirus-mediated transfer of Shh in the lesion results in the attenuation of the demyelination extent as evidenced by GFP fluorescence analysis in Shh-treated and control animals. Altogether these data show how plp-GFP fluorescence can be monitored to follow the oligodendrocyte lineage during demyelination and identify Shh morphogen as an important factor during repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development, CNRS, UPR-3294, Institute of Neurobiology Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Signal Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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16
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Mathew A, Pakan JMP, Collin EC, Wang W, McDermott KW, Fitzgerald U, Reynolds R, Pandit AS. An ex-vivo multiple sclerosis model of inflammatory demyelination using hyperbranched polymer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5872-82. [PMID: 23660252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the presence of inflammatory demyelinating foci throughout the brain and spinal cord, accompanied by axonal and neuronal damage. Although inflammatory processes are thought to underlie the pathological changes, the individual mediators of this damage are unclear. In order to study the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in demyelination in the central nervous system, we have utilized a hyperbranched poly(2-dimethyl-aminoethylmethacrylate) based non-viral gene transfection system to establish an inflammatory demyelinating model of MS in an ex-vivo environment. The synthesized non-viral gene transfection system was optimized for efficient transfection with minimal cytotoxicity. Organotypic brain slices were then successfully transfected with the TNF or IFNγ genes. TNF and IFNγ expression and release in cerebellar slices via non-viral gene delivery approach resulted in inflammation mediated myelin loss, thus making it a promising ex-vivo approach for studying the underlying mechanisms of demyelination in myelin-related diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Mathew
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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17
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di Penta A, Moreno B, Reix S, Fernandez-Diez B, Villanueva M, Errea O, Escala N, Vandenbroeck K, Comella JX, Villoslada P. Oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to demyelination and axonal damage in a cerebellar culture model of neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54722. [PMID: 23431360 PMCID: PMC3576396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Demyelination and axonal damage are critical processes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines elicited by inflammation mediates tissue damage. Methods/Principal Findings To monitor the demyelination and axonal injury associated with microglia activation we employed a model using cerebellar organotypic cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microglia activated by LPS released pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα), and increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This activation was associated with demyelination and axonal damage in cerebellar cultures. Axonal damage, as revealed by the presence of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, mitochondrial accumulation in axonal spheroids, and axonal transection, was associated with stronger iNOS expression and concomitant increases in ROS. Moreover, we analyzed the contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in demyelination and axonal degeneration using the iNOS inhibitor ethyl pyruvate, a free-scavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, as well as via blockage of pro-inflammatory cytokines using a Fc-TNFR1 construct. We found that blocking microglia activation with ethyl pyruvate or allopurinol significantly decreased axonal damage, and to a lesser extent, demyelination. Blocking TNFα significantly decreased demyelination but did not prevented axonal damage. Moreover, the most common therapy for MS, interferon-beta, was used as an example of an immunomodulator compound that can be tested in this model. In vitro, interferon-beta treatment decreased oxidative stress (iNOS and ROS levels) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimulation, reducing axonal damage. Conclusion The model of neuroinflammation using cerebellar culture stimulated with endotoxin mimicked myelin and axonal damage mediated by the combination of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This model may both facilitate understanding of the events involved in neuroinflammation and aid in the development of neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Penta
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
- Neurogenomiks, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Stephanie Reix
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Fernandez-Diez
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Maite Villanueva
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Oihana Errea
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Nagore Escala
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Joan X. Comella
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Joachim SC, Gramlich OW, Laspas P, Schmid H, Beck S, von Pein HD, Dick HB, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Retinal ganglion cell loss is accompanied by antibody depositions and increased levels of microglia after immunization with retinal antigens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40616. [PMID: 22848388 PMCID: PMC3406064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies against retinal and optic nerve antigens are detectable in glaucoma patients. Recent studies using a model of experimental autoimmune glaucoma demonstrated that immunization with certain ocular antigens causes an immun-mediated retinal ganglion cell loss in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Rats immunized with a retinal ganglion cell layer homogenate (RGA) had a reduced retinal ganglion cell density on retinal flatmounts (p = 0.007) and a lower number of Brn3+retinal ganglion cells (p = 0.0001) after six weeks. The autoreactive antibody development against retina and optic nerve was examined throughout the study. The levels of autoreactive antibodies continuously increased up to 6 weeks (retina: p = 0.004; optic nerve: p = 0.000003). Additionally, antibody deposits were detected in the retina (p = 0.02). After 6 weeks a reactive gliosis (GFAP density: RGA: 174.7±41.9; CO: 137.6±36.8, p = 0.0006; %GFAP+ area: RGA: 8.5±3.4; CO: 5.9±3.6, p = 0.006) as well as elevated level of Iba1+ microglia cells (p = 0.003) was observed in retinas of RGA animals. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that these antibodies play a substantial role in mechanisms leading to retinal ganglion cell death. This seems to lead to glia cell activation as well as the invasion of microglia, which might be associated with debris clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Ruhr University Eye Hospital, Bochum, Germany.
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19
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Jarjour AA, Zhang H, Bauer N, Ffrench-Constant C, Williams A. In vitro modeling of central nervous system myelination and remyelination. Glia 2011; 60:1-12. [PMID: 21858876 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current techniques to study myelination and remyelination in culture systems. We attempt to put these into historical context, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, which vary depending on the experimental question to be tested. We discuss the difficulty and importance of quantification of myelination and in particular remyelination. Finally, we provide our predictions of how these techniques will and should develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Jarjour
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh MS Centre, Queen's Medical Research Centre, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Defaux A, Zurich MG, Honegger P, Monnet-Tschudi F. Minocycline promotes remyelination in aggregating rat brain cell cultures after interferon-γ plus lipopolysaccharide-induced demyelination. Neuroscience 2011; 187:84-92. [PMID: 21549181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline has been shown to inhibit microglia reactivity, and to decrease the severity and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. It remained to be examined whether minocycline was also able to promote remyelination. In the present study, myelinating aggregating brain cell cultures were used as a model to study the effects of minocycline on microglial reactivity, demyelination, and remyelination. Cultures were treated simultaneously with two inflammatory agents, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which caused an inflammatory response accompanied by demyelination. The inflammatory response was characterized by microglial reactivity, upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and iNOS, and increased phophorylation of P38 and P44/42 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. Minocycline inhibited microglial reactivity, and attenuated the increased phophorylation of P38 and P44/42 MAP kinases. Demyelination, determined by a decrease in myelin basic protein (MBP) content and immunoreactivity 48 h after the treatment with the inflammatory agents, was not prevented by minocycline. However, 1 week after demyelination was assessed, the MBP content was restored in presence of minocycline, indicating that remyelination was promoted. Concomitantly, in cultures treated with minocycline, the markers of oligodendrocyte precursors cells (OPCs) and immature oligodendrocytes NG2 and O4, respectively, were decreased compared to cultures treated with the inflammatory agents only. These results suggest that minocycline attenuates microglial reactivity and favors remyelination by enhancing the differentiation of OPCs and immature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Defaux
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Yang Y, Lewis R, Miller RH. Interactions between oligodendrocyte precursors control the onset of CNS myelination. Dev Biol 2010; 350:127-38. [PMID: 21144846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of CNS myelin is dependent on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocyte maturation. How the initiation of myelination is regulated is unclear, but it is likely to depend on the development of competence by oligodendrocytes and receptivity by target axons. Here we identify an additional level of control of oligodendrocyte maturation mediated by interactions between the different cellular components of the oligodendrocyte lineage. During development oligodendrocyte precursors mature through a series of stages defined by labeling with monoclonal antibodies A2B5 and O4. Newly differentiated oligodendrocytes begin to express galactocerebroside recognized by O1 antibodies and subsequently mature to myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive cells prior to formation of compact myelin. Using an in vitro brain slice culture system that supports robust myelination, the consequences of ablating cells at different stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage on myelination have been assayed. Elimination of all OPC lineage cells through A2B5+, O4+, and O1+ complement-mediated cell lysis resulted in a delay in development of MBP cells and myelination. Selective elimination of early OPCs (A2B5+) also unexpectedly resulted in delayed MBP expression compared to controls suggesting that early OPCs contribute to the timing of myelination onset. By contrast, elimination of differentiated (O1+) immature oligodendrocytes permanently inhibited the appearance of MBP+ cells suggesting that oligodendrocytes are critical to facilitate the maturation of OPCs. These data illuminate that the presence of intra-lineage feed-forward and feedback cues are important for timely myelination by oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Zurich M, Monnet-Tschudi F. Contribution of in vitro neurotoxicology studies to the elucidation of neurodegenerative processes. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sobottka B, Harrer MD, Ziegler U, Fischer K, Wiendl H, Hünig T, Becher B, Goebels N. Collateral bystander damage by myelin-directed CD8+ T cells causes axonal loss. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1160-6. [PMID: 19700745 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Permanent disability of patients suffering from central nervous system (CNS) inflammation such as multiple sclerosis, the most common chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS, originates mainly from demyelination and axonal damage. Although many studies in the past focused on the role of CD4(+) T cells, several recent findings postulate the relevance of autoaggressive, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in the effector phase of multiple sclerosis. Yet, it remains unresolved whether axonal injury is the result of a CD8(+) T cell-targeted hit against the axon itself or the consequence of an attack against the myelin structure. To address this issue of CD8-mediated tissue damage in CNS inflammation, we performed continuous confocal imaging of autoaggressive, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in living organotypic cerebellar brain slices. We observed that loading brain slices with the cognate peptide antigen caused CD8-mediated damage of myelinated axons. To exclude the possibility that the cognate peptide loaded onto the brain slices was presented by axons directly, we restricted the cognate antigen expression exclusively to the cytosol of oligodendrocytes. Aside from vast myelin damage, extensive axonal bystander injury occurred. Using this model system of inflammatory CNS injury, we visualize that axonal loss can be the consequence from "collateral bystander damage" by autoaggressive, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, targeting their cognate antigen processed and presented by oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sobottka
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
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