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Waldmann TA, Waldmann R, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The implications of IL-15 trans-presentation on the immune response. Adv Immunol 2022; 156:103-132. [PMID: 36410873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine type I four alpha-helical bundle cytokine that along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21 shares the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc. IL-15 is vital for the development, survival, and expansion of natural killer cells and for the development of CD8+ memory T cells. Whereas other family γc cytokines signal by directly binding to their target cells, IL-15 is distinctive in that it binds to IL-15Rα, a sushi domain containing binding protein that is expressed on a number of cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells as well as T cells, and then is trans-presented to responding cells that express IL-2Rβ and γc. This distinctive mechanism for IL-15 relates to its role in signaling in the context of cell-cell interactions and signaling synapses. The actions of IL-15 and ways of manipulating its actions to potential therapeutic benefit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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2
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Kowalska W, Morawska I, Halczuk P, Rejdak K, Bojarska-Junak A. IL-15 Is Overexpressed in γδ T Cells and Correlates with Disease Severity in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184174. [PMID: 34575283 PMCID: PMC8467081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). An animal study revealed a distinct subset of IL-15-producing γδ T cells that correlate with disease severity. The aim of the current study was to test whether such a subset is also present in humans and its importance for the pathogenesis of MS. The peripheral blood from 29 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (including 6 relapses) and 22 controls was stained with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed with flow cytometry. The existence of IL-15+ γδ T cells was confirmed. Moreover, the percentage of IL-15+ γδ T is significantly increased in MS patients and correlates with disease severity. Nevertheless, additional functional studies are needed to fully understand the importance of those cells in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.Z.); (A.B.-J.)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Izabela Morawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Paweł Halczuk
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.H.); (K.R.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.Z.); (A.B.-J.)
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3
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Laurent C, Deblois G, Clénet ML, Carmena Moratalla A, Farzam-Kia N, Girard M, Duquette P, Prat A, Larochelle C, Arbour N. Interleukin-15 enhances proinflammatory T-cell responses in patients with MS and EAE. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 8:8/1/e931. [PMID: 33323466 PMCID: PMC7745728 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective We posit that interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a relevant contributor to MS pathobiology as this cytokine is elevated in the CNS and periphery of patients with MS. We aim to investigate (1) the impact of IL-15 on T lymphocytes from patients with MS and (2) the in vivo role of IL-15 using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. Methods We compared the impact of IL-15 on T lymphocytes obtained from untreated patients with MS (relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive) to cells from age/sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) using multiparametric flow cytometry and in vitro assays. We tested the effects of peripheral IL-15 administration after EAE disease onset in C57BL/6 mice. Results IL-15 triggered STAT5 signaling in an elevated proportion of T cells from patients with MS compared with HCs. This cytokine also enhanced the production of key proinflammatory cytokines (interferon γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor) by T cells from both MS and controls, but these effects were more robust for the production of IL-17 and GM-CSF in T-cell subsets from patients with MS. At the peak of EAE disease, the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD122+, the key signaling IL-15 receptor chain, was enriched in the CNS compared with the spleen. Finally, peripheral administration of IL-15 into EAE mice after disease onset significantly aggravated clinical scores and increased the number of inflammatory CNS-infiltrating T cells long term after stopping IL-15 administration. Conclusions Our results underscore that IL-15 contributes to the amplification of T-cell inflammatory properties after disease onset in both MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Laurent
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Deblois
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Laure Clénet
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- From the Department of Neurosciences (C. Laurent, G.D., M.-L.C., A.C.M., N.F.-k., M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle, N.A.), Université de Montréal and CRCHUM; and MS-CHUM Clinic (M.G., P.D., A.P., C. Larochelle), Québec, Canada.
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4
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Li R, Bar-Or A. The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029108. [PMID: 29661809 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent functions of B cells are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of distinct B-cell targeting therapies in MS patients underscores the importance of elucidating these multiple B-cell functions. In this review, we discuss the generation of autoreactive B cells, migration of B cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and how different functions of B cells may contribute to MS disease activity and potentially mitigation in both the periphery and CNS compartments. In addition, we propose several future therapeutic strategies that may better target/shape B-cell responses for long-term treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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5
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Negron A, Robinson RR, Stüve O, Forsthuber TG. The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: Current and future therapies. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:10-23. [PMID: 31130183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While it was long held that T cells were the primary mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, the beneficial effects observed in response to treatment with Rituximab (RTX), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20, shed light on a key contributor to MS that had been previously underappreciated: B cells. This has been reaffirmed by results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of subsequently developed B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 as well as studies revisiting the effects of previous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on B cell subsets thought to modulate disease severity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the complex roles of B cells in MS pathogenesis and current and potential future B cell-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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6
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Li Z, Han J, Ren H, Ma CG, Shi FD, Liu Q, Li M. Astrocytic Interleukin-15 Reduces Pathology of Neuromyelitis Optica in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:523. [PMID: 29616032 PMCID: PMC5867910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte loss induced by neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is the hallmark of NMO pathology. The survival of astrocytes is thought to reflect astrocyte exposure to environmental factors in the CNS and the response of astrocytes to these factors. However, still unclear are how astrocytes respond to NMO-IgG and CDC, and what CNS environmental factors may impact the survival of astrocytes. In a murine model of NMO induced by intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and human complement, we found dramatic upregulation of IL-15 in astrocytes. To study the role of astrocytic IL-15 in NMO, we generated a transgenic mouse line with targeted expression of IL-15 in astrocytes (IL-15tg), in which the expression of IL-15 is controlled by a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. We showed that astrocyte-targeted expression of IL-15 attenuates astrocyte injury and the loss of aquaporin-4 in the brain. Reduced blood–brain barrier leakage and immune cell infiltration are also found in the lesion of IL-15tg mice subjected to NMO induction. IL-15tg astrocytes are less susceptible to NMO-IgG-mediated CDC than their wild-type counterparts. The enhanced resistance of IL-15tg astrocytes to cytotoxicity and cell death involves NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that IL-15 reduces astrocyte loss and NMO pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinrui Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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Escudero-Hernández C, Plaza-Izurieta L, Garrote JA, Bilbao JR, Arranz E. Association of the IL-15 and IL-15Rα genes with celiac disease. Cytokine 2017; 99:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Waickman AT, Ligons DL, Hwang S, Park JY, Lazarevic V, Sato N, Hong C, Park JH. CD4 effector T cell differentiation is controlled by IL-15 that is expressed and presented in trans. Cytokine 2017; 99:266-274. [PMID: 28807496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are both producers and consumers of cytokines, and autocrine cytokine signaling plays a critical role in T cell immunity. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine for T cells that also controls inflammatory immune responses. An autocrine role of T cell-derived IL-15, however, remains unclear. Here we examined IL-15 expression and signaling upon effector T cell differentiation in mice, and, surprisingly, found that CD4 T cells did not express IL-15. CD4 T cells lacked Il15 gene reporter activity, did not contain IL-15 transcripts, and did not produce IL-15Rα, the proprietary IL-15 receptor required for IL-15 trans-presentation. Moreover, IL-15 failed to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation and failed to generate Foxp3+ Treg cells in vitro. IL-2, which utilizes the same IL-2Rβ/γc receptor complex, however, successfully did so. Exogenous IL-15 only exerted bioactivity and controlled T cell differentiation when it was trans-presented by IL-15Rα. Consequently, IL-15Rα-bound IL-15, but not free IL-15, suppressed Th17 cell differentiation and induced Treg cell generation. Collectively, these results reveal the absence of an IL-15 autocrine loop in CD4 T cells and strongly suggest that IL-15 trans-presentation by non-CD4 T cells is the primary mechanism via which IL-15 controls CD4 effector T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - SuJin Hwang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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9
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White EJ, Trigatti BL, Igdoura SA. Suppression of NK and CD8+ T cells reduces astrogliosis but accelerates cerebellar dysfunction and shortens life span in a mouse model of Sandhoff disease. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 306:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Moreno Torres I, García-Merino A. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:359-371. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1245616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Moreno Torres
- Neuroimmunology unit, Neurology department, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology unit, Neurology department, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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11
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An activation-induced IL-15 isoform is a natural antagonist for IL-15 function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25822. [PMID: 27166125 PMCID: PMC4863161 DOI: 10.1038/srep25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) expression induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the apoptosis of activated T cells and prolongs the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Here we identified an IL-15 isoform lacking exon-6, IL-15ΔE6, generated by alternative splicing events of activated immune cells, including macrophages and B cells. In vitro study showed that IL-15ΔE6 could antagonize IL-15-mediated T cell proliferation. The receptor binding assay revealed that IL-15ΔE6 could bind to IL-15Rα and interfere with the binding between IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Over-expression of IL-15ΔE6 in the murine EAE model ameliorated the EAE symptoms of the mice. The clinical scores were significantly lower in the mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 than the control mice and the mice expressing IL-15. The inflammation and demyelination of the EAE mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 were less severe than the control group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 expression reduced the percentages of inflammatory T cells in the spleen and spinal cord, and inhibited the infiltration of macrophages to the CNS. Our results demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 could be induced during immune activation and function as a negative feedback mechanism to dampen IL-15-mediated inflammatory events.
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12
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Li R, Rezk A, Healy LM, Muirhead G, Prat A, Gommerman JL, Bar-Or A. Cytokine-Defined B Cell Responses as Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 6:626. [PMID: 26779181 PMCID: PMC4705194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Important antibody-independent pathogenic roles of B cells are emerging in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of different treatments targeting B cells in patients (in spite of predictions of therapeutic benefits from animal models) call for a better understanding of the multiple roles that distinct human B cell responses likely play in MS. In recent years, both murine and human B cells have been identified with distinct functional properties related to their expression of particular cytokines. These have included regulatory (Breg) B cells (secreting interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-35) and pro-inflammatory B cells (secreting tumor necrosis factor α, LTα, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Better understanding of human cytokine-defined B cell responses is necessary in both health and diseases, such as MS. Investigation of their surface phenotype, distinct functions, and the mechanisms of regulation (both cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic) may help develop effective treatments that are more selective and safe. In this review, we focus on mechanisms by which cytokine-defined B cells contribute to the peripheral immune cascades that are thought to underlie MS relapses, and the impact of B cell-directed therapies on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Gillian Muirhead
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Université de Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Bortell N, Morsey B, Basova L, Fox HS, Marcondes MCG. Phenotypic changes in the brain of SIV-infected macaques exposed to methamphetamine parallel macrophage activation patterns induced by the common gamma-chain cytokine system. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:900. [PMID: 26441851 PMCID: PMC4568411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One factor in the development of neuroAIDS is the increase in the migration of pro-inflammatory CD8 T cells across the blood–brain barrier. Typically these cells are involved with keeping the viral load down. However, the persistence of above average numbers of CD8 T cells in the brain, not necessarily specific to viral peptides, is facilitated by the upregulation of IL15 from astrocytes, in the absence of IL2, in the brain environment. Both IL15 and IL2 are common gamma chain (γc) cytokines. Here, using the non-human primate model of neuroAIDS, we have demonstrated that exposure to methamphetamine, a powerful illicit drug that has been associated with HIV exposure and neuroAIDS severity, can cause an increase in molecules of the γc system. Among these molecules, IL15, which is upregulated in astrocytes by methamphetamine, and that induces the proliferation of T cells, may also be involved in driving an inflammatory phenotype in innate immune cells of the brain. Therefore, methamphetamine and IL15 may be critical in the development and aggravation of central nervous system immune-mediated inflammatory pathology in HIV-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Bortell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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Abstract
The development and homeostasis of γδ T cells is highly dependent on distinct cytokine networks. Here we examine the role of IL-15 and its unique receptor, IL-15Rα, in the development of IL-17-producing γδ (γδ-17) T cells. Phenotypic analysis has shown that CD44(high) γδ-17 cells express IL-15Rα and the common gamma chain (CD132), yet lack the IL-2/15Rβ chain (CD122). Surprisingly, we found an enlarged population of γδ-17 cells in the peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult IL-15Rα KO mice, but not of IL-15 KO mice. The generation of mixed chimeras from neonatal thymocytes indicated that cell-intrinsic IL-15Rα expression was required to limit IL-17 production by γδ T cells. γδ-17 cells also were increased in the peripheral lymph nodes of transgenic knock-in mice, where the IL-15Rα intracellular signaling domain was replaced with the intracellular portion of the IL-2Rα chain (that lacks signaling capacity). Finally, an analysis of neonatal thymi revealed that the CD44(lo/int) precursors of γδ-17 cells, which also expressed IL-15Rα, were increased in newborn mice deficient in IL-15Rα signaling, but not in IL-15 itself. Thus, these findings demonstrate that signaling through IL-15Rα regulates the development of γδ-17 cells early in ontogeny, with long-term effects on their peripheral homeostasis in the adult.
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15
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Wang X, Wei Y, Liu X, Xing C, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Dambuza IM, Shen B, Li Y, Xiao H, Wang R. IL-15-secreting γδT cells induce memory T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:402-8. [PMID: 25974878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the most recent data suggesting γδT cells as primary producers of the pro-inflammatory autoimmune-associated cytokine, the relationship between γδT cells and Th17 in experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) mice requires more extensive investigation. By flow cytometry and qPCR, we identified a new subset of IL-15-secreting γδT (γδT15) cells that increased in EAE mice. The capacity of IL-15-secreting γδT cells inducing memory T cells and memory T cells inducing IL-17(+)Th17 was examined by transferring into EAE mice and 7-week-old female nude mice, respectively. We found that γδT15 induced CD44(hi) memory T cells by secreting IL-15. γδT15-induced memory T cells induced EAE by transforming into pathogenic Th17 cells. The data suggest that a new subset of IL-15-secreting γδT cells mediated the production of memory T cells which transformed into pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yinxiang Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Mephrology, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ivy M Dambuza
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Beifen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China.
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16
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Broux B, Mizee MR, Vanheusden M, van der Pol S, van Horssen J, Van Wijmeersch B, Somers V, de Vries HE, Stinissen P, Hellings N. IL-15 Amplifies the Pathogenic Properties of CD4+CD28−T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2099-109. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Bahri R, Pateras IS, D'Orlando O, Goyeneche-Patino DA, Campbell M, Polansky JK, Sandig H, Papaioannou M, Evangelou K, Foukas PG, Gorgoulis VG, Bulfone-Paus S. IL-15 suppresses colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis by inducing antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002721. [PMID: 26405589 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 regulates the development, survival, and proliferation of multiple innate and adaptive immune cells and plays a dual role, inducing both tumor cell growth and antitumor immunity. However, the role of IL-15 in inflammation-induced cancer remains unclear. To explore this, we have compared the colon carcinoma burden of Il15-/- and Il15rα -/- mice with wild type (WT) mice after induction of colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis utilizing the AOM/DSS model. Compared to WT mice, Il15-/- but not Il15rα -/- mice showed reduced survival, along with higher tumor incidence, colon weight, and tumor size. This suggests that low affinity IL-15 signaling via the shared IL-2Rβ/γc decreases the risk for developing colitis-associated cancer. CD11c-Il15 mice, in which IL-15 expression is reconstituted in Il15-/- mice under the control of the CD11c-promoter, showed that selective reconstitution of IL-15 in antigen-presenting cells restored the CD8+ T and NK cell compartments, serum levels of IFNγ, G-CSF, IL-10, and CXCL1 and reduced tumor burden. After demonstrating IL-15 expression in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in situ, we investigated the role of this cytokine in the modulation of key colonic oncogenic pathways in the tumor. While these pathways were found to be unaltered in the absence of IL-15, tumor transcriptome analysis showed that the loss of IL-15 upregulates key inflammatory mediators associated with colon cancer progression, such as IL-1β, IL-22, IL-23, Cxcl5, and Spp1. These findings provide evidence that IL-15 suppresses colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis through regulation of antitumor cytotoxicity, and modulation of the inflammatory tumor micromilieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajia Bahri
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair and MCCIR; University of Manchester ; Manchester, UK ; Priority Area Asthma and Allergies; Research Center Borstel ; Borstel, Germany
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group; Department of Histology & Embryology; School of Medicine; University of Athens ; Athens, Greece
| | - Orietta D'Orlando
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergies; Research Center Borstel ; Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Campbell
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair and MCCIR; University of Manchester ; Manchester, UK
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergies; Research Center Borstel ; Borstel, Germany
| | - Hilary Sandig
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair and MCCIR; University of Manchester ; Manchester, UK
| | - Marilena Papaioannou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group; Department of Histology & Embryology; School of Medicine; University of Athens ; Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group; Department of Histology & Embryology; School of Medicine; University of Athens ; Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group; Department of Histology & Embryology; School of Medicine; University of Athens ; Athens, Greece ; 2nd Department of Pathology; University of Athens Medical School; "Attikon" University Hospital ; Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group; Department of Histology & Embryology; School of Medicine; University of Athens ; Athens, Greece ; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens ; Athens, Greece ; Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre ; Manchester, UK
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair and MCCIR; University of Manchester ; Manchester, UK
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18
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Hou MS, Huang ST, Tsai MH, Yen CC, Lai YG, Liou YH, Lin CK, Liao NS. The interleukin-15 system suppresses T cell-mediated autoimmunity by regulating negative selection and nT(H)17 cell homeostasis in the thymus. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:118-29. [PMID: 25500198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-15 (IL-15) system is important for regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, however, its role in autoimmune disease remained unclear. Here we found that Il15(-/-) and Il15ra(-/-) mice spontaneously developed late-onset autoimmune phenotypes. CD4(+) T cells of the knockout mice showed elevated autoreactivity as demonstrated by the induction of lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal and salivary glands when transferred into nude mice. The antigen-presenting cells in the thymic medullary regions expressed IL-15 and IL-15Rα, whose deficiency resulted in insufficient negative selection and elevated number of natural IL-17A-producing CD4(+) thymocytes. These findings reveal previously unknown functions of the IL-15 system in thymocyte development, and thus a new layer of regulation in T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau-Sheng Hou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yein-Gei Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kung Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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19
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Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Navarrete C, Mecha M, Feliú A, Collado JA, Cantarero I, Bellido ML, Muñoz E, Guaza C. A cannabigerol derivative suppresses immune responses and protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94733. [PMID: 24727978 PMCID: PMC3984273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids that do not produce psychotropic effects are considered of special interest as novel therapeutic agents in CNS diseases. A cannabigerol quinone, the compound VCE-003, has been shown to alleviate symptoms in a viral model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, we studied T cells and macrophages as targets for VCE-003 and its efficacy in an autoimmune model of MS. Proliferation, cell cycle, expression of activation markers was assessed by FACs in human primary T cells, and cytokine and chemokine production was evaluated. Transcription was studied in Jurkat cells and RAW264.7 cells were used to study the effects of VCE-003 on IL-17-induced macrophage polarization to a M1 phenotype. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55) immunization and spinal cord pathology was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Neurological impairment was evaluated using disease scores. We show here that VCE-003 inhibits CD3/CD28-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression and the expression of the IL-2Rα and ICAM-1 activation markers in human primary T cells. VCE-003 inhibits the secretion of Th1/Th17 cytokines and chemokines in primary murine T cells, and it reduces the transcriptional activity of the IL-2, IL-17 and TNFα promoters induced by CD3/CD28. In addition, VCE-003 and JWH-133, a selective CB2 agonist, dampened the IL-17-induced polarization of macrophages to a pro-inflammatory M1 profile. VCE-003 also prevented LPS-induced iNOS expression in microglia. VCE-003 ameliorates the neurological defects and the severity of MOG-induced EAE in mice through CB2 and PPARγ receptor activation. A reduction in cell infiltrates, mainly CD4+ T cells, was observed, and Th1 and Th17 responses were inhibited in the spinal cord of VCE-003-treated mice, accompanied by weaker microglial activation, structural preservation of myelin sheets and reduced axonal damage. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of VCE-003 as an agent for the treatment of human immune diseases with both inflammatory and autoimmune components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Navarrete
- VivaCell Biotechnology España, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miriam Mecha
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and System Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and System Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Collado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Cantarero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María L. Bellido
- VivaCell Biotechnology España, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail: (EM); (CG)
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and System Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (EM); (CG)
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20
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Gómez-Nicola D, Schetters STT, Perry VH. Differential role of CCR2 in the dynamics of microglia and perivascular macrophages during prion disease. Glia 2014; 62:1041-52. [PMID: 24648328 PMCID: PMC4324129 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of the microglial population is one of the hallmarks of numerous brain disorders. The addition of circulating progenitors to the pool of brain macrophages can contribute to the progression of brain disease and needs to be precisely defined to better understand the evolution of the glial and inflammatory reactions in the brain. We have analyzed the degree of infiltration/recruitment of circulating monocytes to the microglial pool, in a prion disease model of chronic neurodegeneration. Our results indicate a minimal/absent level of CCR2-dependent recruitment of circulating monocytes, local proliferation of microglia is the main driving force maintaining the amplification of the population. A deficiency in CCR2, and thus the absence of recruitment of circulating monocytes, does not impact microglial dynamics, the inflammatory profile or the temporal behavioral course of prion disease. However, the lack of CCR2 has unexpected effects including the failure to recruit perivascular macrophages in diseased but not healthy CNS and a small reduction in microglia proliferation. These data define the composition of the CNS-resident macrophage populations in prion disease and will help to understand the dynamics of the CNS innate immune response during chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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21
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Ringheim GE, Lee L, Laws-Ricker L, Delohery T, Liu L, Zhang D, Colletti N, Soos TJ, Schroeder K, Fanelli B, Tian N, Arendt CW, Iglesias-Bregna D, Petty M, Ji Z, Qian G, Gaur R, Weinstock D, Cavallo J, Telsinskas J, McMonagle-Strucko K. Teriflunomide attenuates immunopathological changes in the dark agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2013; 4:169. [PMID: 24198809 PMCID: PMC3812666 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Teriflunomide is an oral disease-modifying therapy recently approved in several locations for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. To gain insight into the effects of teriflunomide, immunocyte population changes were measured during progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Dark Agouti rats. Treatment with teriflunomide attenuated levels of spinal cord-infiltrating T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Teriflunomide also mitigated the disease-induced changes in immune cell populations in the blood and spleen suggesting an inhibitory effect on pathogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth E Ringheim
- Inflammation and Immunology Translational Development, Celgene Corporation , Summit, NJ , USA
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22
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Leavenworth JW, Tang X, Kim HJ, Wang X, Cantor H. Amelioration of arthritis through mobilization of peptide-specific CD8+ regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1382-9. [PMID: 23376792 DOI: 10.1172/jci66938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies to treat autoimmune disease focus mainly on downstream targets of autoimmune responses, including effector cells and cytokines. A potentially more effective approach would entail targeting autoreactive T cells that initiate the disease cascade and break self tolerance. The murine MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1b (HLA-E in humans) exhibits limited polymorphisms and binds to 2 dominant self peptides: Hsp60(p216) and Qdm. We found that peptide-induced expansion of tetramer-binding CD8(+) Tregs that recognize Qa-1-Hsp60(p216) but not Qa-1-Qdm strongly inhibited collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Perforin-dependent elimination of autoreactive follicular Th (T(FH)) and Th17 cells by CD8(+) Tregs inhibited disease development. Infusion of in vitro-expanded CD8(+) Tregs increased the efficacy of methotrexate treatment and halted disease progression after clinical onset, suggesting an alternative approach to this first-line treatment. Moreover, infusion of small numbers of Qa-1-Hsp60(p216)-specific CD8(+) Tregs resulted in robust inhibition of autoimmune arthritis, confirming the inhibitory effects of Hsp60(p216) peptide immunization. These results suggest that strategies designed to expand Qa-1-restricted (HLA-E-restricted), peptide-specific CD8(+) Tregs represent a promising therapeutic approach to autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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23
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Pandiyan P, Yang XP, Saravanamuthu SS, Zheng L, Ishihara S, O’Shea JJ, Lenardo MJ. The role of IL-15 in activating STAT5 and fine-tuning IL-17A production in CD4 T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:4237-46. [PMID: 22993203 PMCID: PMC3647038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is an important IL-2-related cytokine whose role in Th17 cell biology has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that exogenous IL-15 decreased IL-17A production in Th17 cultures. Neutralization of IL-15 using an Ab led to increases in IL-17A production in Th17 cultures. Both Il15(-/-) and Il15r(-/-) T cell cultures displayed higher frequency of IL-17A producers and higher amounts of IL-17A in the supernatants compared with those of wild-type (WT) cells in vitro. IL-15 down-modulated IL-17A production independently of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt, Foxp3, and IFN-γ expression. Both Th17 cells and APCs produced IL-15, which induced binding of STAT5, an apparent repressor to the Il17 locus in CD4 T cells. Also, in a model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Il15(-/-) mice displayed exacerbated inflammation-correlating with increased IL-17A production by their CD4(+) T cells-compared with WT controls. Exogenous IL-15 administration and IL-17A neutralization reduced the severity of EAE in Il15(-/-) mice. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-15 has a negative regulatory role in fine-tuning of IL-17A production and Th17-mediated inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- Phosphorylation/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Senthil S Saravanamuthu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Satoru Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael J. Lenardo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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24
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Hou HS, Liao CL, Sytwu HK, Liao NS, Huang TY, Hsieh TY, Chu HC. Deficiency of interleukin-15 enhances susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44880. [PMID: 23028657 PMCID: PMC3445599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes have a direct necrotic role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI), prolonged secondary inflammatory response through innate immune cells and cytokines also significantly contributes to APAP hepatotoxicity. Interleukin 15 (IL-15), a multifunction cytokine, regulates the adaptive immune system and influences development and function of innate immune cells. To better understand the role of IL-15 in liver injury, we treated wild-type (WT) and IL-15-knockout (Il15⁻/⁻) mice with a hepatotoxic dose of APAP to induce AILI and evaluated animal survival, liver damage, APAP metabolism in livers and the inflammatory response. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was greater in Il15⁻/⁻ than WT mice. Subanalysis of hepatic infiltrated monocytes revealed greater neutrophil influx, along with greater hepatic induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in Il15⁻/⁻ than WT mice. In addition, the level of hepatic hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) was partially suppressed in Il15⁻/⁻ mice, but not in WT mice. Interestingly, elimination of Kupffer cells and neutrophils did not alter the vulnerability to excess APAP in Il15⁻/⁻ mice. However, injection of galactosamine, a hepatic transcription inhibitor, significantly reduced the increased APAP sensitivity in Il15⁻/⁻ mice but had minor effect on WT mice. We demonstrated that deficiency of IL-15 increased mouse susceptibility to AILI. Moreover, Kupffer cell might affect APAP hepatotoxicity through IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsein-San Hou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Cheng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Romme Christensen J, Börnsen L, Hesse D, Krakauer M, Sørensen PS, Søndergaard HB, Sellebjerg F. Cellular sources of dysregulated cytokines in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:215. [PMID: 22978757 PMCID: PMC3503813 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous cytokines are implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but studies are often limited to whole blood (WB) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thereby omitting important information about the cellular origin of the cytokines. Knowledge about the relation between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell expression of cytokines and the cellular source of CSF cytokines is even more scarce. Methods We studied gene expression of a broad panel of cytokines in WB from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients in remission and healthy controls (HCs). Subsequently we determined the gene expression of the dysregulated cytokines in isolated PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+T-cells, NK-cells, B-cells, monocytes and dendritic cells) from RRMS patients and HCs and in CSF-cells from RRMS patients in clinical relapse and non-inflammatory neurological controls (NIND). Results RRMS patients had increased expression of IFN-gamma (IFNG), interleukin (IL) 1-beta (IL1B), IL7, IL10, IL12A, IL15, IL23, IL27, lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) and lymphotoxin-beta (LTB) in WB. In PBMC subsets the main sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines were T- and B-cells, whereas monocytes were the most prominent source of immunoregulatory cytokines. In CSF-cells, RRMS patients had increased expression of IFNG and CD19 and decreased expression of IL10 and CD14 compared to NINDs. CD19 expression correlated with expression of IFNG, IL7, IL12A, IL15 and LTA whereas CD14 expression correlated with IL10 expression. Conclusions Using a systematic approach, we show that expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood primarily originates from T- and B-cells, with an important exception of IFNG which is most strongly expressed by NK-cells. In CSF-cell studies, B-cells appear to be enriched in RRMS and associated with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; contrarily, monocytes are relatively scarce in CSF from RRMS patients and are associated with IL10 expression. Thus, our findings suggest a pathogenetic role of B-cells and an immunoregulatory role of monocytes in RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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Gómez-Nicola D, Valle-Argos B, Pallas-Bazarra N, Nieto-Sampedro M. Interleukin-15 regulates proliferation and self-renewal of adult neural stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1960-70. [PMID: 21508317 PMCID: PMC3113763 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-15 in the regulation of neural stem cell biology appears as a key mechanism in the control of adult neurogenesis, with direct implications for the development of pathologies with a neuroimmune component. The impact of inflammation is crucial for the regulation of the biology of neural stem cells (NSCs). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) appears as a likely candidate for regulating neurogenesis, based on its well-known mitogenic properties. We show here that NSCs of the subventricular zone (SVZ) express IL-15, which regulates NSC proliferation, as evidenced by the study of IL-15−/− mice and the effects of acute IL-15 administration, coupled to 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine/5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine dual-pulse labeling. Moreover, IL-15 regulates NSC differentiation, its deficiency leading to an impaired generation of neuroblasts in the SVZ–rostral migratory stream axis, recoverable through the action of exogenous IL-15. IL-15 expressed in cultured NSCs is linked to self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. IL-15–/– NSCs presented deficient proliferation and self-renewal, as evidenced in proliferation and colony-forming assays and the analysis of cell cycle–regulatory proteins. Moreover, IL-15–deficient NSCs were more prone to differentiate than wild-type NSCs, not affecting the cell population balance. Lack of IL-15 led to a defective activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK pathways, key for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The results show that IL-15 is a key regulator of neurogenesis in the adult and is essential to understanding diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Di Sabatino A, Calarota SA, Vidali F, MacDonald TT, Corazza GR. Role of IL-15 in immune-mediated and infectious diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pan W, Wu X, Kastin AJ, Zhang Y, Hsuchou H, Halberg F, Chatu F, Khan RS, Robert B, Cornelissen-Guillaume GG. Potential protective role of IL15Rα during inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:412-23. [PMID: 20981579 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that TNFα specifically activates the interleukin-15 (IL15) system in cerebral endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier. To determine the functions of cerebral IL15 signaling in inflammation, we first treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and determined the expression of the three receptor subtypes of IL15. Robust time-dependent upregulation occurred in all subunits. We then tested whether IL15Rα knockout (KO) affected the maintenance of body temperature and activity level after a single dose of LPS. Circadian telemetry data were analyzed by the cosinor method. Both wild-type and KO mice had clear 24-h rhythms of basal temperature and activity. KO mice had a significantly higher midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR; approximating 24 h mean) of temperature and delayed 24-h acrophase (peak) of activity than the wild-type mice. LPS disrupted the circadian rhythm of activity more severely in the KO group. Besides a decrease in MESOR and 24-h amplitude of activity after LPS, the KO mice showed a significant reduction of MESOR, amplitude, and changed acrophase for temperature on the second of 2 days. The disrupted circadian rhythm of temperature and activity in the KO mice after LPS suggests that upregulated IL15 receptors may serve a beneficial role to counteract the consequences of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Saikali P, Antel JP, Pittet CL, Newcombe J, Arbour N. Contribution of astrocyte-derived IL-15 to CD8 T cell effector functions in multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5693-703. [PMID: 20926794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of local factors to the activation of immune cells infiltrating the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains to be defined. The cytokine IL-15 is pivotal in the maintenance and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes, a prominent lymphocyte population found in MS lesions. We investigated whether astrocytes are a functional source of IL-15 sufficient to enhance CD8 T lymphocyte responses and whether they provide IL-15 in the inflamed CNS of patients with MS. We observed that human astrocytes in primary cultures increased surface IL-15 levels upon activation with combinations of proinflammatory cytokines. Expanded human myelin autoreactive CD8 T lymphocytes cultured with such activated astrocytes displayed elevated lytic enzyme content, NKG2D expression, and Ag-specific cytotoxicity. These functional enhancements were abrogated by anti-IL-15-blocking Abs. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue sections obtained from patients with MS demonstrated colocalization for IL-15 and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein within white matter lesions. The majority of astrocytes (80-90%) present in demyelinating MS lesions expressed IL-15, whereas few astrocytes in normal control brain sections had detectable IL-15. IL-15 could be detected in the majority of Iba-1-expressing microglia in the control sections, albeit in lower numbers when compared with microglia/macrophages in MS lesions. Furthermore, infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in MS lesions were in close proximity to IL-15-expressing cells. Astrocyte production of IL-15 resulting in the activation of CD8 T lymphocytes ascribes a role for these cells as contributors to the exacerbation of tissue damage during MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saikali
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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CCR7 is expressed in astrocytes and upregulated after an inflammatory injury. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 227:87-92. [PMID: 20638137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases are frequently regulated by chemokines and their receptors, controlling both glial activation and immune cell infiltration. CCL19 and CCL21 have been described to mediate crucial functions during CNS pathological states, regulating both immune cell traffic to the CNS and communication between glia and neurons. Here, we describe the expression pattern and cellular sources of CCR7, receptor of CCL19 and CCL21, in the normal mouse brain. Moreover, we found that CCR7 is upregulated in reactive astrocytes upon intracerebral LPS, regulating early glial reactivity through its ligands CCL19 and CCL21. Our results indicate that CCR7 is playing an important role for the intercellular communication during the inflammatory activation in the CNS.
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