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Reilmann R, Anderson KE, Feigin A, Tabrizi SJ, Leavitt BR, Stout JC, Piccini P, Schubert R, Loupe P, Wickenberg A, Borowsky B, Rynkowski G, Volkinshtein R, Li T, Savola JM, Hayden M, Gordon MF. Safety and efficacy of laquinimod for Huntington's disease (LEGATO-HD): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:243-255. [PMID: 38280392 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laquinimod modulates CNS inflammatory pathways thought to be involved in the pathology of Huntington's disease. Studies with laquinimod in transgenic rodent models of Huntington's disease suggested improvements in motor function, reduction of brain volume loss, and prolonged survival. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laquinimod in improving motor function and reducing caudate volume loss in patients with Huntington's disease. METHODS LEGATO-HD was a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study done at 48 sites across ten countries (Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, UK, and USA). Patients aged 21-55 years with a cytosine-adenosine-guanine (CAG) repeat length of between 36 and 49 who had symptomatic Huntington's disease with a Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-Total Motor Score (UHDRS-TMS) of higher than 5 and a Total Functional Capacity score of 8 or higher were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) by centralised interactive response technology to laquinimod 0·5 mg, 1·0 mg, or 1·5 mg, or to matching placebo, administered orally once daily over 52 weeks; people involved in the randomisation had no other role in the study. Participants, investigators, and study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The 1·5 mg group was discontinued before recruitment was finished because of cardiovascular safety concerns in multiple sclerosis studies. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in the UHDRS-TMS and the secondary endpoint was percent change in caudate volume, both comparing the 1·0 mg group with the placebo group at week 52. Primary and secondary endpoints were assessed in the full analysis set (ie, all randomised patients who received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one post-baseline UHDRS-TMS assessment). Safety measures included adverse event frequency and severity, and clinical and laboratory examinations, and were assessed in the safety analysis set (ie, all randomised patients who received at least one dose of study drug). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02215616, and EudraCT, 2014-000418-75, and is now complete. FINDINGS Between Oct 28, 2014, and June 19, 2018, 352 adults with Huntington's disease (179 [51%] men and 173 [49%] women; mean age 43·9 [SD 7·6] years and 340 [97%] White) were randomly assigned: 107 to laquinimod 0·5 mg, 107 to laquinimod 1·0 mg, 30 to laquinimod 1·5 mg, and 108 to matching placebo. Least squares mean change from baseline in UHDRS-TMS at week 52 was 1·98 (SE 0·83) in the laquinimod 1·0 mg group and 1·2 (0·82) in the placebo group (least squares mean difference 0·78 [95% CI -1·42 to 2·98], p=0·4853). Least squares mean change in caudate volume was 3·10% (SE 0·38) in the 1·0 mg group and 4·86% (0·38) in the placebo group (least squares mean difference -1·76% [95% CI -2·67 to -0·85]; p=0·0002). Laquinimod was well tolerated and there were no new safety findings. Serious adverse events were reported by eight (7%) patients on placebo, seven (7%) on laquinimod 0·5 mg, five (5%) on laquinimod 1·0 mg, and one (3%) on laquinimod 1·5 mg. There was one death, which occurred in the placebo group and was unrelated to treatment. The most frequent adverse events in all laquinimod dosed groups (0·5 mg, 1·0 mg, and 1·5 mg) were headache (38 [16%]), diarrhoea (24 [10%]), fall (18 [7%]), nasopharyngitis (20 [8%]), influenza (15 [6%]), vomiting (13 [5%]), arthralgia (11 [5%]), irritability (ten [4%]), fatigue (eight [3%]), and insomnia (eight [3%]). INTERPRETATION Laquinimod did not show a significant effect on motor symptoms assessed by the UHDRS-TMS, but significantly reduced caudate volume loss compared with placebo at week 52. Huntington's disease has a chronic and slowly progressive course, and this study does not address whether a longer duration of laquinimod treatment could have produced detectable and meaningful changes in the clinical assessments. FUNDING Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Reilmann
- George Huntington Institute, Münster, Germany; Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Feigin
- New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie C Stout
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola Piccini
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pippa Loupe
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | - Gail Rynkowski
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Rita Volkinshtein
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Thomas Li
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Michael Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Prilenia Therapeutics, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Mark Forrest Gordon
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Ridley B, Minozzi S, Del Giovane C, Peryer G, Piggott T, Foschi M, Filippini G, Tramacere I, Baldin E, Nonino F. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 1:CD011381. [PMID: 38174776 PMCID: PMC10765473 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011381.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different therapeutic strategies are available for the treatment of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), including immunomodulators, immunosuppressants and biological agents. Although each one of these therapies reduces relapse frequency and slows disability accumulation compared to no treatment, their relative benefit remains unclear. This is an update of a Cochrane review published in 2015. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety, through network meta-analysis, of interferon beta-1b, interferon beta-1a, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, mitoxantrone, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, pegylated interferon beta-1a, daclizumab, laquinimod, azathioprine, immunoglobulins, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, diroximel fumarate, fludarabine, interferon beta 1-a and beta 1-b, leflunomide, methotrexate, minocycline, mycophenolate mofetil, ofatumumab, ozanimod, ponesimod, rituximab, siponimod and steroids for the treatment of people with RRMS. SEARCH METHODS CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registers were searched on 21 September 2021 together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. A top-up search was conducted on 8 August 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that studied one or more of the available immunomodulators and immunosuppressants as monotherapy in comparison to placebo or to another active agent, in adults with RRMS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data. We considered both direct and indirect evidence and performed data synthesis by pairwise and network meta-analysis. Certainty of the evidence was assessed by the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 50 studies involving 36,541 participants (68.6% female and 31.4% male). Median treatment duration was 24 months, and 25 (50%) studies were placebo-controlled. Considering the risk of bias, the most frequent concern was related to the role of the sponsor in the authorship of the study report or in data management and analysis, for which we judged 68% of the studies were at high risk of other bias. The other frequent concerns were performance bias (34% judged as having high risk) and attrition bias (32% judged as having high risk). Placebo was used as the common comparator for network analysis. Relapses over 12 months: data were provided in 18 studies (9310 participants). Natalizumab results in a large reduction of people with relapses at 12 months (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.63; high-certainty evidence). Fingolimod (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.57; moderate-certainty evidence), daclizumab (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.73; moderate-certainty evidence), and immunoglobulins (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.79; moderate-certainty evidence) probably result in a large reduction of people with relapses at 12 months. Relapses over 24 months: data were reported in 28 studies (19,869 participants). Cladribine (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.64; high-certainty evidence), alemtuzumab (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.68; high-certainty evidence) and natalizumab (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.65; high-certainty evidence) result in a large decrease of people with relapses at 24 months. Fingolimod (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.60; moderate-certainty evidence), dimethyl fumarate (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.70; moderate-certainty evidence), and ponesimod (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.70; moderate-certainty evidence) probably result in a large decrease of people with relapses at 24 months. Glatiramer acetate (RR 0.84, 95%, CI 0.76 to 0.93; moderate-certainty evidence) and interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif) (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.91; moderate-certainty evidence) probably moderately decrease people with relapses at 24 months. Relapses over 36 months findings were available from five studies (3087 participants). None of the treatments assessed showed moderate- or high-certainty evidence compared to placebo. Disability worsening over 24 months was assessed in 31 studies (24,303 participants). Natalizumab probably results in a large reduction of disability worsening (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.75; moderate-certainty evidence) at 24 months. Disability worsening over 36 months was assessed in three studies (2684 participants) but none of the studies used placebo as the comparator. Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events data were available from 43 studies (35,410 participants). Alemtuzumab probably results in a slight reduction of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.79; moderate-certainty evidence). Daclizumab (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.63; moderate-certainty evidence), fingolimod (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.57; moderate-certainty evidence), teriflunomide (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.79; moderate-certainty evidence), interferon beta-1a (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.20; moderate-certainty evidence), laquinimod (OR 1.49, 95 % CI 1.00 to 2.15; moderate-certainty evidence), natalizumab (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.05), and glatiramer acetate (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.14; moderate-certainty evidence) probably result in a slight increase in the number of people who discontinue treatment due to adverse events. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in 35 studies (33,998 participants). There was probably a trivial reduction in SAEs amongst people with RRMS treated with interferon beta-1b as compared to placebo (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.54; moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are highly confident that, compared to placebo, two-year treatment with natalizumab, cladribine, or alemtuzumab decreases relapses more than with other DMTs. We are moderately confident that a two-year treatment with natalizumab may slow disability progression. Compared to those on placebo, people with RRMS treated with most of the assessed DMTs showed a higher frequency of treatment discontinuation due to AEs: we are moderately confident that this could happen with fingolimod, teriflunomide, interferon beta-1a, laquinimod, natalizumab and daclizumab, while our certainty with other DMTs is lower. We are also moderately certain that treatment with alemtuzumab is associated with fewer discontinuations due to adverse events than placebo, and moderately certain that interferon beta-1b probably results in a slight reduction in people who experience serious adverse events, but our certainty with regard to other DMTs is lower. Insufficient evidence is available to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DMTs in a longer term than two years, and this is a relevant issue for a chronic condition like MS that develops over decades. More than half of the included studies were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and this may have influenced their results. Further studies should focus on direct comparison between active agents, with follow-up of at least three years, and assess other patient-relevant outcomes, such as quality of life and cognitive status, with particular focus on the impact of sex/gender on treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marien Gonzalez-Lorenzo
- Laboratorio di Metodologia delle revisioni sistematiche e produzione di Linee Guida, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ben Ridley
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Cochrane Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Guy Peryer
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas Piggott
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matteo Foschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Center - Neurology Unit, S.Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Graziella Filippini
- Scientific Director's Office, Carlo Besta Foundation and Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Department of Research and Clinical Development, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Baldin
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Nonino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Liu J, Di B, Xu LL. Recent advances in the treatment of IBD: Targets, mechanisms and related therapies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:1-12. [PMID: 37455149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a representative inflammatory disease, currently has multiple effective treatment options available and new therapeutic strategies are being actively explored to further increase the treatment options for patients with IBD. Furthermore, biologic agents and small molecule drugs developed for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have evolved toward fewer side effects and more accurate targeting. Novel inhibitors that target cytokines (such as IL-12/23 inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors), integrins (such as integrin inhibitors), cytokine signaling pathways (such as JAK inhibitors, SMAD7 blocker) and cell signaling receptors (such as S1P receptor modulator) have become the preferred treatment choice for many IBD patients. Conventional therapies such as 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, immunomodulators and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents continue to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, particularly in combination with drug therapy. This review integrates research from chemical, biological and adjuvant therapies to evaluate current and future IBD therapies, highlighting the mechanism of action of each therapy and emphasizing the potential of development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Jia Q, Li S, Li XJ, Yin P. Neuroinflammation in Huntington's disease: From animal models to clinical therapeutics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1088124. [PMID: 36618375 PMCID: PMC9815700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by preferential loss of neurons in the striatum in patients, which leads to motor and cognitive impairments and death that often occurs 10-15 years after the onset of symptoms. The expansion of a glutamine repeat (>36 glutamines) in the N-terminal region of huntingtin (HTT) has been defined as the cause of HD, but the mechanism underlying neuronal death remains unclear. Multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, may jointly contribute to HD pathogenesis. Altered inflammation response is evident even before the onset of classical symptoms of HD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on immune and inflammatory changes, from HD animal models to clinical phenomenon of patients with HD. The understanding of the impact of inflammation on HD would help develop novel strategies to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peng Yin
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Jiang Li, ; Peng Yin,
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Comi G, Dadon Y, Sasson N, Steinerman JR, Knappertz V, Vollmer TL, Boyko A, Vermersch P, Ziemssen T, Montalban X, Lublin FD, Rocca MA, Volkinshtein R, Rubinchick S, Halevy N, Filippi M. CONCERTO: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2022; 28:608-619. [PMID: 34378456 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211032803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions targeting the adaptive immune response are needed in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Evaluate laquinimod's efficacy, safety, and tolerability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS CONCERTO was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-3 study. RRMS patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive once-daily oral laquinimod 0.6 or 1.2 mg or placebo for ⩽24 months (n = 727, n = 732, and n = 740, respectively). Primary endpoint was time to 3-month confirmed disability progression (CDP). The laquinimod 1.2-mg dose arm was discontinued (1 January 2016) due to cardiovascular events at high doses. Safety was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS CONCERTO did not meet the primary endpoint of significant effect with laquinimod 0.6-mg versus placebo on 3-month CDP (hazard ratio: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.67-1.31; p = 0.706). Secondary endpoint p values were nominal and non-inferential. Laquinimod 0.6 mg demonstrated 40% reduction in percent brain volume change from baseline to Month 15 versus placebo (p < 0.0001). The other secondary endpoint, time to first relapse, and annualized relapse rate (an exploratory endpoint) were numerically lower (both, p = 0.0001). No unexpected safety findings were reported with laquinimod 0.6 mg. CONCLUSION Laquinimod 0.6 mg demonstrated only nominally significant effects on clinical relapses and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and was generally well tolerated. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01707992).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Comi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy/Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Presidio Ospedaliero di Gallarate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Yuval Dadon
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexey Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research University and Department of Neuroimmunology of the Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- Univ. Lille, Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, Lille, France
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada/Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fred D Lublin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy/Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Filippi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy/Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Recent advances in clinical trials targeting the kynurenine pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108055. [PMID: 34929198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid tryptophan leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In inflammatory conditions, the activation of the KP leads to the production of several bioactive metabolites including kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. These metabolites can have redox and immune suppressive activity, be neurotoxic or neuroprotective. While the activity of the pathway is tightly regulated under normal physiological condition, it can be upregulated by immunological activation and inflammation. The dysregulation of the KP has been implicated in wide range of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in KP-mediated neurotoxicity and immune suppression, and its role in diseases of our expertise including cancer, chronic pain and multiple sclerosis. We also provide updates on the clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of KP inhibitors and/or analogues in each respective disease.
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Giovannoni G, Knappertz V, Steinerman JR, Tansy AP, Li T, Krieger S, Uccelli A, Uitdehaag BMJ, Montalban X, Hartung HP, Pia Sormani M, Cree BAC, Lublin F, Barkhof F. A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of laquinimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2020; 95:e1027-e1040. [PMID: 32651286 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of laquinimod in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). METHODS In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study, ARPEGGIO (A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial Evaluating Laquinimod in PPMS, Gauging Gradations in MRI and Clinical Outcomes), eligible patients with PPMS were randomized 1:1:1 to receive once-daily oral laquinimod 0.6 mg or 1.5 mg or matching placebo. Percentage brain volume change (PBVC; primary endpoint) from baseline to week 48 was assessed by MRI. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included clinical and MRI measures. Efficacy endpoints were evaluated using a predefined, hierarchical statistical testing procedure. Safety was monitored throughout the study. The laquinimod 1.5 mg dose arm was discontinued on January 1, 2016, due to findings of cardiovascular events. RESULTS A total of 374 patients were randomized to laquinimod 0.6 mg (n = 139) or 1.5 mg (n = 95) or placebo (n = 140). ARPEGGIO did not meet the primary endpoint of significant treatment effect with laquinimod 0.6 mg vs placebo on PBVC from baseline to week 48 (adjusted mean difference = 0.016%, p = 0.903). Laquinimod 0.6 mg reduced the number of new T2 brain lesions at week 48 (risk ratio 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.69; p = 0.001). Incidence of adverse events was higher among patients treated with laquinimod 0.6 mg (83%) vs laquinimod 1.5 mg (66%) and placebo (78%). CONCLUSIONS Laquinimod 0.6 mg did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on brain volume loss in PPMS at week 48. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02284568. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that, although well tolerated, laquinimod 0.6 mg did not demonstrate a significant treatment effect on PBVC in patients with PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK.
| | - Volker Knappertz
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Joshua R Steinerman
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Aaron P Tansy
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Thomas Li
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Stephen Krieger
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Bruce A C Cree
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Fred Lublin
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.G.), Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Teva Pharmaceuticals R&D (V.K.), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (T.L.), Great Valley, PA; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (V.K., H.-P.H.), Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (J.R.S., A.P.T.), Malvern, PA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis (S.K.) and Neurology (F.L.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.) and Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S.), University of Genoa; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS (A.U.), Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.J.U.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (X.M.), University of Toronto/MS Centre St Michael's Hospital, Canada; Neurology-Neuroimmunology Department and Neurorehabilitation Unit (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia; Department of Neurology (X.M.), Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Weill Institute for Neurosciences (B.A.C.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; Radiology & Nuclear Medicine (F.L.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), London, UK
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8
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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9
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Yin P, Liu Q, Pan Y, Yang W, Yang S, Wei W, Chen X, Hong Y, Bai D, Li XJ, Li S. Phosphorylation of myelin regulatory factor by PRKG2 mediates demyelination in Huntington's disease. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49783. [PMID: 32270922 PMCID: PMC9336218 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is a common pathological feature of a large number of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease (HD). Laquinimod (LAQ) has been found to have therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis and HD. However, the mechanism underlying LAQ's therapeutic effects remains unknown. Using HD mice that selectively express mutant huntingtin in oligodendrocytes and show demyelination, we found that LAQ reduces the Ser259 phosphorylation on myelin regulatory factor (MYRF), an oligodendrocyte-specific transcription factor promoting the expression of myelin-associated genes. The reduced MYRF phosphorylation inhibits MYRF's binding to mutant huntingtin and increases the expression of myelin-associated genes. We also found that PRKG2, a cGMP-activated protein kinase subunit II, promotes the Ser259-MYRF phosphorylation and that knocking down PRKG2 increased myelin-associated protein's expression in HD mice. Our findings suggest that PRKG2-regulated phosphorylation of MYRF is involved in demyelination and can serve as a potential therapeutic target for reducing demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongcheng Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su Yang
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Brain and Cognition Research Institute, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dazhang Bai
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Matsumoto K, Kinoshita K, Yoshimizu A, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Seki T, Katsuki H. Laquinimod and 3,3'-diindolylemethane alleviate neuropathological events and neurological deficits in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577195. [PMID: 32120083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of compounds shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling on a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Daily oral administration of laquinimod (25 mg/kg) or 3,3'-diindolylmethane (250 mg/kg) from 3 h after ICH induction improved motor functions, prevented the decrease of neurons within the hematoma, and attenuated activation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the perihematomal region as well as infiltration of neutrophils into the hematoma. Elevated expression of AhR was detected in microglia and neutrophils, and both drugs inhibited upregulation of interleukin-6 and CXCL1. These results propose AhR as a therapeutic target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Matsumoto
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Keita Kinoshita
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yoshimizu
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Akinori Hisatsune
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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11
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Pagnini C, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Novel Pharmacological Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Beyond Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:671. [PMID: 31316377 PMCID: PMC6611384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract in which dysregulated immune responses cause persistent inflammation of the gut mucosa. Biologic therapy with anti-TNF blockers has revolutionized the therapeutic management of IBD for their remarkable efficacy and potential impact on disease course and for many years has represented the sole treatment option for patients refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy. In recent years, more molecules, both biologically and chemically synthetized, have been developed as potential therapeutic options for IBD that target different molecular pathways aside from TNF blockade, and which have been proposed as targets for novel drugs. This is particularly relevant for the present, as well as future, management of IBD, considering that some patients are refractory to anti-TNF. This review will summarize the pharmacological options, either currently available or in the pipeline, for market approval to treat IBD, besides anti-TNF strategies, based on their mechanism(s) of action. We will also analyze the current evidence for effectiveness and safety, as well as offer perspective, regarding the potential implementation for such therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Pagnini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Abstract
Astrocytes play complex roles in health and disease. Here, we review recent findings on molecular pathways that control astrocyte function in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as new tools for their investigation. In particular, we describe positive and negative regulators of astrocyte-mediated pathogenesis in MS, such as sphingolipid metabolism and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, respectively. In addition, we also discuss the issue of astrocyte heterogeneity and its relevance for the contribution of astrocytes to MS pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss how new genomic tools could transform the study of astrocyte biology in MS.
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Laquinimod Treatment Improves Myelination Deficits at the Transcriptional and Ultrastructural Levels in the YAC128 Mouse Model of Huntington Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4464-4478. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gholamzad M, Ebtekar M, Ardestani MS, Azimi M, Mahmodi Z, Mousavi MJ, Aslani S. A comprehensive review on the treatment approaches of multiple sclerosis: currently and in the future. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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In vitro toxicity and in silico docking analysis of two novel selective AH-receptor modulators. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:178-188. [PMID: 29908305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mediator of dioxin toxicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), has also important physiological functions. Selective AHR modulators (SAHRMs) share some effects of dioxins, except for their marked toxicity. We recently characterised toxicologically two novel SAHRMs, prodrugs IMA-08401 and IMA-07101 in rats, demonstrating that they are far less deleterious than the most toxic AHR-agonist, TCDD. Here, we analysed the in vitro toxicity and in silico AHR binding of the respective active, deacetylated metabolites, IMA-06201 (N-ethyl-N-phenyl-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide) and IMA-06504 (N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide). In H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, IMA-06201 and IMA-06504 induced CYP1A1 with comparable potencies and efficacies to those of TCDD. They had little effect on cell viability as assessed by LDH leakage and MTT reduction assays, and were not mutagenic in the Ames test, but IMA-06504 elicited a maximally 2.7-fold increase in micronuclei. Molecular docking simulations showed that similar to TCDD, they occupy the central region of AHR ligand binding cavity. Hence, while showing low to negligible in vitro toxicity, these novel SAHRMs bind to the AHR qualitatively in a similar fashion to TCDD, and appear comparably powerful AHR agonists. Combined with our earlier results demonstrating that they seem considerably less toxic in vivo than TCDD, these compounds are thus highly interesting new SAHRMs.
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Borba HHL, Funke A, Wiens A, Utiyama SRDR, Perlin CM, Pontarolo R. Update on Biologic Therapies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 18:44. [PMID: 27299782 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystemic autoimmune disease driven by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Despite the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the last decades, SLE still leads to significant morbidity and increased mortality. Although a cure for SLE is still unknown, treatment is required to control acute disease exacerbation episodes (flares), decrease the frequency and severity of subsequent lupus flares, address comorbidities, and prevent end-organ damage. While conventional SLE pharmacotherapy may exhibit suboptimal efficacy and substantial toxicity, a growing knowledge of the disease pathogenesis enabled the research on novel therapeutic agents directed at specific disease-related targets. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the clinical investigation of biologic agents targeting B cells, T cells, cytokines, innate immunity, and other immunologic or inflammatory pathways. Although many investigational agents exhibited insufficient efficacy or inadequate safety in clinical trials, one of them, belimumab, fulfilled the efficacy and safety regulatory requirements and was approved for the treatment of SLE in Europe and the USA, which confirms that, despite all difficulties, advances in this field are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hiemisch Lobo Borba
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Parana, Campus III, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Andreas Funke
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Astrid Wiens
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Parana, Campus III, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Shirley Ramos da Rosa Utiyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Parana, Campus III, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Cássio Marques Perlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Parana, Campus III, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Parana, Campus III, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil.
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Wheeler MA, Rothhammer V, Quintana FJ. Control of immune-mediated pathology via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12383-12389. [PMID: 28615443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.767723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases. Although numerous genetic factors contributing to autoimmunity have been identified in recent years, our knowledge on environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the mechanisms involved is still limited. In this context, the diet, microbiome, geographical location, as well as environmental pollutants have been shown to modulate autoimmune disease development. These environmental factors interact with cellular components of the immune system in distinct and defined ways and can influence immune responses at the transcriptional and protein level. Moreover, endogenous metabolites generated from basic cellular processes such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation also contribute to the shaping of the immune response. In this minireview, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the modulation of the immune response by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor whose activity is regulated by small molecules provided by diet, commensal flora, environmental pollutants, and metabolism. We focus on the role of AhR in integrating signals from the diet and the intestinal flora to modulate ongoing inflammation in the central nervous system, and we also discuss the potential therapeutic value of AhR agonists for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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Filippini G, Del Giovane C, Clerico M, Beiki O, Mattoscio M, Piazza F, Fredrikson S, Tramacere I, Scalfari A, Salanti G. Treatment with disease-modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 4:CD012200. [PMID: 28440858 PMCID: PMC6478290 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012200.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of multiple sclerosis has changed over the last 20 years. The advent of disease-modifying drugs in the mid-1990s heralded a period of rapid progress in the understanding and management of multiple sclerosis. With the support of magnetic resonance imaging early diagnosis is possible, enabling treatment initiation at the time of the first clinical attack. As most of the disease-modifying drugs are associated with adverse events, patients and clinicians need to weigh the benefit and safety of the various early treatment options before taking informed decisions. OBJECTIVES 1. to estimate the benefit and safety of disease-modifying drugs that have been evaluated in all studies (randomised or non-randomised) for the treatment of a first clinical attack suggestive of MS compared either with placebo or no treatment;2. to assess the relative efficacy and safety of disease-modifying drugs according to their benefit and safety;3. to estimate the benefit and safety of disease-modifying drugs that have been evaluated in all studies (randomised or non-randomised) for treatment started after a first attack ('early treatment') compared with treatment started after a second attack or at another later time point ('delayed treatment'). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group Trials Register, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO trials registry, and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports, and searched for unpublished studies (until December 2016). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and observational studies that evaluated one or more drugs as monotherapy in adult participants with a first clinical attack suggestive of MS. We considered evidence on alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, immunoglobulins, interferon beta-1b, interferon beta-1a (Rebif®, Avonex®), laquinimod, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, pegylated interferon beta-1a, rituximab and teriflunomide. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two teams of three authors each independently selected studies and extracted data. The primary outcomes were disability-worsening, relapses, occurrence of at least one serious adverse event (AE) and withdrawing from the study or discontinuing the drug because of AEs. Time to conversion to clinically definite MS (CDMS) defined by Poser diagnostic criteria, and probability to discontinue the treatment or dropout for any reason were recorded as secondary outcomes. We synthesized study data using random-effects meta-analyses and performed indirect comparisons between drugs. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) along with relative 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all outcomes. We estimated the absolute effects only for primary outcomes. We evaluated the credibility of the evidence using the GRADE system. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 randomised trials, eight open-label extension studies (OLEs) and four cohort studies published between 2010 and 2016. The overall risk of bias was high and the reporting of AEs was scarce. The quality of the evidence associated with the results ranges from low to very low. Early treatment versus placebo during the first 24 months' follow-upThere was a small, non-significant advantage of early treatment compared with placebo in disability-worsening (6.4% fewer (13.9 fewer to 3 more) participants with disability-worsening with interferon beta-1a (Rebif®) or teriflunomide) and in relapses (10% fewer (20.3 fewer to 2.8 more) participants with relapses with teriflunomide). Early treatment was associated with 1.6% fewer participants with at least one serious AE (3 fewer to 0.2 more). Participants on early treatment were on average 4.6% times (0.3 fewer to 15.4 more) more likely to withdraw from the study due to AEs. This result was mostly driven by studies on interferon beta 1-b, glatiramer acetate and cladribine that were associated with significantly more withdrawals for AEs. Early treatment decreased the hazard of conversion to CDMS (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.60). Comparing active interventions during the first 24 months' follow-upIndirect comparison of interferon beta-1a (Rebif®) with teriflunomide did not show any difference on reducing disability-worsening (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.66). We found no differences between the included drugs with respect to the hazard of conversion to CDMS. Interferon beta-1a (Rebif®) and teriflunomide were associated with fewer dropouts because of AEs compared with interferon beta-1b, cladribine and glatiramer acetate (ORs range between 0.03 and 0.29, with substantial uncertainty). Early versus delayed treatmentWe did not find evidence of differences between early and delayed treatments for disability-worsening at a maximum of five years' follow-up (3% fewer participants with early treatment (15 fewer to 11.1 more)). There was important variability across interventions; early treatment with interferon beta-1b considerably reduced the odds of participants with disability-worsening during three and five years' follow-up (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.84 and OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.89). The early treatment group had 19.6% fewer participants with relapses (26.7 fewer to 12.7 fewer) compared to late treatment at a maximum of five years' follow-up and early treatment decreased the hazard of conversion to CDMS at any follow-up up to 10 years (i.e. over five years' follow-up HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.73). We did not draw any conclusions on long-term serious AEs or discontinuation due to AEs because of inadequacies in the available data both in the included OLEs and cohort studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Very low-quality evidence suggests a small and uncertain benefit with early treatment compared with placebo in reducing disability-worsening and relapses. The advantage of early treatment compared with delayed on disability-worsening was heterogeneous depending on the actual drug used and based on very low-quality evidence. Low-quality evidence suggests that the chances of relapse are less with early treatment compared with delayed. Early treatment reduced the hazard of conversion to CDMS compared either with placebo, no treatment or delayed treatment, both in short- and long-term follow-up. Low-quality evidence suggests that early treatment is associated with fewer participants with at least one serious AE compared with placebo. Very low-quality evidence suggests that, compared with placebo, early treatment leads to more withdrawals or treatment discontinuation due to AEs. Difference between drugs on short-term benefit and safety was uncertain because few studies and only indirect comparisons were available. Long-term safety of early treatment is uncertain because of inadequately reported or unavailable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Filippini
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaScientific Directionvia Celoria, 11MilanItaly20133
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaCochrane Italy, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia del Pozzo 71ModenaItaly41124
| | - Marinella Clerico
- AOU San Luigi GonzagaUniversity of Turin, Division of NeurologyRegione Gonzole, 13OrbassanoItaly10043
| | | | - Miriam Mattoscio
- Imperial College LondonDepartment of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Wolfson Neuroscience LaboratoriesDu Cane RoadLondonUKW12 0NN
| | - Federico Piazza
- AOU San Luigi GonzagaUniversity of Turin, Division of NeurologyRegione Gonzole, 13OrbassanoItaly10043
| | - Sten Fredrikson
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceStockholmSweden17177
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaScientific Directionvia Celoria, 11MilanItaly20133
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Imperial College LondonDepartment of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Wolfson Neuroscience LaboratoriesDu Cane RoadLondonUKW12 0NN
| | - Georgia Salanti
- University of BernInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM)Finkenhubelweg 11BernSwitzerland3005
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Mahiout S, Lindén J, Esteban J, Sánchez-Pérez I, Sankari S, Pettersson L, Håkansson H, Pohjanvirta R. Toxicological characterisation of two novel selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 326:54-65. [PMID: 28433708 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxicity of dioxins, but also plays important physiological roles. Selective AHR modulators, which elicit some effects imparted by this receptor without causing the marked toxicity of dioxins, are presently under intense scrutiny. Two novel such compounds are IMA-08401 (N-acetyl-N-phenyl-4-acetoxy-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide) and IMA-07101 (N-acetyl-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,2-dihydro-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide). They represent, as diacetyl prodrugs, AHR-active metabolites of the drug compounds laquinimod and tasquinimod, respectively, which are intended for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, we toxicologically assessed the novel compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats, after a single dose (8.75-92.5mg/kg) and 5-day repeated dosing at the highest doses achievable (IMA-08401: 100mg/kg/day; and IMA-07101: 75mg/kg/day). There were no overt clinical signs of toxicity, but body weight gain was marginally retarded, and the treatments induced minimal hepatic extramedullary haematopoiesis. Further, both the absolute and relative weights of the thymus were significantly decreased. Cyp1a1 gene expression was substantially increased in all tissues examined. The hepatic induction profile of other AHR battery genes was distinct from that caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The only marked alterations in serum clinical chemistry variables were a reduction in triglycerides and an increase in 3-hydroxybutyrate. Liver and kidney retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations were affected largely in the same manner as reported for TCDD. In vitro, the novel compounds activated CYP1A1 effectively in H4IIE cells. Altogether, these novel compounds appear to act as potent activators of the AHR, but lack some major characteristic toxicities of dioxins. They therefore represent promising new selective AHR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Mahiout
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jere Lindén
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Esteban
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Satu Sankari
- Central Laboratory of the Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Olivera P, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Next generation of small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2017; 66:199-209. [PMID: 27856614 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Olivera
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,INSERM U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- INSERM U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Colpo GD, Stimming EF, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Promises and pitfalls of immune-based strategies for Huntington's disease. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1422-1425. [PMID: 29089980 PMCID: PMC5649455 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.215245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, leading to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms. HD is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin. Several studies have suggested that inflammation is an important feature of HD and it is already observed in the early stages of the disease. Recently, new molecules presenting anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory have been investigated for HD. The objective of this review is to discuss the data obtained so far on the immune-based therapeutic strategies for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Delevati Colpo
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Furr Stimming
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Pessoa Rocha
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Coclitu C, Constantinescu CS, Tanasescu R. The future of multiple sclerosis treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1341-1356. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1243056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Laquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6145-E6152. [PMID: 27671624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607843113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Laquinimod is an oral drug currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing, remitting, and primary progressive multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Laquinimod exerts beneficial activities on both the peripheral immune system and the CNS with distinctive changes in CNS resident cell populations, especially astrocytes and microglia. Analysis of genome-wide expression data revealed activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in laquinimod-treated mice. The AhR pathway modulates the differentiation and function of several cell populations, many of which play an important role in neuroinflammation. We therefore tested the consequences of AhR activation in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using AhR knockout mice. We demonstrate that the pronounced effect of laquinimod on clinical score, CNS inflammation, and demyelination in EAE was abolished in AhR-/- mice. Furthermore, using bone marrow chimeras we show that deletion of AhR in the immune system fully abrogates, whereas deletion within the CNS partially abrogates the effect of laquinimod in EAE. These data strongly support the idea that AhR is necessary for the efficacy of laquinimod in EAE and that laquinimod may represent a first-in-class drug targeting AhR for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Varrin-Doyer M, Pekarek KL, Spencer CM, Bernard CCA, Sobel RA, Cree BAC, Schulze-Topphoff U, Zamvil SS. Treatment of spontaneous EAE by laquinimod reduces Tfh, B cell aggregates, and disease progression. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e272. [PMID: 27704036 PMCID: PMC5032667 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the influence of oral laquinimod, a candidate multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment, on induction of T follicular helper cells, development of meningeal B cell aggregates, and clinical disease in a spontaneous B cell–dependent MS model. Methods: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rMOG) protein. Spontaneous EAE was evaluated in C57BL/6 MOG p35-55–specific T cell receptor transgenic (2D2) × MOG-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)H-chain knock-in (IgHMOG-ki [Th]) mice. Laquinimod was administered orally. T cell and B cell populations were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results: Oral laquinimod treatment (1) reduced CD11c+CD4+ dendritic cells, (2) inhibited expansion of PD-1+CXCR5+BCL6+ T follicular helper and interleukin (IL)-21–producing activated CD4+CD44+ T cells, (3) suppressed B cell CD40 expression, (4) diminished formation of Fas+GL7+ germinal center B cells, and (5) inhibited development of MOG-specific IgG. Laquinimod treatment not only prevented rMOG-induced EAE, but also inhibited development of spontaneous EAE and the formation of meningeal B cell aggregates. Disability progression was prevented when laquinimod treatment was initiated after mice developed paralysis. Treatment of spontaneous EAE with laquinimod was also associated with increases in CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ and CD4+CD25+IL-10+ regulatory T cells. Conclusions: Our observations that laquinimod modulates myelin antigen–specific B cell immune responses and suppresses both development of meningeal B cell aggregates and disability progression in spontaneous EAE should provide insight regarding the potential application of laquinimod to MS treatment. Results of this investigation demonstrate how the 2D2 × Th spontaneous EAE model can be used successfully for preclinical evaluation of a candidate MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Varrin-Doyer
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Kara L Pekarek
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Collin M Spencer
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Claude C A Bernard
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., B.A.C.C., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.) and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., K.L.P., C.M.S., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; and Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, CA
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Laquinimod rescues striatal, cortical and white matter pathology and results in modest behavioural improvements in the YAC128 model of Huntington disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31652. [PMID: 27528441 PMCID: PMC4985819 DOI: 10.1038/srep31652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for abnormal immune activation and inflammatory responses in Huntington disease (HD). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of laquinimod (1 and 10 mg/kg), a novel immunomodulatory agent shown to be protective in a number of neuroinflammatory conditions, in the YAC128 mouse model of HD. Treatment with laquinimod for 6 months rescued atrophy in the striatum, in certain cortical regions, and in the corpus callosum of YAC128 HD mice. Diffusion tensor imaging showed that white matter microstructural abnormalities in the posterior corpus callosum were improved following treatment with low dose (1 mg/kg) laquinimod, and were paralleled by reduced levels of interleukin-6 in the periphery of YAC128 HD mice. Functionally, treatment with laquinimod (1 and 10 mg/kg) led to modest improvements in motor function and in depressive-like behaviour. Taken together, these results suggest that laquinimod may improve some features of pathology in HD, and provides support for the role of immune activation in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Nielsen OH, Seidelin JB, Ainsworth M, Coskun M. Will novel oral formulations change the management of inflammatory bowel disease? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:709-18. [PMID: 26967267 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1165204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The traditional management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with sulphasalazine/5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids and immunomodulators (i.e., thiopurines and methotrexate) was nearly two decades ago extended with intravenously or subcutaneously administered biologics (i.e., tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and later gut-selective integrin antagonists). However, recently, orally administered treatments with simple, well-characterized, and stable structures consisting of either small molecules or anti-sense therapy have been devised. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current approaches with promising new oral drugs with distinct modes of action, including: the Janus kinase inhibitors (i.e., tofacitinib, filgotinib and peficitinib); the immunomodulatory drug (laquinimod); a small α4 antagonist (AJM300); agonists for sphingosine-phosphate receptors (i.e., ozanimod, APD334, and amiselimod), as well as anti-sense therapy (mongersen) targeting SMAD7, drugs which directly target intracellular pathways of relevance for intestinal inflammation. EXPERT OPINION A new avenue using easily administered oral therapies for the management of IBD is being introduced. While their place in the clinical armamentarium remains to be proven, it is likely that many of these drugs will find their place in the treatment algorithm of IBD in the next few years. Thus, we will face times in which IBD therapy will be based on significantly more tablets than prescribed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Haagen Nielsen
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark.,b The Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
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[New molecules in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2015; 39:411-23. [PMID: 26631943 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder of unknown aetiology that provokes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs have represented a major advance in the treatment of IBD patients in the last few years and also have a good safety profile. Nevertheless, these treatments are not effective in all patients and, in initial responders, there can be a loss of response in the long-term. Consequently, new treatments are needed for IBD, aimed at distinct therapeutic targets. In the last few years, new molecules have been incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium of IBD patients. Golimumab is an anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody with demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The use of CT-P13 (biosimilar infliximab) has been approved in Europe for the same indications as the original infliximab. More recently, vedolizumab, an anti-α4β7 integrin monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A large number of molecules are currently under development, some of which will, in the future, broaden the therapeutic options available in the treatment of IBD patients. Finally, in the next few years, studies should aim to identify factors predictive of response to the distinct biological agents for IBD in order to allow personalized selection of the best therapeutic alternative for each patient.
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Tramacere I, Del Giovane C, Salanti G, D'Amico R, Filippini G. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD011381. [PMID: 26384035 PMCID: PMC9235409 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011381.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different therapeutic strategies are available for the treatment of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), including immunomodulators, immunosuppressants and biologics. Although there is consensus that these therapies reduce the frequency of relapses, their relative benefit in delaying new relapses or disability worsening remains unclear due to the limited number of direct comparison trials. OBJECTIVES To compare the benefit and acceptability of interferon beta-1b, interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif), glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, mitoxantrone, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, pegylated interferon beta-1a, daclizumab, laquinimod, azathioprine and immunoglobulins for the treatment of people with RRMS and to provide a ranking of these treatments according to their benefit and acceptability, defined as the proportion of participants who withdrew due to any adverse event. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group Trials Register, which contains trials from CENTRAL (2014, Issue 9), MEDLINE (1966 to 2014), EMBASE (1974 to 2014), CINAHL (1981 to 2014), LILACS (1982 to 2014), clinicaltrials.gov and the WHO trials registry, and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports. We ran the most recent search in September 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that studied one or more of the 15 treatments as monotherapy, compared to placebo or to another active agent, for use in adults with RRMS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently identified studies from the search results and performed data extraction. We performed data synthesis by pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. We assessed the quality of the body of evidence for outcomes within the network meta-analysis according to GRADE, as very low, low, moderate or high. MAIN RESULTS We included 39 studies in this review, in which 25,113 participants were randomised. The majority of the included trials were short-term studies, with a median duration of 24 months. Twenty-four (60%) were placebo-controlled and 15 (40%) were head-to-head studies.Network meta-analysis showed that, in terms of a protective effect against the recurrence of relapses in RRMS during the first 24 months of treatment, alemtuzumab, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, and fingolimod outperformed other drugs. The most effective drug was alemtuzumab (risk ratio (RR) versus placebo 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.55; surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) 96%; moderate quality evidence), followed by mitoxantrone (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.81; SUCRA 92%; very low quality evidence), natalizumab (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.66; SUCRA 88%; high quality evidence), and fingolimod (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.81; SUCRA 71%; moderate quality evidence).Disability worsening was based on a surrogate marker, defined as irreversible worsening confirmed at three-month follow-up, measured during the first 24 months in the majority of included studies. Both direct and indirect comparisons revealed that the most effective treatments were mitoxantrone (RR versus placebo 0.20, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.84; SUCRA 96%; low quality evidence), alemtuzumab (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.48; SUCRA 94%; low quality evidence), and natalizumab (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.85; SUCRA 74%; moderate quality evidence).Almost all of the agents included in this review were associated with a higher proportion of participants who withdrew due to any adverse event compared to placebo. Based on the network meta-analysis methodology, the corresponding RR estimates versus placebo over the first 24 months of follow-up were: mitoxantrone 9.92 (95% CI 0.54 to 168.84), fingolimod 1.69 (95% CI 1.32 to 2.17), natalizumab 1.53 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.53), and alemtuzumab 0.72 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.61).Information on serious adverse events (SAEs) was scanty, characterised by heterogeneous results and based on a very low number of events observed during the short-term duration of the trials included in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Conservative interpretation of these results is warranted, since most of the included treatments have been evaluated in few trials. The GRADE approach recommends providing implications for practice based on moderate to high quality evidence. Our review shows that alemtuzumab, natalizumab, and fingolimod are the best choices for preventing clinical relapses in people with RRMS, but this evidence is limited to the first 24 months of follow-up. For the prevention of disability worsening in the short term (24 months), only natalizumab shows a beneficial effect on the basis of moderate quality evidence (all of the other estimates were based on low to very low quality evidence). Currently, therefore, insufficient evidence is available to evaluate treatments for the prevention of irreversible disability worsening.There are two additional major concerns that have to be considered. First, the benefit of all of these treatments beyond two years is uncertain and this is a relevant issue for a disease with a duration of 30 to 40 years. Second, short-term trials provide scanty and poorly reported safety data and do not provide useful evidence in order to obtain a reliable risk profile of treatments. In order to provide long-term information on the safety of the treatments included in this review, it will be necessary also to evaluate non-randomised studies and post-marketing reports released from the regulatory agencies. Finally, more than 70% of the studies included in this review were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and this may have influenced the results.There are three needs that the research agenda should address. First, randomised trials of direct comparisons between active agents would be useful, avoiding further placebo-controlled studies. Second, follow-up of the original trial cohorts should be mandatory. Third, more studies are needed to assess the medium and long-term benefit and safety of immunotherapies and the comparative safety of different agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tramacere
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Giovanni Celoria, 11, Milano, Italy, 20133
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The role of laquinimod in modulation of the immune response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Lessons from gene expression signatures. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:11-6. [PMID: 26004150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laquinimod, is a potential oral immunomodulatory drug, for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We analyzed the blood-transcriptional changes in RRMS patients (who participated in the ALLEGRO clinical trial) at one and six months after laquinimod treatment using gene expression microarrays. The molecular effects of laquinimod were enhanced by duration of treatment and showed down-regulation of inflammatory responses mainly via TGFb signaling, and of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as of cellular movement, including adhesion, migration and leukocyte extravasation signaling. Our results demonstrate that laquinimod suppresses inflammation through down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and arrest of leukocyte extravasation and thereby could attenuate disease activity in RRMS patients.
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Amiot A, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Current, new and future biological agents on the horizon for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2015; 8:66-82. [PMID: 25729432 PMCID: PMC4314302 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x14558193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological agents for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have changed the way to treat IBD refractory to standard medications and allowed us to reach new therapeutic goals such as mucosal healing and deep remission. A better understanding of the components of the pathological processes that are a hallmark of IBD has led to the development of a new family of biological agents in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Biosimilars, which are copy versions of currently licensed biological agents, will be soon available. The biosimilar of infliximab is as effective and as safe as its originator in rheumatologic conditions, while a new anti-TNF agent, namely golimumab, has been recently approved for refractory ulcerative colitis. Beyond TNF blockers, anti-adhesion molecules appear to be a potent drug class for IBD. Vedolizumab was recently approved for both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Numerous other compounds are in the pipeline. Ustekinumab looks very promising for Crohn's disease. Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide might enrich our armamentarium if preliminary data are confirmed in upcoming clinical trials. Herein, we review the efficacy and safety of new and emerging biological agents that are currently investigated in IBD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Amiot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Est Creteil University, Henri Mondor Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and EA-EC2M3, Creteil, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy-Brabois, Université de Lorraine, Allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Kim W, Zandoná ME, Kim SH, Kim HJ. Oral disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:9-19. [PMID: 25628732 PMCID: PMC4302185 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments using first-line injectable drugs, although widely applied, remain a major concern in terms of therapeutic adherence and efficacy. New oral drugs recently approved for MS treatment represent significant advances in therapy. The oral route of administration clearly promotes patient satisfaction and increases therapeutic compliance. However, these drugs may also have safety and tolerability issues, and a thorough analysis of the risks and benefits is required. Three oral drugs have been approved by regulatory agencies for MS treatment: fingolimod, teriflunomide, and dimethyl fumarate. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of these drugs and two other drugs that have yielded positive results in phase III trials: cladribine and laquinimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manuella Edler Zandoná
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Science Without Borders, Porto Alegre, Brazil. ; Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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