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Portela-Lomba M, Simón D, Callejo-Móstoles M, de la Fuente G, Fernández de Sevilla D, García-Escudero V, Moreno-Flores MT, Sierra J. Generation of functional neurons from adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia by direct lineage conversion. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:478. [PMID: 38961086 PMCID: PMC11222439 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuroregenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in the mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuroregenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG-induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Portela-Lomba
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Simón
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marta Callejo-Móstoles
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma de la Fuente
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sierra
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
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2
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Guo J, Tang X, Deng P, Hui H, Chen B, An J, Zhang G, Shi K, Wang J, He Y, Hao D, Yang H. Interleukin-4 from curcumin-activated OECs emerges as a central modulator for increasing M2 polarization of microglia/macrophage in OEC anti-inflammatory activity for functional repair of spinal cord injury. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:162. [PMID: 38448976 PMCID: PMC10916222 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are major contributors to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) injury and exhibit either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes in response to specific microenvironmental signals. Our latest in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that curcumin-treated olfactory ensheathing cells (aOECs) can effectively enhance neural survival and axonal outgrowth, and transplantation of aOECs improves the neurological outcome after spinal cord injury (SCI). The therapeutic effect is largely attributed to aOEC anti-inflammatory activity through the modulation of microglial polarization from the M1 to M2 phenotype. However, very little is known about what viable molecules from aOECs are actively responsible for the switch of M1 to M2 microglial phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms of microglial polarization. Herein, we show that Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a leading role in triggering the M1 to M2 microglial phenotype, appreciably decreasing the levels of M1 markers IL‑1β, IL‑6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and elevating the levels of M2 markers Arg-1, TGF-β, IL-10, and CD206. Strikingly, blockade of IL-4 signaling by siRNA and a neutralizing antibody in aOEC medium reverses the transition of M1 to M2, and the activated microglia stimulated with the aOEC medium lacking IL-4 significantly decreases neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. In addition, transplantation of aOECs improved the neurological function deficits after SCI in rats. More importantly, the crosstalk between JAK1/STAT1/3/6-targeted downstream signals and NF-κB/SOCS1/3 signaling predominantly orchestrates IL-4-modulated microglial polarization event. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of aOECs driving the M1-to-M2 shift of microglia and shed light on new therapies for SCI through the modulation of microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Basic Medical School Academy, Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Basic Medical School Academy, Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hao Hui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Gaorong Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kuohao Shi
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yuqing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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3
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Huang HY, Xiong MJ, Pu FQ, Liao JX, Zhu FQ, Zhang WJ. Application and challenges of olfactory ensheathing cells in clinical trials of spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176238. [PMID: 38072039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunction, cause serious psychosomatic injury to patients. There is no effective treatment for SCI at present. In recent years, exciting evidence has been obtained in the application of cell-based therapy in basic research. These studies have revealed the fact that cells transplanted into the host can exert the pharmacological properties of treating and repairing SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of special glial cells. The application value of OECs in the study of SCI lies in their unique biological characteristics, that is, they can survive and renew for life, give full play to neuroprotection, immune regulation, promoting axonal regeneration and myelination formation. The function of producing secretory group and improving microenvironment. This provides an irreplaceable treatment strategy for the repair of SCI. At present, some researchers have explored the possibility of treatment of OECs in clinical trials of SCI. Although OECs transplantation shows excellent safety and effectiveness in animal models, there is still lack of sufficient evidence to prove the effectiveness of their clinical application in clinical trials. There has been an obvious stagnation in the transformation of OECs transplantation into routine clinical practice, and clinical trials of cell therapy in this field are still facing major challenges and many problems that need to be solved. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed the clinical trials of OECs transplantation in the treatment of SCI, and discussed the problems and challenges of OECs transplantation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Mei-Juan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Fan-Qing Pu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Fu-Qi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Ding W. The growth status and functions of olfactory ensheathing cells cultured on randomly oriented and aligned type-I-collagen-based nanofibrous scaffolds. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:035101. [PMID: 37905427 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad02a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim. The potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) as a cell therapy for spinal cord reconstruction and regeneration after injury has drawn significant attention in recent years. This study attempted to investigate the influences of nano-fibrous scaffolds on the growth status and functional properties of OECs.Methods.The ultra-morphology of the scaffolds was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To culture OECs, donated cells were subcultured and identified with p75. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival rates were measured through MTT assay, Annexin-V/PI staining, and p75 cell counting, respectively. The adhesion of cells cultured on scaffolds was observed using SEM. Additionally, the functions of OECs cultured on scaffolds were assessed by testing gene expression levels through real time polymerase chain reaction.Results.The electrospun type I collagen-based nano-fibers exhibited a smooth surface and uniform distribution. It was indicated that the proliferation and survival rates of OECs cultured on both randomly oriented and aligned type I collagen-based nano-fibrous scaffolds were higher than those observed in the collagen-coated control. Conversely, apoptosis rates were lower in cells cultured on scaffolds. Furthermore, OEC adhesion was better on the scaffolds than on the control. The expression levels of target genes were significantly elevated in cells cultured on scaffolds versus the controls.Conclusion.As a whole, the utilization of aligned collagen nanofibers has demonstrated significant advantages in promoting cell growth and improving cell function. These findings have important implications for the field of regenerative medicine and suggest that the approach may hold promise for the future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, 81 Congtai Road, Handan, 056002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, 81 Congtai Road, Handan, 056002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihui Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
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Zhang LP, Liao JX, Liu YY, Luo HL, Zhang WJ. Potential therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells in neurological diseases: neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral nerve injuries. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280186. [PMID: 37915589 PMCID: PMC10616525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are destructive, mainly characterized by the failure of endogenous repair, the inability to recover tissue damage, resulting in the increasing loss of cognitive and physical function. Although some clinical drugs can alleviate the progression of these diseases, but they lack therapeutic effect in repairing tissue injury and rebuilding neurological function. More and more studies have shown that cell therapy has made good achievements in the application of nerve injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special type of glial cells, which have been proved to play an important role as an alternative therapy for neurological diseases, opening up a new way for the treatment of neurological problems. The functional mechanisms of OECs in the treatment of neurological diseases include neuroprotection, immune regulation, axon regeneration, improvement of nerve injury microenvironment and myelin regeneration, which also include secreted bioactive factors. Therefore, it is of great significance to better understand the mechanism of OECs promoting functional improvement, and to recognize the implementation of these treatments and the effective simulation of nerve injury disorders. In this review, we discuss the function of OECs and their application value in the treatment of neurological diseases, and position OECs as a potential candidate strategy for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-peng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- The Second Affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun-xiang Liao
- The Second Affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-yi Liu
- The Second Affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong-lang Luo
- The Second Affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Jiang C, Chen Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Fan H, Huang D, He Y, Tang X, Ai Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Hao D. Curcumin-activated Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Microglia Polarization Through APOE/TREM2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:476-494. [PMID: 37658943 PMCID: PMC10577109 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of curcumin-activated olfactory ensheathing cells (aOECs) improved functional recovery in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Nevertheless, little is known considering the underlying mechanisms. At the present study, we investigated the promotion of regeneration and functional recovery after transplantation of aOECs into rats with SCI and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Primary OECs were prepared from the olfactory bulb of rats, followed by treatment with 1µM CCM at 7-10 days of culture, resulting in cell activation. Concomitantly, rat SCI model was developed to evaluate the effects of transplantation of aOECs in vivo. Subsequently, microglia were isolated, stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to polarize to M1 phenotype and treated by aOECs conditional medium (aOECs-CM) and OECs conditional medium (OECs-CM), respectively. Changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypic markers expression were detected using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Finally, a series of molecular biological experiments including knock-down of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and analysis of the level of apolipoprotein E (APOE) expression were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of involvement of CCM-activated OECs in modulating microglia polarization, leading to neural regeneration and function recovery. CCM-activated OECs effectively attenuated deleterious inflammation by regulating microglia polarization from the pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype in SCI rats and facilitated functional recovery after SCI. In addition, microglial polarization to M2 elicited by aOECs-CM in LPS-induced microglia was effectively reversed when TREM2 expression was downregulated. More importantly, the in vitro findings indicated that aOECs-CM potentiating LPS-induced microglial polarization to M2 was partially mediated by the TREM2/nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Besides, the expression of APOE significantly increased in CCM-treated OECs. CCM-activated OECs could alleviate inflammation after SCI by switching microglial polarization from M1 to M2, which was likely mediated by the APOE/TREM2/NF-κB pathway, and thus ameliorated neurological function. Therefore, the present finding is of paramount significance to enrich the understanding of underlying molecular mechanism of aOECs-based therapy and provide a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Hong Fan
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Dageng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Yuqing He
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046 China
| | - Yixiang Ai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Youjun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Department of spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
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Liu JP, Wang JL, Hu BE, Zou FL, Wu CL, Shen J, Zhang WJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells and neuropathic pain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147242. [PMID: 37223000 PMCID: PMC10201020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the nervous system can lead to functional impairment, including sensory and motor functions. Importantly, neuropathic pain (NPP) can be induced after nerve injury, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the repair of nerve damage and the treatment of pain are particularly important. However, the current treatment of NPP is very weak, which promotes researchers to find new methods and directions for treatment. Recently, cell transplantation technology has received great attention and has become a hot spot for the treatment of nerve injury and pain. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of glial cells with the characteristics of lifelong survival in the nervous system and continuous division and renewal. They also secrete a variety of neurotrophic factors, bridge the fibers at both ends of the injured nerve, change the local injury microenvironment, and promote axon regeneration and other biological functions. Different studies have revealed that the transplantation of OECs can repair damaged nerves and exert analgesic effect. Some progress has been made in the effect of OECs transplantation in inhibiting NPP. Therefore, in this paper, we provided a comprehensive overview of the biology of OECs, described the possible pathogenesis of NPP. Moreover, we discussed on the therapeutic effect of OECs transplantation on central nervous system injury and NPP, and prospected some possible problems of OECs transplantation as pain treatment. To provide some valuable information for the treatment of pain by OECs transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-peng Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jia-ling Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bai-er Hu
- Department of Physical Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei-long Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chang-lei Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Li S, Wu P, Ji Z, Zhang Y, Zhang P, He Y, Shen Y. In vitro biocompatibility study of EDC/NHS cross-linked silk fibroin scaffold with olfactory ensheathing cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:482-496. [PMID: 36285432 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2135076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated silk fibroin (SF) cross-linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) and its biocompatibility with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). After cross-linked with different concentrations of EDC/NHS solutions, SF scaffolds were analyzed by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, x-ray diffraction, tensile machine and water contact angle assay. As to their structures, we found 4.5% EDC/NHS cross-linked SF possessed a more significant increase of β-sheet and a decrease of α-helix than 1.5% group. These changes helped SF achieve excellent mechanical properties. While more remarkable improvement of hydrophilicity was seen in 1.5% EDC/NHS treated SF. Immunofluorescence, MTT, Annexin-V/PI and ELISA analysis were then conducted to determine the states and functions of OECs on the scaffolds. OECs on 4.5% EDC/NHS cross-linked SF seemed insufficient to spread, and the proliferation was limited on 4 and 6 days. Moreover, 4.5% EDC/NHS exerted adverse effects on cell survival and nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion at day 4, but not 1.5% EDC/NHS. Taken together, SF scaffolds showed improved physical and hydrophilic properties through cross-linking. 1.5% EDC/NHS cross-linked SF scaffolds showed significant advantages between mechanical property and the states and functions with OECs, which has the potential to be used for neural repairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Second Department of Orthopaedics, Haining People's Hospital, Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongqing Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Yongding Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqing He
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Haining People's Hospital, Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Portela-Lomba M, Simón D, Fernández de Sevilla D, Moreno-Flores MT, Sierra J. Small molecules fail to induce direct reprogramming of adult rat olfactory ensheathing glia to mature neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1110356. [PMID: 36910262 PMCID: PMC9998535 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach to generate new neurons after central nervous system injury or disease is direct reprogramming of the individual's own somatic cells into differentiated neurons. This can be achieved either by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors and/or through induction with small molecules, avoiding introducing foreign genetic material in target cells. In this work, we propose olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons with small molecules due to its well-characterized neuro-regenerative capacity. After screening different combinations of small molecules in different culture conditions, only partial reprogramming was achieved: induced cells expressed neuronal markers but lacked the ability of firing action potentials. Our work demonstrates that direct conversion of adult olfactory ensheathing glia to mature, functional neurons cannot be induced only with pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Portela-Lomba
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Simón
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sierra
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Reshamwala R, Oieni F, Shah M. Non-stem Cell Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Repair. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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11
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Razmara P, Pyle GG. Impact of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Ions on Transcripts Involved in Neural Repair Mechanisms in Rainbow Trout Olfactory Mucosa. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:18-31. [PMID: 36525054 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa is well known for its lifelong ability for regeneration. Regeneration of neurons and regrowth of severed axons are the most common neural repair mechanisms in olfactory mucosa. Nonetheless, exposure to neurotoxic contaminants, such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and copper ions (Cu2+), may alter the reparative capacity of olfactory mucosa. Here, using RNA-sequencing, we investigated the molecular basis of neural repair mechanisms that were affected by CuNPs and Cu2+ in rainbow trout olfactory mucosa. The transcript profile of olfactory mucosa suggested that regeneration of neurons was inhibited by CuNPs. Exposure to CuNPs reduced the transcript abundances of pro-inflammatory proteins which are required to initiate neuroregeneration. Moreover, the transcript of genes encoding regeneration promoters, including canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling proteins and developmental transcription factors, were downregulated in the CuNP-treated fish. The mRNA levels of genes regulating axonal regrowth, including the growth-promoting signals secreted from olfactory ensheathing cells, were mainly increased in the CuNP treatment. However, the reduced transcript abundances of a few cell adhesion molecules and neural polarity genes may restrict axonogenesis in the CuNP-exposed olfactory mucosa. In the Cu2+-treated olfactory mucosa, both neural repair strategies were initiated at the transcript level. The stimulation of repair mechanisms can lead to the recovery of Cu2+-induced olfactory dysfunction. These results indicated CuNPs and Cu2+ differentially affected the neural repair mechanism in olfactory mucosa. Exposure to CuNP had greater effects on the expression of genes involved in olfactory repair mechanisms relative to Cu2+ and dysregulated the transcripts associated with stem cell proliferation and neural reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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12
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Denaro S, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Pavone AM, Torrisi F, Giallongo S, Longhitano L, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Zappalà A, Giuffrida R, Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Vicario N, Parenti R. Neurotrophic and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells as a strategy for neuroprotection and regeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1098212. [PMID: 36601122 PMCID: PMC9806219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence sustains glial cells as critical players during central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis and disease. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a type of specialized glia cells sharing properties with both Schwann cells and astrocytes, are of critical importance in physiological condition during olfactory system development, supporting its regenerative potential throughout the adult life. These characteristics prompted research in the field of cell-based therapy to test OEC grafts in damaged CNS. Neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by OEC grafts are not limited to axonal regeneration and cell differentiation. Indeed, OEC immunomodulatory properties and their phagocytic potential encourage OEC-based approaches for tissue regeneration in case of CNS injury. Herein we reviewed recent advances on the immune role of OECs, their ability to modulate CNS microenvironment via bystander effects and the potential of OECs as a cell-based strategy for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Denaro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D’Aprile
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Alberghina
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pavone
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
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13
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Designing a Clinical Trial with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Position Paper. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123153. [PMID: 36551909 PMCID: PMC9776288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents an urgent unmet need for clinical reparative therapy due to its largely irreversible and devastating effects on patients, and the tremendous socioeconomic burden to the community. While different approaches are being explored, therapy to restore the lost function remains unavailable. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising approach in terms of feasibility, safety, and limited efficacy; however, high variability in reported clinical outcomes prevent its translation despite several clinical trials. The aims of this position paper are to present an in-depth analysis of previous OEC transplantation-based clinical trials, identify existing challenges and gaps, and finally propose strategies to improve standardization of OEC therapies. We have reviewed the study design and protocols of clinical trials using OEC transplantation for SCI repair to investigate how and why the outcomes show variability. With this knowledge and our experience as a team of biologists and clinicians with active experience in the field of OEC research, we provide recommendations regarding cell source, cell purity and characterisation, transplantation dosage and format, and rehabilitation. Ultimately, this position paper is intended to serve as a roadmap to design an effective clinical trial with OEC transplantation-based therapy for SCI repair.
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14
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Hall A, Fortino T, Spruance V, Niceforo A, Harrop JS, Phelps PE, Priest CA, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA. Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hall
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tara Fortino
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Victoria Spruance
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Kidney, Urologic, & Hematologic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Lyandysha V Zholudeva
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Lane
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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15
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Jiang Y, Guo J, Tang X, Wang X, Hao D, Yang H. The Immunological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881162. [PMID: 35669779 PMCID: PMC9163387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and disability. The pathological processes of SCI can usually be described as two stages, namely, primary and acute secondary injuries. Secondary injury produces more significant exacerbations of the initial injury. Among all the mechanisms of secondary damage, infection and inflammatory responses, as the principle culprits in initiating the second phase of SCI, can greatly contribute to the severity of SCI and numerous sequelae after SCI. Therefore, effectively antagonizing pro-inflammatory responses may be a promising treatment strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a unique type of glial cells, have increasingly become potential candidates for cell-based therapy in the injured CNS. Strikingly, there is growing evidence that the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory role of OECs are associated with the immune properties and secretory functions of these cells responsible for anti-neuroinflammation and immunoregulatory effects, leading to maintenance of the internal microenvironment. Accordingly, a more profound understanding of the mechanism of OEC immunological functions in the treatment of SCI would be beneficial to improve the therapeutic clinical applications of OECs for SCI. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research on the cellular and molecular immune attributes of OECs. The unique biological functions of these cells in promoting neural regeneration are discussed in relation of the development of novel therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Yang,
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16
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Duittoz AH, Forni PE, Giacobini P, Golan M, Mollard P, Negrón AL, Radovick S, Wray S. Development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13087. [PMID: 35067985 PMCID: PMC9286803 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the development of the neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system, including discussion on open questions regarding (1) transcriptional regulation of the Gnrh1 gene; (2) prenatal development of the GnRH1 system in rodents and humans; and (3) paracrine and synaptic communication during migration of the GnRH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo E. Forni
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
- The RNA InstituteUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal BrainLille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S1172, Inserm, CHU LilleUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Matan Golan
- Institute of Animal SciencesAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani CenterRishon LetziyonIsrael
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional GenomicsCNRS, InsermMontpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Ariel L. Negrón
- Clinical and Translational ResearchRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Clinical and Translational ResearchRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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17
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Razmara P, Pyle GG. Recovery of rainbow trout olfactory function following exposure to copper nanoparticles and copper ions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106109. [PMID: 35158281 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to environmental information received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), fish display different behaviors that are crucial for reproduction and survival. Damage to OSNs from direct exposure to environmental contaminants can disrupt fish olfaction. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are neurotoxic contaminants which can impair fish olfactory function. However, it is uncertain if CuNP-induced olfactory dysfunction is reversible. Here, we compared the recovery of rainbow trout olfactory mucosa after being exposed to CuNPs or dissolved copper (Cu2+). Following a 96 h exposure to CuNPs or Cu2+, recovery was tested 14 min and 7 days after exposure using electro-olfactography (EOG). Results indicated the 14 min recovery period was not sufficient to improve the olfactory sensitivity in either Cu treatment. After 7 days of transition to clean water, olfactory mucosa was able to recover from Cu2+-induced dysfunction, while no recovery was observed in the CuNP-exposed OSNs. This olfactory dysfunction in the CuNP treatment was observed when no Cu was significantly accumulated in the olfactory mucosa after the recovery period. The transcript abundances of a subset of genes involved in olfactory signal transduction (OST) were downregulated in the CuNP-exposed fish after the 7-day recovery period. These results revealed that odorant reception through OST cascade remained impaired over the recovery period in the CuNP-treated OSNs. The ion regulation gene transcripts were not dysregulated in either Cu treatment, which suggests that neural ion balance was not affected following the recovery period. Collectively, our findings revealed the CuNP-induced olfactory dysfunction was irreversible after the 7-day recovery period. Given the importance of olfaction in crucial aspects of fish life, it is likely that the CuNP-induced impairment of odorant reception pose risks to the survival of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Docampo-Seara A, Candal E, Rodríguez MA. Study of the glial cytoarchitecture of the developing olfactory bulb of a shark using immunochemical markers of radial glia. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1067-1082. [PMID: 34997380 PMCID: PMC8930965 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During development of the olfactory bulb (OB), glial cells play key roles in axonal guiding/targeting, glomerular formation and synaptic plasticity. Studies in mammals have shown that radial glial cells and peripheral olfactory glia (olfactory ensheathing cells, OECs) are involved in the development of the OB. Most studies about the OB glia were carried out in mammals, but data are lacking in most non-mammalian vertebrates. In the present work, we studied the development of the OB glial system in the cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus canicula (catshark) using antibodies against glial markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), and glutamine synthase (GS). These glial markers were expressed in cells with radial morphology lining the OB ventricle of embryos and this expression continues in ependymal cells (tanycytes) in early juveniles. Astrocyte-like cells were also observed in the granular layer and surrounding glomeruli. Numerous GS-positive cells were present in the primary olfactory pathway of embryos. In the developmental stages analysed, the olfactory nerve layer and the glomerular layer were the regions with higher GFAP, BLBP and GS immuno-reactivity. In addition, numerous BLBP-expressing cells (a marker of mammalian OECs) showing proliferative activity were present in the olfactory nerve layer. Our findings suggest that glial cells of peripheral and central origin coexist in the OB of catshark embryos and early juveniles. These results open the path for future studies about the differential roles of glial cells in the catshark OB during embryonic development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Docampo-Seara
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - E Candal
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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19
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Miah M, Ferretti P, Choi D. Considering the Cellular Composition of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review of the Literature. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781489. [PMID: 34867207 PMCID: PMC8635789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glia cells of the olfactory system that support the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons throughout adulthood. Owing to their pro-regenerative properties, OECs have been transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and trialed in clinical studies on SCI patients. Although these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the continued development of OEC transplantation as a treatment option for the repair of SCI, discrepancies in the reported outcome has shown that OEC transplantation requires further improvement. Much of the variability in the reparative potential of OEC transplants is due to the variations in the cell composition of transplants between studies. As a result, the optimal cell preparation is currently a subject of debate. Here we review, the characterization as well as the effect of the cell composition of olfactory cell transplantation on therapeutic outcome in SCI. Firstly, we summarize and review the cell composition of olfactory cell preparations across the different species studied prior to transplantation. Since the purity of cells in olfactory transplants might affect the study outcome we also examine the effect of the proportions of OECs and the different cell types identified in the transplant on neuroregeneration. Finally, we consider the effect of the yield of cells on neuroregeneration by assessing the cell dose of transplants on therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Miah
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Assunção Silva RC, Pinto L, Salgado AJ. Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:850-896. [PMID: 34783046 DOI: 10.1002/med.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The axonal growth-restrictive character of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) makes finding a therapeutic strategy a very demanding task, due to the postinjury events impeditive to spontaneous axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Considering SCI pathophysiology complexity, it has been suggested that an effective therapy should tackle all the SCI-related aspects and provide sensory and motor improvement to SCI patients. Thus, the current aim of any therapeutic approach for SCI relies in providing neuroprotection and support neuroregeneration. Acknowledging the current SCI treatment paradigm, cell transplantation is one of the most explored approaches for SCI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being in the forefront of many of these. Studies showing the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation after SCI have been proposing a paracrine action of these cells on the injured tissues, through the secretion of protective and trophic factors, rather than attributing it to the action of cells itself. This manuscript provides detailed information on the most recent data regarding the neuroregenerative effect of the secretome of MSCs as a cell-free based therapy for SCI. The main challenge of any strategy proposed for SCI treatment relies in obtaining robust preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, before moving to the clinics, so we have specifically focused on the available vertebrate and mammal models of SCI currently used in research and how can SCI field benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Assunção Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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21
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Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Torres-Llacsa M, Doncel-Pérez E. Role of Aldynoglia Cells in Neuroinflammatory and Neuroimmune Responses after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:2783. [PMID: 34685763 PMCID: PMC8534338 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldynoglia are growth-promoting cells with a morphology similar to radial glia and share properties and markers with astrocytes and Schwann cells. They are distributed in several locations throughout the adult central nervous system, where the cells of the aldynoglia interact and respond to the signals of the immune cells. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the functions of resident aldynoglia, identified as ependymocytes, tanycytes, and ependymal stem cells (EpSCs) of the spinal cord are crucial for the regeneration of spinal neural tissue. These glial cells facilitate axonal regrowth and remyelination of injured axons. Here, we review the influence of M1 or M2 macrophage/microglia subpopulations on the fate of EpSCs during neuroinflammation and immune responses in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mabel Torres-Llacsa
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Grupo de Química Neuro-Regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
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22
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Gilmour AD, Reshamwala R, Wright AA, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Optimizing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:817-829. [PMID: 32056492 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation constitutes an important avenue for development of new treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). These therapies are aimed at supporting neural repair and/or replacing lost cells at the injury site. To date, various cell types have been trialed, with most studies focusing on different types of stem cells or glial cells. Here, we review commonly used cell transplantation approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, with focus on transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system. OECs are promising candidates for promotion of neural repair given that they support continuous regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. Further, OECs can be accessed from the nasal mucosa (olfactory neuroepithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity and can be autologously transplanted. OEC transplantation has been trialed in many animal models of SCI, as well as in human clinical trials. While several studies have been promising, outcomes are variable and the method needs improvement to enhance aspects such as cell survival, integration, and migration. As a case study, we include the approaches used by our team (the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia) to address the current problems with OEC transplantation and discuss how the therapeutic potential of OEC transplantation can be improved. Our approach includes discovery research to improve our knowledge of OEC biology, identifying natural and synthetic compounds to stimulate the neural repair properties of OECs, and designing three-dimensional cell constructs to create stable and transplantable cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gilmour
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison A Wright
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Nazareth L, St John J, Murtaza M, Ekberg J. Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660259. [PMID: 33898462 PMCID: PMC8060502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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24
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Saglam A, Calof AL, Wray S. Novel factor in olfactory ensheathing cell-astrocyte crosstalk: Anti-inflammatory protein α-crystallin B. Glia 2021; 69:1022-1036. [PMID: 33314354 PMCID: PMC9469687 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in CNS neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration that may help or hinder recovery, depending on the context of the injury. Although pro-inflammatory factors that promote astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to be secreted by reactive microglia, anti-inflammatory factors that suppress astrocyte activation are not well-characterized. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), glial cells that wrap axons of olfactory sensory neurons, have been shown to moderate astrocyte reactivity, creating an environment conducive to regeneration. Similarly, astrocytes cultured in medium conditioned by cultured OECs (OEC-CM) show reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), a pro-inflammatory protein that induces neurotoxic reactivity in astrocytes. In this study, we screened primary and immortalized OEC lines to identify these factors and discovered that Alpha B-crystallin (CryAB), an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by OECs via exosomes, coordinating an intercellular immune response. Our results showed that: (a) OEC exosomes block nuclear NFκB translocation in astrocytes while exosomes from CryAB-null OECs could not; (b) OEC exosomes could be taken up by astrocytes, and (c) CryAB treatment suppressed neurotoxicity-associated astrocyte transcripts. Our results indicate CryAB, as well as other factors secreted by OECs, are potential agents that can ameliorate, or even reverse, the growth-inhibitory environment created by neurotoxic reactive astrocytes following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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25
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Castaño O, López-Mengual A, Reginensi D, Matamoros-Angles A, Engel E, Del Rio JA. Chemotactic TEG3 Cells' Guiding Platforms Based on PLA Fibers Functionalized With the SDF-1α/CXCL12 Chemokine for Neural Regeneration Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627805. [PMID: 33829009 PMCID: PMC8019790 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(Following spinal cord injury, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach in promoting functional improvement. Some studies report that the migratory properties of OECs are compromised by inhibitory molecules and potentiated by chemical concentration differences. Here we compare the attachment, morphology, and directionality of an OEC-derived cell line, TEG3 cells, seeded on functionalized nanoscale meshes of Poly(l/dl-lactic acid; PLA) nanofibers. The size of the nanofibers has a strong effect on TEG3 cell adhesion and migration, with the PLA nanofibers having a 950 nm diameter being the ones that show the best results. TEG3 cells are capable of adopting a bipolar morphology on 950 nm fiber surfaces, as well as a highly dynamic behavior in migratory terms. Finally, we observe that functionalized nanofibers, with a chemical concentration increment of SDF-1α/CXCL12, strongly enhance the migratory characteristics of TEG3 cells over inhibitory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Castaño
- Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.,Bioelectronics Unit and Nanobioeneering Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana López-Mengual
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Reginensi
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidad Latina de Panamá, Panama City, Panama
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.,IMEM-BRT Group, Department of Materials Science, EEBE, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Rio
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Prager J, Ito D, Carwardine DR, Jiju P, Chari DM, Granger N, Wong LF. Delivery of chondroitinase by canine mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells alongside rehabilitation enhances recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113660. [PMID: 33647272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic paralysis and incontinence and remains a major worldwide healthcare burden, with no regenerative treatment clinically available. Intraspinal transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) are both promising therapies but limited and unpredictable responses are seen, particularly in canine clinical trials. Sustained delivery of chABC presents a challenge due to its thermal instability; we hypothesised that transplantation of canine olfactory mucosal OECs genetically modified ex vivo by lentiviral transduction to express chABC (cOEC-chABC) would provide novel delivery of chABC and synergistic therapy. Rats were randomly divided into cOEC-chABC, cOEC, or vehicle transplanted groups and received transplant immediately after dorsal column crush corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Rehabilitation for forepaw reaching and blinded behavioural testing was conducted for 8 weeks. We show that cOEC-chABC transplanted animals recover greater forepaw reaching accuracy on Whishaw testing and more normal gait than cOEC transplanted or vehicle control rats. Increased CST axon sprouting cranial to the injury and serotonergic fibres caudal to the injury suggest a mechanism for recovery. We therefore demonstrate that cOECs can deliver sufficient chABC to drive modest functional improvement, and that this genetically engineered cellular and molecular approach is a feasible combination therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Prince Jiju
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Neural Tissue Engineering, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Ursavas S, Darici H, Karaoz E. Olfactory ensheathing cells: Unique glial cells promising for treatments of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1579-1597. [PMID: 33605466 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally the consequence of physical damage, which may result in devastating consequences such as paraplegia or paralysis. Some certain candidates for SCI repair are olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are unique glial cells located in the transition region of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and perform neuron regeneration in the olfactory system throughout life. Culture studies have clarified many properties of OECs, but their mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Successful results achieved in animal models showcased that SCI treatment with OEC transplants is suitable for clinical trials. However, clinical trials are limited by difficulties like cell acquisition for autograft transplantation. Despite the improvements in both animal and clinical studies so far, there is still insufficient information about the mechanism of actions, adverse effects, proper application methods, effective subtypes, and sources of cells. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical literature focused on the cellular characterization of both OECs in vitro and post-transplantation. We highlight the roles and effects of OECs on (a) the injury-induced glial milieu, (b) neuronal growth/regeneration, and (c) functional recovery after injury. Due to the shown benefits of OECs with in vitro and animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials, where safety and effectivity were shown, it is necessary to conduct more studies on OECs to obtain effective and feasible treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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28
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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29
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Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2853650. [PMID: 33204276 PMCID: PMC7661146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2853650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious neurological diseases that occur in young people with high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. Stem cell (SC) treatment of SCI has gradually become a new research hotspot over the past decades. This article is aimed at reviewing the research progress of SC therapy for SCI. Methods Review the literature and summarize the effects, strategies, related mechanisms, safety, and clinical application of different SC types and new approaches in combination with SC in SCI treatment. Results A large number of studies have focused on SC therapy for SCI, most of which showed good effects. The common SC types for SCI treatment include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The modes of treatment include in vivo and in vitro induction. The pathways of transplantation consist of intravenous, transarterial, nasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intramedullary injections. Most of the SC treatments for SCI use a number of cells ranging from tens of thousands to millions. Early or late SC administration, application of immunosuppressant or not are still controversies. Potential mechanisms of SC therapy include tissue repair and replacement, neurotrophy, and regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Common safety issues include thrombosis and embolism, tumorigenicity and instability, infection, high fever, and even death. Recently, some new approaches, such as the pharmacological activation of endogenous SCs, biomaterials, 3D print, and optogenetics, have been also developed, which greatly improved the application of SC therapy for SCI. Conclusion Most studies support the effects of SC therapy on SCI, while a few studies do not. The cell types, mechanisms, and strategies of SC therapy for SCI are very different among studies. In addition, the safety cannot be ignored, and more clinical trials are required. The application of new technology will promote SC therapy of SCI.
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30
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Zhai W, Gao L, Qu L, Li Y, Zeng Y, Li Q, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Combined Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells With Rat Neural Stem Cells Enhanced the Therapeutic Effect in the Retina of RCS Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:52. [PMID: 32265657 PMCID: PMC7105604 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) are the leading causes of blindness and currently lack effective treatment. Cytotherapy has become a promising strategy for RDDs. The transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) or neural stem cells (NSCs) has recently been applied for the experimental treatment of RDDs. However, the long-term outcomes of single-cell transplantation are poor. The combined transplantation of multiple types of cells might achieve better effects. In the present study, OECs [containing olfactory nerve fibroblasts (ONFs)] and NSCs were cotransplanted into the subretinal space of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. Using electroretinogram (ERG), immunofluorescence, Western blot, and in vitro Transwell system, the differences in the electrophysiological and morphological changes of single and combined transplantation as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperation. In addition, using the Transwell system, the influence of OECs on the stemness of NSCs was discovered. Results showed that, compared to the single transplantation of OECs or NSCs, the combined transplantation of OECs and NSCs produced greater improvements in b-wave amplitudes in ERGs and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer at all three time points. More endogenous stem cells were found within the retina after combined transplantation. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression decreased significantly when NSCs were cotransplanted with OECs. Both the vertical and horizontal migration of grafted cells were enhanced in the combined transplantation group. Meanwhile, the stemness of NSCs was also better maintained after coculture with OECs. Taken together, the results suggested that the combined transplantation of NSCs and OECs enhanced the improvement in retinal protection in RCS rats, providing a new strategy to treat RDDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhai
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The 6th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijian Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyou Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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32
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Gao Z, Zhao Y, He X, Leng Z, Zhou X, Song H, Wang R, Gao Z, Wang Y, Liu J, Niu B, Li H, Ouyang P, Chang S. Transplantation of sh-miR-199a-5p-Modified Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Promotes the Functional Recovery in Rats with Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720916173. [PMID: 32252553 PMCID: PMC7586279 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720916173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as gene expression switches, and participate in diverse pathophysiological processes of spinal cord injury (SCI). Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can alleviate pathological injury and facilitate functional recovery after SCI. However, the mechanisms by which OECs restore function are not well understood. This study aims to determine whether silencing miR-199a-5p would enhance the beneficial effects of the OECs. In this study, we measured miR-199a-5p levels in rat spinal cords with and without injury, with and without OEC transplants. Then, we transfected OECs with the sh-miR-199a-5p lentiviral vector to reduce miR-199a-5p expression and determined the effects of these OECs in SCI rats by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scores, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and histological methods. We used western blotting to measure protein levels of Slit1, Robo2, and srGAP2. Finally, we used the dual-luciferase reporter assay to assess the relationship between miR-199-5p and Slit1, Robo2, and srGAP2 expression. We found that SCI significantly increased miR-199a-5p levels (P < 0.05), and OEC transplants significantly reduced miR-199a-5p expression (P < 0.05). Knockdown of miR-199a-5p in OECs had a better therapeutic effect on SCI rats, indicated by higher BBB scores and fractional anisotropy values on DTI, as well as histological findings. Reducing miR-199a-5p levels in transplanted OECs markedly increased spinal cord protein levels of Slit1, Robo2, and srGAP2. Our results demonstrated that transplantation of sh-miR-199a-5p-modified OECs promoted functional recovery in SCI rats, suggesting that miR-199a-5p knockdown was more beneficial to the therapeutic effects of OEC transplants. These findings provided new insights into miRNAs-mediated therapeutic mechanisms of OECs, which helps us to develop therapeutic strategies based on miRNAs and optimize cell therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zikuan Leng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhongyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiantao Liu
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binbin Niu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical College, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengrong Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Su’e Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Reshamwala R, Shah M, St John J, Ekberg J. Survival and Integration of Transplanted Olfactory Ensheathing Cells are Crucial for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Insights from the Last 10 Years of Animal Model Studies. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:132S-159S. [PMID: 31726863 PMCID: PMC7016467 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719883823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, support the natural regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. OECs thus exhibit unique properties supporting neuronal survival and growth. Transplantation of OECs is emerging as a promising treatment for spinal cord injury; however, outcomes in both animals and humans are variable and the method needs improvement and standardization. A major reason for the discrepancy in functional outcomes is the variability in survival and integration of the transplanted cells, key factors for successful spinal cord regeneration. Here, we review the outcomes of OEC transplantation in rodent models over the last 10 years, with a focus on survival and integration of the transplanted cells. We identify the key factors influencing OEC survival: injury type, source of transplanted cells, co-transplantation with other cell types, number and concentration of cells, method of delivery, and time of transplantation after the injury. We found that two key issues are hampering optimization and standardization of OEC transplantation: lack of (1) reliable methods for identifying transplanted cells, and (2) three-dimensional systems for OEC delivery. To develop OEC transplantation as a successful and standardized therapy for spinal cord injury, we must address these issues and increase our understanding of the complex parameters influencing OEC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Reshamwala
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Murtaza M, Chacko A, Delbaz A, Reshamwala R, Rayfield A, McMonagle B, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare? Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:260. [PMID: 31632194 PMCID: PMC6788004 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are unusual in that they rarely form tumors. Only 11 cases, all of which were benign, have been reported to date. In fact, the existence of OEC tumors has been debated as the tumors closely resemble schwannomas (Schwann cell tumors), and there is no definite method for distinguishing the two tumor types. OEC transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for nervous system injuries, and the fact that OECs are not prone to tumorigenesis is therefore vital. However, why OECs are so resistant to neoplastic transformation remains unknown. The primary olfactory nervous system is a highly dynamic region which continuously undergoes regeneration and neurogenesis throughout life. OECs have key roles in this process, providing structural and neurotrophic support as well as phagocytosing the axonal debris resulting from turnover of neurons. The olfactory mucosa and underlying tissue is also frequently exposed to infectious agents, and OECs have key innate immune roles preventing microbes from invading the central nervous system. It is possible that the unique biological functions of OECs, as well as the dynamic nature of the primary olfactory nervous system, relate to the low incidence of OEC tumors. Here, we summarize the known case reports of OEC tumors, discuss the difficulties of correctly diagnosing them, and examine the possible reasons for their rare incidence. Understanding why OECs rarely form tumors may open avenues for new strategies to combat tumorigenesis in other regions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Brent McMonagle
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Boulevard, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - James A St John
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
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Collins A, Ibrahim A, Li D, Liadi M, Li Y. Reconstruction of the Damaged Dorsal Root Entry Zone by Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1212-1219. [PMID: 31271055 PMCID: PMC6767882 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719855938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal root entry zone is often used in research to examine the disconnection between
the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system which occurs following injury. Our
laboratory and others have used transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to
repair experimental spinal cord injuries. We have previously used a four dorsal root
(C6–T1) transection model to show that transplantation of OECs can reinstate rat forelimb
proprioception in a climbing task. Until now, however, we have not looked in detail at the
anatomical interaction between OECs and the peripheral/central nervous system regions
which form the transitional zone. In this study, we compared short- and long-term OEC
survival and their interaction with the surrounding dorsal root tissue. We reveal how
transplanted OECs orient toward the spinal cord and allow newly formed axons to travel
across into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Reconstruction of the dorsal root entry
zone was supported by OEC ensheathment of axons at the injured site and also at around 3
mm further away at the dorsal root ganglion. Quantitative analysis revealed no observable
difference in dorsal column axonal loss between transplanted and control groups of
rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Modinat Liadi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Zhong W, Bian K, Hu Y, Ji Z, Xu X, Li J, Wu P, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhang H, Shen Y. Lysophosphatidic acid guides the homing of transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells to the lesion site after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wentao Z, Ya'nan H, Jian L, Kaipeng B, Peng S, Yu Z, Peng Z, Huanxiang Z, Feng Z, Yixin S. In vitro biocompatibility study of a water-rinsed biomimetic silk porous scaffold with olfactory ensheathing cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:526-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nazareth L, Chen M, Shelper T, Shah M, Tello Velasquez J, Walkden H, Beacham I, Batzloff M, Rayfield A, Todorovic M, Beagley KW, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Novel insights into the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1228-1244. [PMID: 30592044 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are often described as being present in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems (PNS and CNS). Furthermore, the olfactory nervous system glia limitans (the glial layer defining the PNS-CNS border) is considered unique as it consists of intermingling OECs and astrocytes. In contrast, the glia limitans of the rest of the nervous system consists solely of astrocytes which create a distinct barrier to Schwann cells (peripheral glia). The ability of OECs to interact with astrocytes is one reason why OECs are believed to be superior to Schwann cells for transplantation therapies to treat CNS injuries. We have used transgenic reporter mice in which glial cells express DsRed fluorescent protein to study the cellular constituents of the glia limitans. We found that the glia limitans layer of the olfactory nervous system is morphologically similar to elsewhere in the nervous system, with a similar low degree of intermingling between peripheral glia and astrocytes. We found that the astrocytic layer of the olfactory bulb is a distinct barrier to bacterial infection, suggesting that this layer constitutes the PNS-CNS immunological barrier. We also found that OECs interact with astrocytes in a similar fashion as Schwann cells in vitro. When cultured in three dimensions, however, there were subtle differences between OECs and Schwann cells in their interactions with astrocytes. We therefore suggest that glial fibrillary acidic protein-reactive astrocyte layer of the olfactory bulb constitutes the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system and that OECs are primarily "PNS glia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mo Chen
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Muniswami DM, Tharion G. Functional Recovery Following the Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Asian Spine J 2018; 12:998-1009. [PMID: 30322257 PMCID: PMC6284116 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.12.6.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from rat olfactory mucosa were cultured, characterized, and transplanted into a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Purpose To evaluate different doses of OECs in a rat model of SCI. Overview of Literature SCI causes permanent functional deficit because the central nervous system lacks the ability to perform spontaneous repair. Cell therapy strategies are being explored globally. The clinical use of human embryonic stem cell is hampered by ethical controversies. Alternatively, OECs are a promising cell source for neurotransplantation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different doses of allogenic OEC transplantation in a rat model of SCI. Methods OECs were cultured from the olfactory mucosa of Albino Wistar rats; these cells were characterized using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Rats were divided into five groups (n=6 rats each). In each group, different dosage (2×105, 5×105, 10×105, and >10×105) of cultured cells were transplanted into experimentally injured spinal cords of rat models. However, in the SCI group, only DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium) was injected. Rats were followed up upto 8 weeks post-transplantation. The outcome of transplantation was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale; motor-evoked potential studies; and histological examination. Results Cultured cells expressed 41% of p75NTR, a marker for OEC, and 35% of anti-fibronectin, a marker for olfactory nerve fibroblast. These cells also expressed S100β and glial fibrillary acid protein of approximately 75% and 83%, respectively. All the transplanted groups showed promising BBB scores for hind-limb motor recovery compared with the SCI group (p<0.05). A motor-evoked potential study showed increased amplitude in all the treated groups compared with the SCI. Green fluorescent protein-labeled cells survived in the injured cord, suggesting their role in the transplantation-mediated repair. Transplantation of 5×105 cells showed the best motor outcomes among all the doses. Conclusions OECs demonstrated a therapeutic effect in rat models with the potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Rich CA, Perera SN, Andratschke J, Stolt CC, Buehler DP, Southard-Smith EM, Wegner M, Britsch S, Baker CVH. Olfactory ensheathing cells abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb express Frzb, whose deletion disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Glia 2018; 66:2617-2631. [PMID: 30256452 PMCID: PMC6517278 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We and others previously showed that in mouse embryos lacking the transcription factor Sox10, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) differentiation is disrupted, resulting in defective olfactory axon targeting and fewer gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons entering the embryonic forebrain. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that OECs in the olfactory nerve layer express Frzb—encoding a secreted Wnt inhibitor with roles in axon targeting and basement membrane breakdown—from embryonic day (E)12.5, when GnRH neurons first enter the forebrain, until E16.5, the latest stage examined. The highest levels of Frzb expression are seen in OECs in the inner olfactory nerve layer, abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb. We find that Sox10 is required for Frzb expression in OECs, suggesting that loss of Frzb could explain the olfactory axon targeting and/or GnRH neuron migration defects seen in Sox10‐null mice. At E16.5, Frzb‐null embryos show significant reductions in both the volume of the olfactory nerve layer expressing the maturation marker Omp and the number of Omp‐positive olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. As Omp upregulation correlates with synapse formation, this suggests that Frzb deletion indeed disrupts olfactory axon targeting. In contrast, GnRH neuron entry into the forebrain is not significantly affected. Hence, loss of Frzb may contribute to the olfactory axon targeting phenotype, but not the GnRH neuron phenotype, of Sox10‐null mice. Overall, our results suggest that Frzb secreted from OECs in the olfactory nerve layer is important for olfactory axon targeting. Frzb is expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells abutting the embryonic mouse olfactory bulb. Frzb expression requires Sox10. Deletion of Frzb disrupts olfactory receptor neuron maturation, likely reflecting a defect in olfactory axon targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance A Rich
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Claus Stolt
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Liadi M, Collins A, Li Y, Li D. The Impact of Tissue Storage Conditions on Rat Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Yield and the Future Clinical Implications. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1320-1327. [PMID: 30095003 PMCID: PMC6168985 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718787762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma causes spinal cord injury, and the devastating consequences of the injury are due
to the failure of the damaged central nervous system (CNS) axons to regenerate. Previous
studies have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of glial cell
and they can promote regeneration of CNS axons to aid recovery after spinal cord injury.
Transplantation of OECs, in particular from the olfactory bulb (OB), is considered one of
the most promising therapeutic strategies for the repair of CNS injuries, including spinal
cord injury. Transplantation of OECs can be autologous or allogenic. Here we focused on
the less invasive and more error-proof allograft approach which needs a collection of
donor OB tissue for OEC production. In this study, we investigated the effects on the
yield and proportions of OECs and olfactory nerve fibroblasts (ONFs) from storing OB
tissue in various media for periods of 24 and 48 hours. The OEC yield contributes to the
viability of a successful cell transplant. We concluded that storing OB tissue for a
period longer than 24 hours negatively impacted the total cell number and subsequently the
OEC population. This study provides useful information for future clinical
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modinat Liadi
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration. Genesis 2018; 56:e23215. [PMID: 30134068 PMCID: PMC6099236 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest-derived ensheathing glial cells of the olfactory nerve (OECs) are unique in spanning both the peripheral and central nervous systems: they ensheathe bundles of axons projecting from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to their targets in the olfactory bulb. OECs are clinically relevant as a promising autologous cell transplantation therapy for promoting central nervous system repair. They are also important for fertility, being required for the migration of embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode along terminal nerve axons to the medial forebrain, which they enter caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Like Schwann cell precursors, OEC precursors associated with the developing olfactory nerve express the glial marker myelin protein zero and the key peripheral glial transcription factor Sox10. The transition from Schwann cell precursors to immature Schwann cells is accelerated by canonical Notch signaling via the Rbpj transcription factor. Here, we aimed to test the role of Notch/Rbpj signaling in developing OECs by blocking the pathway in both chicken and mouse. Our results suggest that Notch/Rbpj signaling prevents the cranial neural crest cells that colonize the olfactory nerve from differentiating as neurons, and at later stages contributes to the guidance of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristján R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
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Collins A, Li D, Liadi M, Tabakow P, Fortuna W, Raisman G, Li Y. Partial Recovery of Proprioception in Rats with Dorsal Root Injury after Human Olfactory Bulb Cell Transplantation. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1367-1378. [PMID: 29285976 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted human olfactory ensheathing cells (hOECs) were mixed with collagen into a unilateral transection of four dorsal roots (C6-T1) in a rat model. By mixing with collagen, the limited numbers of hOEC were maximized from an olfactory bulb biopsy and optimize cavity filling. Cyclosporine was administered daily to prevent immune rejection. Forelimb proprioception was assessed weekly in a vertical climb task. Half of the rats receiving hOEC transplants showed some functional improvement ("responders") over six weeks of the study while the other half did not ("nonresponders") and performed similarly to "injured only" rats. Transplanted cells were seen at both one week and six weeks after the surgical procedure; many were concentrated within the lesion cavity, but others were found with elongated processes in the overlying connective tissue. There were some fibers in the injury area associated with transplanted cells that were immunostained for neurofilament and TUJ1. Responder and nonresponder rats were compared with regard to microglial activation within the deep dorsal horn of cervical levels C7, C8 and also axon loss within the cuneate fasciculus at cervical level C3. Little difference was seen in microglial activation or axonal loss that could account for the improved proprioception in the responders group. This preliminary study is the first to transplant human olfactory bulb cells into a rat model of dorsal root injury; by refining each component part of the procedure, the repair potential of OECs can be maximized in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Modinat Liadi
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Tabakow
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fortuna
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Geoffrey Raisman
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Sokpor G, Abbas E, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Control of Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium Development. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29532253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) represents a major aspect of the peripheral olfactory system. It is a pseudostratified tissue that originates from the olfactory placode and is composed of diverse cells, some of which are specialized receptor neurons capable of transducing odorant stimuli to afford the perception of smell (olfaction). The OE is known to offer a tractable miniature model for studying the systematic generation of neurons and glia that typify neural tissue development. During OE development, stem/progenitor cells that will become olfactory sensory neurons and/or non-neuronal cell types display fine spatiotemporal expression of neuronal and non-neuronal genes that ensures their proper proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. Many factors, including transcription and epigenetic factors, have been identified as key regulators of the expression of such requisite genes to permit normal OE morphogenesis. Typically, specific interactive regulatory networks established between transcription and epigenetic factors/cofactors orchestrate histogenesis in the embryonic and adult OE. Hence, investigation of these regulatory networks critical for OE development promises to disclose strategies that may be employed in manipulating the stepwise transition of olfactory precursor cells to become fully differentiated and functional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Such strategies potentially offer formidable means of replacing injured or degenerated neural cells as therapeutics for nervous system perturbations. This review recapitulates the developmental cellular diversity of the olfactory neuroepithelium and discusses findings on how the precise and cooperative molecular control by transcriptional and epigenetic machinery is indispensable for OE ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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46
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Gomes ED, Mendes SS, Assunção-Silva RC, Teixeira FG, Pires AO, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Leite-Almeida H, Gimble JM, Sousa N, Lepore AC, Silva NA, Salgado AJ. Co-Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells 2018; 36:696-708. [PMID: 29352743 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) still have a dismal prognosis. Despite all the efforts developed in this area, currently there are no effective treatments. Therefore, cell therapies have been proposed as a viable alternative to the current treatments used. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been used with promising results in different models of SCI, namely due to the regenerative properties of the secretome of the first, and the guidance capability of the second. Using an in vitro model of axonal growth, the dorsal root ganglia explants, we demonstrated that OECs induce neurite outgrowth mainly through cell-cell interactions, while ASCs' effects are strongly mediated by the release of paracrine factors. A proteomic analysis of ASCs' secretome revealed the presence of proteins involved in VEGF, PI3K, and Cadherin signaling pathways, which may be responsible for the effects observed. Then, the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs showed to improve motor deficits of SCI-rats. Particular parameters of movement such as stepping, coordination, and toe clearance were improved in rats that received the transplant of cells, in comparison to nontreated rats. A histological analysis of the spinal cord tissues revealed that transplantation of ASCs and OECs had a major effect on the reduction of inflammatory cells close the lesion site. A slight reduction of astrogliosis was also evident. Overall, the results obtained with the present work indicate that the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs brings important functional benefits to the injured spinal cord. Stem Cells 2018;36:696-708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita C Assunção-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana O Pires
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Life Sciences.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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47
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Carwardine D, Prager J, Neeves J, Muir EM, Uney J, Granger N, Wong LF. Transplantation of canine olfactory ensheathing cells producing chondroitinase ABC promotes chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan digestion and axonal sprouting following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188967. [PMID: 29228020 PMCID: PMC5724818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treating spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been demonstrated in experimental SCI models and naturally occurring SCI in dogs. However, the presence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of the glial scar can inhibit efficient axonal repair and limit the therapeutic potential of OECs. Here we have used lentiviral vectors to genetically modify canine OECs to continuously deliver mammalian chondroitinase ABC at the lesion site in order to degrade the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. We demonstrate that these chondroitinase producing canine OECs survived at 4 weeks following transplantation into the spinal cord lesion and effectively digested chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans at the site of injury. There was evidence of sprouting within the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion and an increase in the number of corticospinal axons caudal to the lesion, suggestive of axonal regeneration. Our results indicate that delivery of the chondroitinase enzyme can be achieved with the genetically modified OECs to increase axon growth following SCI. The combination of these two promising approaches is a potential strategy for promoting neural regeneration following SCI in veterinary practice and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Prager
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Neeves
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Uney
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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49
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Li Y, Zou T, Xue L, Yin ZQ, Huo S, Xu H. TGF-β1 enhances phagocytic removal of neuron debris and neuronal survival by olfactory ensheathing cells via integrin/MFG-E8 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:45-56. [PMID: 28860093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been shown to be a leading candidate in cell therapies for central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Rapid clearance of neuron debris can promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration in CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. The phagocytic removal of neuron debris by OECs has been shown to contribute to neuronal outgrowth. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of phagocytic removal of neuron debris by OECs have not been explored. In this study, we found that OECs secreted anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) during the phagocytic removal of neuron debris. TGF-β1 enhanced phagocytic activity of OECs through regulating integrin/MFG-E8 signaling pathway. In addition, TGF-β1 shifted OECs towards a flattened shape with increased cellular area, which might also be involved in the enhancement of phagocytic activity of OECs. Furthermore, the removal of neuron debris by OECs affected neuronal survival and outgrowth. TGF-β1 enhanced the clearance of neuron debris by OECs and increased neuronal survival. These results reveal the role and mechanism of TGF-β1 in enhancing the phagocytic activity of OECs, which will update the understanding of phagocytosis of OECs and improve the therapeutic use of OECs in CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Langyue Xue
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shujia Huo
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
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50
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Hao DJ, Liu C, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhang Q, Zhang R, An J, Zhao J, Wu M, Wang Y, Simental A, He B, Yang H. Lipopolysaccharide and Curcumin Co-Stimulation Potentiates Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Phagocytosis Via Enhancing Their Activation. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:502-518. [PMID: 27743319 PMCID: PMC5398976 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gradual deterioration following central nervous system (CNS) injuries or neurodegenerative disorders is usually accompanied by infiltration of degenerated and apoptotic neural tissue debris. A rapid and efficient clearance of these deteriorated cell products is of pivotal importance in creating a permissive environment for regeneration of those damaged neurons. Our recent report revealed that the phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can make a substantial contribution to neuronal growth in such a hostile environment. However, little is known about how to further increase the ability of OECs in phagocytosing deleterious products. Here, we used an in vitro model of primary cells to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and curcumin (CCM) co-stimulation on phagocytic activity of OECs and the possible underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that co-stimulation using LPS and CCM can significantly enhance the activation of OECs, displaying a remarkable up-regulation in chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Toll-like receptor 4, increased OEC proliferative activity, and improved phagocytic capacity compared with normal and LPS- or CCM-treated OECs. More importantly, this potentiated phagocytosis activity greatly facilitated neuronal growth under hostile culture conditions. Moreover, the up-regulation of transglutaminase-2 and phosphatidylserine receptor in OECs activated by LPS and CCM co-stimulation are likely responsible for mechanisms underlying the observed cellular events, because cystamine (a specific inhibitor of transglutaminase-2) and neutrophil elastase (a cleavage enzyme of phosphatidylserine receptor) can effectively abrogate all the positive effects of OECs, including phagocytic capacity and promotive effects on neuronal growth. This study provides an alternative strategy for the repair of traumatic nerve injury and neurologic diseases with the application of OECs in combination with LPS and CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Jun Hao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Mingmei Wu
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Alfred Simental
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Baorong He
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
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