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Davidson JO, Gonzalez F, Gressens P, Gunn AJ. Update on mechanisms of the pathophysiology of neonatal encephalopathy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101267. [PMID: 34274259 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is now well established to significantly improve survival without disability after neonatal encephalopathy (NE). To further improve outcomes, we need to better understand the mechanisms of brain injury. The central finding, which offers the potential for neuroprotective and neurorestorative interventions, is that brain damage after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia evolves slowly over time. Although brain cells may die during profound hypoxia-ischemia, even after surprisingly severe insults many cells show transient recovery of oxidative metabolism during a "latent" phase characterized by actively suppressed neural metabolism and activity. Critically, after moderate to severe hypoxia-ischemia, this transient recovery is followed after ~6 h by a phase of secondary deterioration, with delayed seizures, failure of mitochondrial function, cytotoxic edema, and cell death over ~72 h. This is followed by a tertiary phase of remodeling and recovery. This review discusses the mechanisms of injury that occur during the primary, latent, secondary and tertiary phases of injury and potential treatments that target one or more of these phases. By analogy with therapeutic hypothermia, treatment as early as possible in the latent phase is likely to have the greatest potential to prevent injury ("neuroprotection"). In the secondary phase of injury, anticonvulsants can attenuate seizures, but show limited neuroprotection. Encouragingly, there is now increasing preclinical evidence that late, neurorestorative interventions have potential to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne O Davidson
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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2
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Abstract
Ion exchange between intracellular and extracellular spaces is the basic mechanism for controlling cell metabolism and signal transduction. This process is mediated by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane, or intracellular membranes that surround various organelles, in response to environmental stimuli. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is one of the lysosomal-dependent degradation pathways that maintains homeostasis through the degradation and recycling of cellular components (e.g., dysfunctional proteins and damaged organelles). Although autophagy-related (ATG) proteins play a central role in regulating the formation of autophagy-related member structures (e.g., phagophores, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes), the autophagic process also involves changes in expression and function of ion channels and transporters. Here we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate autophagy in mammalian cells, with special attention to the ion channels and transporters. We also highlight prospects for the development of drugs targeting ion channels and transporters in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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3
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Bartholome O, de la Brassinne Bonardeaux O, Neirinckx V, Rogister B. A Composite Sketch of Fast-Spiking Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa026. [PMID: 34296100 PMCID: PMC8153048 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-positive neurons are inhibitory neurons that release GABA and are mostly represented by fast-spiking basket or chandelier cells. They constitute a minor neuronal population, yet their peculiar profiles allow them to react quickly to any event in the brain under normal or pathological conditions. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the fundamentals of fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive neurons, focusing on their morphology and specific channel/protein content. Next, we will explore their development, maturation, and migration in the brain. Finally, we will unravel their potential contribution to the physiopathology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Neurology Department, CHU, Academic Hospital, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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4
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Léger C, Dupré N, Aligny C, Bénard M, Lebon A, Henry V, Hauchecorne M, Galas L, Frebourg T, Leroux P, Vivien D, Lecointre M, Marret S, Gonzalez BJ. Glutamate controls vessel-associated migration of GABA interneurons from the pial migratory route via NMDA receptors and endothelial protease activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1959-1986. [PMID: 31392351 PMCID: PMC7229000 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During cortex development, fine interactions between pyramidal cells and migrating GABA neurons are required to orchestrate correct positioning of interneurons, but cellular and molecular mechanisms are not yet clearly understood. Functional and age-specific expression of NMDA receptors by neonate endothelial cells suggests a vascular contribution to the trophic role of glutamate during cortical development. Associating functional and loss-of-function approaches, we found that glutamate stimulates activity of the endothelial proteases MMP-9 and t-PA along the pial migratory route (PMR) and radial cortical microvessels. Activation of MMP-9 was NMDAR-dependent and abrogated in t-PA-/- mice. Time-lapse recordings revealed that glutamate stimulated migration of GABA interneurons along vessels through an NMDAR-dependent mechanism. In Gad67-GFP mice, t-PA invalidation and in vivo administration of an MMP inhibitor impaired positioning of GABA interneurons in superficial cortical layers, whereas Grin1 endothelial invalidation resulted in a strong reduction of the thickness of the pial migratory route, a marked decrease of the glutamate-induced MMP-9-like activity along the PMR and a depopulation of interneurons in superficial cortical layers. This study supports that glutamate controls the vessel-associated migration of GABA interneurons by regulating the activity of endothelial proteases. This effect requires endothelial NMDAR and is t-PA-dependent. These neurodevelopmental data reinforce the debate regarding safety of molecules with NMDA-antagonist properties administered to preterm and term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Léger
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Caroline Aligny
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Henry
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Michelle Hauchecorne
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Leroux
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Université Caen-Normandie, Inserm, UMR-S U1237 "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders" (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen University Hospital, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Maryline Lecointre
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno J Gonzalez
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, F 76000, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.
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5
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Molina V, Rodríguez-Vázquez L, Martí J. Patterns of Apoptosis and Autophagy Activation After Hydroxyurea Exposure in the Rat Cerebellar External Granular Layer: an Immunoperoxidase and Ultrastructural Analysis. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:93-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Denaxa M, Neves G, Rabinowitz A, Kemlo S, Liodis P, Burrone J, Pachnis V. Modulation of Apoptosis Controls Inhibitory Interneuron Number in the Cortex. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1710-1721. [PMID: 29444425 PMCID: PMC6230259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are composed of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Finding the right balance between the two is important for controlling overall cortical excitation and network dynamics. However, it is unclear how the correct number of cortical interneurons (CIs) is established in the mammalian forebrain. CIs are generated in excess from basal forebrain progenitors, and their final numbers are adjusted via an intrinsically determined program of apoptosis that takes place during an early postnatal window. Here, we provide evidence that the extent of CI apoptosis during this critical period is plastic and cell-type specific and can be reduced in a cell-autonomous manner by acute increases in neuronal activity. We propose that the physiological state of the emerging neural network controls the activity levels of local CIs to modulate their numbers in a homeostatic manner. Lhx6 is required for survival of CIs generated in the MGE MGE-derived CI loss is compensated for by a decrease in CGE-derived interneuron apoptosis Increases in cortical network activity are correlated with improved CI survival Transient, cell-autonomous depolarization improves the survival of grafted CIs
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Denaxa
- Nervous System Development and Homeostasis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Guilherme Neves
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Adam Rabinowitz
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sarah Kemlo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Petros Liodis
- Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Juan Burrone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Nervous System Development and Homeostasis Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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7
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Tsoka P, Barbisan PR, Kataoka K, Chen XN, Tian B, Bouzika P, Miller JW, Paschalis EI, Vavvas DG. NLRP3 inflammasome in NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2019; 181:136-144. [PMID: 30707890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity is an acute form of experimental retinal injury as a result of overactivation of glutamate receptors. NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing-3) inflammasome, one of the most studied sensors of innate immunity, has been reported to play a critical role in retinal neurodegeneration with controversial implications regarding neuroprotection and cell death. Thus far, it has not been elucidated whether NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity can trigger NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo. Moreover, it is unknown if NLRP3 is beneficial or detrimental to NMDA-mediated retinal cell death. Here, we employed a murine model of NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity by administering 100 nmoles of NMDA intravitreally, which resulted in massive TUNEL+ (TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labelling) cell death in all retinal layers and especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 24 h post injection. NMDA insult in the retina potentiates macrophage/microglia cell infiltration, primes the NLRP3 inflammasome in a transcription-dependent manner and induces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, despite NLRP3 inflammasome upregulation, systemic deletion of Nlrp3 or Casp1 (caspase-1) did not significantly alter the NMDA-induced, excitotoxicity-mediated TUNEL+ retinal cell death at 24 h (acute phase). Similarly, the deletion of the two aforementioned genes did not alter the survival of the Brn3a+ (brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A) RGCs in a significant way at 3- or 7-days post injection (long-term phase). Our results indicate that NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity induces immune cell recruitment and NLRP3 inflammasome activity even though inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation is not a leading contributing factor to cell death in this type of retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Tsoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo R Barbisan
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Nancy Chen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Tian
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy Bouzika
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Li Y, Li X, Zhao J, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu W, Gao L. Midazolam Attenuates Autophagy and Apoptosis Caused by Ketamine by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species in the Hippocampus of Fetal Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 388:460-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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The Neurogenesis Actuator and NR2B/NMDA Receptor Antagonist Ro25-6981 Consistently Improves Spatial Memory Retraining Via Brain Region-Specific Gene Expression. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:167-178. [PMID: 29790100 PMCID: PMC6061165 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NR2B-containing NMDA (NR2B/NMDA) receptors are important in controlling neurogenesis and are involved in generating spatial memory. Ro25-6981 is a selective antagonist at these receptors and actuates neurogenesis and spatial memory. Inter-structural neuroanatomical profiles of gene expression regulating adult neurogenesis and neuroapoptosis require examination in the context of memory retrieval and reversal learning. The aim was to investigate spatial memory retrieval and reversal learning in relation to gene expression-linked neurogenetic processes following blockade of NR2B/NMDA receptors by Ro25-6981. Rats were trained in Morris water maze (MWM) platform location for 5 days. Ro25-6981 was administered (protocol days 6–7) followed by retraining (days 15–18 or 29–32). Platform location was tested (on days 19 or 33) then post-mortem brain tissue sampling (on days 20 or 34). The expression of three genes known to regulate cell proliferation (S100a6), differentiation (Ascl1), and apoptosis (Casp-3) were concomitantly evaluated in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum in relation to the MWM performance protocol. Following initial training, Ro25-6981 enhanced visuospatial memory retrieval performance during further retraining (protocol days 29–32) but did not influence visuospatial reversal learning (day 33). Hippocampal Ascl1 and Casp-3 expressions were correspondingly increased and decreased while cerebellar S100a6 and Casp-3 activities were decreased and increased respectively 27 days after Ro25-6981 treatment. Chronological analysis indicated a possible involvement of new mature neurons in the reconfiguration of memory processes. This was attended by behavioral/gene correlations which revealed direct links between spatial memory retrieval enhancement and modified gene activity induced by NR2B/NMDA receptor blockade and upregulation.
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Li X, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Han G, Zhao P. Activation of Autophagy Contributes to Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity in Fetal Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:432. [PMID: 29311820 PMCID: PMC5744904 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that commonly used general anesthetics may result in cognitive impairment in the immature brain. The prevailing theory is that general anesthetics could induce developmental neurotoxicity via enhanced apoptosis. In addition, inhibited proliferation induced by anesthetics has also been reported. So far, whether autophagy, a well-conserved cellular process that is critical for cell fate, also participates in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity remains elusive. Here, we first examined autophagy-related changes after sevoflurane exposure and the effect of autophagy on apoptosis and proliferation, and we also explored the underlying mechanisms of autophagy activation. Pregnant rats were exposed to 2 or 3.5% sevoflurane for 2 h on gestational day 14 (G14); then, markers of autophagy and expression of autophagy pathway components were measured in fetal brains 2, 12, 24, and 48 h after anesthesia. Changes in neural stem cell (NSC) apoptosis, neurogenesis, neuron quantity and learning and memory function were examined after administration of an autophagy or PTEN inhibitor. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, Beclin-1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) were increased in the 3.5% sevoflurane group, while Sequestosome 1 (P62/SQSTM1), phospho-protein kinase B/protein kinase B (p-Akt/Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were decreased. 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, or dipotassium bisperoxo-(5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxyl)-oxovanadate (V) (bpV), a PTEN inhibitor, significantly attenuated the activation of autophagy, reversed the decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and reduced the number of terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells, ameliorated the decline of Nestin expression, Ki67 positive cell rate, neuron quantity and cross platform times, and shortened the prolonged escape latency. Our results demonstrated that 2 h 3.5% sevoflurane exposure at G14 induced excessive autophagy in the fetal brain via the PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway. Autophagy inhibition reversed anesthesia-induced NSC apoptosis, proliferation decline and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Ye Z, Li Q, Guo Q, Xiong Y, Guo D, Yang H, Shu Y. Ketamine induces hippocampal apoptosis through a mechanism associated with the caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:63-75. [PMID: 28963039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a pediatric anesthetic, is widely used in clinical practice. There was growing evidence showing that ketamine can promote neuronal death in developing brains of both humans and animals. In this study, we used in vivo neonatal and juvenile mouse models to induce ketamine-related neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. Active caspase-3 and -9 proteins, which are responsible for the release of cytochrome C, and the mitochondrial translocation of p53, which is associated with mitochondrial apoptosis, were found to be significantly up-regulated in the ketamine-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, including caspase-1 and -11, NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and IL-1β and IL-18, significantly increased after multiple doses of ketamine administration. We speculated that ketamine triggered the formation of NLRP3 and caspase-1 complex and its translocation to the mitochondria. In consistent with this, ketamine treatment was found to induce pyroptosis in mouse primary hippocampal neurons, which was characterized by increased pore formation and elevated lactate dehydrogenase release in mitochondria. Silencing caspase-1 with lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly decreased the levels of not only pyroptosis-related proteins but also mitochondrial apoptosis-associated proteins in mouse primary hippocampal neurons. We conclude that caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis is an important event which may be an essential pathway involved in the mitochondria-associated apoptosis in ketamine-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yunchuan Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Ren G, Zhou Y, Liang G, Yang B, Yang M, King A, Wei H. General Anesthetics Regulate Autophagy via Modulating the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor: Implications for Dual Effects of Cytoprotection and Cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12378. [PMID: 28959036 PMCID: PMC5620053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics are both neuroprotective and neurotoxic with unclear mechanisms. General anesthetics may control cell survival via their effects on autophagy by activation of type 1 inositol triphosphate receptor (InsP3R-1). DT40 or SH-SY5Y cells with only or over 99% expression of InsP3R-1 were treated with isoflurane or propofol. Cell viability was determined by MTT reduction or LDH release assays. Apoptosis was determined by measuring Caspase-3 or by TUNEL assay. Autophagy activity was determined by measuring LC3 II and P62. We evaluated mitochondrial integrity using MitoTracker Green and cytosolic ATP levels. Fura2-AM was used to measure the concentrations of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c). Propofol significantly increased peak and integrated calcium response (P < 0.001) in cells with InsP3R-1 but not in cells with triple knockout of InsP3R. Both propofol and isoflurane increased autophagy induction (P < 0.05) in an mTOR- and InsP3R- activity dependent manner. Short exposure to propofol adequately activated InsP3-1 to provide sufficient autophagy for cytoprotection, while prolonged exposure to propofol induced cell apoptosis via impairment of autophagy flux through over activation of InsP3-1. Propofol damaged mitochondria and decreased cytosolic ATP. The effects of general anesthetics on apoptosis and autophagy are closely integrated; both are caused by differential activation of the type 1 InsP3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyi Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yachun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meirong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander King
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Rodríguez-Fanjul J, Durán Fernández-Feijóo C, Lopez-Abad M, Lopez Ramos MG, Balada Caballé R, Alcántara-Horillo S, Camprubí Camprubí M. Neuroprotection with hypothermia and allopurinol in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic injury: Is it a gender question? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184643. [PMID: 28931035 PMCID: PMC5606927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most important causes of neonatal brain injury. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the standard treatment for term newborns after perinatal hypoxic ischemic injury (HI). Despite this, TH does not provide complete neuroprotection. Allopurinol seems to be a good neuroprotector in several animal studies, but it has never been tested in combination with hypothermia. Clinical findings show that male infants with (HI) fare more poorly than matched females in cognitive outcomes. However, there are few studies about neuroprotection taking gender into account in the results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential additive neuroprotective effect of allopurinol when administrated in association with TH in a rodent model of moderate HI. Gender differences in neuroprotection were also evaluated. METHODS P10 male and female rat pups were subjected to HI (Vannucci model) and randomized into five groups: sham intervention (Control), no treatment (HI), hypothermia (HIH), allopurinol (HIA), and dual therapy (hypothermia and allopurinol) (HIHA). To evaluate a treatment's neuroprotective efficiency, 24 hours after the HI event caspase3 activation was measured. Damaged area and hippocampal volume were also measured 72 hours after the HI event. Negative geotaxis test was performed to evaluate early neurobehavioral reflexes. Learning and spatial memory were assessed via Morris Water Maze (MWM) test at 25 days of life. RESULTS Damaged area and hippocampal volume were different among treatment groups (p = 0.001). The largest tissue lesion was observed in the HI group, followed by HIA. There were no differences between control, HIH, and HIHA. When learning process was analyzed, no differences were found. Females from the HIA group had similar results to the HIH and HIHA groups. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was increased in both HI and HIA. Despite this, in females cleaved caspase-3 was only differently increased in the HI group. All treated animals present an improvement in short-term (Negative geotaxis) and long-term (WMT) functional tests. Despite this, treated females present better long-term outcome. In short-term outcome no sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dual therapy confers great neuroprotection after an HI event. There were functional, histological, and molecular improvements in all treated groups. These differences were more important in females than in males. No statistically significant differences were found between HIHA and HIH; both of them present a great improvement. Our results support the idea of different regulation mechanisms and pathways of cell death, depending on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Míriam Lopez-Abad
- Department of Neonatology, BCNatal, Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Balada Caballé
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Alcántara-Horillo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Girault V, Gilard V, Marguet F, Lesueur C, Hauchecorne M, Ramdani Y, Laquerrière A, Marret S, Jégou S, Gonzalez BJ, Brasse-Lagnel C, Bekri S. Prenatal alcohol exposure impairs autophagy in neonatal brain cortical microvessels. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2610. [PMID: 28182007 PMCID: PMC5386476 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain developmental lesions are a devastating consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). We recently showed that PAE affects cortical vascular development with major effects on angiogenesis and endothelial cell survival. The underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed at characterizing the ethanol exposure impact on the autophagic process in brain microvessels in human fetuses with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and in a PAE mouse model. Our results indicate that PAE induces an increase of autophagic vacuole number in human fetal and neonatal mouse brain cortical microvessels. Subsequently, ex vivo studies using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 mouse microvessel preparations revealed that ethanol treatment alters autophagy in endothelial cells. Primary cultures of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells were used to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms. LC3 and p62 protein levels were significantly increased in endothelial cells treated with 50 mM ethanol. The increase of autophagic vacuole number may be due to excessive autophagosome formation associated with the partial inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway upon ethanol exposure. In addition, the progression from autophagosomes to autolysosomes, which was monitored using autophagic flux inhibitors and mRFP-EGFP vector, showed a decrease in the autolysosome number. Besides, a decrease in the Rab7 protein level was observed that may underlie the impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In addition, our results showed that ethanol-induced cell death is likely to be mediated by decreased mitochondrial integrity and release of apoptosis-inducing factor. Interestingly, incubation of cultured cells with rapamycin prevented ethanol effects on autophagic flux, ethanol-induced cell death and vascular plasticity. Taken together, these results are consistent with autophagy dysregulation in cortical microvessels upon ethanol exposure, which could contribute to the defects in angiogenesis observed in patients with FAS. Moreover, our results suggest that rapamycin represents a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce PAE-related brain developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Girault
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
| | - Vianney Gilard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Florent Marguet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Pathology Laboratory, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Yasmina Ramdani
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
| | - Annie Laquerrière
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Pathology Laboratory, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics and Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Sylvie Jégou
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Soumeya Bekri
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, NeoVasc Team, Rouen, France
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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15
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Wohleb ES, Gerhard D, Thomas A, Duman RS. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants Ketamine and Scopolamine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:11-20. [PMID: 26955968 PMCID: PMC5327447 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160309114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disease that causes profound social and economic burdens. The impact of MDD is compounded by the limited therapeutic efficacy and delay of weeks to months of currently available medications. These issues highlight the need for more efficacious and faster-acting treatments to alleviate the burdens of MDD. Recent breakthroughs demonstrate that certain drugs, including ketamine and scopolamine, produce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in MDD patients. Moreover, preclinical work has shown that the antidepressant actions of ketamine and scopolamine in rodent models are caused by an increase of extracellular glutamate, elevated BDNF, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) cascade, and increased number and function of spine synapses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here we review studies showing that both ketamine and scopolamine elicit rapid antidepressant effects through converging molecular and cellular mechanisms in the PFC. In addition, we discuss evidence that selective antagonists of NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) receptor subtypes (i.e., NR2B and M1-AChR) in the PFC produce comparable antidepressant responses. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that ketamine and scopolamine antagonize inhibitory interneurons in the PFC leading to disinhibition of pyramidal neurons and increased extracellular glutamate that promotes the rapid antidepressant responses to these agents. Collectively, these studies indicate that specific NMDA and mACh receptor subtypes on GABAergic interneurons are promising targets for novel rapid-acting antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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16
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Shojaei A, Anaraki AK, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Atapour N. Modifications of inhibitory transmission onto pyramidal neurons by postnatal exposure to MK-801: Effects of enriched environment. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 57:56-61. [PMID: 28099880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early enriched environment (EE) prevents several deficits associated with postnatal MK-801 [N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist] treatment such as cognitive and locomotor deficits. We sought physiological correlates to such changes by looking at inhibitory synaptic inputs onto pyramidal cells in a prefrontal cortex slice preparation. Pharmacologically isolated γ-amino-butyric acid A (GABAA) receptor-mediated currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Wistar rats were raised in standard or EE from birth up to the time of experiments and were injected with saline or MK-801 (1mg/kg) on postnatal days (P) 6-10. We recorded miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) of pyramidal cells in layer II/III of prefrontal cortex and measured their frequency, amplitude and kinetics. In control animals, the amplitude and frequency of mIPSCs increased strikingly during development from P21 to P28. MK-801 accelerated the development of mIPSCs frequency but caused a significant decrease in the amplitude of mIPSCs on P28 suggesting a significant reduction of inhibition onto pyramidal cells. EE per se led to a significant increase in both frequency and amplitude of mIPSCs, but its application to MK-801-treated rats resulted in moderate rescue of GABAergic transmission on P28. We conclude that postnatal MK-801 leads to reduced inhibitory transmission onto pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex at adolescence which may underlie behavioural and morphological differences detected in vivo in rats. EE presentation from birth rather prevents GABAergic alterations associated with postnatal MK-801 treatment at adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Kamali Anaraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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17
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Kajimoto M, Ledee DR, Olson AK, Isern NG, Robillard-Frayne I, Des Rosiers C, Portman MA. Selective cerebral perfusion prevents abnormalities in glutamate cycling and neuronal apoptosis in a model of infant deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1992-2004. [PMID: 27604310 PMCID: PMC5094314 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16666846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is often required for the repair of complex congenital cardiac defects in infants. However, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest induces neuroapoptosis associated with later development of neurocognitive abnormalities. Selective cerebral perfusion theoretically provides superior neural protection possibly through modifications in cerebral substrate oxidation and closely integrated glutamate cycling. We tested the hypothesis that selective cerebral perfusion modulates glucose utilization, and ameliorates abnormalities in glutamate flux, which occur in association with neuroapoptosis during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Eighteen infant male Yorkshire piglets were assigned randomly to two groups of seven (deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with selective cerebral perfusion for 60 minutes at 18℃) and four control pigs without cardiopulmonary bypass support. Carbon-13-labeled glucose as a metabolic tracer was infused, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used for metabolic analysis in the frontal cortex. Following 2.5 h of cerebral reperfusion, we observed similar cerebral adenosine triphosphate levels, absolute levels of lactate and citric acid cycle intermediates, and carbon-13 enrichment among three groups. However, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest induced significant abnormalities in glutamate cycling resulting in reduced glutamate/glutamine and elevated γ-aminobutyric acid/glutamate along with neuroapoptosis, which were all prevented by selective cerebral perfusion. The data suggest that selective cerebral perfusion prevents these modifications in glutamate/glutamine/γ-aminobutyric acid cycling and protects the cerebral cortex from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kajimoto
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dolena R Ledee
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron K Olson
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nancy G Isern
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael A Portman
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nozari M, Suzuki T, Rosa MGP, Yamakawa K, Atapour N. The impact of early environmental interventions on structural plasticity of the axon initial segment in neocortex. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:39-47. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nozari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; Monash University Node; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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