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Xin GD, Liu XY, Fan XD, Zhao GJ. Exosomes repairment for sciatic nerve injury: a cell-free therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 39020385 PMCID: PMC11256477 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) is a common type of peripheral nerve injury typically resulting from trauma, such as contusion, sharp force injuries, drug injections, pelvic fractures, or hip dislocations. It leads to both sensory and motor dysfunctions, characterized by pain, numbness, loss of sensation, muscle atrophy, reduced muscle tone, and limb paralysis. These symptoms can significantly diminish a patient's quality of life. Following SNI, Wallerian degeneration occurs, which activates various signaling pathways, inflammatory factors, and epigenetic regulators. Despite the availability of several surgical and nonsurgical treatments, their effectiveness remains suboptimal. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, originating from the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication and have emerged as highly promising vehicles for drug delivery. Increasing evidence supports the significant potential of exosomes in repairing SNI. This review delves into the pathological progression of SNI, techniques for generating exosomes, the molecular mechanisms behind SNI recovery with exosomes, the effectiveness of combining exosomes with other approaches for SNI repair, and the changes and future outlook for utilizing exosomes in SNI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Da Xin
- Nephrology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Cardiology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin Universit, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Xiao-Di Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Guan-Jie Zhao
- Nephrology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
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Lopes B, Coelho A, Alvites R, Sousa AC, Sousa P, Moreira A, Atayde L, Salgado A, Geuna S, Maurício AC. Animal models in peripheral nerve transection studies: a systematic review on study design and outcomes assessment. Regen Med 2024; 19:189-203. [PMID: 37855207 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Peripheral nerve injury regeneration studies using animal models are crucial to different pre-clinical therapeutic approaches efficacy evaluation whatever the surgical technique explored. Materials & methods: A 944 articles systematic review on 'peripheral nerve injury in animal models' over the last 9 years was carried out. Results: It was found that 91% used rodents, and only 9% employed large animals. Different nerves are studied, with generated gaps (10,78 mm) and methods applied for regeneration evaluation uniformed. Sciatic nerve was the most used (88%), followed by median and facial nerves (2.6%), significantly different. Conclusion: There has not been a significant scale-up of the in vivo testing to large animal models (anatomically/physiologically closer to humans), allowing an improvement in translational medicine for clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lopes
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - André Coelho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra, Paredes, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Alícia Moreira
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Luís Atayde
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - António Salgado
- Life & Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences, & Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto, 4051-401, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal & Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
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Trâmbițaș C, Cordoș BA, Dorobanțu DC, Vintilă C, Ion AP, Pap T, Camelia D, Puiac C, Arbănași EM, Ciucanu CC, Mureșan AV, Arbănași EM, Russu E. Application of Adipose Stem Cells in 3D Nerve Guidance Conduit Prevents Muscle Atrophy and Improves Distal Muscle Compliance in a Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:184. [PMID: 38391670 PMCID: PMC10886226 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) represent a significant clinical problem, and standard approaches to nerve repair have limitations. Recent breakthroughs in 3D printing and stem cell technologies offer a promising solution for nerve regeneration. The main purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical characteristics in muscle tissue distal to a nerve defect in a murine model of peripheral nerve regeneration from physiological stress to failure. METHODS In this experimental study, we enrolled 18 Wistar rats in which we created a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect. Furthermore, we divided them into three groups as follows: in Group 1, we used 3D nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) and adipose stem cells (ASCs) in seven rats; in Group 2, we used only 3D NGCs for seven rats; and in Group 3, we created only the defect in four rats. We monitored the degree of atrophy at 4, 8, and 12 weeks by measuring the diameter of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. At the end of 12 weeks, we took the TA muscle and analyzed it uniaxially at 10% stretch until failure. RESULTS In the group of animals with 3D NGCs and ASCs, we recorded the lowest degree of atrophy at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after nerve reconstruction. At 10% stretch, the control group had the highest Cauchy stress values compared to the 3D NGC group (0.164 MPa vs. 0.141 MPa, p = 0.007) and the 3D NGC + ASC group (0.164 MPa vs. 0.123 MPa, p = 0.007). In addition, we found that the control group (1.763 MPa) had the highest TA muscle stiffness, followed by the 3D NGC group (1.412 MPa), with the best muscle elasticity showing in the group in which we used 3D NGC + ASC (1.147 MPa). At failure, TA muscle samples from the 3D NGC + ASC group demonstrated better compliance and a higher degree of elasticity compared to the other two groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the combination of 3D NGC and ASC increases the process of nerve regeneration and significantly improves the compliance and mechanical characteristics of muscle tissue distal to the injury site in a PNI murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Trâmbițaș
- Department of Plastic Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Bogdan Andrei Cordoș
- Veterinary Experimental Base, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Dorin Constantin Dorobanțu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Cristian Vintilă
- Department of Plastic Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Alexandru Petru Ion
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Timea Pap
- Department of Plastic Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - David Camelia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Claudiu Puiac
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Emil Marian Arbănași
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Claudiu Constantin Ciucanu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adrian Vasile Mureșan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Eliza Mihaela Arbănași
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Eliza Russu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
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Gordon T. Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes Recovery after Surgical Repair of Injured Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:665. [PMID: 38203836 PMCID: PMC10779324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their axons in contrast to those in the central nervous system. Yet, functional recovery after surgical repair is often disappointing. The basis for poor recovery is progressive deterioration with time and distance of the growth capacity of the neurons that lose their contact with targets (chronic axotomy) and the growth support of the chronically denervated Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve stumps. Nonetheless, chronically denervated atrophic muscle retains the capacity for reinnervation. Declining electrical activity of motoneurons accompanies the progressive fall in axotomized neuronal and denervated SC expression of regeneration-associated-genes and declining regenerative success. Reduced motoneuronal activity is due to the withdrawal of synaptic contacts from the soma. Exogenous neurotrophic factors that promote nerve regeneration can replace the endogenous factors whose expression declines with time. But the profuse axonal outgrowth they provoke and the difficulties in their delivery hinder their efficacy. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) proximal to the injury site promotes the expression of endogenous growth factors and, in turn, dramatically accelerates axon outgrowth and target reinnervation. The latter ES effect has been demonstrated in both rats and humans. A conditioning ES of intact nerve days prior to nerve injury increases axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate. Thereby, this form of ES is amenable for nerve transfer surgeries and end-to-side neurorrhaphies. However, additional surgery for applying the required electrodes may be a hurdle. ES is applicable in all surgeries with excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1X8, Canada
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5
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Yang Y, Rao C, Yin T, Wang S, Shi H, Yan X, Zhang L, Meng X, Gu W, Du Y, Hong F. Application and underlying mechanism of acupuncture for the nerve repair after peripheral nerve injury: remodeling of nerve system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1253438. [PMID: 37941605 PMCID: PMC10627933 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1253438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a structural event with harmful consequences worldwide. Due to the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of the peripheral nerve in adults, neural restoration after PNI is difficult. Neurological remodeling has a crucial effect on the repair of the form and function during the regeneration of the peripheral nerve after the peripheral nerve is injured. Several studies have demonstrated that acupuncture is effective for PNI-induced neurologic deficits, and the potential mechanisms responsible for its effects involve the nervous system remodeling in the process of nerve repair. Moreover, acupuncture promotes neural regeneration and axon sprouting by activating related neurotrophins retrograde transport, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), N-cadherin, and MicroRNAs. Peripheral nerve injury enhances the perceptual response of the central nervous system to pain, causing central sensitization and accelerating neuronal cell apoptosis. Together with this, the remodeling of synaptic transmission function would worsen pain discomfort. Neuroimaging studies have shown remodeling changes in both gray and white matter after peripheral nerve injury. Acupuncture not only reverses the poor remodeling of the nervous system but also stimulates the release of neurotrophic substances such as nerve growth factors in the nervous system to ameliorate pain and promote the regeneration and repair of nerve fibers. In conclusion, the neurological remodeling at the peripheral and central levels in the process of acupuncture treatment accelerates nerve regeneration and repair. These findings provide novel insights enabling the clinical application of acupuncture in the treatment of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Yang
- Beilun District People’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Chang Rao
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianlong Yin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyan Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Yan
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianggang Meng
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenlong Gu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzheng Du
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Hong
- Beilun District People’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Horníček J, Olšák P, Kolář P, Kolářová B. Perspectives of Electroacupuncture as a New Option for the Treatment of Denervated Muscles. Med Acupunct 2023; 35:107-110. [PMID: 37351450 PMCID: PMC10282816 DOI: 10.1089/acu.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conservative treatment of peripheral nerve injuries is based on physical therapy approaches, including electrostimulation of denervated muscle. Electrostimulation retards denervation atrophy and prolongs the time window for axon reinnervation. Aim This article focuses on the potential of electroacupuncture, which combines electrostimulation with acupuncture, in the context of the latest knowledge on the mechanisms of axonal regeneration. Results and conclusions The possibilities of influencing the growth rate of the axon itself through neurotrophic factors have primarily been previously proven in rodent models. Electroacupuncture as mini-invasive electrostimulation using acupuncture needles appears to be a promising option for the treatment of peripheral nerve paresis. However, this therapy needs to be evaluated in the context of human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Horníček
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Olšák
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolář
- Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kolářová
- Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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7
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Jin MY, Weaver TE, Farris A, Gupta M, Abd-Elsayed A. Neuromodulation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Systematic Review of Mechanisms and In Vivo Highlights. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041145. [PMID: 37189763 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While denervation can occur with aging, peripheral nerve injuries are debilitating and often leads to a loss of function and neuropathic pain. Although injured peripheral nerves can regenerate and reinnervate their targets, this process is slow and directionless. There is some evidence supporting the use of neuromodulation to enhance the regeneration of peripheral nerves. This systematic review reported on the underlying mechanisms that allow neuromodulation to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and highlighted important in vivo studies that demonstrate its efficacy. Studies were identified from PubMed (inception through September 2022) and the results were synthesized qualitatively. Included studies were required to contain content related to peripheral nerve regeneration and some form of neuromodulation. Studies reporting in vivo highlights were subject to a risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The results of 52 studies indicate that neuromodulation enhances natural peripheral nerve regeneration processes, but still requires other interventions (e.g., conduits) to control the direction of reinnervation. Additional human studies are warranted to verify the applicability of animal studies and to determine how neuromodulation can be optimized for the greatest functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Y Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tristan E Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Adam Farris
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Kansas Pain Management & Neuroscience Research Center, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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Bolívar-Baquero O, Troncoso J. Facial nerve axotomy induces morphological changes in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:663-680. [PMID: 36629001 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Facial nerve injury in rats have been widely used to study functional and structural changes that occur in the injured motoneurons and other central nervous system structures related with sensorimotor processing. A decrease in long-term potentiation of hippocampal CA3-to-CA1 commissural synapse has recently been reported related to this peripheral injury. Additionally, it has been found increased corticosterone plasmatic levels, impairment in spatial memory consolidation, and hippocampal microglial activation in animals with facial nerve axotomy. In this work, we analyzed the neuronal morphology of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in animals with either reversible or irreversible facial nerve injury. For this purpose, brain tissues of injured animals sacrificed at different postlesion times, were stained with the Golgi-Cox method and compared with control brains. It was found that both reversible and irreversible facial nerve injury-induced significant decreases in dendritic tree complexity, dendritic length, branch points, and spine density of hippocampal neurons. However, such changes' timing varied according to hippocampal area (CA1 vs. CA3), dendritic area (apical vs. basal), and lesion type (reversible vs. irreversible). In general, the observed changes were transient when animals had the possibility of motor recovery (reversible injury), but perdurable if the recovery from the lesion was impeded (irreversible injury). CA1 apical and CA3 basal dendritic tree morphology were more sensible to irreversible injury. It is concluded that facial nerve injury induced significant changes in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons morphology, which could be related to LTP impairments and microglial activation in the hippocampal formation, previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bolívar-Baquero
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julieta Troncoso
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Biology Department, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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9
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Contreras E, Traserra S, Bolívar S, Forés J, Jose-Cunilleras E, Delgado-Martínez I, García F, Udina E, Navarro X. Repair of Long Peripheral Nerve Defects in Sheep: A Translational Model for Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021333. [PMID: 36674848 PMCID: PMC9863630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in microsurgery, full functional recovery of severe peripheral nerve injuries is not commonly attained. The sheep appears as a good preclinical model since it presents nerves with similar characteristics to humans. In this study, we induced 5 or 7 cm resection in the peroneal nerve and repaired with an autograft. Functional evaluation was performed monthly. Electromyographic and ultrasound tests were performed at 6.5 and 9 months postoperation (mpo). No significant differences were found between groups with respect to functional tests, although slow improvements were seen from 5 mpo. Electrophysiological tests showed compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of small amplitude at 6.5 mpo that increased at 9 mpo, although they were significantly lower than the contralateral side. Ultrasound tests showed significantly reduced size of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle at 6.5 mpo and partially recovered size at 9 mpo. Histological evaluation of the grafts showed good axonal regeneration in all except one sheep from autograft 7 cm (AG7) group, while distal to the graft there was a higher number of axons than in control nerves. The results indicate that sheep nerve repair is a useful model for investigating long-gap peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Contreras
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Traserra
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Bolívar
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquím Forés
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Hand and Peripheral Nerve Unit, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Jose-Cunilleras
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delgado-Martínez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix García
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-5811966
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10
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Yashchyshyn ZM, Kreminska IB, Medynskyi MI, Fedorak VM, Ziablitsev SV, Diadyk OO, Fedoniuk LY. TISSUE EXPRESSION OF NEURONAL PROTEINS DURING SCIATIC NERVE REGENERATION AND INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SPECTRUM LASER RADIATION. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:112-119. [PMID: 37254757 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202302102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To determine the effect of laser irradiation of different spectrum on the expression of neuronal proteins (GFAP, S100, NSE and NF-L) in the sciatic nerve during its regeneration after crossing and surgical suturing. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The experiment was performed on 60 laboratory rats of the Wistar line (200-250 g) with crossing of the left sciatic nerve and sutur¬ing with an epineural suture end to end 30 minutes after neurotomy. 90 days later, an immunohistochemical study was performed using specific antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific; USA). RESULTS Results: A study of the marker of non-myelin Schwann GFAP cells showed their pronounced activation with germination in nerve thickness and the formation of weaves of processes around regenerated nerve fibers. The number of S-100-positive myelin Schwann cells decreased, the heterogeneity of their color and the loss of processes were determined. It showed a general decrease in the intensity of NSE- and NF-L-positive staining of nerve fibers regenerated after neurotomy, which was less pronounced when irradiated with a laser with a wavelength of 450-480 nm and 520 nm. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In general, the use of laser radiation had a positive effect on the repair of nerve fibers after neurotomy. According to the immunohistochemical study of neuromarkers, the effect of laser irradiation of the blue spectrum was the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iryna B Kreminska
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | | | | | | | - Olena O Diadyk
- V.SHUPYK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH CARE OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
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11
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Milek D, Echternacht SR, LaGuardia J, LaBarge D, Turpin L, Grobbelaar A, Leckenby JI. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration in Murphy Roths Large mouse strain following transection injury. Regen Med 2023; 18:37-53. [PMID: 36255077 PMCID: PMC9892963 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mice have demonstrated the ability to heal with minimal or no scar formation in several tissue types. In order to identify a novel animal model, this study sought to evaluate whether this attribute applies to peripheral nerve regeneration. Materials & methods: This was a two-phase study. 6-week-old male mice were divided into two interventional groups: nerve repair and nerve graft. The MRL/MpJ was compared with the C57BL/6J strain for evaluation of both functional and histological outcomes. Results: MRL/MpJ strain demonstrated superior axon myelination and less scar formation, however functional outcomes did not show significant difference between strains. Conclusion: Superior histological outcomes did not translate into superior peripheral nerve regeneration in MRL/MpJ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Milek
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Scott R Echternacht
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jonnby LaGuardia
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dalton LaBarge
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Loel Turpin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Adriaan Grobbelaar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, 40 Bernard Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Inselspital University Hospital, 18 Freiburgstrasse, Bern, CH3008, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan I Leckenby
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Chan SY, Kuo CW, Liao TT, Peng CW, Hsieh TH, Chang MY. Time-course gait pattern analysis in a rat model of foot drop induced by ventral root avulsion injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:972316. [PMID: 36601128 PMCID: PMC9806139 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.972316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot drop is a common clinical gait impairment characterized by the inability to raise the foot or toes during walking due to the weakness of the dorsiflexors of the foot. Lumbar spine disorders are common neurogenic causes of foot drop. The accurate prognosis and treatment protocols of foot drop are not well delineated in the scientific literature due to the heterogeneity of the underlying lumbar spine disorders, different severities, and distinct definitions of the disease. For translational purposes, the use of animal disease models could be the best way to investigate the pathogenesis of foot drop and help develop effective therapeutic strategies for foot drops. However, no relevant and reproducible foot drop animal models with a suitable gait analysis method were developed for the observation of foot drop symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a ventral root avulsion (VRA)-induced foot drop rat model and record detailed time-course changes of gait pattern following L5, L6, or L5 + L6 VRA surgery. Our results suggested that L5 + L6 VRA rats exhibited changes in gait patterns, as compared to sham lesion rats, including a significant reduction of walking speed, step length, toe spread, and swing phase time, as well as an increased duration of the stance phase time. The ankle kinematic data exhibited that the ankle joint angle increased during the mid-swing stage, indicating a significant foot drop pattern during locomotion. Time-course observations displayed that these gait impairments occurred as early as the first-day post-lesion and gradually recovered 7-14 days post-injury. We conclude that the proposed foot drop rat model with a video-based gait analysis approach can precisely detect the foot drop pattern induced by VRA in rats, which can provide insight into the compensatory changes and recovery in gait patterns and might be useful for serving as a translational platform bridging human and animal studies for developing novel therapeutic strategies for foot drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yen Chan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Kuo
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Tsen Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Ming-Yuan Chang Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
| | - Ming-Yuan Chang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Discipline of Marketing, College of Management, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Ming-Yuan Chang Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
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13
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Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Peripheral Nerve Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5918218. [PMID: 36506935 PMCID: PMC9733998 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5918218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a major clinical problem that may lead to different levels of sensory and motor dysfunction including paralysis. Due to the high disability rate and unsatisfactory prognosis, the exploration and revealment of the mechanisms involved in the PNI are urgently required. Ferroptosis, a recently identified novel form of cell death, is an iron-dependent process. It is a unique modality of cell death, closely associated with iron concentrations, generation of reactive oxygen species, and accumulation of the lipid reactive oxygen species. These processes are regulated by multiple cellular metabolic pathways, including iron overloading, lipid peroxidation, and the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway. Furthermore, ferroptosis is accompanied by morphological changes in the mitochondria, such as increased membrane density and shrunken mitochondria; this association between ferroptosis and mitochondrial damage has been detected in various diseases, including spinal cord injury and PNI. The inhibition of ferroptosis can promote the repair of damaged peripheral nerves, reduce mitochondrial damage, and promote the recovery of neurological function. In this review, we intend to discuss the detailed mechanisms of ferroptosis and summarize the current researches on ferroptosis with respect to nerve injury. This review also aims at providing new insights on targeting ferroptosis for PNI treatment.
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14
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Poitras T, Zochodne DW. Unleashing Intrinsic Growth Pathways in Regenerating Peripheral Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13566. [PMID: 36362354 PMCID: PMC9654452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Common mechanisms of peripheral axon regeneration are recruited following diverse forms of damage to peripheral nerve axons. Whether the injury is traumatic or disease related neuropathy, reconnection of axons to their targets is required to restore function. Supporting peripheral axon regrowth, while not yet available in clinics, might be accomplished from several directions focusing on one or more of the complex stages of regrowth. Direct axon support, with follow on participation of supporting Schwann cells is one approach, emphasized in this review. However alternative approaches might include direct support of Schwann cells that instruct axons to regrow, manipulation of the inflammatory milieu to prevent ongoing bystander axon damage, or use of inflammatory cytokines as growth factors. Axons may be supported by a growing list of growth factors, extending well beyond the classical neurotrophin family. The understanding of growth factor roles continues to expand but their impact experimentally and in humans has faced serious limitations. The downstream signaling pathways that impact neuron growth have been exploited less frequently in regeneration models and rarely in human work, despite their promise and potency. Here we review the major regenerative signaling cascades that are known to influence adult peripheral axon regeneration. Within these pathways there are major checkpoints or roadblocks that normally check unwanted growth, but are an impediment to robust growth after injury. Several molecular roadblocks, overlapping with tumour suppressor systems in oncology, operate at the level of the perikarya. They have impacts on overall neuron plasticity and growth. A second approach targets proteins that largely operate at growth cones. Addressing both sites might offer synergistic benefits to regrowing neurons. This review emphasizes intrinsic aspects of adult peripheral axon regeneration, emphasizing several molecular barriers to regrowth that have been studied in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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15
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Tiwari AP, Lokai T, Albin B, Yang IH. A Review on the Technological Advances and Future Perspectives of Axon Guidance and Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100562. [PMID: 36290530 PMCID: PMC9598559 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a significant advance in the pathophysiological understanding of peripheral nerve damage, the successful treatment of large nerve defects remains an unmet medical need. In this article, axon growth guidance for peripheral nerve regeneration was systematically reviewed and discussed mainly from the engineering perspective. In addition, the common approaches to surgery, bioengineering approaches to emerging technologies such as optogenetic stimulation and magnetic stimulation for functional recovery were discussed, along with their pros and cons. Additionally, clear future perspectives of axon guidance and nerve regeneration were addressed.
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16
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A Preliminary Study on Grip-Induced Nerve Damage Caused by a Soft Pneumatic Elastomeric Gripper. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204272. [PMID: 36297851 PMCID: PMC9611661 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forceps, clamps, and haemostats are essential surgical tools required for all surgical interventions. While they are widely used to grasp, hold, and manipulate soft tissue, their metallic rigid structure may cause tissue damage due to the potential risk of applying excessive gripping forces. Soft pneumatic surgical grippers fabricated by silicone elastomeric materials with low Young’s modulus may offer a promising solution to minimize this unintentional damage due to their inherent excellent compliance and compressibility. The goal of this work is to evaluate and compare the grip-induced nerve damage caused by the soft pneumatic elastomeric gripper and conventional haemostats during surgical manipulation. Twenty-four Wistar rats (male, seven weeks) are subjected to sciatic nerve compression (right hind limb) using the soft pneumatic elastomer gripper and haemostats. A histopathological analysis is conducted at different time-points (Day 0, Day 3, Day 7 and Day 13) after the nerve compression to examine the morphological tissue changes between the rats in the ‘soft gripper’ group and the ‘haemostats’ group. A free walking analysis is also performed to examine the walking function of the rats after recovery from different time points. Comparing the rigid haemostats and soft gripper groups, there is a visible difference in the degree of axonal vacuolar degeneration between the groups, which could suggest the presence of substantial nerve damage in the ‘haemostats’ group. The rats in the haemostats group exhibited reduced right hind paw pressure and paw size after the nerve compression. It shows that the rats tend not to exert more force on the affected right hind limb in the haemostats group compared to the soft gripper group. In addition, the stance duration was reduced in the injured right hind limb compared to the normal left hind limb in the haemostats group. These observations show that the soft pneumatic surgical gripper made of silicone elastomeric materials might reduce the severity of grip-induced damage by providing a safe compliant grip compared to the conventional haemostats. The soft pneumatic elastomer gripper could complement the current surgical gripping tool in delicate tissue manipulation.
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17
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Mu W, Li W, Zhang G, Jiang S, Xu P. Electrophysiological, biomechanical, and finite element analysis study of sacral nerve injury caused by sacral fracture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:920991. [PMID: 36213062 PMCID: PMC9532616 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.920991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to study the mechanism of sacral nerve injury caused by sacral fractures and the relationship between nerve decompression and nerve function.Methods: First, we observed the anatomical features of lumbosacral nerve root region in Sprague-Dawley rats. Next, the rats were divided into the sham, 10 g, 30 g, and 60 g groups for electrophysiological studies on nerve root constriction injury. Then we studied the biomechanical properties of rat nerve roots, lumbosacral trunk, and sacrum. Finally, we established a finite element analysis model of sacral nerve roots injury in rats and determined the correlation between sacral deformation and the degree of sacral nerve roots injury.Result: Anatomical study showed L5 constitutes sciatic nerve, the length of the L5 nerve root is 3.67 ± 0.15 mm, which is suitable for electrophysiological research on nerve root compression injury. After a series of electrophysiological study of L5 nerve roots, our results showed that nerve root function was almost unaffected at a low degree of compression (10 g). Nerve root function loss began at 30 g compression, and was severe at 60 g compression. The degree of neurological loss was therefore positively correlated with the degree of compression. Combining biomechanical testing of the lumbosacral nerve roots, finite element analysis and neuroelectrophysiological research, we concluded when the sacral foramina deformation is >22.94%, the sacral nerves lose function. When the compression exceeds 33.16%, early recovery of nerve function is difficult even after decompression.Conclusion: In this study, we found that the neurological loss was positively correlated with the degree of compression. After early decompression, nerve root function recovery is possible after moderate compression; however, in severe compression group, the nerve function would not recover. Furthermore, FEA was used to simulate nerve compression during sacral fracture, as well as calculate force loading on nerve with different deformation rates. The relationship between sacral fractures and neurological loss can be analyzed in combination with neurophysiological test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Mu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopaedic trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Laiwu People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Laiwu People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopaedic trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopaedic trauma, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Xu,
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18
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Raman spectroscopy and sciatic functional index (SFI) after low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2957-2971. [PMID: 35503388 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Axonotmesis causes sensorimotor and neurofunctional deficits, and its regeneration can occur slowly or not occur if not treated appropriately. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) promotes nerve regeneration with the proliferation of myelinating Schwann cells to recover the myelin sheath and the production of glycoproteins for endoneurium reconstruction. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of LLLT on sciatic nerve regeneration after compression injury by means of the sciatic functional index (SFI) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). For this, 64 Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the length of treatment: 14 days (n = 32) and 21 days (n = 32). These two groups were subdivided into four sub-groups of eight animals each (control 1; control 2; laser 660 nm; laser 808 nm). All animals had surgical exposure to the sciatic nerve, and only control 1 did not suffer nerve damage. To cause the lesion in the sciatic nerve, compression was applied with a Kelly clamp for 6 s. The evaluation of sensory deficit was performed by the painful exteroceptive sensitivity (PES) and neuromotor tests by the SFI. Laser 660 nm and laser 808 nm sub-groups were irradiated daily (100 mW, 40 s, energy density of 133 J/cm2). The sciatic nerve segment was removed for RS analysis. The animals showed accentuated sensory and neurofunctional deficit after injury and their rehabilitation occurred more effectively in the sub-groups treated with 660 nm laser. Control 2 sub-group did not obtain functional recovery of gait. The RS identified sphingolipids (718, 1065, and 1440 cm-1) and collagen (700, 852, 1004, 1270, and 1660 cm-1) as biomolecular characteristics of sciatic nerves. Principal component analysis revealed important differences among sub-groups and a directly proportional correlation with SFI, mainly in the sub-group laser 660 nm treated for 21 days. In the axonotmesis-type lesion model presented herein, the 660 nm laser was more efficient in neurofunctional recovery, and the Raman spectra of lipid and protein properties were attributed to the basic biochemical composition of the sciatic nerve.
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19
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Yushan M, Yusufu A. Enhanced Nerve Regeneration by Bionic Conductive Nerve Scaffold Under Electrical Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:810676. [PMID: 35573307 PMCID: PMC9091912 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.810676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of peripheral nerve defect (PND) with a poor prognosis is hard to deal with. Neural conduit applied to nerve defect at present could not achieve the effect of autologous nerve transplantation. We prepared bionic conductive neural scaffolds to provide a new strategy for the treatment of PNDs. The highly aligned poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) fiber mats and the multi-microchannel conductive scaffolds were combined into bionic conductive nerve scaffolds, which were implanted into rats with sciatic nerve defects. The experimental animals were divided into the scaffold group (S), scaffold with electrical stimulation (ES) group (S&E), and autologous nerve transplantation group (AT). The regenerative effect of bionic conductive nerve scaffolds was analyzed. Compared with aligned PLLA fiber mats (APFMs), highly aligned fiber mats had a higher fiber orientation and did not change the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, degradation rate, elongation at break of the fiber membrane, and biocompatibility. The bionic conductive nerve scaffolds were well matched with the rat sciatic nerve. The evaluations of the sciatic nerve in Group S&E were close to those in Group AT and better than those in Group S. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression levels of neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NF-H) and protein S100-B (S100-β) in Group S&E were higher than those in Group S, and the expression levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) in Group AT were higher than those in Group S. Bionic conductive nerve scaffolds combined with ES could enhance peripheral nerve regeneration and achieve satisfactory nerve regeneration close to autologous nerve grafts. ERK, p38 MAPK, MEK, and LRP4 may be involved in peripheral nerve regeneration under ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yanshi Liu
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maimaiaili Yushan
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Aihemaitijiang Yusufu
- Department of Trauma and Micro Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Aihemaitijiang Yusufu,
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20
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Yafuso T, Kosaka Y, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okura N, Kobayashi S, Kim J, Matsuda K, Kinjo D, Okabe A, Takayama C. Slow progression of sciatic nerve degeneration and regeneration after loose ligation through microglial activation and decreased KCC2 levels in the mouse spinal cord ventral horn. Neurosci Res 2022; 177:52-63. [PMID: 34757085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury affects motor functions. To reveal the mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction and recovery after nerve compression, which have not been precisely examined, we investigated the temporal relationship among changes in motor function, nerve histopathology, and marker molecule expression in the spinal cord after loose ligation of the mouse sciatic nerve. After ligation, sciatic motor function suddenly declined, and axons gradually degenerated. During degeneration, galanin was localized in motor neuron cell bodies. Then, in the ventral horn, microglia were activated, and expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine, and potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), which shifts the action of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glycine to inhibitory, decreased. Motor function recovery was insufficient although axonal regeneration was complete. ChAT levels gradually recovered during axonal regeneration. When regeneration was nearly complete, microglial activation declined, and KCC2 expression started to increase. The KCC2 level sufficiently recovered when axonal regeneration was complete, suggesting that the excitatory action of GABA/glycine may participate in axonal regeneration. Furthermore, these changes proceeded slower than those after severance, suggesting that loose ligation, compression, may mediate slower progression of degeneration and regeneration than severance, and these changes may cause the motor dysfunction and its recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Koyata Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Daichi Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka, 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan.
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21
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Lu L, Liu D, Ying J, Yao Z, Hou Q, Wang H, Qi F, Luan W, Jiang H. Denervation Affected Skin Wound Healing in a Modified Rat Model. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOWER EXTREMITY WOUNDS 2022:15347346221090758. [PMID: 35341341 DOI: 10.1177/15347346221090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lacking of normal innervation increases the chance of chronic wounds and recurrence of ulceration. Various rodent models are designed to reveal nerve-wound relationship but present many limitations to mimic human wound which heals primarily by re-epithelialization rather than contraction in rodents. This article tested a modified rat model of denervated wound healing to better mimic clinical common denervated wounds. Material and Methods: The wounds formed on right hind paws of 18 SD rats served as the experimental (denervated) group and the left side as contra-lateral control (non-denervated). The denervation was achieved through sciatic and femoral nerve co-transection and the control side underwent sham-surgery 3 days prior to a skin punch wound formation on both sides. Wound closure rate was calculated under digital photographing. Loss of innervation and affected healing process was confirmed by histological analyses. Results: Truncation of the sciatic and femur nerve successfully denervated the skin of the hind paw and resulted in a significantly declined healing rate, prolonged inflammation, weakened dermal contraction, hindered macrophage recruitment, retarded re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, decreased angiogenesis and epidermal proliferation, and persisted epidermal apoptosis compared to the innervated contra-lateral control. Conclusion: Wound on denervated dorsal pedis in rats can be used to study denervated skin healing in multiple histological process. We believe that this model will assist in understanding the underlying mechanism of nerve-wound relationship and identifying new treatment strategies that can be more rapidly translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, 74573Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 510836, China
| | - Jianghui Ying
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zuochao Yao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Qiang Hou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fazhi Qi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjie Luan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 92323Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 66324Shanghai Dongfang Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
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22
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Roberts SE, Burrell JC. Comments on "Comparison between normal and reverse orientation of graft in functional and histomorphological outcomes after autologous nerve grafting: An experimental study in the mouse model". Microsurgery 2022; 42:393-394. [PMID: 35229351 PMCID: PMC9199832 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanford E Roberts
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Drewry M, Dailey MT, Rothermund K, Backman C, Dahl KN, Syed-Picard FN. Promoting and Orienting Axon Extension Using Scaffold-Free Dental Pulp Stem Cell Sheets. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:814-825. [PMID: 34982537 PMCID: PMC9821555 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments of facial nerve injury result in poor functional outcomes due to slow and inefficient axon regeneration and aberrant reinnervation. To address these clinical challenges, bioactive scaffold-free cell sheets were engineered using neurotrophic dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (DPCs) and their aligned extracellular matrix (ECM). DPCs endogenously supply high levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), growth factors capable of stimulating axonal regeneration, and an aligned ECM provides guidance cues to direct axon extension. Human DPCs were grown on a substrate comprising parallel microgrooves, inducing the cells to align and deposit a linearly aligned, collagenous ECM. The resulting cell sheets were robust and could be easily removed from the underlying substrate. DPC sheets produced NTFs at levels previously shown capable of promoting axon regeneration, and, moreover, inducing DPC alignment increased the expression of select NTFs relative to unaligned controls. Furthermore, the aligned DPC sheets were able to stimulate functional neuritogenic effects in neuron-like cells in vitro. Neuronally differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites that were significantly more oriented and less branched when cultured on aligned cell sheets relative to unaligned sheets. These data demonstrate that the linearly aligned DPC sheets can biomechanically support axon regeneration and improve axonal guidance which, when applied to a facial nerve injury, will result in more accurate reinnervation. The aligned DPC sheets generated here could be used in combination with commercially available nerve conduits to enhance their bioactivity or be formed into stand-alone scaffold-free nerve conduits capable of facilitating improved facial nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
D. Drewry
- Department
of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matthew T. Dailey
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kristi Rothermund
- Department
of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Charles Backman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kris N. Dahl
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States,Forensics, Thornton Tomasetti, New York, New York 10271, United States
| | - Fatima N. Syed-Picard
- Department
of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,Department
of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States,. Phone: 412-648-8824
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24
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Anderson JE. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle "cellular ecology" integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:273-300. [PMID: 34928395 PMCID: PMC8685813 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia-reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle-tendon-bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research-from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology-reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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25
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Progress on the Experimental Research of Sciatic Nerve Injury with Acupuncture. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:1401756. [PMID: 34976092 PMCID: PMC8718293 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1401756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To collect and summarize relevant literatures on the experimental researches of sciatic nerve injury (SNI) with acupuncture during the last decade providing a guideline for effectively treating SNI with acupuncture in the future. Methods The Chinese and English databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (WanFang Data), VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform (VIP Date), and PubMed were searched from 2009 to 2020 with keywords of “acupuncture and moxibustion OR acupuncture OR electroacupuncture OR scalp acupuncture OR wrist-ankle acupuncture OR acupoint injection OR ear acupuncture” AND “sciatic nerve OR sciatic nerve injury OR sciatic injury OR SNI.” The collected data were mainly evaluated in the items of animal model of SNI, type of interventions, selection of acupuncture points (acupoints), course of treatment and its frequency, and approaches of assessment. Results A total of 89 studies were included in this analysis. Among them, the most commonly used animal models of SNI were produced by the clamp or transverse injury in the rats; the most frequently used intervention was electroacupuncture with dilatational wave of 2/100 Hz; the frequency of acupuncture was mainly performed once per day lasting for more than 2 weeks; the mainly selected acupoints were Huantiao (GB30), Zusanli (ST36), and Yanglingquan (GB34); and the approaches of assessment were contained with behavioral, functional, morphological, histological, cellular, and molecular measurements. Conclusion The results indicated that the experimental researches of SNI with acupuncture has made marked progress in recent years, which may provide important clues for further investigating the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture for the treatment of SNI in the future.
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26
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Tolkachev VS, Bazhanov SP, Matveeva OV, Korshunova GA, Shuvalov SD, Ulyanov VY, Ostrovskij VV. Degeneration Of Spinal Ganglion And Segmental Apparatus Of The Spinal Neurons In Sciatic Nerve Injury: An Experimental Study. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective — To investigate the extent of degenerative changes in neurons of spinal ganglion and segmental apparatus in various injuries to sciatic nerve in the experiment on white rats. Material and Methods — The research involved 40 white non-pedigree male rats distributed among four groups. The animals of Group 1 (n=10) underwent the compression of nerve trunks with Mosquito clamp forceps for 15 minutes. In Group 2 (n=10), the animals had their nerve trunks ligated; and in Group 3, they had their nerves completely transected in their middle thirds. The separate group of control animals (n=10) suffered no damage to their sciatic nerves. Spinal cords and spinal ganglia at L4-L6 level were the material for histopathological examination. We calculated the number (percent) of degenerated neurons in spinal cords and spinal ganglia at the affected sides on Day 30, and compared them to those at the intact sides. Results — The number (percent) of degenerated neurons in spinal cord and spinal ganglion, expressed as Me (Q1; Q2), constituted 2.52% (1.92; 2.74) and 3.75% (2.37; 4.74) in Group 1, 9.27% (9.03; 9.94) and 16.74% (16.01; 18.22) in Group 2, 25.59% (24.36; 26.29) and 31.94% (31.44; 33.03) in Group 3, respectively. Depending on the number (percent) of degenerated neurons, we classified three grades of change manifestation: mild (Group 1), medium (Group 2), and severe (Group 3). No degenerated neurons were found in the control animals. Conclusion — The compression, ischemic exposure on the sciatic nerve, and complete anatomical transection of its trunk resulted in Wallerian degeneration, as well as degeneration of segmental apparatus in spinal cord neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga V. Matveeva
- Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia
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27
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Dursun Usal T, Yesiltepe M, Yucel D, Sara Y, Hasirci V. Fabrication of a 3D Printed PCL Nerve Guide: In Vitro and In Vivo Testing. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100389. [PMID: 34939303 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nerve guides are medical devices designed to guide proximal and distal ends of injured peripheral nerves in order to assist regeneration of the damaged nerves. A 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve guide using an aligned gelatin-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) electrospun mat, seeded with PC12 and Schwann cells (SCs) is produced. During characterization with microCT and SEM porosity (55%), pore sizes (675 ± 40 µm), and fiber diameters (382 ± 25 µm) are determined. Electrospun fibers have degree of alignment of 7°, indicating high potential for guidance. On Day 14, PC12 cells migrated from proximal to distal end of nerve guide when SCs are seeded on the guide. After 28 days, over 95% of PC12 are alive and aligned. PC12 cells express early differentiation marker beta-tubulin 10 times more than late marker NeuN. In a 10 mm rat sciatic nerve injury, functional recovery evaluated by using static sciatic index (SSI) is observed in mat-free guides and guides containing mat and SCs. Nerve conduction velocities are also improved in these groups. Histological stainings showed tissue growth around nerve guides with highest new tissue organization being observed with mat and cell-free guides. These suggest 3D-printed PCL nerve guides have significant potential for treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Dursun Usal
- Middle East Technical University (METU), BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Metin Yesiltepe
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yucel
- Middle East Technical University (METU), BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU), Istanbul, 34755, Turkey.,ACU Biomaterials Center, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU), Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Yıldırım Sara
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Middle East Technical University (METU), BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,ACU Biomaterials Center, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU), Istanbul, 34755, Turkey.,Department of Medical Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University (ACU), Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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28
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Parker BJ, Rhodes DI, O'Brien CM, Rodda AE, Cameron NR. Nerve guidance conduit development for primary treatment of peripheral nerve transection injuries: A commercial perspective. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:64-86. [PMID: 34492374 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) for repair of peripheral nerve discontinuities are of little use in gaps larger than 30 mm, and for smaller gaps they often fail to compete with the autografts that they are designed to replace. While recent research to develop new technologies for use in NGCs has produced many advanced designs with seemingly positive functional outcomes in animal models, these advances have not been translated into viable clinical products. While there have been many detailed reviews of the technologies available for creating NGCs, none of these have focussed on the requirements of the commercialisation process which are vital to ensure the translation of a technology from bench to clinic. Consideration of the factors essential for commercial viability, including regulatory clearance, reimbursement processes, manufacturability and scale up, and quality management early in the design process is vital in giving new technologies the best chance at achieving real-world impact. Here we have attempted to summarise the major components to consider during the development of emerging NGC technologies as a guide for those looking to develop new technology in this domain. We also examine a selection of the latest academic developments from the viewpoint of clinical translation, and discuss areas where we believe further work would be most likely to bring new NGC technologies to the clinic. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: NGCs for peripheral nerve repairs represent an adaptable foundation with potential to incorporate modifications to improve nerve regeneration outcomes. In this review we outline the regulatory processes that functionally distinct NGCs may need to address and explore new modifications and the complications that may need to be addressed during the translation process from bench to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradyn J Parker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - David I Rhodes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ReNerve Pty. Ltd., Brunswick East 3057, Australia
| | - Carmel M O'Brien
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Science, Technology, Research and innovation Precinct (STRIP), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew E Rodda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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29
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Neuropeptides Involved in Facial Nerve Regeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111575. [PMID: 34829804 PMCID: PMC8615594 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters act as intermediaries to transmit impulses from one neuron to another via a synapse. These neuropeptides are also related to nerve degeneration and regeneration during nerve damage. Although there are various neuropeptides, three are associated with neural regeneration in facial nerve damage: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin, and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Alpha CGRP in facial motoneurons is a signaling factor involved in neuroglial and neuromuscular interactions during regeneration. Thus, it may be a marker for facial nerve regeneration. Galanin is a marker of injured axons rather than nerve regeneration. PACAP has various effects on nerve regeneration by regulating the surrounding cells and providing neurotrophic factors. Thus, it may also be used as a marker for facial nerve regeneration. However, the precise roles of these substances in nerve generation are not yet fully understood. Animal studies have demonstrated that they may act as neuromodulators to promote neurotrophic factors involved in nerve regeneration as they appear early, before changes in the injured cells and their environment. Therefore, they may be markers of nerve regeneration.
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30
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Yu WM, McCullen MA, Chen VCF. Accelerating peripheral nerve regeneration using electrical stimulation of selected power spectral densities. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:781-782. [PMID: 34472469 PMCID: PMC8530134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Yu
- Department of Biology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vincent C-F Chen
- Engineering Program, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Ahmed MN, Shi D, Dailey MT, Rothermund K, Drewry MD, Calabrese TC, Cui XT, Syed-Picard FN. Dental Pulp Cell Sheets Enhance Facial Nerve Regeneration via Local Neurotrophic Factor Delivery. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:1128-1139. [PMID: 33164704 PMCID: PMC8616747 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective strategy for sustained neurotrophic factor (NTF) delivery to sites of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) would accelerate healing and enhance functional recovery, addressing the major clinical challenges associated with the current standard of care. In this study, scaffold-free cell sheets were generated using human dental pulp stem/progenitor cells, that endogenously express high levels of NTFs, for use as bioactive NTF delivery systems. Additionally, the effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on NTF expression by dental pulp cell (DPC) sheets was evaluated. In vitro analysis confirmed that DPC sheets express high levels of NTF messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins, and the addition of FGF2 to DPC sheet culture increased total NTF production by significantly increasing the cellularity of sheets. Furthermore, the DPC sheet secretome stimulated neurite formation and extension in cultured neuronal cells, and these functional effects were further enhanced when DPC sheets were cultured with FGF2. These neuritogenic results were reversed by NTF inhibition substantiating that DPC sheets have a positive effect on neuronal cell activity through the production of NTFs. Further evaluation of DPC sheets in a rat facial nerve crush injury model in vivo established that in comparison with untreated controls, nerves treated with DPC sheets had greater axon regeneration through the injury site and superior functional recovery as quantitatively assessed by compound muscle action potential measurements. This study demonstrates the use of DPC sheets as vehicles for NTF delivery that could augment the current methods for treating PNIs to accelerate regeneration and enhance the functional outcome. Impact statement The major challenges associated with current treatments of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are prolonged repair times and insufficient functional recovery. Dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (DPCs) are known to endogenously express high levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), growth factors that enhance axon regeneration. In this study, we demonstrate that scaffold-free DPC sheets can act as effective carrier systems to facilitate the delivery and retention of NTF-producing DPCs to sites of PNIs and improve functional nerve regeneration. DPC sheets have high translational feasibility and could augment the current standard of care to enhance the quality of life for patients dealing with PNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meer N. Ahmed
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Delin Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew T. Dailey
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristi Rothermund
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle D. Drewry
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tia C. Calabrese
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyan T. Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fatima N. Syed-Picard
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
- Address correspondence to: Fatima N. Syed-Picard, MSE, PhD, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 413 Salk Pavilion, 355 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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32
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Gordon T, Fu SY. Peripheral nerves preferentially regenerate in intramuscular endoneurial tubes to reinnervate denervated skeletal muscles. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113717. [PMID: 33839142 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells are essential for peripheral nerve regeneration but, over short distances in acellular nerve grafts, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules can support growth. The ECM molecules are present also on denervated muscle surfaces where they can support nerve growth. In this study, we addressed the efficacy of the ECM molecules of denervated muscle to support nerve fiber regeneration and muscle reinnervation. In the hindlimb of Sprague-Dawley rats, the proximal stump of the transected posterior tibial nerve, was cross-sutured to the distal nerve stump (NN) of each of three denervated muscles, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and soleus, or implanted onto the denervated muscles' surfaces (N-M), proximal or distal to the endplate zone. Recordings of muscle and motor unit (MU) isometric forces and silver/cholinesterase histochemical staining of longitudinal muscle cryosections were used to determine the numbers of reinnervated MUs and the spatial course of regenerating nerve fibers, respectively. MU numbers declined significantly after N-M (>50%) as compared to those after NN. Muscle forces were reduced despite each nerve reinnervating up to three times the normal MU muscle fiber number. Regenerating nerves 'streamed' from the N-M site either proximal or distal to endplate zones toward the denervated intramuscular endoneurial tubes, with reduced numbers reinnervating endplates. We conclude that there is preferential reinnervation through the endoneurial tube and that it is important to drive implanted nerve fibers to enter endoneurial tubes for optimal muscle reinnervation. Schwann cells play the essential role in guiding regenerating nerve fibers to reinnervate denervated muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Susan Y Fu
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Li A, Pereira C, Hill EE, Vukcevich O, Wang A. In vitro, In vivo and Ex vivo Models for Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:344-361. [PMID: 33827409 PMCID: PMC9413794 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407155543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI) frequently occur secondary to traumatic injuries. Recovery from these injuries can be expectedly poor, especially in proximal injuries. In order to study and improve peripheral nerve regeneration, scientists rely on peripheral nerve models to identify and test therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the best described and most commonly used peripheral nerve models that scientists have and continue to use to study peripheral nerve physiology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Li
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Clifford Pereira
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Elise Eleanor Hill
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Olivia Vukcevich
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Aijun Wang
- University of California Davis - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering 4625 2nd Ave., Suite 3005 Sacramento Sacramento California 95817. United States
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DeLeonibus A, Rezaei M, Fahradyan V, Silver J, Rampazzo A, Bassiri Gharb B. A meta-analysis of functional outcomes in rat sciatic nerve injury models. Microsurgery 2021; 41:286-295. [PMID: 33511636 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rat sciatic nerve injury (PNR) is the most utilized model in studies on peripheral nerve regeneration. However, large animal models are increasingly favored based on the assumption that nerve regeneration in rodents achieves more favorable outcomes than in humans. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate which rat PNR models are more stringent and should be used before utilizing large animal experimentation. METHODS A PRISMA-guided meta-analysis of the English literature regarding functional outcomes in rat peripheral nerve injury models was conducted. Outcomes of five basic scenarios: (1) transected nerve/negative control, (2) transection with primary microsurgical repair, (3) isogenic/autologous grafts, (4) acellular-allogenic grafts, and (5) limb transplantation were compared to sciatic nerves without any intervention/positive control. Outcomes were compared using Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Log-based projections were generated and evaluated using mean squared error (MSE), one-way-ANOVA, and Tukey-HSD post-hoc analysis. RESULTS In total, 167 articles met the inclusion criteria. The earliest manifestations of motor recovery were encountered in the transection and primary repair group (p <.0005). There was a significant difference in recovery time and degree of recovery between all surgical models (p <.0005). At 24 weeks, the SFI in hindlimb transplantation group was significantly worse than all other groups (-74.07 ± 2.74, p <.0005). Autografts smaller than 10 mm recovered sooner than autografts longer than 10 mm (p = .021) and autografts recovered faster than allografts. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis does not support the belief that neuro-regeneration is exceptional in transection models. These models remain adequate to provide translatable information and should initially be used in investigational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DeLeonibus
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Majid Rezaei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vahe Fahradyan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Antonio Rampazzo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bahar Bassiri Gharb
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Effective decellularization of human nerve matrix for regenerative medicine with a novel protocol. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:167-177. [PMID: 33471198 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nerves represent a frequent cause of permanent disability in adults. The repair of large nerve lesions involves the use of autografts, but they have several inherent limitations. Overcoming these limitations, the use of decellularized nerve matrix has emerged as a promising treatment in tissue regenerative medicine. Here, we generate longer human decellularized nerve segments with a novel decellularization method, using nonionic, zwitterionic, and enzymatic incubations. Efficiency of decellularization was measured by DNA quantification and cell remnant analysis (myelin, S100, neurofilament). The evaluation of the extracellular matrix (collagen, laminin, and glycosaminoglycans) preservation was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or biochemical methods, along with histological and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, biomechanical properties and cytocompatibility were tested. Results showed that the decellularized nerves generated with this protocol have a concentration of DNA below the threshold of 50 ng/mg of dry tissue. Furthermore, myelin, S100, and MHCII proteins were absent, although some neurofilament remnants could be observed. Moreover, extracellular matrix proteins were well maintained, as well as the biomechanical properties, and the decellularized nerve matrix did not generate cytotoxicity. These results show that our method is effective for the generation of decellularized human nerve grafts. The generation of longer decellularized nerve segments would allow the understanding of the regenerative neurobiology after nerve injuries in both clinical assays and bigger animal models. Effective decellularization of human nerve matrix for regenerative medicine with a novel protocol. Combination of zwitterionic, non-ionic detergents, hyperosmotic solution and nuclease enzyme treatment remove cell remnants, maintain collagen, laminin and biomechanics without generating cytotoxic leachables.
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Xiang Y, Kruth MB, Wei P, Dai G, Xu K, Yin J, Huang Y. Efficacy of Large Groove Texture on Rat Sciatic Nerve Regeneration In Vivo Using Polyacrylonitrile Nerve Conduits. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:394-406. [PMID: 32671626 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical guidance cues play an important role in enhancing the efficiency of nerve conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair. However, very few in vivo investigations have been performed to evaluate the repair efficiency of nerve conduits with micro-grooved inner textures. In this study, polyacrylonitrile nerve conduits were prepared using dry-jet wet spinning, and micro-grooved textures were incorporated on the inner surface. The nerve conduits were applied to treat 10 mm sciatic nerve gaps in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Sixteen weeks following implantation, nerve function was evaluated based on heat sensory tests, electrophysiological assessments and gastrocnemius muscle mass measurements. The thermal latency reaction and gastrocnemii weight of SD rats treated with grooved nerve conduits were almost 25% faster and 60% heavier than those of SD rats treated with smooth nerve conduits. The histological and immunohistochemical stain analyses showed the repair capacity of inner grooved conduits was found to be similar to that of autografts. These results suggest that grooved nerve conduits with groove width larger than 300 μm significantly improve peripheral nerve regeneration by introducing physical guidance cues. The obtained results can support the design of nerve conduits and lead to the improvement of nerve tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Marie Beatrix Kruth
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China.
| | - Guangli Dai
- Department of Medical Engineering, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Gordon T. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228652. [PMID: 33212795 PMCID: PMC7697710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves but not central nerves have the capacity to regenerate and reinnervate their target organs. After the two most severe peripheral nerve injuries of six types, crush and transection injuries, nerve fibers distal to the injury site undergo Wallerian degeneration. The denervated Schwann cells (SCs) proliferate, elongate and line the endoneurial tubes to guide and support regenerating axons. The axons emerge from the stump of the viable nerve attached to the neuronal soma. The SCs downregulate myelin-associated genes and concurrently, upregulate growth-associated genes that include neurotrophic factors as do the injured neurons. However, the gene expression is transient and progressively fails to support axon regeneration within the SC-containing endoneurial tubes. Moreover, despite some preference of regenerating motor and sensory axons to “find” their appropriate pathways, the axons fail to enter their original endoneurial tubes and to reinnervate original target organs, obstacles to functional recovery that confront nerve surgeons. Several surgical manipulations in clinical use, including nerve and tendon transfers, the potential for brief low-frequency electrical stimulation proximal to nerve repair, and local FK506 application to accelerate axon outgrowth, are encouraging as is the continuing research to elucidate the molecular basis of nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, 06.9706 Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Kim KJ, Hwang J, Park JY, Namgung U. Augmented Buyang Huanwu Decoction facilitates axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve transection through the regulation of inflammatory cytokine production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113063. [PMID: 32505841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal formulation Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) has been used to treat cardiovascular disorders including cerebral ischemia. Recent studies showed its effects on promoting axonal regeneration after nerve injury. However, compositional reformulation supplemented with herbal components that regulates inflammation may increase its efficacy for nerve repair. AIM OF THE STUDY We prepared a new herbal decoction by adding selected herbal components to BYHWD (augmented BYHWD; ABHD) and investigated the effect of ABHD on the production of inflammatory cytokines and axonal regeneration using an animal model of nerve transection and coaptation (NTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of NTC was performed on the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were isolated and used for immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. DRG tissue was also used to prepare primary neuron culture and the length of neurites was analyzed. Sensorimotor nerve activities were assessed by rotarod and von Frey tests. RESULTS Three herbal components that facilitated neurite outgrowth were chosen to formulate ABHD. ABHD administration into the sciatic nerve 1 week or 3 months after NTC facilitated axonal regeneration. Cell division cycle 2 (Cdc2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins were induced from the reconnected distal portion of the sciatic nerve and the levels were further elevated by in vivo administration of ABHD. Phospho-Erk1/2 level was increased by ABHD treatment as well, implying its role in mediating retrograde transport of BDNF signals into the neuronal cell body. Production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α was induced in the reconnected nerve but attenuated by ABHD treatment. Behavioral tests revealed that ABHD treatment improved functional recovery of sensorimotor activities. CONCLUSIONS A newly formulated ABHD is effective at regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and promoting axonal regeneration after nerve transection and may be considered to develop therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve injury disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinyeon Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Paziuk TM, Tadley M, Aversano M, Kozin SH, Zlotolow DA. The Utilization of Nerve Transfer for Reestablishing Shoulder Function in the Setting of Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Single-Institution Review. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 111:17-22. [PMID: 32951650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare disease of young children. The typical presentation involves acute-onset flaccid paralysis in one or more extremities with a nonspecific viral prodrome. Long-term outcomes demonstrate that functional recovery plateaus around six to nine months. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nerve transfers for restoring shoulder function in these patients. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with AFM at a single institution. Shoulder function was evaluated using the active movement scale (AMS). Children at a minimum of six months after diagnosis with plateaued shoulder AMS scores of 4 or less were indicated for surgery. RESULTS Eleven patients were identified with a mean time from symptom onset to surgery of 12 months. Average follow-up was 19 months. The mean AMS score at follow-up for shoulder external rotation and abduction was 4.6 and 2.8, respectively. A total of six different nerve transfers with five different donor nerves were used individually or in conjunction with each other. The most common transfers were from the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve (n = 8) and from the intercostal nerves ×3 to the axillary nerve (n = 5). Patients who received a transfer from the radial nerve to the axillary nerve (n = 2) had the best functional returns, with the mean AMS score of 6.5 in both external rotation and abduction at follow-up. CONCLUSION Nerve transfer procedures may help restore shoulder function in the setting of AFM. Combination procedures that involve a transfer from the radial nerve to the axillary nerve may provide the best functional results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott H Kozin
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan A Zlotolow
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Li R, Li DH, Zhang HY, Wang J, Li XK, Xiao J. Growth factors-based therapeutic strategies and their underlying signaling mechanisms for peripheral nerve regeneration. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1289-1300. [PMID: 32123299 PMCID: PMC7608263 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI), one of the most common concerns following trauma, can result in a significant loss of sensory or motor function. Restoration of the injured nerves requires a complex cellular and molecular response to rebuild the functional axons so that they can accurately connect with their original targets. However, there is no optimized therapy for complete recovery after PNI. Supplementation with exogenous growth factors (GFs) is an emerging and versatile therapeutic strategy for promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. GFs activate the downstream targets of various signaling cascades through binding with their corresponding receptors to exert their multiple effects on neurorestoration and tissue regeneration. However, the simple administration of GFs is insufficient for reconstructing PNI due to their short half‑life and rapid deactivation in body fluids. To overcome these shortcomings, several nerve conduits derived from biological tissue or synthetic materials have been developed. Their good biocompatibility and biofunctionality made them a suitable vehicle for the delivery of multiple GFs to support peripheral nerve regeneration. After repairing nerve defects, the controlled release of GFs from the conduit structures is able to continuously improve axonal regeneration and functional outcome. Thus, therapies with growth factor (GF) delivery systems have received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we mainly review the therapeutic capacity of GFs and their incorporation into nerve guides for repairing PNI. In addition, the possible receptors and signaling mechanisms of the GF family exerting their biological effects are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Duo-Hui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Kerns JM, Walter JS, Patetta MJ, Sood A, Hussain AK, Chung JJ, Deshpande A, DesLaurier JT, Dieter RA, Siemionow M, Seiler FA, Amirouche FML, Gonzalez MH. Histological Assessment of Wallerian Degeneration of the Rat Tibial Nerve Following Crush and Transection Injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020; 37:391-404. [PMID: 32971546 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wallerian degeneration (WD) following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is an area of growing focus for pharmacological developments. Clinically, WD presents challenges in achieving full functional recovery following PNI, as prolonged denervation of distal tissues for an extended period of time can irreversibly destabilize sensory and motor targets with secondary tissue atrophy. Our objective is to improve upon histological assessments of WD. METHODS Conventional methods utilize a qualitative system simply describing the presence or absence of WD in nerve fibers. We propose a three-category assessment that allows more quantification: A fibers appear normal, B fibers have moderate WD (altered axoplasm), and C fibers have extensive WD (myelin figures). Analysis was by light microscopy (LM) on semithin sections stained with toluidine blue in three rat tibial nerve lesion models (crush, partial transection, and complete transection) at 5 days postop and 5 mm distal to the injury site. The LM criteria were verified at the ultrastructural level. This early outcome measure was compared with the loss of extensor postural thrust and the absence of muscle atrophy. RESULTS The results showed good to excellent internal consistency among counters, demonstrating a significant difference between the crush and transection lesion models. A significant decrease in fiber density in the injured nerves due to inflammation/edema was observed. The growth cones of regenerating axons were evident in the crush lesion group. CONCLUSION The ABC method of histological assessment is a consistent and reliable method that will be useful to quantify the effects of different interventions on the WD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kerns
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James S Walter
- Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital Research Service, Hines, Illinois
| | - Michael J Patetta
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anshum Sood
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Awais K Hussain
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce J Chung
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Raymond A Dieter
- Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital Research Service, Hines, Illinois
| | - Maria Siemionow
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Figen A Seiler
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Farid M L Amirouche
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark H Gonzalez
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Tallon C, Marshall KL, Kennedy ME, Hyde LA, Farah MH. Pharmacological BACE Inhibition Improves Axonal Regeneration in Nerve Injury and Disease Models. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:973-988. [PMID: 32236823 PMCID: PMC7609814 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peripheral nervous system is able to repair itself following injury and disease, recovery is often slow and incomplete, with no available treatments to enhance the effectiveness of regeneration. Using knock-out and transgenic overexpressor mice, we previously reported that BACE1, an aspartyl protease, as reported by Hemming et al. (PLoS One 4:12, 2009), negatively regulates peripheral nerve regeneration. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of BACE may enhance peripheral nerve repair following traumatic nerve injury or neurodegenerative disease. BACE inhibitor-treated mice had increased numbers of regenerating axons and enhanced functional recovery after a sciatic nerve crush while inhibition increased axonal sprouting following a partial nerve injury. In the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model, BACE inhibition increased axonal regeneration with improved muscle re-innervation. CHL1, a BACE1 substrate, was elevated in treated mice and may mediate enhanced regeneration. Our data demonstrates that pharmacological BACE inhibition accelerates peripheral axon regeneration after varied nerve injuries and could be used as a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Extradural Contralateral C7 Nerve Root Transfer in a Cervical Posterior Approach for Treating Spastic Limb Paralysis: A Cadaver Feasibility Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:E608-E615. [PMID: 31770316 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Anatomic study in nine fresh-frozen cadavers. OBJECTIVE To confirm the anatomical feasibility of transferring the extradural ventral roots (VRs) and dorsal roots (DRs) of contralateral C7 nerves to those of the ipsilateral C7 nerves respectively through a cervical posterior approach. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The contralateral C7 nerve root transfer technique makes breakthrough for treating spastic limb paralysis. However, its limitations include large surgical trauma and limited indications. METHODS Nine fresh-frozen cadavers (four females and five males) were placed prone, and the feasibility of exposing the bilateral extradural C7 nerve roots, separation of the extradural C7 VR and DR, and transfer of the VR and DR of the contralateral C7 to those of the ipsilateral C7 on the dural mater were assessed. The pertinent distances and the myelography results of each specimen were analyzed. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antineurofilament 200 (NF200) double immunofluorescent staining were preformed to determine the nerve fiber properties. RESULTS A cervical posterior midline approach was made and the laminectomy was performed to expose the bilateral extradural C7 nerve roots. After the extradural C7 VR and DR are separated, the VR and DR of the contralateral C7 have sufficient lengths to be transferred to those of the ipsilateral C7 on the dural mater. The myelography results showed that the spinal cord is not compressed after the nerve anastomosis. The AChE and NF200 double immunofluorescent staining showed the distal ends of the contralateral C7 VRs were mostly motor nerve fibers, and the distal ends of the contralateral C7 DRs were mostly sensory nerve fibers. CONCLUSION Extradural contralateral C7 nerve root transfer in a cervical posterior approach for treating spastic limb paralysis is anatomically feasible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Brito ACNDL, Santos SEV, Martins WA, Queiroz PCDS, Sougey WWD, Alves PKN, Ribeiro KL, de Oliveira MDL, de Moraes SRA. Efficacy of tubing technique with biomaterials compared to direct coaptation technique after peripheral neurotmesis in nerve healing and return to functionality in young adult rats: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2020; 9:118. [PMID: 32460835 PMCID: PMC7254672 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerves are constant targets of traumatic injury which may result in neurotmesis and which invariably requires surgical treatment. In view of this, tissue engineering studies developed biomaterials which were first tested in animal models and used as a guide for nerve stumps in the procedure in order to speed up the healing process. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of biomaterials used in tubing technique on healing and histological and functional recovery after peripheral nerve neurotmesis in rats. METHODS We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, and CENTRAL (from inception onwards). Grey literature will be identified through searching dissertation databases, guidelines, policy documents, and reports. We will include randomized and non-randomized trials conducted in young adult rats with peripheral neurometsis undergoing surgical repair through tubing technique with biomaterials. Primary outcomes will be histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry of the nerve tissue, and sciatic functional index. Secondary outcome will be nerve macroscopic evaluation. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. The methodological quality (or risk of bias) of individual studies will be appraised using an appropriate tool. If feasible, we will conduct random effects meta-analysis. DISCUSSION This systematic review of animal studies will identify, evaluate, and synthetize the evidence on the the efficacy of tubing technique with biomaterials compared to direct coaptation technique after peripheral neurotmesis in nerve healing and return to functionality. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018106042.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Nobre de Lacerda Brito
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil. .,Department of Anatomy, Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Wilayane Alves Martins
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Regina Arruda de Moraes
- Department of Anatomy, Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Can a Partially Injured Donor Nerve Restore Elbow Flexion in an Acute Brachial Plexus Injury in Rats? Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 144:1105-1114. [PMID: 31441804 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of elbow flexion commonly occurs following acute brachial plexus injury. The double fascicular transfer is often used in acute C5-C6 and C5-C7 root injuries, but is rarely applied in cases involving concomitant C8 or T1 root injury. The authors designed a rat model using varying severities of lower trunk injury to determine whether partial injury to the lower trunk affects nerve transfers for elbow flexion. METHODS There were four different rat groups in which 0, 25, 75, or 100 percent of the donor lower trunk remained intact. One-fourth of the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve was then transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve immediately. The authors assessed outcomes using a grooming test, muscle mass, retrograde labeling of sensory/motor neurons that regenerated axons, and immunohistochemical stain of regenerated axons. RESULTS Five months after nerve transfer, rats that underwent partial injury of the lower trunk fared significantly worse than the rats in whom the donor lower trunk remained 100 percent intact, but significantly better than the rats with 0 percent intact lower trunk. Rats with 25 or 75 percent of the lower trunk intact recovered equivalent function, at both the donor and recipient sites. CONCLUSIONS Although relatively weak compared with the 100 percent intact donor lower trunk group, the partially injured donor nerve was still functional; even though the nerve sustained a partial injury, the residual axons reinnervated the target muscles. The power of the muscles following either 25 percent or 75 percent injuries was equal after the recovery. Resorting to this approach may be useful in cases in which no alternatives are available.
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Farinas AF, Manzanera Esteve IV, Pollins AC, Cardwell NL, Does MD, Dortch RD, Thayer WP. Diffusion Tensor Tractrography Visualizes Partial Nerve Laceration Severity as Early as 1 Week After Surgical Repair in a Rat Model Ex Vivo. Mil Med 2020; 185:35-41. [PMID: 32074298 PMCID: PMC7029835 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a magnetic resonance imaging method called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can differentiate between crush and complete transection peripheral nerve injuries in a rat model ex vivo. DTI measures the directionally dependent effect of tissue barriers on the random diffusion of water molecules. In ordered tissues such as nerves, this information can be used to reconstruct the primary direction of diffusion along fiber tracts, which may provide information on fiber tract continuity after nerve injury and surgical repair. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different degrees of partial transection of the sciatic nerve followed by immediate repair and euthanized after 1 week of recovery. Nerves were then harvested, fixed, and scanned with a 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging to obtain DTIand fiber tractography in each sample. Additional behavioral (sciatic function index, foot fault asymmetry) and histological (Toluidine blue staining) assessments were performed for validation. RESULTS Tractography yielded a visual representation of the degree of injury that correlated with behavioral and histological evaluations. CONCLUSIONS DTI tractography is a noninvasive tool that can yield a visual representation of a partial nerve transection as early as 1 week after surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel F Farinas
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN D4207, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Isaac V Manzanera Esteve
- Department Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN CC-1121, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
- The Department is the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN D4207, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Nancy L Cardwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN D4207, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235-1631
- Department Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN CC-1121, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
- The Department is the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Richard D Dortch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235-1631
- Department Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN CC-1121, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
- The Department is the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
| | - Wesley P Thayer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, MCN D4207, Nashville, TN 37232-2345
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235-1631
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Salles AG, Lima W, de Faria JCM, Nepomuceno AC, Salomone R, Krunn P, Gemperli R. Reply: Contralateral Botulinum Toxin Improved Functional Recovery after Tibial Nerve Repair in Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1113e-1114e. [PMID: 31764688 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Krunn
- Plastic Surgery Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolf Gemperli
- Plastic Surgery Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang Q, Zhao J, Shen J, Zhang X, Ren R, Ma Z, He Y, Kang Q, Wang Y, Dong X, Sun J, Liu Z, Yi X. The ATP-P2X7 Signaling Pathway Participates in the Regulation of Slit1 Expression in Satellite Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:420. [PMID: 31607866 PMCID: PMC6761959 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit1 is one of the known signaling factors of the slit family and can promote neurite growth by binding to its receptor, Robo2. Upregulation of Slit1 expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after peripheral nerve injury plays an important role in nerve regeneration. Each sensory neuronal soma in the DRG is encapsulated by several surrounding satellite glial cells (SGCs) to form a neural structural unit. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of Slit1 upregulation in SGCs in DRG and its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of Slit1 expression in DRG after sciatic nerve crush by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effect of neuronal damage signaling on the expression of Slit1 in SGCs was studied in vivo by fluorescent gold retrograde tracing and double immunofluorescence staining. The relationship between the expression of Slit1 in SGCs and neuronal somas was also observed by culturing DRG cells and double immunofluorescence labeling. The molecular mechanism of Slit1 was further explored by immunohistochemistry and western blotting after intraperitoneal injection of Bright Blue G (BBG, P2X7R inhibitor). The results showed that after peripheral nerve injury, the expression of Slit1 in the neurons and SGCs of DRG increased. The expression of Slit1 was presented with a time lag in SGCs than in neurons. The expression of Slit1 in SGCs was induced by contact with surrounding neuronal somas. Through injured cell localization, it was found that the expression of Slit1 was stronger in SGCs surrounding injured neurons than in SGCs surrounding non-injured neurons. The expression of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) in DRG neurons was increased by injury signaling. After the inhibition of P2X7R, the expression of Slit1 in SGCs was downregulated, and the expression of VNUT in DRG neurons was upregulated. These results indicate that the ATP-P2X7R pathway is involved in signal transduction from peripheral nerve injury to SGCs, leading to the upregulation of Slit1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanpeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiuhong Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xianfang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhijian Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuebin He
- Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qian Kang
- Infection Control Department, People's Hospital of Xing'an County, Guilin, China
| | - Yanshan Wang
- Quality Inspection Department, Minghui Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhuozhou Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xinan Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience, Hainan Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Haikou, China
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Jahromi M, Razavi S, Bakhtiari A. The advances in nerve tissue engineering: From fabrication of nerve conduit to in vivo nerve regeneration assays. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2077-2100. [PMID: 31350868 DOI: 10.1002/term.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage is a common clinical complication of traumatic injury occurring after accident, tumorous outgrowth, or surgical side effects. Although the new methods and biomaterials have been improved recently, regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps is still a challenge. These injuries affect the quality of life of the patients negatively. In the recent years, many efforts have been made to develop innovative nerve tissue engineering approaches aiming to improve peripheral nerve treatment following nerve injuries. Herein, we will not only outline what we know about the peripheral nerve regeneration but also offer our insight regarding the types of nerve conduits, their fabrication process, and factors associated with conduits as well as types of animal and nerve models for evaluating conduit function. Finally, nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve injury model by nerve conduits has been considered, and the main aspects that may affect the preclinical outcome have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Jahromi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Endo T, Kadoya K, Suzuki Y, Kawamura D, Iwasaki N. A Novel Experimental Model to Determine the Axon-Promoting Effects of Grafted Cells After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:280. [PMID: 31316351 PMCID: PMC6611175 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although peripheral nerves can regenerate, clinical outcomes after peripheral nerve injuries are not always satisfactory, especially in cases of severe or proximal injuries. Further, autologous nerve grafting remains the gold standard for the reconstruction of peripheral nerves, although this method is still accompanied by issues of donor-site morbidity and limited supply. Cell therapy is a potential approach to overcome these issues. However, the optimal cell type for promoting axon regeneration remains unknown. Here, we report a novel experimental model dedicated to elucidation of the axon-promoting effects of candidate cell types using simple and standardized techniques. This model uses rat sciatic nerves and consists of a 25 mm-long acellular region and a crush site at each end. The acellular region was made by repeated freeze/thaw procedures with liquid nitrogen. Importantly, the new model does not require microsurgical procedures, which are technically demanding and greatly affect axon regeneration. To test the actual utility of this model, red fluorescent protein-expressing syngeneic Schwann cells (SCs), marrow stromal cells, or fibroblasts were grafted into the acellular area, followed by perfusion of the rat 2 weeks later. All types of grafted cells survived well. Quantification of regenerating axons demonstrated that SCs, but not the other cell types, promoted axon regeneration with minimum variability. Thus, this model is useful for differentiating the effects of various grafted cell types in axon regeneration. Interestingly, regardless of the grafted cell type, host SCs migrated into the acellular area, and the extent of axon regeneration was strongly correlated with the number of SCs. Moreover, all regenerating axons were closely associated with SCs. These findings suggest a critical role for SCs in peripheral nerve axon regeneration. Collectively, this novel experimental model is useful for elucidating the axon-promoting effects of grafted cells and for analyzing the biology of peripheral nerve axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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