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Li H, Wang X, Hu C, Cui J, Li H, Luo X, Hao Y. IL-6 Enhances the Activation of PI3K-AKT/mTOR-GSK-3β by Upregulating GRPR in Hippocampal Neurons of Autistic Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:12. [PMID: 38536552 PMCID: PMC10972920 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder associated with brain inflammation. The underlying mechanisms could be attributed to the activation of PI3K signaling in the inflamed brain of ASD. Multiple studies highlight the role of GRPR in regulating ASD like abnormal behavior and enhancing the PI3K signaling. However, the molecular mechanism by which GRPR regulates PI3K signaling in neurons of individuals with ASD is still unclear. In this study, we utilized a maternal immune activation model to investigate the effects of GRPR on PI3K signaling in the inflamed brain of ASD mice. We used HT22 cells with and without GRPR to examine the impact of GRP-GRPR on the PI3K-AKT pathway with IL-6 treatment. We analyzed a dataset of hippocampus samples from ASD mice to identify hub genes. Our results demonstrated increased expression of IL-6, GRPR, and PI3K-AKT signaling in the hippocampus of ASD mice. Additionally, we observed increased GRPR expression and PI3K-AKT/mTOR activation in HT22 cells after IL-6 treatment, but decreased expression in HT22 cells with GRPR knockdown. NetworkAnalyst identified GSK-3β as the most crucial gene in the PI3K-AKT/mTOR pathway in the hippocampus of ASD. Furthermore, we found that IL-6 upregulated the expression of GSK-3β in HT22 cells by upregulating GRP-GRPR. Our findings suggest that IL-6 can enhance the activation of PI3K-AKT/mTOR-GSK-3β in hippocampal neurons of ASD mice by upregulating GRPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cong Hu
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinru Cui
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Zhao T, Chen A, Dai D, Li Z, Gao XF, Xiong L. Role of the GRP/GRPR System in Regulating Brain Functions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3588-3598. [PMID: 37702025 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-examining the relationship between neuropeptide systems and neural circuits will help us to understand more intensively the critical role of neuropeptides in brain function as the neural circuits responsible for specific brain functions are gradually revealed. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) are Gαq-coupling neuropeptide receptors and widely distributed in the brain, including hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA), preBötzinger complex (preBötC), etc., implying the GRP/GRPR system is involved in modulating multiple brain functions. In this review, we focus on the functionality of GRPR neurons and the regulatory role of the GRP/GRPR system in memory and cognition, fear, depression and anxiety, circadian rhythms, contagious itch, gastric acid secretion, food intake, body temperature, and sighing behavior. It can be found that GRPR is usually centered on a certain brain nucleus or anatomical structure and modulates richer or more specific behaviors by connecting with additional different nuclei. In order to explain the regulatory mechanism of the GRP/GRPR system, more precise intervention methods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Aiwen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Danqing Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
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Zhou S, Yang Y, Cheng Z, Wu M, Han Q, Zhao W, Liu H. Effects of early maternal separation on the expression levels of hippocampal and prefrontal cortex genes and pathways in lactating piglets. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1243296. [PMID: 37645701 PMCID: PMC10460909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1243296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In actual production, due to increased litter size when raising pigs, the management of piglets by split-suckling leads to intermittent neonatal maternal separation (MS). Early lactation is a critical period for the cognitive development of the brain of newborn piglets, and we hypothesized that intermittent MS may affect piglets' neurodevelopment and cognitive ability. Methods To determine the effects of the MS, we selected hippocampal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues from piglets for the detection of neurodevelopmental or cognitive related indicators, the control group (Con group, n = 6) was established with no MS and an experimental group (MS group, n = 6) was established with MS for 6 h/day. Piglets in the MS group were milk-supplemented during the separation period and all piglets in both treatment groups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 35. On PND 35, three male piglets from each group were sacrificed for hippocampus and PFC samples used for reference transcriptome sequencing. Following bioinformatics analysis, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and candidate gene screening and pathway were performed for differentially expressed genes. Results The results showed that a total of 1,632 differential genes were identified in the hippocampus of the MS group, including 1,077 up-regulated differential genes, 555 down-regulated differential genes, and 655 significant GO entries. Analysis of the PFC of the MS group revealed 349 up-regulated genes, 151 down-regulated differential genes, and 584 significant GO entries. Genes associated with neurodevelopment were screened for large fold differences in the hippocampus, and genes associated with cognition were screened for large fold differences in the PFC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing data. Western blot (WB) experiments revealed that MS inhibited the neurodevelopment-related WNT signaling pathway in the hippocampus and the cognitive-related PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the PFC. Discussion Taken together, these findings suggest that intermittent MS may affect some cognitive functions in piglets by damaging hippocampal and PFC genes or pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhao
- Institute of New Rural Development, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Tarawneh R. Microvascular Contributions to Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis: Is Alzheimer Disease Primarily an Endotheliopathy? Biomolecules 2023; 13:830. [PMID: 37238700 PMCID: PMC10216678 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) models are based on the notion that abnormal protein aggregation is the primary event in AD, which begins a decade or longer prior to symptom onset, and culminates in neurodegeneration; however, emerging evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that reduced blood flow due to capillary loss and endothelial dysfunction are early and primary events in AD pathogenesis, which may precede amyloid and tau aggregation, and contribute to neuronal and synaptic injury via direct and indirect mechanisms. Recent data from clinical studies suggests that endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with cognitive outcomes in AD and that therapeutic strategies which promote endothelial repair in early AD may offer a potential opportunity to prevent or slow disease progression. This review examines evidence from clinical, imaging, neuropathological, and animal studies supporting vascular contributions to the onset and progression of AD pathology. Together, these observations support the notion that the onset of AD may be primarily influenced by vascular, rather than neurodegenerative, mechanisms and emphasize the importance of further investigations into the vascular hypothesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Lin H, Zhang J, Dai Y, Liu H, He X, Chen L, Tao J, Li C, Liu W. Neurogranin as an important regulator in swimming training to improve the spatial memory dysfunction of mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:116-129. [PMID: 35066217 PMCID: PMC9923430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) has become a hot issue worldwide. Aerobic exercise positively contributes to the preservation or restoration of cognitive abilities; however, the specific mechanism has remained inconclusive. And recent studies found that neurogranin (Ng) is a potential biomarker for cognitive impairment. This study aims to investigate the underlying role of Ng in swimming training to improve cognitive impairment. METHODS To test this hypothesis, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was utilized to construct a strain of Ng conditional knockout (Ng cKO) mice, and bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) surgery was performed to prepare the model. In Experiment 1, 2-month-old male and female transgenic mice were divided into a control group (wild-type littermate, n = 9) and a Ng cKO group (n = 9). Then, 2-month-old male and female C57BL/6 mice were divided into a sham group (C57BL/6, n = 12) and a BCAS group (n = 12). In Experiment 2, 2-month-old male and female mice were divided into a sham group (wild-type littermate, n = 12), BCAS group (n = 12), swim group (n = 12), BCAS + Ng cKO group (n = 12), and swim + Ng cKO group (n = 12). Then, 7 days after BCAS, mice were given swimming training for 5 weeks (1 week for adaptation and 4 weeks for training, 5 days a week, 60 min a day). After intervention, laser speckle was used to detect cerebral blood perfusion in the mice, and the T maze and Morris water maze were adopted to test their spatial memory. Furthermore, electrophysiology and Western blotting were conducted to record long-term potential and observe the expressions of Ca2+ pathway-related proteins, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the expression of relevant markers in neuronal damage, inflammation, and white matter injury. RESULTS The figures showed that spatial memory impairment was detected in Ng cKO mice, and a sharp decline of cerebral blood flow and an impairment of progressive spatial memory were observed in BCAS mice. Regular swimming training improved the spatial memory impairment of BCAS mice. This was achieved by preventing long-term potential damage and reversing the decline of Ca2+ signal transduction pathway-related proteins. At the same time, the results suggested that swimming also led to improvements in neuronal death, inflammation, and white matter injury induced by CCH. Further study adopted the use of Ng cKO transgenic mice, and the results indicated that the positive effects of swimming training on cognitive impairments, synaptic plasticity, and related pathological changes caused by CCH could be abolished by the knockout of Ng. CONCLUSION Swimming training can mediate the expression of Ng to enhance hippocampal synaptic plasticity and improve related pathological changes induced by CCH, thereby ameliorating the spatial memory impairment of vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiaojun He
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lewen Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- General surgery, Anxi General Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Quanzhou 362400, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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Tarawneh R, Kasper RS, Sanford J, Phuah C, Hassenstab J, Cruchaga C. Vascular endothelial-cadherin as a marker of endothelial injury in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1926-1940. [PMID: 36342663 PMCID: PMC9735377 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction is an early and prevalent pathology in Alzheimer disease (AD). We here investigate the value of vascular endothelial-cadherin (VEC) as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker of endothelial injury in preclinical AD. METHODS Cognitively normal participants (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 0) from the Knight Washington University-ADRC were included in this study (n = 700). Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite (PACC) scores, CSF VEC, tau, p-tau181, Aβ42/Aβ40, neurofilament light-chain (NFL) levels, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of white matter injury (WMI) were obtained from all participants. A subset of participants underwent brain amyloid imaging using positron emission tomography (amyloid-PET) (n = 534). Linear regression examined associations of CSF VEC with PACC and individual cognitive scores in preclinical AD. Mediation analyses examined whether CSF VEC mediated effects of CSF amyloid and tau markers on cognition in preclinical AD. RESULTS CSF VEC levels significantly correlated with PACC and individual cognitive scores in participants with amyloid (A+T±N±; n = 558) or those with amyloid and tau pathologies (A+T+N±; n = 259), after adjusting for covariates. CSF VEC also correlated with CSF measures of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration and global amyloid burden on amyloid-PET scans in our cohort. Importantly, our findings suggest that CSF VEC mediates associations of CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, p-tau181, and global amyloid burden with cognitive outcomes in preclinical AD. INTERPRETATION Our results support the utility of CSF VEC as a marker of endothelial injury in AD and highlight the importance of endothelial injury as an early pathology that contributes to cognitive impairment in even the earliest preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- Center for Memory and AgingUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Rachel S. Kasper
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Jessie Sanford
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Chia‐Ling Phuah
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of PsychologyWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
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Li J, Yin Z, Hua L, Wang X, Ren F, Ge Y. Evaluation of BPA effects on autophagy in Neuro-2a cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:151-161. [PMID: 35261310 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221076587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), which is used for the industrial production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is found in many commercially available products. Plasticizer BPA produces chemical substances worldwide, and knowledge of its effects on humans and animals is increasing. In the present work, the morphology of cells was observed by optical microscopy and phalloidin staining to evaluate the toxic effect of BPA on Neuro-2a cells. Autophagy has an important role in the regulation of cell metabolism. To study the effect of BPA on the autophagy in Neuro-2a cells, the expression distribution of LC3 was detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression levels of p62 and Beclin1 were determined using western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Optical microscopy and phalloidin staining revealed that the cells became rounded and small and that the dendritic spine of the cells were reduced at high BPA doses. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the expression of LC3 fluorescence intensity was weak at increasing BPA concentrations. Western blot results showed that the relative expression of protein p62 increased significantly and that the relative expression levels of the Beclin1 and the LC3 proteins significantly decreased with increasing BPA concentration. qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression level of autophagy-related p62 mRNA increased significantly and that the relative expression level of Beclin1 mRNA decreased significantly with increasing BPA concentration. The above results indicated that BPA treatment exerted dose-dependent toxic effects on Neuro-2a cells, and BPA inhibited the autophagy level of Neuro-2a cells, thereby providing a new perspective in studying the toxic effect of BPA on Neuro-2a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Li
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liushuai Hua
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fei Ren
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaming Ge
- School of Physical Education, 177560Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Wang F, Wang Q, Wang L, Ren J, Song X, Tian Y, Zheng C, Yang J, Ming D. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation Ameliorates Working Memory Dysfunctions in Vascular Dementia Rats via Improving Neuronal Environment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:814560. [PMID: 35264943 PMCID: PMC8899543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.814560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory impairment is one of the remarkable cognitive dysfunctions induced by vascular dementia (VD), and it is necessary to explore an effective treatment. Recently, low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation (LIFUS) has been found notable neuroprotective effects on some neurological diseases, including VD. However, whether it could ameliorate VD-induced working memory impairment was still not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to address this issue and the underlying mechanism. We established VD rat model using the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and applied the LIFUS (center frequency = 0.5 MHz; Ispta = 500 mW/cm2, 10 mins/day) to bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for 2 weeks since 2 weeks after the surgery. The main results showed that the LIFUS could significantly improve the performance of VD rats in the specific working memory tasks (delayed nonmatch-to-sample task and step-down task), which might be associated with the improved synaptic function. We also found the improvement in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduced neuroinflammation in mPFC after LIFUS treatment indicated by the inhibition of Toll-like receptor (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and the decrease of proinflammatory cytokines. The amelioration of CBF and neuroinflammation may promote the living environment of the neurons in VD which then contribute to the survival of neurons and the improvement in synaptic function. Taken together, our findings indicate that LIFUS targeted mPFC can effectively ameliorate reward-based spatial working memory and fear working memory dysfunctions induced by VD via restoring the living environment, survivability, and synaptic functions of the neurons in mPFC of VD rats. This study adds to the evidence that LIFUS could become a promising and non-invasive treatment strategy for the clinical treatment of central nervous system diseases related to cognitive impairments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqi Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xizi Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Tian
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Yang,
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
- Dong Ming,
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Zhang L, Li L, Meng F, Yu J, He F, Lin Y, Su Y, Hu M, Liu X, Liu Y, Luo B, Peng G. Serum Metabolites Differentiate Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment From Healthy Controls and Predict Early Alzheimer's Disease via Untargeted Lipidomics Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:704582. [PMID: 34408722 PMCID: PMC8365883 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.704582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and presents with metabolic perturbations early in the disease process. In order to explore biomarkers useful in predicting early AD, we compared serum metabolites among patients suffering different stages of AD. Methods: We recruited 107 participants including 23 healthy controls (HC), 21 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 24 non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) and 39 AD patients. Via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based serum untargeted lipidomics analysis, we compared differences in serum lipid metabolites among these patient groups and further elucidated biomarkers that differentiate aMCI from HC. Results: There were significant differences of serum lipid metabolites among the groups, and 20 metabolites were obtained under negative ion mode from HC and aMCI comparison. Notably, 16:3 cholesteryl ester, ganglioside GM3 (d18:1/9z-18:1) and neuromedin B were associated with cognition and increased the predictive effect of aMCI to 0.98 as revealed by random forest classifier. The prediction model composed of MoCA score, 16:3 cholesteryl ester and ganglioside GM3 (d18:1/9z-18:1) had good predictive performance for aMCI. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was a pathway common among HC/aMCI and aMCI/AD groups. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence highlighting that 16:3 cholesteryl ester were useful for AD disease monitoring while ganglioside GM3 (d18:1/9z-18:1) and neuromedin B discriminated aMCI from HC, which can probably be applied in clinic for early predicting of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangping He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Su
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Levitan ES, Sun D, Wang JQ. Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:513-529. [PMID: 33713030 PMCID: PMC8213567 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the most common life-threatening and debilitating condition that often leads to stroke. The multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key Ca2+ sensor and an important signaling protein in a variety of biological systems within the brain, heart, and vasculature. In the brain, past stroke-related studies have been mainly focused on the role of CaMKII in ischemic stroke in neurons and established CaMKII as a major mediator of neuronal cell death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress following ischemic stroke. However, with growing understanding of the importance of neurovascular interactions in cerebrovascular diseases, there are clearly gaps in our understanding of how CaMKII functions in the complex neurovascular biological processes and its contributions to cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence demonstrates novel regulatory mechanisms of CaMKII and potential roles of the less-studied CaMKII isoforms in the ischemic brain, which has sparked renewed interests in this dynamic kinase family. This review discusses past findings and emerging evidence on CaMKII in several major cerebrovascular dysfunctions including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and vascular dementia, focusing on the unique roles played by CaMKII in the underlying biological processes of neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation, and endothelial barrier dysfunction triggered by stroke. We also highlight exciting new findings, promising therapeutic agents, and future perspectives for CaMKII in cerebrovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Connelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edwin S Levitan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Jane Q Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Wang W, Tan H, Sun M, Han Y, Chen W, Qiu S, Zheng K, Wei G, Ni T. Independent component analysis based gene co-expression network inference (ICAnet) to decipher functional modules for better single-cell clustering and batch integration. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e54. [PMID: 33619563 PMCID: PMC8136772 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the tremendous increase of publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, bioinformatics methods based on gene co-expression network are becoming efficient tools for analyzing scRNA-seq data, improving cell type prediction accuracy and in turn facilitating biological discovery. However, the current methods are mainly based on overall co-expression correlation and overlook co-expression that exists in only a subset of cells, thus fail to discover certain rare cell types and sensitive to batch effect. Here, we developed independent component analysis-based gene co-expression network inference (ICAnet) that decomposed scRNA-seq data into a series of independent gene expression components and inferred co-expression modules, which improved cell clustering and rare cell-type discovery. ICAnet showed efficient performance for cell clustering and batch integration using scRNA-seq datasets spanning multiple cells/tissues/donors/library types. It works stably on datasets produced by different library construction strategies and with different sequencing depths and cell numbers. We demonstrated the capability of ICAnet to discover rare cell types in multiple independent scRNA-seq datasets from different sources. Importantly, the identified modules activated in acute myeloid leukemia scRNA-seq datasets have the potential to serve as new diagnostic markers. Thus, ICAnet is a competitive tool for cell clustering and biological interpretations of single-cell RNA-seq data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, P.R. China
| | - Mingwan Sun
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Han
- College of Agricultural, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Shengnu Qiu
- Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
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12
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Kuang H, Zhou ZF, Zhu YG, Wan ZK, Yang MW, Hong FF, Yang SL. Pharmacological Treatment of Vascular Dementia: A Molecular Mechanism Perspective. Aging Dis 2021; 12:308-326. [PMID: 33532143 PMCID: PMC7801279 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a neurodegenerative disease, with cognitive dysfunction attributable to cerebrovascular factors. At present, it is the second most frequently occurring type of dementia in older adults (after Alzheimer's disease). The underlying etiology of VaD has not been completely elucidated, which limits its management. Currently, there are no approved standard treatments for VaD. The drugs used in VaD are only suitable for symptomatic treatment and cannot prevent or reduce the occurrence and progression of VaD. This review summarizes the current status of pharmacological treatment for VaD, from the perspective of the molecular mechanisms specified in various pathogenic hypotheses, including oxidative stress, the central cholinergic system, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity. As VaD is a chronic cerebrovascular disease with multifactorial etiology, combined therapy, targeting multiple pathophysiological factors, may be the future trend in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Kuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yu-Ge Zhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Zhi-Kai Wan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Mei-Wen Yang
- Department of Nurse, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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13
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Yang J, Yang X, Xiao X, Ming D. The effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on the voltage-gated channels in rat hippocampal neurons. Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102080. [PMID: 33059246 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) has been implicated in several aspects of physiology and behavior including digestion, cancer, lung development, and memory process. Increasing evidence in rodents shows that GRP may contribute to hippocampal circuit function. Though the central role of GRP in the brain has been established, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its actions have not been well defined. Thus in this study, we verified the expression of GRPR in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. Then we examined the mechanisms closely related to neuronal excitability, the effects of GRP on voltage-gated ion channels in CA1 neurons using patch-clamp. The results showed that GRP could decrease voltage-gated sodium currents mainly by affecting the kinetics of recovery from the inactivated state. However, GRP enhanced both kinds of voltage-gated potassium channels, the A-type channels were more sensitive to GRP than K-type channels. In conclusion, we found that GRP could alter the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ ion channel characteristics which might be the ionic mechanisms of the physiological function of GRP in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xuening Yang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xi Xiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
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14
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Yin Z, Hua L, Chen L, Hu D, Li J, An Z, Tian T, Ning H, Ge Y. Bisphenol-A exposure induced neurotoxicity and associated with synapse and cytoskeleton in Neuro-2a cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104911. [PMID: 32512148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental chemical that induces neurotoxic effects for human. Synaptophysin (SYP) and drebrin (Dbn) proteins are involved in regulating synaptic morphology. The stability of the cytoskeleton in nerve cells in the brain is regulated by Tau and MAP2. This study aimed to determine the toxicity of BPA to Neuro-2a cells by investigating the synaptic and cytoskeletal damage induced in these cells by 24 h of exposure to 0 (MEM), 50, 100, 150, or 200 μM BPA or DMSO. MTT and LDH assays showed that the death rates of Neuro-2a cells increased, as the BPA concentration increased. Ultrastructural assays revealed that cells underwent nucleolar swelling as well as nuclear membrane and partial mitochondrial dissolution or condensation, following BPA exposure. Morphological analysis further revealed that compared with the cells in the control group, the cells in the BPA-treated groups shrank, became rounded, and exhibited a reduced number of synapses. BPA also significantly decreased the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of Dbn, MAP2 and Tau (P < .01), but increased the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of SYP (P < .01). These results indicated that BPA suppressed the development and proliferation of Neuro-2a cells by disrupting cellular and synaptic integrity and inflicting cytoskeleton injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Liushuai Hua
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Lingli Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Dongfang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Jinglong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Zhixing An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China.
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15
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Wang F, Yang J, Yang X, Wang L, Zheng C, Ming D. Effects of Gastrin-releasing Peptide on Hippocampal Neural Networks in Vascular Dementia Rats .. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:4400-4403. [PMID: 31946842 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) has been confirmed to exhibit a variety of physiological functions in the brain and play a role in many neurological diseases. Our previous research found that GRP could restore the impaired synaptic plasticity and the spatial learning and memory impairments induced by vascular dementia (VD). However, the specific mechanisms of GRP affecting hippocampus, especially the effects on the neuronal oscillations were still poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of GRP on the changes of the interactions between theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway of VD rats and explored the potential electrophysiological mechanism. To this purpose, local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously collected from hippocampal CA3 and CA1 were measured by the power spectrum, phase synchronization, phase-phase coupling (PPC) and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). We found that GRP substantially restored the phase synchronization of the theta and gamma oscillations. The GRP also significantly improved the strength of theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (including theta-gamma PPC and theta-gamma PAC) in the CA3-CA1 network. The results indicated that GRP could alleviate the changes of neural activities in hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway induced by VD. This might be an electrophysiological mechanism for GRP preventing cognitive impairments induced by VD.
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16
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Gastrin-releasing peptide inhibits CA1 neurons via increasing inhibitory synaptic transmissions in hippocampal slices of rats. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1048-1053. [PMID: 31490840 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide plays an important role in regulating the advanced functions of the brain including emotional behavior, learning and memory. What's more, gastrin-releasing peptide levels are also associated with the central nervous system diseases. Our previous study proposed that intraperitoneal injection of gastrin-releasing peptide can improve spatial memory in chronic ischemic model rats. It is well known that the hippocampus is an important brain area related to spatial learning and memory, but the mechanisms of gastrin-releasing peptide on hippocampal neurons are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on excitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons and further explored the mechanisms of its effects on synaptic transmission. The results showed that gastrin-releasing peptide inhibited the excitability of CA1 neurons and increased the amplitude and frequency of inhibitory postsynaptic currents significantly. In summary, we demonstrate that gastrin-releasing peptide can inhibit the excitability of hippocampal CA1 area neurons in brain slices and clarify the synaptic transmission mechanism involved in this process, which provide a theoretical basis for gastrin-releasing peptide to improve animal cognitive function, and new ideas for the treatment of related central nervous system diseases.
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17
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Sun M, Shen X, Ma Y. Rehmannioside A attenuates cognitive deficits in rats with vascular dementia (VD) through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109492. [PMID: 31593895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is a degenerative cerebrovascular disorder, leading to progressive decline of cognitive abilities and memory. Rehmannioside A (ReA) is isolated from Rehmanniae Radix, which exhibits protective role against various diseases. The present study was performed to calculate the possible neuroprotective effects of ReA on VD. Here, the morris water maze (MWM) test and electrophysiological recordings indicated that ReA reduced cognitive deficits. Additionally, through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining, ReA attenuated the histological alterations of hippocampus in rats with VD. ReA group significantly reduced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with VD, which was linked to the activation of nuclear erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf2), while the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Caspase-3. Further, the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis abilities of ReA were confirmed in cells stimulated by hydrogen peroxide. Overall, the results above demonstrated the protective effects of ReA against cognitive deficits and indicated the potential value of ReA in the therapy of VD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, No. 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yunzhi Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100000, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, No. 19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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18
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Li X, Wang L, Zhang S, Hu X, Yang H, Xi L. Timing-Dependent Protection of Swimming Exercise against d-Galactose-Induced Aging-Like Impairments in Spatial Learning/Memory in Rats. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E236. [PMID: 31540073 PMCID: PMC6770394 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate beneficial effects of swimming exercise training on learning/memory, synaptic plasticity and CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) expression in hippocampus in a rat model of d-galactose-induced aging (DGA). Eighty adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: Saline Control (group C), DGA (group A), Swimming exercise before DGA (group S1), and Swimming during DGA (group S2). These four groups of animals were further divided into Morris water maze training group (M subgroup) and sedentary control group (N subgroup). Spatial learning/memory was tested using Morris water maze training. The number and density of synaptophysin (Syp) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in hippocampal dentate gyrus area, CREB mRNA and protein expression and DNA methylation levels were determined respectively with immunohistochemistry, western blot, real-time PCR, and MassArray methylation detection platform. We found that compared with group C, DGA rats showed aging-like poor health and weight loss as well as hippocampal neurodegenerative characteristics. Exercise training led to a time-dependent decrease in average escape latency and improved spatial memory. Exercise training group (S2M) had significantly increased swim distance as compared with controls. These functional improvements in S2M group were associated with higher Syp and mGluR1 values in hippocampus (p < 0.01) as well as higher levels of hippocampal CREB protein/mRNA expression and gene methylation. In conclusion, swimming exercise training selectively during drug-induced aging process protected hippocampal neurons against DGA-elicited degenerative changes and in turn maintained neuronal synaptic plasticity and learning/memory function, possibly through upregulation of hippocampal CREB protein/mRNA and reduction of DGA-induced methylation of CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Human Kinesiology, School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Human Kinesiology, School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Department of Human Kinesiology, School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Human Kinesiology, School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Huijun Yang
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA.
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19
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Yang J, Wang L, Wang F, Tang X, Zhou P, Liang R, Zheng C, Ming D. Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field Improves Depression-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairments in Depressive Rats Mainly via Modulating Synaptic Function. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:820. [PMID: 31481866 PMCID: PMC6710372 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown great promise as a medical treatment of depression. The effectiveness of TMS treatment at high frequency has been well investigated; however, low-frequency TMS in depression treatment has rarely been investigated in depression-induced cognitive deficits. Herein, this study was carried out to assess the possible modulatory role of low-frequency pulsed magnetic field (LFPMF) on reversing cognitive impairment in a model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: a control group (CON), a control applied with LFPMF (CON + LFPMF), a CUS group, and a CUS treated with LFPMF (CUS + LFPMF) group. During 8 weeks of CUS, compared to those in the CON group, animals not only gained less weight but also exhibited anhedonia, anxiety, and cognitive decline in behavioral tests. After 2-week treatment of LFPMF, a 20 mT, 1 Hz magnetic stimulation, it reversed the impairment of spatial cognition as well as hippocampal synaptic function including long-term potentiation and related protein expression. Thus, LFPMF has shown effectively improvements on depressant behavior and cognitive dysfunction in CUS rats, possibly via regulating synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Faqi Wang
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tang
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Cordner ZA, Khambadkone SG, Boersma GJ, Song L, Summers TN, Moran TH, Tamashiro KLK. Maternal high-fat diet results in cognitive impairment and hippocampal gene expression changes in rat offspring. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:92-100. [PMID: 31051155 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet has long been known to increase risk for obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Further evidence strongly suggests that these same metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment later in life. Now faced with an expanding global burden of obesity and increasing prevalence of dementia due to an aging population, understanding the effects of high-fat diet consumption on cognition is of increasingly critical importance. Further, the developmental origins of many adult onset neuropsychiatric disorders have become increasingly clear, indicating a need to investigate effects of various risk factors, including diet, across the lifespan. Here, we use a rat model to assess the effects of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation on cognition and hippocampal gene expression of offspring. Behaviorally, adult male offspring of high-fat fed dams had impaired object recognition memory and impaired spatial memory compared to offspring of chow-fed dams. In hippocampus, we found decreased expression of Insr, Lepr, and Slc2a1 (GLUT1) among offspring of high-fat fed dams at postnatal day 21. The decreased expression of Insr and Lepr persisted at postnatal day 150. Together, these data provide additional evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can have lasting effects on the brain, behavior, and cognition on adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seva G Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tyler N Summers
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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21
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Li Q, Wu X, Na X, Ge B, Wu Q, Guo X, Ntim M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yang J, Xiao Z, Zhao J, Li S. Impaired Cognitive Function and Altered Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Mice Lacking Dermatan Sulfotransferase Chst14/D4st1. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:26. [PMID: 30853887 PMCID: PMC6396735 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans (PGs) are major extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the central nervous system (CNS). A large body of evidence has shown that CSPGs/DSPGs play critical roles in neuronal growth, axon guidance, and plasticity in the developing and mature CNS. It has been proposed that these PGs exert their function through specific interaction of CS/DS chains with its binding partners in a manner that depends on the sulfation patterns of CS/DS. It has been reported that dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst14/D4st1) specific for DS, but not chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst11/C4st1) specific for CS, regulates proliferation and neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs), indicating that CS and DS play distinct roles in the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. However, it remains unknown whether specific sulfation profiles of DS has any effect on CNS plasticity. In the present study, Chst14/D4st1-deficient (Chst14−/−) mice was employed to investigate the involvement of DS in synaptic plasticity. First, behavior study using Morris Water Maze (MWM) showed that the spatial learning and memory of Chst14−/− mice was impaired when compared to their wild type (WT) littermates. Corroborating the behavior result, long-term potentiation (LTP) at the hippocampal CA3-CA1 connection was reduced in Chst14−/− mice compared to the WT mice. Finally, the protein levels of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), synaptophysin (SYN) and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) which are important in synaptic plasticity were examined and Chst14/D4st1 deficiency was shown to significantly reduce the expression of these proteins in the hippocampus. Further studies revealed that Akt/mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins, including protein kinase B (p-Akt), p-mTOR and p-S6, were significantly lower in Chst14−/− mice, which might contribute to the decreased protein expression. Together, this study reveals that specific sulfation of DS is critical in synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus and learning and memory, which might be associated with the changes in the expression of glutamate receptors and other synaptic proteins though Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xueyan Na
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Biying Ge
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuewen Guo
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiping Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Department of Urology, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Sirtuin 1 alleviates diabetic neuropathic pain by regulating synaptic plasticity of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Pain 2019; 160:1082-1092. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bombesin attenuated ischemia-induced spatial cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairment associated with oxidative damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:87-93. [PMID: 29635132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of spatial cognition is a character to various neurological disorders and therapeutic strategy. However, it is limited to known risk factors clinically so far. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) signaling is a neuropeptide system mediating emotional memory events. However, the effects of GRP agonist on spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity are rarely investigated, especially in pathologic condition. This study was designed to investigate the long-term effects of GRPR agonist, bombesin, against cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral ischemia in rats and its possible mechanisms. Our results revealed that bombesin administration (30 μg/kg/day, for 14 continuous days) significantly protected the cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairments as assessed by the Morris water maze and long-term potentiation tests. The mechanism studies demonstrated that bombesin significantly alleviated the decreased activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT) and altered the increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Besides, the decreased expression of synapse plasticity-related proteins, calcium- calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and synaptophysin (SYP) in the hippocampus were increased with drug treatment. In conclusion, bombesin could protect the oxidative stress and expression of proteins, which were important for synaptic plasticity and cognitive function impairment induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. Our study is presented to provide novel insights into the effects of bombesin on spatial learning and memory, which should be further explored as a potential drug in disorders involving deficits in cognitive function.
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Wang L, Wang J, Wang F, Liu C, Yang X, Yang J, Ming D. VEGF-Mediated Cognitive and Synaptic Improvement in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats Involves Autophagy Process. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:423-435. [PMID: 28766254 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive impairment. Dozens of studies including ours have indicated that exogenous administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could exert effective cognitive protection during ischemia. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism has not been well clarified. To address this issue, we explored the synaptic mechanisms in vivo since hippocampal synaptic function is essential to the learning and memory process. Besides, the role of autophagy in cognitive dysfunction under conditions of CCH is still controversial. And abnormal autophagy could threaten normal neurotransmission at synapse where a large amount of protein synthesis and degradation take place. Hence, we further examined whether the altered synaptic function was associated with autophagy. The results showed that CCH impaired spatial cognition as evidenced in Morris water maze. We further found that VEGF mitigated impaired hippocampal synaptic function including basal synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation, short-term, long-term plasticity, depotentiation, and the level of synaptic proteins as assessed by electrophysiological examination and western blot assay. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that CCH could induce excessive autophagy which could be inhibited by VEGF. Thus, we speculated that VEGF could ameliorate impaired synaptic function induced by CCH because of its ability to inhibit excessive autophagy, and eventually improve spatial learning and memory function. Importantly, our findings shed light on potential therapeutic strategies to be exploited in the usage of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Faqi Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuening Yang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Ming
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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