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Al-Khateeb ZF, Boumenar H, Adebimpe J, Shekerzade S, Henson SM, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. The cellular senescence response and neuroinflammation in juvenile mice following controlled cortical impact and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114714. [PMID: 38325653 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms linking TBI to neurodegeneration remain to be defined. It has been proposed that the induction of cellular senescence after injury could amplify neuroinflammation and induce long-term tissue changes. The induction of a senescence response post-injury in the immature brain has yet to be characterised. We carried out two types of brain injury in juvenile CD1 mice: invasive TBI using controlled cortical impact (CCI) and repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) using weight drop injury. The analysis of senescence-related signals showed an increase in γH2AX-53BP1 nuclear foci, p53, p19ARF, and p16INK4a expression in the CCI group, 5 days post-injury (dpi). At 35 days, the difference was no longer statistically significant. Gene expression showed the activation of different senescence pathways in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres in the injured mice. CCI-injured mice showed a neuroinflammatory early phase after injury (increased Iba1 and GFAP expression), which persisted for GFAP. After CCI, there was an increase at 5 days in p16INK4, whereas in rmTBI, a significant increase was seen at 35 dpi. Both injuries caused a decrease in p21 at 35 dpi. In rmTBI, other markers showed no significant change. The PCR array data predicted the activation of pathways connected to senescence after rmTBI. These results indicate the induction of a complex cellular senescence and glial reaction in the immature mouse brain, with clear differences between an invasive brain injury and a repetitive mild injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra F Al-Khateeb
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Hasna Boumenar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joycee Adebimpe
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shenel Shekerzade
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siân M Henson
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Kazis D, Chatzikonstantinou S, Ciobica A, Kamal FZ, Burlui V, Calin G, Mavroudis I. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Biomarkers of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Overview. Biomedicines 2024; 12:410. [PMID: 38398011 PMCID: PMC10886732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth exploration of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (PTE), a complex neurological disorder following traumatic brain injury (TBI), characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. With TBI being a global health concern, understanding PTE is crucial for effective diagnosis, management, and prognosis. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, and emerging biomarkers of PTE, thereby informing clinical practice and guiding future research. The epidemiological aspect of the study reveals PTE as a significant contributor to acquired epilepsies, with varying incidence influenced by injury severity, age, and intracranial pathologies. The paper delves into the multifactorial nature of PTE risk factors, encompassing clinical, demographic, and genetic elements. Key insights include the association of injury severity, intracranial hemorrhages, and early seizures with increased PTE risk, and the roles of age, gender, and genetic predispositions. Advancements in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular biology are presented, highlighting their roles in identifying potential PTE biomarkers. These biomarkers, ranging from radiological signs to electroencephalography EEG patterns and molecular indicators, hold promise for enhancing PTE pathogenesis understanding, early diagnosis, and therapeutic guidance. The paper also discusses the critical roles of astrocytes and microglia in PTE, emphasizing the significance of neuroinflammation in PTE development. The insights from this review suggest potential therapeutic targets in neuroinflammation pathways. In conclusion, this paper synthesizes current knowledge in the field, emphasizing the need for continued research and a multidisciplinary approach to effectively manage PTE. Future research directions include longitudinal studies for a better understanding of TBI and PTE outcomes, and the development of targeted interventions based on individualized risk profiles. This research contributes significantly to the broader understanding of epilepsy and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kazis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.)
| | - Symela Chatzikonstantinou
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.)
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 20th Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Teodor Codrescu 2, 700481 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Fatima Zahra Kamal
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technical (ISPITS), Marrakech 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Processes and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Vasile Burlui
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Apollonia University, 700511 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Calin
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Apollonia University, 700511 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neuroscience, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Leeds University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Morales-Villagrán A, Salazar-Sánchez JC, Chiprés-Tinajero GA, Medina-Ceja L, Ortega-Ibarra J. A novel hydro-pneumatic fluid percussion device for inducing traumatic brain injury: assessment of sensory, motor, cognitive, molecular, and morphological outcomes in rodents. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1208954. [PMID: 38299127 PMCID: PMC10829088 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1208954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The fluid percussion method is widely used to induce brain injury in rodents. However, this approach has several limitations, including variability in the resulting damage, which is attributed to factors such as manual control of the mass used to generate the desired pressure. To address these issues, several modifications to the original method have been proposed. Methods In this study, we present a novel device called the Hydro-pneumatic Fluid Percussion Device, which delivers fluid directly to a lateral region of the brain to induce injury. To validate this model, three groups of male and female rats were subjected to lateral fluid percussion using our device, and the resulting damage was evaluated using sensory, motor, and cognitive tests, measurements of serum injury biomarkers, and morphological analysis via cresyl violet staining. Results Our results demonstrate that this new approach induced significant alterations in all parameters evaluated. Discussion This novel device for inducing TBI may be a valuable alternative for modeling brain injury and studying its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan C. Salazar-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A. Chiprés-Tinajero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Baker TL, Wright DK, Uboldi AD, Tonkin CJ, Vo A, Wilson T, McDonald SJ, Mychasiuk R, Semple BD, Sun M, Shultz SR. A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38195485 PMCID: PMC10775436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a key contributor to global morbidity that lacks effective treatments. Microbial infections are common in TBI patients, and their presence could modify the physiological response to TBI. It is estimated that one-third of the human population is incurably infected with the feline-borne parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which can invade the central nervous system and result in chronic low-grade neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity-all of which are also important pathophysiological processes in TBI. Considering the large number of TBI patients that have a pre-existing T. gondii infection prior to injury, and the potential mechanistic synergies between the conditions, this study investigated how a pre-existing T. gondii infection modified TBI outcomes across acute, sub-acute and chronic recovery in male and female mice. Gene expression analysis of brain tissue found that neuroinflammation and immune cell markers were amplified in the combined T. gondii + TBI setting in both males and females as early as 2-h post-injury. Glutamatergic, neurotoxic, and oxidative stress markers were altered in a sex-specific manner in T. gondii + TBI mice. Structural MRI found that male, but not female, T. gondii + TBI mice had a significantly larger lesion size compared to their uninfected counterparts at 18-weeks post-injury. Similarly, diffusion MRI revealed that T. gondii + TBI mice had exacerbated white matter tract abnormalities, particularly in male mice. These novel findings indicate that a pre-existing T. gondii infection affects the pathophysiological aftermath of TBI in a sex-dependent manner, and may be an important modifier to consider in the care and prognostication of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alessandro D Uboldi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anh Vo
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Wilson
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
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5
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Hoogenboom WS, Rubin TG, Ambadipudi K, Cui MH, Ye K, Foster H, Elkouby E, Liu J, Branch CA, Lipton ML. Evolving brain and behaviour changes in rats following repetitive subconcussive head impacts. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad316. [PMID: 38046094 PMCID: PMC10691880 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that repetitive subconcussive head impacts, independent of concussion, alter brain structure and function, and may disproportionately affect the developing brain. Animal studies of repetitive subconcussive head impacts are needed to begin to characterize the pathological basis and mechanisms underlying imaging and functional effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts seen in humans. Since repetitive subconcussive head impacts have been largely unexplored in animals, we aimed to characterize the evolution of imaging, behavioural and pathological effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts in awake adolescent rodents. Awake male and female Sprague Dawley rats (postnatal Day 35) received 140 closed-head impacts over the course of a week. Impacted and sham-impacted animals were restrained in a plastic cone, and unrestrained control animals were included to account for effects of restraint and normal development. Animals (n = 43) underwent repeated diffusion tensor imaging prior to and over 1 month following the final impact. A separate cohort (n = 53) was assessed behaviourally for fine motor control, emotional-affective behaviour and memory at acute and chronic time points. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses, which were exploratory in nature due to smaller sample sizes, were completed at 1 month following the final impact. All animals tolerated the protocol with no overt changes in behaviour or stigmata of traumatic brain injury, such as alteration of consciousness, intracranial haemorrhage or skull fracture. We detected longitudinal, sex-dependent diffusion tensor imaging changes (fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity decline) in corpus callosum and external capsule of repetitive subconcussive head impact animals, which diverged from both sham and control. Compared to sham animals, repetitive subconcussive head impact animals exhibited acute but transient mild motor deficits. Repetitive subconcussive head impact animals also exhibited chronic anxiety and spatial memory impairment that differed from the control animals, but these effects were not different from those seen in the sham condition. We observed trends in the data for thinning of the corpus callosum as well as regions with elevated Iba-1 in the corpus callosum and cerebral white matter among repetitive subconcussive head impact animals. While replication with larger study samples is needed, our findings suggest that subconcussive head impacts cause microstructural tissue changes in the developing rat brain, which are detectable with diffusion tensor imaging, with suggestion of correlates in tissue pathology and behaviour. The results point to potential mechanisms underpinning consequences of subconcussive head impacts that have been described in humans. The congruence of our imaging findings with human subconcussive head impacts suggests that neuroimaging could serve as a translational bridge to advance study of injury mechanisms and development of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter S Hoogenboom
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Todd G Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kamalakar Ambadipudi
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Min-Hui Cui
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Henry Foster
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Esther Elkouby
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Craig A Branch
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael L Lipton
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, NewYork, NY 10032, USA
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6
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Smith AN, Shaughness M, Collier S, Hopkins D, Byrnes KR. Therapeutic targeting of microglia mediated oxidative stress after neurotrauma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034692. [PMID: 36405593 PMCID: PMC9671221 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a primary component of the central nervous system injury response. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury are characterized by a pronounced microglial response to damage, including alterations in microglial morphology and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The acute activity of microglia may be beneficial to recovery, but continued inflammation and ROS production is deleterious to the health and function of other cells. Microglial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), mitochondria, and changes in iron levels are three of the most common sources of ROS. All three play a significant role in post-traumatic brain and spinal cord injury ROS production and the resultant oxidative stress. This review will evaluate the current state of therapeutics used to target these avenues of microglia-mediated oxidative stress after injury and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N. Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean Collier
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deanna Hopkins
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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7
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Velayudhan PS, Schwab N, Hazrati LN, Wheeler AL. Temporal patterns of microglial activation in white matter following experimental mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:197. [PMID: 34924026 PMCID: PMC8684664 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent form of injury that can result in persistent neurological impairments. Microglial activation has become increasingly recognized as a key process regulating the pathology of white matter in a wide range of brain injury and disease contexts. As white matter damage is known to be a major contributor to the impairments that follow mTBI, microglia have rightfully become a common target of investigation for the development of mTBI therapies and biomarkers. Recent work has demonstrated that the efficacy of microglial manipulation as a therapeutic intervention following injury or disease is highly time-sensitive, emphasizing the importance of advancing our understanding of the dynamics of post-mTBI microglial activation from onset to resolution. Current reporting of microglial activation in experimental studies of mTBI is non-standardized, which has limited our ability to identify concrete patterns of post-mTBI microglial activation over time. In this review, we examine preclinical studies of mTBI that report on microglial activation in white matter regions to summarize our current understanding of these patterns. Specifically, we summarize timecourses of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter regions of the brain, identify factors that influence this activation, examine the temporal relationship between microglial activation and other post-mTBI assessments, and compare the relative sensitivities of various methods for detecting microglial activation. While the lack of replicated experimental conditions has limited the extent of conclusions that can confidently be drawn, we find that microglia are activated over a wide range of timecourses following mTBI and that microglial activation is a long-lasting outcome of mTBI that may resolve after most typical post-mTBI assessments, with the exception of those measuring oligodendrocyte lineage cell integrity. We identify several understudied parameters of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter, such as the inclusion of female subjects. This review summarizes our current understanding of the progression of microglial activation in white matter structures following experimental mTBI and offers suggestions for important future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth S Velayudhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Nicole Schwab
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne L Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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8
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Eyolfson E, Carr T, Khan A, Wright DK, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Mice during Adolescence Cause Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Deficits and Neuroinflammatory Dynamics. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2718-2732. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Carr
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Asher Khan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David K. Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander W. Lohman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Taguchi D, Ehara A, Seo Y, Ueda S. Microhemorrhage in a Rat Model of Neonatal Shaking Brain Injury: Correlation between MRI and Iron Histochemistry. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2020; 53:83-91. [PMID: 32873992 PMCID: PMC7450178 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that neonatal shaking brain injury (SBI) causes transient microhemorrhages (MHs) in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Iron deposits and iron-uptake cells are observed surrounding MHs in this SBI model, suggesting local hypoxic-ischemic conditions. However, whether the shaken pups suffered systemic hypoxic-ischemic conditions has remained uncertain. Further, histopathological correlations of MHs on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are still unclear. The present study examined MHs after neonatal SBI using a combination of histochemical and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) analyses. Systemic oxygen saturation analyses indicated no significant difference between shaken and non-shaken pups. MHs on postnatal day 4 (P4) pups showed decreased signal intensity on SWI. Iron histochemistry revealed that these hypointense areas almost completely comprised red blood cells (RBCs). MHs that appeared on P4 gradually disappeared by P7-12 on SWI. These resolved areas contained small numbers of RBCs, numerous iron-positive cells, and punctate regions with iron reaction products. Perivascular iron products were evident after P12. These changes progressed faster in the hippocampus than in cortical areas. These changes in MHs following neonatal SBI may provide new insights into microvascular pathologies and impacts on brain functions as adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taguchi
- Department of Judo Therapy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University
- Department Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Ayuka Ehara
- Department Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiteru Seo
- Department of Regulatory Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine
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Mukherjee S, Arisi GM, Mims K, Hollingsworth G, O'Neil K, Shapiro LA. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:193. [PMID: 32552898 PMCID: PMC7301453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in as many as 64-74 million people worldwide each year and often results in one or more post-traumatic syndromes, including depression, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits. TBI can also increase seizure susceptibility, as well as increase the incidence of epilepsy, a phenomenon known as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Injury type and severity appear to partially predict PTE susceptibility. However, a complete mechanistic understanding of risk factors for PTE is incomplete. MAIN BODY From the earliest days of modern neuroscience, to the present day, accumulating evidence supports a significant role for neuroinflammation in the post-traumatic epileptogenic progression. Notably, substantial evidence indicates a role for astrocytes, microglia, chemokines, and cytokines in PTE progression. Although each of these mechanistic components is discussed in separate sections, it is highly likely that it is the totality of cellular and neuroinflammatory interactions that ultimately contribute to the epileptogenic progression following TBI. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review focuses on the neuroinflammatory milieu and explores putative mechanisms involved in the epileptogenic progression from TBI to increased seizure-susceptibility and the development of PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel M Arisi
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kaley Mims
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA.
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11
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Tadepalli SA, Bali ZK, Bruszt N, Nagy LV, Amrein K, Fazekas B, Büki A, Czeiter E, Hernádi I. Long-term cognitive impairment without diffuse axonal injury following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112268. [PMID: 31580914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) impair cognitive abilities and increase risk of neurodegenerative disorders in humans. We developed two repetitive mild TBI models in rats with different time intervals between successive weight-drop injuries. Rats were subjected to repetitive Sham (no injury), single mild (mTBI), repetitive mild (rmTBI - 5 hits, 24 h apart), rapid repetitive mild (rapTBI - 5 hits, 5 min apart) or a single severe (sTBI) TBI. Cognitive performance was assessed 2 and 8 weeks after TBI in the novel object recognition test (NOR), and 6-7 weeks after TBI in the water maze (MWM). Acute immunohistochemical markers were evaluated 24 h after TBI, and blood biomarkers were measured with ELISA 8 weeks after TBI. In the NOR, both rmTBI and rapTBI showed poor performance at 2 weeks post-injury. At 8 weeks post-injury, the rmTBI group still performed worse than the Sham and mTBI groups, while the rapTBI group recovered. In the MWM, the rapTBI group performed worse than the Sham and mTBI groups. Acute APP and RMO-14 immunohistochemistry showed axonal injury at the pontomedullary junction in the sTBI, but not in other groups. ELISA showed increased serum GFAP levels 8 weeks after sTBI, while no differences were found between the injury groups in the levels of phosphorylated-tau and S100β. Results suggest that the rmTBI protocol is the most suitable model for testing cognitive impairment after mild repetitive head injuries and that the prolonged cognitive impairment after repetitive mild TBI originates from different structural and molecular mechanisms compared to similar impairments after single sTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ambika Tadepalli
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kristóf Bali
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Bruszt
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Lili Veronika Nagy
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Amrein
- Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rét u. 2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary; Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Fazekas
- Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rét u. 2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary; Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Büki
- Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rét u. 2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary; Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rét u. 2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary; Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Rét u. 2, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs Hungary
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12
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Vonder Haar C, Martens KM, Bashir A, McInnes KA, Cheng WH, Cheung H, Stukas S, Barron C, Ladner T, Welch KA, Cripton PA, Winstanley CA, Wellington CL. Repetitive closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) injury in rats increases impulsivity, decreases dopaminergic innervation in the olfactory tubercle and generates white matter inflammation, tau phosphorylation and degeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Tapp ZM, Godbout JP, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Tilted Axis: Maladaptive Inflammation and HPA Axis Dysfunction Contribute to Consequences of TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 10:345. [PMID: 31068886 PMCID: PMC6491704 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year approximately 1.7 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the US alone. Associated with these head injuries is a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms including irritability, depression, and anxiety. Neuroinflammation, due in part to microglia, can worsen or even cause neuropsychiatric disorders after TBI. For example, mounting evidence demonstrates that microglia become “primed” or hyper-reactive with an exaggerated pro-inflammatory phenotype following multiple immune challenges. Microglial priming occurs after experimental TBI and correlates with the emergence of depressive-like behavior as well as cognitive dysfunction. Critically, immune challenges are various and include illness, aging, and stress. The collective influence of any combination of these immune challenges shapes the neuroimmune environment and the response to TBI. For example, stress reliably induces inflammation and could therefore be a gateway to altered neuropathology and behavioral decline following TBI. Given the increasing incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders after TBI, the degree in which stress affects outcome is of particular interest. This review aims to highlight the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a key mediator of stress-immune pathway communication following TBI. We will first describe maladaptive neuroinflammation after TBI and how stress contributes to inflammation through both anti- and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical and experimental data describing HPA-axis dysfunction and consequences of altered stress responses after TBI will be discussed. Lastly, we will review common stress models used after TBI that could better elucidate the relationship between HPA axis dysfunction and maladaptive inflammation following TBI. Together, the studies described in this review suggest that HPA axis dysfunction after brain injury is prevalent and contributes to the dynamic nature of the neuroinflammatory response to brain injury. Experimental stressors that directly engage the HPA axis represent important areas for future research to better define the role of stress-immune pathways in mediating outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Tapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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14
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Wang ML, Yu MM, Yang DX, Liu YL, Wei XE, Li WB. Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Characterizes Brain Microstructural Changes Associated with Cognitive Impairment in a Rat Model of Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 392:180-189. [PMID: 30278249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the value of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in assessing microstructural changes associated with cognitive impairment in chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). At 7 months, six TBI rats and six control rats underwent Morris water maze (MWM) tests, followed by DKI examinations. DKI parameters were measured in bilateral cortex, hippocampus, and callosum. Brain immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of neuron [neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN)], astroglia [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], microglia [ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)], and myelin [myelin basic protein (MBP)] was performed in the same area as DKI parameter. The DKI parameters, IHC results, and MWM results were compared between TBI and control groups. Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between DKI parameters and IHC and MWM results. TBI group had worse performance in MWM test. DKI showed higher mean diffusion (MD) in all ipsilateral regions of interest (ROIs), and lower mean kurtosis (MK) in ipsilateral cortex and callosum in TBI group (P < 0.05). TBI group also showed lower IHC staining of NeuN, and higher staining of Iba-1 and MBP in all ipsilateral ROIs (P < 0.05). Further correlational study showed a positive relationship between MK and NeuN, MD and MBP in ipsilateral cortex, and a negative relationship between MK and Iba-1, MBP in ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus (P < 0.05). The MK in ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus were also correlated with MWM test results (P < 0.05). Our study suggests that DKI could be used to assess the microstructural changes associated with cognitive impairment in chronic TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Meng-Meng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dian-Xu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ying-Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao-Er Wei
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Imaging Center, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, No. 1 Jiankang Road, Kashgar 844000, China.
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15
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Tucker LB, Velosky AG, McCabe JT. Applications of the Morris water maze in translational traumatic brain injury research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 88:187-200. [PMID: 29545166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently accompanied by persistent cognitive symptoms, including executive function disruptions and memory deficits. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is the most widely-employed laboratory behavioral test for assessing cognitive deficits in rodents after experimental TBI. Numerous protocols exist for performing the test, which has shown great robustness in detecting learning and memory deficits in rodents after infliction of TBI. We review applications of the MWM for the study of cognitive deficits following TBI in pre-clinical studies, describing multiple ways in which the test can be employed to examine specific aspects of learning and memory. Emphasis is placed on dependent measures that are available and important controls that must be considered in the context of TBI. Finally, caution is given regarding interpretation of deficits as being indicative of dysfunction of a single brain region (hippocampus), as experimental models of TBI most often result in more diffuse damage that disrupts multiple neural pathways and larger functional networks that participate in complex behaviors required in MWM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Alexander G Velosky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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