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Arik E, Heinisch O, Bienert M, Gubeljak L, Slowik A, Reich A, Schulz JB, Wilhelm T, Huber M, Habib P. Erythropoietin Enhances Post-ischemic Migration and Phagocytosis and Alleviates the Activation of Inflammasomes in Human Microglial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:915348. [PMID: 35813499 PMCID: PMC9263298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.915348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been shown to exert anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects after cerebral ischemia. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and -18 (IL-1β and IL-18) are crucial mediators of apoptosis and are maturated by multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes. Microglia are the first responders to post-ischemic brain damage and are a main source of inflammasomes. However, the impact of rhEPO on microglial activation and the subsequent induction of inflammasomes after ischemia remains elusive. To address this, we subjected human microglial clone 3 (HMC-3) cells to various durations of oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to assess the impact of rhEPO on cell viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, migration, as well as on the regulation and activation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes. Administration of rhEPO mitigated OGD/R-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Additionally, it enhanced metabolic activity, migration and phagocytosis of HMC-3. Moreover, rhEPO attenuated post-ischemic activation and regulation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes as well as their downstream effectors CASPASE1 and IL-1β. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 via MCC950 had no effect on the activation of CASPASE1 and maturation of IL-1β after OGD/R, but increased protein levels of NLRP1, NLRC4, and AIM2, suggesting compensatory activities among inflammasomes. We provide evidence that EPO-conveyed anti-inflammatory actions might be mediated via the regulation of the inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Arik
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ole Heinisch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Bienert
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Gubeljak
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Reich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B. Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Pardes Habib, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-216X
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Senousy MA, Hanafy ME, Shehata N, Rizk SM. Erythropoietin and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Mitigate 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington-like Disease in Rats by Modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K Pathway and Enhancing the Autophagy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:721-732. [PMID: 35226456 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the mechanisms expected to explain the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Erythropoietin (EPO) and the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases; however, the full mechanisms of their action are currently unclear. Here, for the first time, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of BCG vaccination in Huntington-like disease induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) and its combination with EPO. Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: saline-treated control; 3-NP group (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 7 days; EPO-treated group (5000 IU/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days after 3-NP administration; live BCG vaccine prophylactic group (5000 cfu/g, i.p.) 10 days prior to 3-NP administration; and live BCG vaccine (5000 cfu/g, i.p.) 10 days before 3-NP administration, followed by EPO treatment (5000 IU/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days. In a histopathological examination, striatum neurodegeneration was evidenced in the 3-NP injected rats. Administration of 3-NP elevated the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-P70S6K, BAX, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and cytochrome oxidase while reduced the levels of BCL-2, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 in the striatum. EPO and BCG ameliorated the biochemical, histopathological, and behavioral derangements induced by 3-NP, with prominent neuroprotection observed in rats administered the BCG prophylactic combined with EPO treatment. These results highlight the role played by EPO and BCG in the management of 3-NP-induced Huntington-like disease by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K pathway and enhancing the autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Senousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mona Essam Hanafy
- Central Administration of Biological and Innovative Products and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 00202, Egypt
| | - Nahla Shehata
- Central Administration of Biological and Innovative Products and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 00202, Egypt
| | - Sherine M. Rizk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Ma Y, Zhou Z, Yang GY, Ding J, Wang X. The Effect of Erythropoietin and Its Derivatives on Ischemic Stroke Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:743926. [PMID: 35250554 PMCID: PMC8892214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.743926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies explored the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on neurodegenerative diseases. Few studies provided comprehensive and latest knowledge of EPO treatment for ischemic stroke. In the present review, we introduced the structure, expression, function of EPO, and its receptors in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we comprehensively discussed EPO treatment in pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, and its therapeutic mechanisms including suppressing inflammation. Finally, advanced studies of the therapy of EPO derivatives in ischemic stroke were also discussed. We wish to provide valuable information on EPO and EPO derivatives’ treatment for ischemic stroke for basic researchers and clinicians to accelerate the process of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Increased Post-Hypoxic Oxidative Stress and Activation of the PERK Branch of the UPR in Trap1-Deficient Drosophila melanogaster Is Abrogated by Metformin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111586. [PMID: 34769067 PMCID: PMC8583878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is known to impair mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Post-hypoxic perturbations of the ER proteostasis result in the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to the activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Mitochondrial chaperone TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is reported to preserve mitochondrial membrane potential and to impede reactive oxygen species (ROS) production thereby protecting cells from ER stress as well as oxidative stress. The first-line antidiabetic drug Metformin has been attributed a neuroprotective role after hypoxia. Interestingly, Metformin has been reported to rescue mitochondrial deficits in fibroblasts derived from a patient carrying a homozygous TRAP1 loss-of-function mutation. We sought to investigate a putative link between Metformin, TRAP1, and the UPR after hypoxia. We assessed post-hypoxic/reperfusion longevity, mortality, negative geotaxis, ROS production, metabolic activity, gene expression of antioxidant proteins, and activation of the UPR in Trap1-deficient flies. Following hypoxia, Trap1 deficiency caused higher mortality and greater impairments in negative geotaxis compared to controls. Similarly, post-hypoxic production of ROS and UPR activation was significantly higher in Trap1-deficient compared to control flies. Metformin counteracted the deleterious effects of hypoxia in Trap1-deficient flies but had no protective effect in wild-type flies. We provide evidence that TRAP1 is crucially involved in the post-hypoxic regulation of mitochondrial/ER stress and the activation of the UPR. Metformin appears to rescue Trap1-deficiency after hypoxia mitigating ROS production and downregulating the pro-apoptotic PERK (protein kinase R-like ER kinase) arm of the UPR.
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Erythropoietin Abrogates Post-Ischemic Activation of the NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 Inflammasomes in Microglia/Macrophages in a TAK1-Dependent Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:462-482. [PMID: 34628598 PMCID: PMC9046144 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are known to contribute to brain damage after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). TAK1 is predominantly expressed in microglial cells and can regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome, but its impact on other inflammasomes including NLRC4 and AIM2 after AIS remains elusive. EPO has been shown to reduce NLRP3 protein levels in different disease models. Whether EPO-mediated neuroprotection after AIS is conveyed via an EPO/TAK1/inflammasome axis in microglia remains to be clarified. Subjecting mice deficient for TAK1 in microglia/macrophages (Mi/MΦ) to AIS revealed a significant reduction in infarct sizes and neurological impairments compared to the corresponding controls. Post-ischemic increased activation of TAK1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes including their associated downstream cascades were markedly reduced upon deletion of Mi/MΦ TAK1. EPO administration improved clinical outcomes and dampened stroke-induced activation of TAK1 and inflammasome cascades, which was not evident after the deletion of Mi/MΦ TAK1. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 in microglial BV-2 cells did not influence post-OGD IL-1β levels, but increased NLRC4 and AIM2 protein levels, suggesting compensatory activities among inflammasomes. Overall, we provide evidence that Mi/MΦ TAK1 regulates the expression and activation of the NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 inflammasomes. Furthermore, EPO mitigated stroke-induced activation of TAK1 and inflammasomes, indicating that EPO conveyed neuroprotection might be mediated via an EPO/TAK1/inflammasome axis.
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6
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The Role of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Erythropoietin Signalization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147682. [PMID: 34299300 PMCID: PMC8307237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein cytokine known for its pleiotropic effects on various types of cells and tissues. EPO and its receptor EPOR trigger signaling cascades JAK2/STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT that are interconnected and irreplaceable for cell survival. In this article, we describe the role of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways during red blood cell formation as well as in non-hematopoietic tissues and tumor cells. Although the central framework of these pathways is similar for most of cell types, there are some stage-specific, tissue, and cell-lineage differences. We summarize the current state of research in this field, highlight the novel members of EPO-induced PI3K and MAPK signaling, and in this respect also the differences between erythroid and non-erythroid cells.
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Chen K, Yang LN, Lai C, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Role of Grina/Nmdara1 in the Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:861-867. [PMID: 32124700 PMCID: PMC7569322 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200303104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate associated protein 1 (GRINA) is a member of the NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and is involved in several neurological diseases, which governs the key processes of neuronal cell death or the release of neurotransmitters. Upregulation of GRINA has been reported in multiple diseases in human beings, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), with which the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we provide a general overview of the expression and physiological function of GRINA in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including stroke, depression, epilepsy, SCZ, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine,
Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Nan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine,
Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Lai
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine,
Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
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Tuo QZ, Zhang ST, Lei P. Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in ischemic stroke and their therapeutic implications. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:259-305. [PMID: 33957000 DOI: 10.1002/med.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by arterial occlusion is the most common type of stroke, which is among the most frequent causes of disability and death worldwide. Current treatment approaches involve achieving rapid reperfusion either pharmacologically or surgically, both of which are time-sensitive; moreover, blood flow recanalization often causes ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, even though neuroprotective intervention is urgently needed in the event of stroke, the exact mechanisms of neuronal death during ischemic stroke are still unclear, and consequently, the capacity for drug development has remained limited. Multiple cell death pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, we have reviewed these potential neuronal death pathways, including intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, parthanatos, phagoptosis, and pyroptosis. We have also reviewed the latest results of pharmacological studies on ischemic stroke and summarized emerging drug targets with a focus on clinical trials. These observations may help to further understand the pathological events in ischemic stroke and bridge the gap between basic and translational research to reveal novel neuroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhang Tuo
- Department of Geriatrics and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Posthypoxic behavioral impairment and mortality of Drosophila melanogaster are associated with high temperatures, enhanced predeath activity and oxidative stress. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:264-280. [PMID: 33564101 PMCID: PMC8080651 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an underlying pathophysiological condition of a variety of devastating diseases, including acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We are faced with limited therapeutic options for AIS patients, and even after successful restoration of cerebral blood flow, the poststroke mortality is still high. More basic research is needed to explain mortality after reperfusion and to develop adjunct neuroprotective therapies. Drosophila melanogaster (D.m.) is a suitable model to analyze hypoxia; however, little is known about the impacts of hypoxia and especially of the subsequent reperfusion injury on the behavior and survival of D.m. To address this knowledge gap, we subjected two wild-type D.m. strains (Canton-S and Oregon-R) to severe hypoxia (<0.3% O2) under standardized environmental conditions in a well-constructed hypoxia chamber. During posthypoxic reperfusion (21% O2), we assessed fly activity (evoked and spontaneous) and analyzed molecular characteristics (oxidative stress marker abundance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and metabolic activity) at various timepoints during reperfusion. First, we established standard conditions to induce hypoxia in D.m. to guarantee stable and reproducible experiments. Exposure to severe hypoxia under defined conditions impaired the climbing ability and reduced the overall activity of both D.m. strains. Furthermore, a majority of the flies died during the early reperfusion phase (up to 24 h). Interestingly, the flies that died early exhibited elevated activity before death compared to that of the flies that survived the entire reperfusion period. Additionally, we detected increases in ROS and stress marker (Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase and Heat Shock Protein 70) levels as well as reductions in metabolic activity in the reperfusion phase. Finally, we found that changes in environmental conditions impacted the mortality rate. In particular, decreasing the temperature during hypoxia or the reperfusion phase displayed a protective effect. In conclusion, our data suggest that reperfusion-dependent death might be associated with elevated temperatures, predeath activity, and oxidative stress. A new fruit fly model of reperfusion injury, the tissue damage commonly seen in stroke that occurs when an organ is starved of oxygen and then exposed to oxygen again, opens new possibilities for understanding stroke pathology. Pardes Habib from Aachen University, Germany, and colleagues subjected flies to extremely low oxygen levels for up to six hours before returning them to a normal oxygen environment. Most flies died after re-exposure to oxygen, but not before showing a ‘last gasp’ burst of physical activity compared to individuals that survived the treatment. The return to normal oxygen levels led to an increase in signs of cellular stress and reduced metabolic activity, especially among those flies kept at warmer temperatures. The findings lay the groundwork for better understanding of reperfusion injury and how to treat it.
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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Microglial-specific depletion of TAK1 is neuroprotective in the acute phase after ischemic stroke. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:833-847. [PMID: 32382778 PMCID: PMC7297861 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is upregulated after cerebral ischemia and contributes to an aggravation of brain injury. TAK1 acts as a key regulator of NF-ΚB and the MAP kinases JNK and p38 and modulates post-ischemic neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Microglia are the main TAK1-expressing immunocompetent cells of the brain. However, little is known about the function and regulation of microglial TAK1 after cerebral ischemia. Tamoxifen-dependent conditional depletion of TAK1 in microglial cells was induced in Cx3cr1creER-Tak1fl/fl mice. The creER-negative Tak1fl/fl mice and vehicle-treated (corn oil) mice served as control groups. A transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion of 30 min followed by 6 h and 72 h of reperfusion was performed in male mice. Oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) was performed with primary cortical glial cell cultures to examine the effect of microglial-specific and general (5Z-7-Oxozeaenol) TAK1 inhibition after different reperfusion times (1 h, 6 h, and 72 h). Cx3cr1creER-Tak1fl/fl mice showed reduced infarct sizes and improved neurological outcomes compared to the control group. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory Il1b/IL-1β and Tnf/TNF-α in the peri-infarct zones of microglial-specific TAK1-depleted mice were significantly reduced. Furthermore, TAK1 depletion in vitro led to reduced cell death rates after OGD. Moreover, hypoxia-mediated activation of TAK1 and its downstream signalling proteins, JNK and p38, were dampened by microglial TAK1 depletion. In contrast, 5Z-7-Oxozeaenol-induced pharmacological inhibition of TAK1 completely diminished MAPK-signalling including the kinases JNK and p38 in all cells. Microglial TAK1 depletion abrogates post-ischemic neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the acute phase, hence might be considered as a potential target in the treatment of cerebral hypoxia. Key messages TAK1 is activated after cerebral ischemia and induces MAP kinases p38 and JNK. Activated TAK1 increases apoptosis rate and the level pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Microglial cells seem to be the main source of TAK1-mediated post-ischemic neuroinflammation. Microglial-specific TAK1-depletion mediates sustainable neuroprotective effects, which might be superior to global TAK1 inhibition.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01916-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lin X, Ma X, Cui X, Zhang R, Pan H, Gao W. Effects of Erythropoietin on Lung Injury Induced by Cardiopulmonary Bypass After Cardiac Surgery. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920039. [PMID: 32310911 PMCID: PMC7191960 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a serious postoperative complication and can affect the postoperative recovery. The purpose of this study was to explore whether erythropoietin (EPO) has an effect on lung injury caused by CPB. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients who received the CPB were randomly divided into a saline group and the EPO group. All the patients received saline or EPO preoperatively, respectively. The ventilation function, including dynamic compliance, peak airway pressure, and plateau pressure, were recorded. The level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-10 in serum and arterial blood gas were analyzed. The mechanical ventilation time in the intensive care unit (ICU), the length of time spent in the ICU, the time from operation to discharge, and the total time of hospitalization were recorded. Adverse events in the ICU were monitored and recorded. RESULTS EPO significantly decreased the level of TNF-alpha and IL-1ß, but increased the level of IL-10 after CPB. EPO significantly improved pulmonary ventilated function and gas exchange function after CPB. EPO significantly shortened the mechanical ventilation time and stay in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative EPO injection reduced lung injury and promoted lung function in patients who underwent CPB. The protection effect of EPO may be associated with inhibition of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaobei Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoguang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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13
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Habib P, Stamm AS, Schulz JB, Reich A, Slowik A, Capellmann S, Huber M, Wilhelm T. EPO and TMBIM3/GRINA Promote the Activation of the Adaptive Arm and Counteract the Terminal Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response after Murine Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215421. [PMID: 31683519 PMCID: PMC6862264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is known to cause the accumulation of misfolded proteins and loss of calcium homeostasis leading to impairment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ER-located and cytoprotective pathway that aims to resolve ER stress. Transmembrane BAX inhibitor-1 motif-containing (TMBIM) protein family member TMBIM3/GRINA is highly expressed in the brain and mostly located at the ER membrane suppressing ER calcium release by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. GRINA confers neuroprotection and is regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) after murine cerebral ischemia. However, the role of GRINA and the impact of EPO treatment on the post-ischemic UPR have not been elucidated yet. We subjected GRINA-deficient (Grina−/−) and wildtype mice to transient (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) followed by 6 h or 72 h of reperfusion. We administered EPO or saline 0, 24 and 48 h after tMCAo/sham surgery. Oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) and pharmacological stimulation of the UPR using Tunicamycin and Thapsigargin were carried out in primary murine cortical mixed cell cultures. Treatment with the PERK-inhibitor GSK-2606414, IRE1a-RNase-inhibitor STF-083010 and EPO was performed 1 h prior to either 1 h, 2 h or 3 h of OGD. We found earlier and larger infarct demarcations in Grina−/− mice compared to wildtype mice, which was accompanied by a worse neurological outcome and an abolishment of EPO-mediated neuroprotection after ischemic stroke. In addition, GRINA-deficiency increased apoptosis and the activation of the corresponding PERK arm of the UPR after stroke. EPO enhanced the post-ischemic activation of pro-survival IRE1a and counteracted the pro-apoptotic PERK branch of the UPR. Both EPO and the PERK-inhibitor GSK-2606414 reduced cell death and regulated Grina mRNA levels after OGD. In conclusion, GRINA plays a crucial role in post-ischemic UPR and the use of both GSK-2606414 and EPO might lead to neuroprotection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/genetics
- Erythropoietin/pharmacology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/genetics
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/metabolism
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/prevention & control
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Tunicamycin/pharmacology
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- Unfolded Protein Response/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ann-Sophie Stamm
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joerg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbAnd RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Arno Reich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sandro Capellmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Hahn N, Büschgens L, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Bank S, Geurten BRH, Neugebauer P, Massih B, Göpfert MC, Heinrich R. The Orphan Cytokine Receptor CRLF3 Emerged With the Origin of the Nervous System and Is a Neuroprotective Erythropoietin Receptor in Locusts. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:251. [PMID: 31680856 PMCID: PMC6797617 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) was identified as a neuroprotective erythropoietin receptor in locust neurons and emerged with the evolution of the eumetazoan nervous system. Human CRLF3 belongs to class I helical cytokine receptors that mediate pleiotropic cellular reactions to injury and diverse physiological challenges. It is expressed in various tissues including the central nervous system but its ligand remains unidentified. A CRLF3 ortholog in the holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum was recently shown to induce anti-apoptotic mechanisms upon stimulation with human recombinant erythropoietin. To test the hypothesis that CRLF3 represents an ancient cell-protective receptor for erythropoietin-like cytokines, we investigated its presence across metazoan species. Furthermore, we examined CRLF3 expression and function in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria. Phylogenetic analysis of CRLF3 sequences indicated that CRLF3 is absent in Porifera, Placozoa and Ctenophora, all lacking the traditional nervous system. However, it is present in all major eumetazoan groups ranging from cnidarians over protostomians to mammals. The CRLF3 sequence is highly conserved and abundant amongst vertebrates. In contrast, relatively few invertebrates express CRLF3 and these sequences show greater variability, suggesting frequent loss due to low functional importance. In L. migratoria, we identified the transcript Lm-crlf3 by RACE-PCR and detected its expression in locust brain, skeletal muscle and hemocytes. These findings correspond to the ubiquitous expression of crlf3 in mammalian tissues. We demonstrate that the sole addition of double-stranded RNA to the culture medium (called soaking RNA interference) specifically interferes with protein expression in locust primary brain cell cultures. This technique was used to knock down Lm-crlf3 expression and to abolish its physiological function. We confirmed that recombinant human erythropoietin rescues locust brain neurons from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and showed that this neuroprotective effect is absent after knocking down Lm-crlf3. Our results affirm the erythropoietin-induced neuroprotective function of CRLF3 in a second insect species from a different taxonomic group. They suggest that the phylogenetically conserved CRLF3 receptor may function as a cell protective receptor for erythropoietin or a structurally related cytokine also in other animals including vertebrate and mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hahn
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Büschgens
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Schwedhelm-Domeyer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bank
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pia Neugebauer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bita Massih
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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