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Ardini M, Aboagye SY, Petukhova VZ, Kastrati I, Ippoliti R, Thatcher GRJ, Petukhov PA, Williams DL, Angelucci F. The "Doorstop Pocket" In Thioredoxin Reductases─An Unexpected Druggable Regulator of the Catalytic Machinery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15947-15967. [PMID: 39250602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases are underexplored as drug targets, and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) stand out as compelling pharmacological targets. Selective TrxR inhibition is challenging primarily due to the reliance on covalent inhibition strategies. Recent studies identified a regulatory and druggable pocket in Schistosoma mansoni thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR), a TrxR-like enzyme, and an established drug target for schistosomiasis. This site is termed the "doorstop pocket" because compounds that bind there impede the movement of an aromatic side-chain necessary for the entry and exit of NADPH and NADP+ during enzymatic turnover. This discovery spearheaded the development of new TGR inhibitors with efficacies surpassing those of current schistosomiasis treatment. Targeting the "doorstop pocket" is a promising strategy, as the pocket is present in all members of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, opening new avenues for exploring therapeutic approaches in diseases where the importance of these enzymes is established, including cancer and inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ardini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sammy Y Aboagye
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Valentina Z Petukhova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Irida Kastrati
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 60153 Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pavel A Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Cwiklinski K, McEvoy A, López Corrales J, Jewhurst H, Calvani NED, De Marco Verissimo C, Dorey AL, Keane OM, Dalton JP, Lalor R. Fasciola hepatica antioxidant and protease-inhibitor cocktail recombinant vaccines administered five times elicit potent and sustained immune responses in sheep but do not confer protection. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110049. [PMID: 37826973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory's vaccine development strategy against the livestock parasite Fasciola hepatica centres around disrupting key biological processes by combining groups of antigens with similar/complementary functional actions into a single vaccine cocktail. In this study the focus was on antioxidant protein vaccines and a protease inhibitor vaccine aimed at disrupting the parasite's ability to defend against oxidative stress and protease-inhibitor balance, respectively. Two combinations of recombinantly expressed antioxidants were assessed, namely peroxiredoxin (rFhPrx), thioredoxin (rFhTrx) and thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (rFhTGR) (Group 1) and rFhPrx, rFhTrx, and two superoxide dismutases (rFhSOD1 and rFhSOD3) (Group 2). The protease inhibitor vaccine cocktail included representatives of each of the key secreted protease inhibitor families, namely a Kunitz-type inhibitor (rFhKT1), a serpin (rFhSrp1) and a stefin, (rFhStf1) (Group 3). The vaccine combinations were formulated in adjuvant Montanide 61VG administered at five timepoints; two before experimental challenge with 60 F. hepatica metacercariae and three after infection. The vaccine combinations did not reduce the liver fluke burden, and only Group 2 displayed a marginal reduction in egg viability (8.2%). Despite previous results showing an effect of liver fluke vaccines on overall weight gain in infected animals, no significant (P value >0.05) impact on weight gain was observed in this study. Antibodies were elicited against all the vaccine antigens within the cocktails and were maintained at high levels to the end of the trial, due to our strategy of continuing vaccine administration after infection. However, these responses were not boosted by the challenge F. hepatica infection. A comparative analysis with previous vaccine data using a protease inhibitor vaccine found no repeat of the promising outcomes associated with this vaccine, indicating that the addition of rFhSrp1 to the vaccine cocktail did not improve vaccine efficacy. Assessment of liver pathology across the two trials using a modified liver enzyme score (glutamate dehydrogenase to platelet ratio) at eight weeks post infection suggests an association with liver fluke burden above 45 flukes, which could be used to predict liver pathology in future trials. The results reported in this study highlight the ambiguousness in liver fluke vaccine development and the difficulty in obtaining consistent and repeatable protection. This work stresses the need for repetition of trials and the use of sufficiently sized groups to assess vaccine efficacy with adequate statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Amanda McEvoy
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Louise Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Dorey A, Cwiklinski K, Rooney J, De Marco Verissimo C, López Corrales J, Jewhurst H, Fazekas B, Calvani NED, Hamon S, Gaughan S, Dalton JP, Lalor R. Autonomous Non Antioxidant Roles for Fasciola hepatica Secreted Thioredoxin-1 and Peroxiredoxin-1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667272. [PMID: 34026663 PMCID: PMC8131638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trematode parasites of the genus Fasciola are the cause of liver fluke disease (fasciolosis) in humans and their livestock. Infection of the host involves invasion through the intestinal wall followed by migration in the liver that results in extensive damage, before the parasite settles as a mature egg-laying adult in the bile ducts. Genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that increased metabolic stress during the rapid growth and development of F. hepatica is balanced with the up-regulation of the thiol-independent antioxidant system. In this cascade system thioredoxin/glutathione reductase (TGR) reduces thioredoxin (Trx), which then reduces and activates peroxiredoxin (Prx), whose major function is to protect cells against the damaging hydrogen peroxide free radicals. F. hepatica expresses a single TGR, three Trx and three Prx genes; however, the transcriptional expression of Trx1 and Prx1 far out-weighs (>50-fold) other members of their family, and both are major components of the parasite secretome. While Prx1 possesses a leader signal peptide that directs its secretion through the classical pathway and explains why this enzyme is found freely soluble in the secretome, Trx1 lacks a leader peptide and is secreted via an alternative pathway that packages the majority of this enzyme into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we propose that F. hepatica Prx1 and Trx1 do not function as part of the parasite’s stress-inducible thiol-dependant cascade, but play autonomous roles in defence against the general anti-pathogen oxidative burst by innate immune cells, in the modulation of host immune responses and regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - James Rooney
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Barbara Fazekas
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Hamon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Gaughan
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Prum S, Plumworasawat S, Chaiyadet S, Saichua P, Thanan R, Laha T, Laohaviroj M, Sripa B, Suttiprapa S. Characterization and in vitro functional analysis of thioredoxin glutathione reductase from the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105621. [PMID: 32659283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini causes several hepatobiliary diseases including a bile duct cancer-cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a major public health problem in many countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Praziquantel is the main drug against this parasite, however, reduced drug efficacy has been observed in some endemic areas. Therefore, alternative drugs are needed to prepare for praziquantel resistance in the future. The selenoprotein thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) enzyme, which plays a crucial role in cellular redox balance of parasitic flatworms, has been shown as a potential drug target against these parasites. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the TGR of O. viverrini and assess its potential as a drug target. An open reading frame (ORF) that encodes O. viverrini TGR (Ov-TGR) was cloned from an O. viverrini cDNA library and the nucleotide were sequenced. The 1,812 nucleotides of the Ov-TGR full ORF encoded a polypeptide of 603 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 66 kDa. The putative amino acid sequence shared 55-96.8% similarities with TGRs from other helminths and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of Ov-TGR with that of other trematodes. The ORF of Ov-TGR was inserted into pABC2 plasmid and transformed into Escherichia coli strain C321.ΔA to facilitate selenocysteine incorporation. The recombinant Ov-TGR (rOv-TGR-SEC) was expressed as a soluble protein and detected as a dimer form in the non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were detected using DTNB, Trx and GSSG substrates with the Michaelis constant (Km) of 292.6 ± 52.3 µM, 8.09 ± 1.91 µM and 13.74 ± 1.2 µM, respectively. The TGR enzyme activities were effectively inhibited by a well-known inhibitor, auranofin in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, auranofin expressed a lethal toxic effect on both newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) and adult worms of O. viverrini in vitro. Taken together, these results indicated that Ov-TGR is crucial for O. viverrini survival and maybe a potential target for the development of novel agents against opisthorschiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prum
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikanya Plumworasawat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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5
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McCusker P, Toet H, Rathinasamy V, Young N, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Dempster R, McVeigh P, McCammick E, Wells D, Mousley A, Marks NJ, Maule AG, Spithill TW. Molecular characterisation and vaccine efficacy of two novel developmentally regulated surface tegument proteins of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109244. [PMID: 32971381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The surface tegument of Fasciola hepatica is a crucial tissue due to its key role at the host-parasite interface. We characterised three novel proteins, termed Fhteg1, Fhteg5 and Fhteg8, that are found in the tegument membrane fraction of adult F. hepatica. Bioinformatic analysis of proteomic datasets identified Fhteg5 and Fhteg8 as tegumental glycoproteins and revealed that Fhteg1, Fhteg5 and Fhteg8 are associated with exosomes of adult F. hepatica. Fhteg1, Fhteg5 and Fhteg8 appear to be related to uncharacterised sequences in F. gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma caproni, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni, although F. hepatica appears to have expanded this family. Fhteg1 and Fhteg5 were characterised in detail. The Fhteg1 and Fhteg5 gene transcripts each demonstrate significant upregulation in juvenile fluke 2-4 days post-excystment, with transcript levels maintained during development over 3 weeks in vitro. RNAseq data showed that both Fhtegs are expressed in the adult life stage, although the transcript levels were about 8 fold lower than those in juveniles (3 week post infection). Using immunocytochemistry, Fhteg1 and Fhteg5 were each shown to be expressed in cells adjacent to the muscle layer as well as on the surface of 1 week old juveniles, whilst Fhteg5 was also present in cells at the base of the pharynx. RNAi mediated knockdown of Fhteg1 and Fhteg5 transcripts in 4-10 day old juveniles had no effect on parasite survival, movement or growth in vitro. Although no IgG responses were observed for Fhteg1 or Fhteg5 during infection in sheep and cattle, both proteins elicited a low IgG response in a proportion of infected rats. Rats vaccinated with Fhteg1 and Fhteg5 showed good IgG responses to both proteins and a mean 48.2 % reduction in worm burden following parasite challenge. Although vaccination of cattle with both proteins induced a range of IgG responses, no protection was observed against parasite challenge. This is the first study to provide insights into the molecular properties of two novel, developmentally regulated surface tegument proteins in F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McCusker
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Hayley Toet
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Intensive Livestock, Fisheries and Aquaculture R, D & E, Dept of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Dempster
- Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul McVeigh
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Erin McCammick
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Duncan Wells
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aaron G Maule
- Microbe and Pathogen Biology, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin system is driven by NADPH through the activities of isoforms of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD, TrxR), which in turn help to keep thioredoxins (TXN, Trx) and further downstream targets reduced. Due to a wide range of functions in antioxidant defense, cell proliferation, and redox signaling, strong cellular aberrations are seen upon the targeting of TrxR enzymes by inhibitors. However, such inhibition can nonetheless have rather unexpected consequences. Accumulating data suggest that inhibition of TrxR in normal cells typically yields a paradoxical effect of increased antioxidant defense, with metabolic pathway reprogramming, increased cellular proliferation, and altered cellular differentiation patterns. Conversely, inhibition of TrxR in cancer cells can yield excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in cell death and thus anticancer efficacy. The observed increases in antioxidant capacity upon inhibition of TrxR in normal cells are in part dependent upon activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, while exaggerated ROS levels in cancer cells can be explained by a non-oncogene addiction of cancer cells to TrxR1 due to their increased endogenous production of ROS. These separate consequences of TrxR inhibition can be utilized therapeutically. Importantly, however, a thorough knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying effects triggered by TrxR inhibition is crucial for the understanding of therapy outcomes after use of such inhibitors. The mammalian thioredoxin system is driven by thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD, TrxR), which keeps thioredoxins (TXN, Trx) and further downstream targets reduced. In normal cells, inhibition of TrxR yields a paradoxical effect of increased antioxidant defense upon activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor. In cancer cells, however, inhibition of TrxR yields excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels resulting in cell death and thus anticancer efficacy, which can be explained by a non-oncogene addiction of cancer cells to TrxR1 due to their increased endogenous production of ROS. These separate consequences of TrxR inhibition can be utilized therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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Tripathi T, Suttiprapa S, Sripa B. Unusual thiol-based redox metabolism of parasitic flukes. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:390-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Characterization and vaccine potential of Fasciola gigantica saposin-like protein 1 (SAP-1). Vet Parasitol 2016; 233:115-122. [PMID: 28043381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like protien-1 (rFgSAP-1) was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from NEJ cDNA, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and used for production of a polyclonal antibody in rabbits (anti-rFgSAP-1). By immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, rabbit IgG anti-rFgSAP-1 reacted with rFgSAP-1 at a molecular weight 12kDa, but not with rFgSAP-2. The rFgSAP-1 reacted with antisera from mouse infected with F. gigantica metacercariae collected at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after infection. The FgSAP-1 protein was expressed at a high level in the caecal epithelium of metacercariae and NEJs. The vaccination was performed in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n=10) by subcutaneous injection with 50μg of rFgSAP-1 combined with Alum adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, mice were infected with 15 metacercariae per mouse by the oral route. The percents protection of rFgSAP-1 vaccine were estimated to be 73.2% and 74.3% when compared with non vaccinated-infected and adjuvant-infected controls, respectively. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a specific to rFgSAP-1 in the immune sera, which are indicative of Th2 and Th1 immune responses, were inversely and significantly correlated with the numbers of worm recoveries. The rFgSAP-1-vaccinated mice showed significantly reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and liver damage. These indicated that rFgSAP-1 has strong potential as a vaccine candidate against F. gigantica, whose efficacy will be studied further in large economic animals including cattle, sheep, and goat.
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Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica severely affects the efficiency of livestock production systems worldwide. In addition to the economic impact inflicted on livestock farmers, fasciolosis is an emergent zoonosis. This review emphasizes different aspects of the disease in South America. Available data on epidemiology in bovines and ovines in different countries, as well as a growing body of information on other domestic and wildlife definitive hosts, are summarized. The issue of drug resistance that compromises the long-term sustainability of current pharmacological strategies is examined from a regional perspective. Finally, efforts to develop a single-antigen recombinant vaccine in ruminants are reviewed, focusing on the cases of leucine aminopeptidase or thioredoxin glutathione reductase.
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10
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Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin glutathione reductase: Biochemical properties and structural modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Changklungmoa N, Phoinok N, Yencham C, Sobhon P, Kueakhai P. Vaccine potential of recombinant cathepsinL1G against Fasciola gigantica in mice. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:124-31. [PMID: 27514897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized and investigated the vaccine potential of FgCatL1G against Fasciola gigantica infection in mice. Recombinant mature FgCatL1G (rmFgCatL1G) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The vaccination was performed in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n=10) by subcutaneous injection with 50μg of rmFgCatL1G combined with Freund's adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, mice were infected with 15 metacercariae by the oral route. The percents of protection of rmFgCatL1G vaccine were estimated to be 56.5% and 58.3% when compared with non vaccinated-infected and adjuvant-infected controls, respectively. Antibodies in the immune sera of vaccinated mice were shown by immunoblot to react with the native FgCatL1s in the extract of all stages of parasites and rmFgCatL1H, recombinant pro - FgCatL1 (rpFgCatL1). By immunohistochemistry, the immune sera also reacted with FgCatL1s in the caecal epithelial cells of the parasites. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera, which are indicative of Th2 and Th1 immune responses, were also increased with IgG1 predominating. The levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in rmFgCatL1G-immunized group showed no significant difference from the control groups, but pathological lesions of livers in rmFgCatL1G-immunized group showed significant decrease when compared to the control groups. This study indicates that rmFgCatL1G has a vaccine potential against F. gigantica in mice, and this potential will be tested in larger livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Changklungmoa
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Natthacha Phoinok
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Yencham
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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Immunization with Fasciola hepatica thioredoxin glutathione reductase failed to confer protection against fasciolosis in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Exploring molecular variation in Schistosoma japonicum in China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17345. [PMID: 26621075 PMCID: PMC4664899 DOI: 10.1038/srep17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. The main disease-causing agents, Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni and S. haematobium, are blood flukes that have complex life cycles involving a snail intermediate host. In Asia, S. japonicum causes hepatointestinal disease (schistosomiasis japonica) and is challenging to control due to a broad distribution of its snail hosts and range of animal reservoir hosts. In China, extensive efforts have been underway to control this parasite, but genetic variability in S. japonicum populations could represent an obstacle to eliminating schistosomiasis japonica. Although a draft genome sequence is available for S. japonicum, there has been no previous study of molecular variation in this parasite on a genome-wide scale. In this study, we conducted the first deep genomic exploration of seven S. japonicum populations from mainland China, constructed phylogenies using mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data sets, and established considerable variation between some of the populations in genes inferred to be linked to key cellular processes and/or pathogen-host interactions. Based on the findings from this study, we propose that verifying intraspecific conservation in vaccine or drug target candidates is an important first step toward developing effective vaccines and chemotherapies against schistosomiasis.
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Rivera F, Espino AM. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody and cellular responses to inclusion bodies expressing FhSAP2 correlates with protection of mice to Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 2015; 160:31-8. [PMID: 26632503 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein-2 (FhSAP2) is a protein differentially expressed in various developmental stages of F. hepatica. Recombinant FhSAP2 has demonstrated the induction of partial protection in mice and rabbits when it is administered subcutaneously (SC) in Freund's adjuvant. Because FhSAP2 is overexpressed in bacteria in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs), we isolated IBs expressing FhSAP2 and tested their immunogenicity when administered SC in mice emulsified in two different adjuvants: QS-21 and Montanide TM ISA720. Animals received three injections containing 20 μg of protein two weeks apart and 4 weeks after the third injection, mice were infected with 10 F. hepatica metacercariae by oral route. The percentages of protection induced by FhSAP2-IBs were estimated to be between 60.0 and 62.5% when compared with adjuvant-vaccinated, infected controls. By determining the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and IL-4 and IFNγ cytokines in the serum of experimental animals, it was found that both Th1 and Th2 immune responses were significantly increased in the FhSAP2-IBs vaccinated groups compared with the adjuvant-vaccinated, infected control groups. The adjuvant-vaccinated groups had significantly lower IgG1 to IgG2a ratios and lower IL-4 to IFNγ ratios than the FhSAP2-IBs vaccinated animals, which is indicative of higher levels of Th2 immune responses. Irrespective to the adjuvant used, animals vaccinated with FhSAP2-IBs exhibited significantly higher survival percentage and less liver damage than the adjuvant-control groups. This study suggests that FhSAP2 has potential as vaccine against F. hepatica and that the protection elicited by this molecule could be linked to a mechanism driven by the CD4-Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Rivera
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, Puerto Rico
| | - Ana M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, Puerto Rico.
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Vaccine potential of recombinant pro- and mature cathepsinL1 against fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Acta Trop 2015; 150:71-8. [PMID: 26116785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 (CatL1) is a family of predominant proteases that is expressed in caecal epithelial cells and secreted into the excretory-secretory products (ES). CatL1 isotypes are expressed in both early and late stages of the life cycle and the parasites use them for migration and digestion. Therefore, CatL1 is a plausible target for vaccination against this parasite. Recombinant pro-F.gigantica CatL1 (rproFgCatL1) and recombinant mature F.gigantica CatL1 (rmatFgCatL1) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The vaccination was performed in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n=10) by subcutaneous injection with 50μg of rproFgCatL1 and rmatFgCatL1 combined with Freund's adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, mice were infected with 15 metacercariae by the oral route. The level of protection of rproFgCatL1 and rmatFgCatL1 vaccines was estimated to be 39.1, 41.7% and 44.9, 47.2% when compared with non vaccinated-infected and adjuvant-infected controls, respectively. Antibodies in the immune sera of vaccinated mice were shown by immuno-blotting to react with the native FgCatL1 in the extract of newly excysted juveniles (NEJ), 4-week-old juveniles and the ES products of 4 week-old juveniles. By determining the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the immune sera, which are indicative of Th2 and Th1 immune response, respectively, it was found that both Th1 and Th2 responses were significantly increased in rproFgCatL1- and rmatFgCatL1-immunized groups compared with the control groups, with higher levels of Th2 (IgG1) than Th1 (IgG2a). The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in rmatFgCatL1-immunized group showed a significant decrease when compared to rproFgCatL1-immunized group, indicating that rmatFgCatL1-vaccinated mice had reduced liver parenchyma damage. The pathological lesions of liver in vaccinated groups were significantly decreased when compared with control groups. This study indicates that rFgCatL1 has a potential as a vaccine candidate against F. gigantica in mice, and this potential will be tested in ruminants.
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16
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Meemon K, Sobhon P. Juvenile-specific cathepsin proteases in Fasciola spp.: their characteristics and vaccine efficacies. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2807-13. [PMID: 26099239 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, is one of the most neglected tropical zoonotic diseases. One sustainable control strategy against these infections is the employment of vaccines that target proteins essential for parasites' invasion and nutrition acquiring processes. Cathepsin proteases are the most abundantly expressed proteins in Fasciola spp. that have been tested successfully as vaccines against fasciolosis in experimental as well as large animals because of their important roles in digestion of nutrients, invasion, and migration. Specifically, juvenile-specific cathepsin proteases are the more effective vaccines because they could block the invasion and migration of juvenile parasites whose immune evasion mechanism has not yet been fully developed. Moreover, because of high sequence similarity and identity of cathepsins from juveniles with those of adults, the vaccines can attack both the juvenile and adult stages. In this article, the characteristics and vaccine potentials of juvenile-specific cathepsins, i.e., cathepsins L and B, of Fasciola spp. were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand,
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17
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Cwiklinski K, Dalton JP, Dufresne PJ, La Course J, Williams DJ, Hodgkinson J, Paterson S. The Fasciola hepatica genome: gene duplication and polymorphism reveals adaptation to the host environment and the capacity for rapid evolution. Genome Biol 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 25887684 PMCID: PMC4404566 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a major pathogen of livestock worldwide, causing huge economic losses to agriculture, as well as 2.4 million human infections annually. Results Here we provide a draft genome for F. hepatica, which we find to be among the largest known pathogen genomes at 1.3 Gb. This size cannot be explained by genome duplication or expansion of a single repeat element, and remains a paradox given the burden it may impose on egg production necessary to transmit infection. Despite the potential for inbreeding by facultative self-fertilisation, substantial levels of polymorphism were found, which highlights the evolutionary potential for rapid adaptation to changes in host availability, climate change or to drug or vaccine interventions. Non-synonymous polymorphisms were elevated in genes shared with parasitic taxa, which may be particularly relevant for the ability of the parasite to adapt to a broad range of definitive mammalian and intermediate molluscan hosts. Large-scale transcriptional changes, particularly within expanded protease and tubulin families, were found as the parasite migrated from the gut, across the peritoneum and through the liver to mature in the bile ducts. We identify novel members of anti-oxidant and detoxification pathways and defined their differential expression through infection, which may explain the stage-specific efficacy of different anthelmintic drugs. Conclusions The genome analysis described here provides new insights into the evolution of this important pathogen, its adaptation to the host environment and external selection pressures. This analysis also provides a platform for research into novel drugs and vaccines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0632-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - John Pius Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Philippe J Dufresne
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Diana Jl Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Molecular cloning and characterization of Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin-glutathione reductase. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Hassan IA, Wang S, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Immunoglobulin and cytokine changes induced following immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii selenium-dependent glutathione reductase protein. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Analysis of the expression and antioxidant activity of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin protein in Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2014; 140:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Changklungmoa N, Kueakhai P, Apisawetakan S, Riengrojpitak S, Sobhon P, Chaithirayanon K. Identification and expression of Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2335-43. [PMID: 24718754 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a cDNA encoding Trx from F. gigantica (FgTrx) was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence of FgTrx, analyzed by BLAST, SignalP, and ClustralW programs, showed 315 bp of an open reading frame (ORF), 12 bp 5'UTR, 78 bp 3'UTR, and the putative FgTrx peptide comprising of 104 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 11.68 kDa, with the active site containing five amino acids (tryptophan, cysteine, glycine, proline, cysteine) with a conserved dithiol motif from the two cysteines, and pI 5.86. The peptide had no signal sequence; hence, it was not a secreted protein. The recombinant FgTrx was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and used for production for a polyclonal antibody in rabbits (anti-rFgTrx). The FgTrx protein expression, estimated by indirect ELISA using the rabbit anti-rFgTrx as probe, showed high levels in eggs, 2- and 4-week-old juveniles, and adult parasite. In a functional test, the rFgTrx exhibited specific activity that could be suppressed by an inhibitor (PX12). When tested by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, rabbit anti-rFgTrx reacted with natural FgTrx at a molecular weight of 11.68 kDa from eggs, metacercariae, NEJ, 2- and 4-week-old juveniles, and adult F. gigantica. The FgTrx protein was distributed at high levels in the tegument of 2- and 4-week-old juveniles, and the tegument, parenchyma, eggs, and reproductive organs of adult parasites. FgTrx may be one of the major factors acting against oxidative stresses that can damage the parasite; hence, it could be considered as a novel vaccine or drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Changklungmoa
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand,
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22
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Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Riengrojpitak S, Chaichanasak P, Meemon K, Chaithirayanon K, Chantree P, Sansri V, Itagaki T, Sobhon P. Vaccine potential of recombinant saposin-like protein 2 against Fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Differential activation of diverse glutathione transferases of Clonorchis sinensis in response to the host bile and oxidative stressors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2211. [PMID: 23696907 PMCID: PMC3656158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis causes chronic cumulative infections in the human hepatobiliary tract and is intimately associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Approximately 35 million people are infected and 600 million people are at risk of infections worldwide. C. sinensis excretory-secretory products (ESP) constitute the first-line effector system affecting the host-parasite interrelationship by interacting with bile fluids and ductal epithelium. However, the secretory behavior of C. sinensis in an environment close to natural host conditions is unclear. C. sinensis differs from Fasciola hepatica in migration to, and maturation in, the hepatic bile duct, implying that protein profile of the ESP of these two trematodes might be different from each other. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted systemic approaches to analyze the C. sinensis ESP proteome and the biological reactivity of C. sinensis glutathione transferases (GSTs), such as global expression patterns and induction profiles under oxidative stress and host bile. When we observed ex host excretion behavior of C. sinensis in the presence of 10% host bile, the global proteome pattern was not significantly altered, but the amount of secretory proteins was increased by approximately 3.5-fold. Bioactive molecules secreted by C. sinensis revealed universal/unique features in relation to its intraluminal hydrophobic residing niche. A total of 38 protein spots identified abundantly included enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (11 spots, 28.9%) and diverse-classes of glutathione transferases (GSTs; 10 spots, 26.3%). Cathepsin L/F (four spots, 10.5%) and transporter molecules (three spots, 7.9%) were also recognized. The universal secretory proteins found in other parasites, such as several enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and oxygen transporters, were commonly detected. C. sinensis secreted less cysteine proteases and fatty acid binding proteins compared to other tissue-invading or intravascular trematodes. Interestingly, secretion of a 28 kDa σ-class GST (Cs28σGST3) was significantly affected by the host bile, involving reduced secretion of the 28 kDa species and augmented secretion of Cs28σGST3-related high-molecular-weight 85 kDa protein. Oxidative stressors induced upregulated secretion of 28 kDa Cs28σGST3, but not an 85 kDa species. A secretory 26 kDa μ-class GST (Cs26μGST2) was increased upon treatment with oxidative stressors and bile juice, while another 28 kDa σ-class GST (Cs28σGST1) showed negligible responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results represent the first analysis of the genuine nature of the C. sinensis ESP proteome in the presence of host bile mimicking the natural host environments. The behavioral patterns of migration and maturation of C. sinensis in the bile ducts might contribute to the secretion of copious amounts of diverse GSTs, but a smaller quantity and fewer kinds of cysteine proteases. The Cs28σGST1 and its paralog(s) detoxify endogenous oxidative molecules, while Cs28σGST3 and Cs26μGST2 conjugate xenobiotics/hydrophobic substances in the extracellular environments, which imply that diverse C. sinensis GSTs might have evolved for each of the multiple specialized functions.
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Zhou C, Bian M, Liao H, Mao Q, Li R, Zhou J, Wang X, Li S, Liang C, Li X, Huang Y, Yu X. Identification and immunological characterization of thioredoxin transmembrane-related protein from Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1729-36. [PMID: 23403994 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin transmembrane related protein (TMX), a member of thioredoxin superfamily, is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and possesses a thioredoxin-like domain that plays an important role as an oxidoreductase. The functions of TMX in Clonorchis sinensis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel TMX of C. sinensis (CsTMX). The CsTMX cDNA sequence contained a 414-nucleotide open-reading frame encoding a protein of 137 amino acids. A thioredoxin domain was found in the position of aa21-117 and contained the putative active-site motif Cys-Pro-Ala-Cys. BLASTx analysis showed that CsTMX shared 39-57% amino acid identities with TMX of other organisms. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that CsTMX was differentially transcribed, with the highest level of expression in the adult worm stage and the lowest expression in egg stage. In addition, immunofluorescence assay showed CsTMX was localized in the tegument, vitelline gland, intestine, and intrauterine eggs of adult worm. Besides, immunoblot assay revealed that the recombinant CsTMX (rCsTMX) could be recognized by the sera from rats infected with C. sinensis and the sera from rats immunized by excretory-secretory products. Furthermore, analysis of the antibody isotype profile revealed that rats subcutaneously immunized with rCsTMX developed rCsTMX-specific antibody, which is dominance of IgG2a in sera. Meanwhile, production of IFN-γ was elevated strongly in the supernatants of spleen cell. The results collectively indicated that CsTMX might play an important role in the host-parasite interaction, as well as CsTMX probably involved in immunoregulation of host by inducing Th1-type dominated immune response in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ross F, Hernández P, Porcal W, López GV, Cerecetto H, González M, Basika T, Carmona C, Fló M, Maggioli G, Bonilla M, Gladyshev VN, Boiani M, Salinas G. Identification of thioredoxin glutathione reductase inhibitors that kill cestode and trematode parasites. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35033. [PMID: 22536349 PMCID: PMC3335049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic flatworms are responsible for serious infectious diseases that affect humans as well as livestock animals in vast regions of the world. Yet, the drug armamentarium available for treatment of these infections is limited: praziquantel is the single drug currently available for 200 million people infected with Schistosoma spp. and there is justified concern about emergence of drug resistance. Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) is an essential core enzyme for redox homeostasis in flatworm parasites. In this work, we searched for flatworm TGR inhibitors testing compounds belonging to various families known to inhibit thioredoxin reductase or TGR and also additional electrophilic compounds. Several furoxans and one thiadiazole potently inhibited TGRs from both classes of parasitic flatworms: cestoda (tapeworms) and trematoda (flukes), while several benzofuroxans and a quinoxaline moderately inhibited TGRs. Remarkably, five active compounds from diverse families possessed a phenylsulfonyl group, strongly suggesting that this moiety is a new pharmacophore. The most active inhibitors were further characterized and displayed slow and nearly irreversible binding to TGR. These compounds efficiently killed Echinococcus granulosus larval worms and Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles in vitro at a 20 µM concentration. Our results support the concept that the redox metabolism of flatworm parasites is precarious and particularly susceptible to destabilization, show that furoxans can be used to target both flukes and tapeworms, and identified phenylsulfonyl as a new drug-hit moiety for both classes of flatworm parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Ross
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Hernández
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gloria V. López
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes González
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tatiana Basika
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fló
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Maggioli
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mariana Boiani
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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