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Fuss A, Mazigo HD, Mueller A. Evaluation of serum-based real-time PCR to detect Schistosoma mansoni infection before and after treatment. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:74. [PMID: 32571433 PMCID: PMC7309987 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To detect acute schistosomiasis, low-intensity infections, or to verify the success of treatment with praziquantel, highly sensitive test methods are required. The aim of this study was therefore to demonstrate the performance of Schistosoma mansoni specific DNA detection in serum and urine using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an endemic area before and after treatment. Methods The study pursued a 1-week and 20-weeks longitudinal design with a treatment intervention among 36 study participants aged 18 to 70 years in the community of Kayenze, a fishing village in Ilemela district on the southern shore of Lake Victoria in north-western Tanzania between February and June 2018. Blood, urine and stool samples were collected from each participant to diagnose Schistosoma mansoni infection before and two times after treatment with praziquantel using serum- and urine based real-time PCR, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) rapid diagnostic test and the microscopic Kato-Katz (KK) method. Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to estimate the agreement between these diagnostic tests compared to a combined “gold standard” of positive results by serum-based real-time PCR and/or positive egg counts determined by KK. Kendall’s Tau rank correlation was used to examine the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct)-values and egg counts and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the median Ct-values of the different examination time points. Results By using the combined “gold standard” of the parasitological Kato-Katz test and/or serum-based real-time PCR, a S. mansoni prevalence of 77.1% could be determined at baseline. In terms of sensitivity, serum-based real-time PCR (96.3%) and POC-CCA assay (77.8%) showed the highest results. The detection of DNA from urine samples showed the lowest sensitivity (33.3%). Treatment with praziquantel resulted in a significantly reduced prevalence of S. mansoni. No infection could be detected by Kato-Katz, with the POC-CCA test only 33.3%. The analysis of the median Ct values over time (which were determined by the serum-based real-time PCR) showed that the Ct decreases significantly shortly after treatment (from 30.3 to 28) and increases above baseline level (34.9) three months later. Conclusions The data presented here show that the serum-based real-time PCR exhibits excellent diagnostic accuracy, in contrast to the use of urine as sample material for S. mansoni DNA detection. However, as circulating DNA does not necessarily reflect the persistence of living worms in schistosomiasis, this method is less well suited to verify the success of treatment with praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Fuss
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Str. 7, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Humphrey Deogratias Mazigo
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology & Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Klinikum Wuerzburg Mitte gGmbH, Medical Mission Hospital, Dept. of Tropical Medicine, Wuerzburg, Germany
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He P, Song LG, Xie H, Liang JY, Yuan DY, Wu ZD, Lv ZY. Nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:25. [PMID: 27025210 PMCID: PMC4812660 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harms to humans and animals. Surveillance and diagnosis play key roles in schistosomiasis control, however, current techniques for surveillance and diagnosis of the disease have limitations. As genome data for parasites are increasing, novel techniques for detection incorporating nucleotide sequences are receiving widespread attention. These sensitive, specific, and rapid detection methods are particularly important in the diagnosis of low-grade and early infections, and may prove to have clinical significance. This paper reviews the progress of nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis, including such aspects as the selection of target genes, and development and application of nucleic acid detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin-Yi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dong-Ya Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Meurs L, Brienen E, Mbow M, Ochola EA, Mboup S, Karanja DMS, Secor WE, Polman K, van Lieshout L. Is PCR the Next Reference Standard for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma in Stool? A Comparison with Microscopy in Senegal and Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015. [PMID: 26217948 PMCID: PMC4517772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current reference test for the detection of S. mansoni in endemic areas is stool microscopy based on one or more Kato-Katz stool smears. However, stool microscopy has several shortcomings that greatly affect the efficacy of current schistosomiasis control programs. A highly specific multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the Schistosoma internal transcriber-spacer-2 sequence (ITS2) was developed by our group a few years ago, but so far this PCR has been applied mostly on urine samples. Here, we performed more in-depth evaluation of the ITS2 PCR as an alternative method to standard microscopy for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma spp. in stool samples. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microscopy and PCR were performed in a Senegalese community (n = 197) in an area with high S. mansoni transmission and co-occurrence of S. haematobium, and in Kenyan schoolchildren (n = 760) from an area with comparatively low S. mansoni transmission. Despite the differences in Schistosoma endemicity the PCR performed very similarly in both areas; 13-15% more infections were detected by PCR when comparing to microscopy of a single stool sample. Even when 2-3 stool samples were used for microscopy, PCR on one stool sample detected more infections, especially in people with light-intensity infections and in children from low-risk schools. The low prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in both populations was confirmed by an additional multiplex PCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The ITS2-based PCR was more sensitive than standard microscopy in detecting Schistosoma spp. This would be particularly useful for S. mansoni detection in low transmission areas, and post-control settings, and as such improve schistosomiasis control programs, epidemiological research, and quality control of microscopy. Moreover, it can be complemented with other (multiplex real-time) PCRs to detect a wider range of helminths and thus enhance effectiveness of current integrated control and elimination strategies for neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Meurs
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eric Brienen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Moustapha Mbow
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Elizabeth A. Ochola
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Diana M. S. Karanja
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: ,
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Rojas A, Rojas D, Montenegro VM, Baneth G. Detection of Dirofilaria immitis and other arthropod-borne filarioids by an HRM real-time qPCR, blood-concentrating techniques and a serological assay in dogs from Costa Rica. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:170. [PMID: 25851920 PMCID: PMC4377020 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine filarioids are important nematodes transmitted to dogs by arthropods. Diagnosis of canine filariosis is accomplished by the microscopic identification of microfilariae, serology or PCR for filarial-DNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate a molecular assay for the detection of canine filariae in dog blood, to compare its performance to other diagnostic techniques, and to determine the relationship between microfilarial concentration and infection with other vector-borne pathogens. METHODS Blood samples from 146 dogs from Costa Rica were subjected to the detection of canine filarioids by four different methods: the microhematocrit tube test (MCT), Knott's modified test, serology and a high resolution melt and quantitative real-time PCR (HRM-qPCR). Co-infection with other vector-borne pathogens was also evaluated. RESULTS Fifteen percent of the dogs were positive to Dirofilaria immitis by at least one of the methods. The HRM-qPCR produced distinctive melting plots for the different filarial worms and revealed that 11.6% of dogs were infected with Acanthocheilonema reconditum. The latter assay had a limit of detection of 2.4x10⁻⁴ mf/μl and detected infections with lower microfilarial concentrations in comparison to the microscopic techniques and the serological assay. The MCT and Knott's test only detected dogs with D. immitis microfilaremias above 0.7 mf/μl. Nevertheless, there was a strong correlation between the microfilarial concentration obtained by the Knott's modified test and the HRM-qPCR (r = 0.906, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, one dog was found infected with Cercopithifilaria bainae infection. Moreover, no association was found between microfilaremia and co-infection and there was no significant difference in microfilarial concentration between dogs infected only with D. immitis and dogs co-infected with Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys or Babesia vogeli. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of A. reconditum and C. bainae in Costa Rica and Central America. Among the evaluated diagnostic techniques, the HRM-qPCR showed the most sensitive and reliable performance in the detection of blood filaroids in comparison to the Knott's modified test, the MCT test and a serological assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rojas
- />Departamento de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501–2060, San José, Costa Rica
- />Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Diana Rojas
- />Departamento de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501–2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Víctor M Montenegro
- />Laboratorio de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86–3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gad Baneth
- />Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Espírito-Santo MCC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Dias-Neto E, Botelho-Lima LS, Moreira JP, Amorim M, Pinto PLS, Heath AR, Castilho VLP, Gonçalves EMDN, Luna EJDA, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR, Gryschek RCB. Evaluation of real-time PCR assay to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemic setting. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:558. [PMID: 25338651 PMCID: PMC4210485 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, and 200 million people are estimated to be infected with schistosomiasis worldwide. In Brazil, schistosomiasis has been reported in 19 states, showing areas of high and medium endemicity and a wide range of areas of low endemicity (ALE). Barra Mansa in Rio de Janeiro state has an estimated prevalence of 1%. ALE represent a new challenge for the helminth control because about 75% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and infections occur with a low parasite load (<100 eggs per gram of feces), causing a decrease in sensitivity of stool parasitological techniques, which are a reference for the laboratory diagnosis of this helminth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique in serum and feces DNA samples using the techniques of Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HH) as references, during an epidemiological survey using fecal samples and sera from randomized residents from an ALE. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted from April to December 2011 using a probabilistic sampling that collected 572 fecal and serum samples. The laboratory diagnostic techniques used were: KK, HH and qPCR (feces and serum). Results We obtained the following results using the different diagnostic techniques: KK and HH, 0.9% (n =5); qPCR-feces, 9.6% (n =55); and qPCR-serum, 1.4% (n =8). The qPCR-feces presented the highest positivity, whereas the techniques of HH and KK were the least sensitive to detect infections (0.8%). Compared to HH and KK, qPCR-feces showed a statistically significant difference in positivity (p <0.05), although with poor agreement. Conclusion The positivity rate presented by the qPCR approach was far higher than that obtained by parasitological techniques. The lack of adequate surveillance in ALE of schistosomiasis indicates a high possibility of these areas being actually of medium and high endemicity. This study presents a control perspective, pointing to the possibility of using combined laboratory tools in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in ALE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0558-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Evaluation of the sensitivity of IgG and IgM ELISA in detecting Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemicity setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2275-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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