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Kathiravan S, Immadi S, Kurbet PS, Alimudeen S, Ajith Kumar KG, Varghese A, Deepa CK, Juliet S, Ravindran R. In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110285. [PMID: 39126894 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Economic importance of ticks for both humans and animals is significant primarily because of their involvement in disease transmission. The continuous use of synthetic chemical acaricides on animals and/or in the environment has resulted in the emergence of resistant tick populations. Consequently, there is a compelling need to explore newer natural alternatives that can address their adverse effects effectively. Since, there are no earlier reported studies on the acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus, the present study compared the in vitro adulticidal and larvicidal activities of these phytochemicals against R. annulatus. Concentration-dependent mortality and inhibition of fecundity were observed in the adult female ticks treated with both eugenol and benzaldehyde. The LC50 and LC90 values of eugenol against R. annulatus were 162.33 and 467.74 mg/mL for adult female, while it was 1.26 and 1.73 mg/mL for larvae respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of benzaldehyde against R. annulatus were 178 and 395 mg/mL for adult female and 0.69 and 4.32 mg/mL for larvae respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Kathiravan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Srikanth Immadi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Prashant Somalingappa Kurbet
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Sirajudeen Alimudeen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O,, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Chundayil Kalarikkal Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
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Ali AAB, Montasser AA, Mohamed SNA. Histopathological effects of the fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis on the ovary of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:275-295. [PMID: 38347254 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyalomma dromedarii is the predominant tick species parasitizing camels in Egypt which leads to mortalities in young animals that result in economic losses. It can transmit a lot of pathogens to animals and humans, such as the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, the Dhori virus, Kadam virus, Theileria annulata and spotted fever rickettsia. The continuous use of chemical acaricides has negative impact on the environment and almost led to acaricidal resistance, and hence the plant extracts represent alternative methods for controlling ticks. The present study was carried out to assess the histopathological effects on the ovary of fed female Hyalomma dromedarii following immersion in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (100 mg/mL). Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations provided evidence that Citrullus colocynthis caused extensive damage to oocytes. Destruction of the internal organelles of oocytes, along with delay and/or inhibition of vitellogenesis were demonstrated. This is the first histological study that points to damage in H. dromedarii ovaries following treatment with the ethanolic extract of fruits of C. colocynthis. The data presented suggest that the plant extract affects the ovary either directly by entering the oocytes and/or indirectly by damaging the gut cells and digestion of blood that interfere with the development of oocytes, so it can be used as a promising agent for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Ahmed Montasser
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Cepeda DF, Ascari J, de Oliveira MS, Antonioli G, Barcellos T, Anholeto LA, Nunes PH. Effect of Tagetes minuta essential oil on the central nervous system of unfed Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:697-714. [PMID: 37985606 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' (Acari: Ixodidae) is considered a sanitary concern due to its role as a disease vector. Tick strains resistant to synthetic acaricides have caused difficulties in their control, besides synthetic acaricides are harmful to the environment and to the health of non-target animals. The research of plants with acaricidal and repellent properties has proved to be an efficient alternative in tick control. The genus Tagetes spp. excels for its use as traditional pest control in households and plantations and also for its potential as an acaricide against R. sanguineus under laboratory conditions. The first aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of Tagetes minuta essential oil (TMEO) on the central nervous system (synganglion) in unfed R. sanguineus adults. The histological analysis of synganglion exposed to the different concentrations of TMEO and amitraz 12.5% (50% of the recommended dose in the package insert) showed a significant effect with signs of cell damage including volume increase, loss of shape, and vacuolization, in addition to chromatin alterations such as condensation, margination, and fragmentation. TMEO were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showing the presence of 21 compounds that according to their chemical structure are classified as terpenoids. Among them (Z)-β-ocimene, ocimene, (Z)-tagetone, and verbenone were found in major quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernando Cepeda
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil.
| | - Jociani Ascari
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Murilo Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Antonioli
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barcellos
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Adriano Anholeto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, Caixa Postal 339, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Henrique Nunes
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil
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Teixeira ALC, Lima Marreto LCN, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Gonzaga BCF, Silva IS, Santos EF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM, Lopes WDZ, Gomes GA, Monteiro C. Combinations of amitraz with essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Thymus vulgaris, thymol and thymol acetate for Rhipicephalus microplus control: studies under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109997. [PMID: 37562084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of combining amitraz with essential oils (EOs) from Thymus vulgaris and Lippia sidoides, as well as the monoterpenes thymol and thymol acetate, on Rhipicephalus microplus in laboratory conditions, and to select the most effective combination for testing in field conditions. The chemical analysis showed that EOs were mainly composed of monoterpenes, with thymol and p-cymene as the major compounds. In larval (LIT) and adult (AIT) immersion tests using different concentrations of the oils and terpenes mixed with amitraz, the results showed that both EOs and thymol improved the efficacy of amitraz against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, whereas thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. The most favorable outcome was obtained with the EO of L. sidoides combined with amitraz, resulting in 99 % and 100 % efficacy against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of amitraz with thymol showed presented an efficacy of 94 % and 91 % against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Thus, for the other tests, the combination of thymol + amitraz was chosen due to the ease of working with pure thymol in bioassays, and easier standardization. The immersion test (thymol + amitraz) with semi-engorged females showed 100 % efficacy for the combination of thymol + amitraz, while in tests with different solvents (thymol + amitraz), ethanol being the most effective solvent among those tested (ethanol, Triton, and Tween), resulting in 95 % efficacy on engorged females. In the field test, in treatments with amitraz and thymol + amitraz, efficacy of 54 % and 74 % was observed on day + 3 and 33 % and 43 % on day + 7, respectively. Assessing the reproductive biology of females recovered from animals treated with amitraz or amitraz + thymol, in day + 7, efficacies of 33 % and 52 %, respectively, were observed. EOs from T. vulgaris and L. sidoides and thymol improved the acaricidal activity of amitraz on larvae and engorged females of R. microplus under laboratory conditions, while thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. Thymol increased the efficacy of amitraz under field conditions, however for the development of a commercially available acaricide to R. microplus control, additional studies are needed to increase the efficacy. Further research is needed (by changing concentrations, adding other compounds and/or developing formulations) to increase acaricidal efficacy and develop new effective products to combat R. microplus infestations in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Carneiro Naziasene Lima Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Praça Universitária, nº 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leticia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Faria Santos
- Graduação em Biotecnologia - R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850 - Campus da Betânia, Sobral, CE 62.040-370, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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Achuthkumar A, Uchamballi S, Arvind K, Vasu DA, Varghese S, Ravindran R, Grace T. Transcriptome Profiling of Rhipicephalus annulatus Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Metabolic Detoxifying Enzymes in Response to Acaricide Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051369. [PMID: 37239047 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of economic consequence by virtue of being carriers of infectious diseases that affect livestock and other sectors of the agricultural industry. A widely prevalent tick species, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, has been recognized as a prime vector of tick-borne diseases in South Indian regions. Over time, the use of chemical acaricides for tick control has promoted the evolution of resistance to these widely used compounds through metabolic detoxification. Identifying the genes related to this detoxification is extremely important, as it could help detect valid insecticide targets and develop novel strategies for effective insect control. We performed an RNA-sequencing analysis of acaricide-treated and untreated R. (B.) annulatus and mapped the detoxification genes expressed due to acaricide exposure. Our results provided high-quality RNA-sequenced data of untreated and amitraz-treated R. (B.) annulatus, and then the data were assembled into contigs and clustered into 50,591 and 71,711 uni-gene sequences, respectively. The expression levels of the detoxification genes across different developmental stages of R. (B.) annulatu identified 16,635 transcripts as upregulated and 15,539 transcripts as downregulated. The annotations of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed the significant expression of 70 detoxification genes in response to the amitraz treatment. The qRT-PCR revealed significant differences in the gene expression levels across different life stages of R. (B.) annulatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Achuthkumar
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Shamjana Uchamballi
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Kumar Arvind
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Deepa Azhchath Vasu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Sincy Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, Pazhassiraja College, Pulpally 673579, Kerala, India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Tony Grace
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671320, Kerala, India
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Silva IS, Vale L, Coutinho AL, Sousa LJMPE, Marchesini P, da Silva Matos R, Anholeto LA, Mathias MIC, Ferreira LL, Arruda W, Monteiro C. Thymol and eugenol against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato engorged females: Biological, histopathological and bioinformatic analysis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 319:109938. [PMID: 37167691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive biology and histopathology of the ovaries of engorged females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato exposed to combinations of thymol and eugenol, as well as to evaluate in silico the possible interactions of thymol and eugenol in tick cell membranes. To evaluate the tick reproductive biology, the adult immersion test (AIT) was performed, in which the engorged females were immersed in solutions of thymol and eugenol, combined or alone, at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL. Two control groups (water and 3% DMSO) were also performed. The ticks were kept in a controlled chamber (B.O.D - 27 ± 1 °C and 80% ± 5% RH) to evaluate egg production and viability. To perform the ovaries histopathological evaluation, females were immersed in combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL) and control (water and 3% DMSO) solutions. After immersion, the females were kept in B.O.D (27 ± 1 °C and RH of 80% ± 5%) for four days, they were dissected and the ovaries processed for histological analysis. In addition, an in silico analysis was performed using PASS online® software to predict probability activity (PA) of thymol and eugenol in cell membranes. The treatment with the combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 5.0 mg/mL) caused a reduction (p < 0.01) in oviposition, while the treatments with thymol (5.0 mg/mL) and combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) reduced (p < 0.05) the egg viability. The treatment with combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) resulted in a control percentage of 99.9%, while in the other treatments, control percentages below 56% were observed. Oocytes from the females exposed to the combinations of thymol and eugenol (each compound at 2.5 mg/mL) showed histopathological changes, except on oocyte V, while those treated with these compounds alone at 2.5 mg/mL, did not reveal any change. Changes in the shape of the oocyte, presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm and germinal vesicle, reduction and fusion of yolk granules and rupture of some oocytes were observed. In silico analysis, showed that these compounds can act as membrane permeability inhibitors, membrane permeability agonists, membrane integrity antagonists and apoptosis agonists. We conclude that the combination of thymol and eugenol causes changes in the reproductive biology and morphophysiology of engorged females oocytes. The in silico analysis using thymol and eugenol revealed the possibility of disorganization in the cell membranes, a fact that may explain the histopathological alterations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Renata da Silva Matos
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Camargo Mathias
- Departmento de Biologia do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, n◦ 1515, São Paulo, Rio Claro, CEP: 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Walquiria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-050, Brazil.
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Pathak A, Chakraborty S, Oyen K, Rosendale AJ, Benoit JB. Dual assessment of transcriptional and metabolomic responses in the American dog tick following exposure to different pesticides and repellents. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102033. [PMID: 36099731 PMCID: PMC9971363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is a major pest to humans and animals, serving as a vector to Rickettsia rickettsii, a bacterium responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Francisella tularensis, which is responsible for tularemia. Although several tactics for management have been deployed, very little is known about the molecular response following pesticidal treatments in ticks. In this study, we used a combined approach utilizing transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand the response of the American dog tick to five common pesticides (amitraz, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, permethrin, and propoxur), and analyzed previous experimental data utilizing DEET repellent. Exposure to different chemicals led to significant differential expression of a varying number of transcripts, where 42 were downregulated and only one was upregulated across all treatments. A metabolomic analysis identified significant changes in acetate and aspartate levels following exposure to chlorpyrifos and propoxur, which was attributed to reduced cholinesterase activity. Integrating the metabolomics study with RNA-seq analysis, we found the physiological manifestations of the combined metabolic and transcriptional differences, revealing several novel biomolecular pathways. In particular, we discovered the downregulation of amino sugar metabolism and methylhistidine metabolism after permethrin exposure, as well as an upregulation of glutamate metabolism in amitraz treated samples. Understanding these altered biochemical pathways following pesticide and repellent exposure can help us formulate more effective chemical treatments to reduce the burden of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atit Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Souvik Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Kennan Oyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211; Biology Department, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211.
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Sreelekha K, Pious A, Kartha HS, Nair SN, Ravindran R, Juliet S, Ghosh S. Effects of flumethrin on the germinative cells of engorged females of Rhipicephalus annulatus. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108304. [PMID: 35690094 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chemical acaricides are widely used for the effective control of ticks in India. The synthetic pyrethroids, are one of the most popular chemical acaricides with selective neurotoxic potential. Flumethrin is a type II synthetic pyrethroid used extensively in veterinary practice in India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of flumethrin on the engorged females of Rhipicephalus annulatus using entomological parameters, histology, electron microscopy and relative quantification of receptors of dopamine and GABAB mRNAs. Adult immersion test (AIT) using flumethrin (100 ppm), revealed twenty per cent mortality of ticks, hundred per cent inhibition of fecundity and complete blocking of hatching of the laid eggs. Microscopic analysis of the structure of the ovaries after 24 h of treatment with flumethrin (90 ppm) revealed changes, viz., reduction in size with the presence of amorphous material inside stage I oocytes, wrinkled boundary and chromatin fragmentation of nucleus of stage II oocytes, vacuoles around the germinal vesicle, thickening of the nuclear membrane and chromatin clumping of stage III oocytes and reduction in size and shape of mature stage IV and V oocytes. Also, a large number of vacuoles were observed throughout the pedicel cell region of stage II and III oocytes. Ultrastructurally, irregular nuclear membrane, swelling as well as crystolysis of mitochondria and detachment of external and internal layers of the basal lamina of oocytes were the major structural alterations confirming direct damaging effects of flumethrin on the germinative cells. The relative quantification of the expression of dopamine D1, dopamine D2 and GABAB receptors by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT PCR), revealed the upregulation of dopamine D1 receptor and downregulation of receptors of dopamine D2 and GABAB in the ovary of treated ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanapadinchareveetil Sreelekha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Anu Pious
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Harikumar S Kartha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Suresh N Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India.
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
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Effect of the formulation with fipronil and fluazuron on the reproductive biology and ovaries histopathology of Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:839-849. [PMID: 35118512 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercial formulation containing fipronil and fluazuron on the reproductive biology and the morphology of ovaries from Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. To carry out the study, three calves were artificially infested every 3 days with approximately 5000 larvae. On day 0, the animals were treated with a commercial formulation containing fipronil (1.25 mg/kg) + fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg). Before the application of the acaricide, engorged females of R. microplus were collected to constitute the control group (10 for biology analyses and 20 for histology analyses). After applying the commercial formulation, naturally detached engorged females were recovered on days + 5, + 10, and + 20 (10 engorged females/day) to evaluate their reproductive biology, and on days + 4, + 12, and + 20 (20 engorged females/day) for histological evaluation of the ovaries. Females from the treated groups produced smaller amounts of eggs, exhibiting lower viability when compared to eggs from the control group (p < 0.05). The ovaries of females from all treated groups (+ 4, + 12, and + 20) showed morphological changes, including: cytoplasmic disorganization, cytoplasmic degradation, irregular shape of the oocyte and germinal vesicle, reduction and vacuolization of yolk granules and oocyte disruption. Oocytes were observed in smaller numbers in all stages of development (I, II, III, IV, and V) and greater numbers of indeterminate oocytes were verified in the ovaries of the treated groups when compared to the control group. Therefore, results showed that the commercial formulation containing fipronil and fluazuron affected the reproductive biology, caused morphological changes in the ovaries, and reduced the number of oocytes in R. microplus engorged females.
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Ramachandran PD, Muniyappa MD, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Samraj S, Rajappan A, Varghese A, Kalarickal DC, Ravindran R, Ghosh S, Juliet S. Modulation of the PGE 2-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from Artemesia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164905. [PMID: 34443500 PMCID: PMC8401071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE2-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from Artemisia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE2 in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of A. nilagirica elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE2 were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE2 were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE2 can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE2 by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panicker Devyani Ramachandran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Sujith Samraj
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Anoopraj Rajappan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India;
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9447713422
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India;
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- Center for Ethnopharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
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11
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Nanjundappa S, Nair SN, Udayan D, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Jacob M, Ravindran R, Juliet S. Disposition Kinetics of Amitraz in Lactating Does. Molecules 2021; 26:4769. [PMID: 34443355 PMCID: PMC8400832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amitraz, a member of the formamidine pesticide family, commonly used for ectoparasite control, is applied as a dip or low-pressure hand spray to cattle and swine, and the neck collar on dogs. Data on amitraz were generated mainly on laboratory animals, hens, dogs, and baboons. The data on the toxicity and disposition of amitraz in animals and its residues in the milk are inadequate. Therefore, the present study was intended to analyze the disposition kinetics of amitraz and its pattern of elimination in the milk of lactating does after a single dermal application at a concentration of 0.25%. Blood at predetermined time intervals and milk twice daily were collected for eight days post application. The drug concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amitraz was detected in whole blood as early as 0.5 h, which attained a peak concentration at 12 ± 5 h, followed by a steady decline; however, detection persisted until 168 h. Amitraz was present in the blood at its 50% Cmax even after 48 h, and was still detectable after 7 days. The disposition after a single dermal application was best described non-compartmentally. The mean terminal half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and area under the curve (AUC0-t) were 111 ± 31 h, 168 ± 39 h, and 539 ± 211 µg/mL/h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea) was 92 ± 36 mL/g with an observed clearance (Cl) of 0.57 ± 0.33 mL/kg/h. Thus, the drug was well absorbed, widely distributed and slowly eliminated from the animal body. Amitraz achieved milk concentration approximating 0.2 per cent of the total dose after a single exposure and the steady-state elimination of amitraz in milk above the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg can act as a source of public health concern when applied on lactating animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Nanjundappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Darsana Udayan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Mathew Jacob
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
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