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Díaz-Ruiz E, Balbino TR, Dos Santos JC, Kumar V, da Silva SS, Chandel AK. Fermentative Production of β-Carotene from Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate by Rhodotorula glutinis CCT-2186. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4188-4204. [PMID: 37914962 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Β-Carotene is a red-orange pigment that serves as a precursor to important pharmaceutical molecules like vitamin A and retinol, making it highly significant in the industrial sector. Consequently, there is an ongoing quest for more sustainable production methods. In this study, glucose and xylose, two primary sugars derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), were utilized as substrates for β-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis CCT-2186. To achieve this, SCB underwent pretreatment using NaOH, involved different concentrations of total solids (TS) (10%, 15%, and 20%) to remove lignin. Each sample was enzymatically hydrolyzed using two substrate loadings (5% and 10%). The pretreated SCB with 10%, 15%, and 20% TS exhibited glucose hydrolysis yields (%wt) of 93.10%, 91.88%, and 90.77%, respectively. The resulting hydrolysate was employed for β-carotene production under batch fermentation. After 72 h of fermentation, the SCB hydrolysate yielded a β-carotene concentration of 118.56 ± 3.01 mg/L. These findings showcase the robustness of R. glutinis as a biocatalyst for converting SCB into β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Díaz-Ruiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Thércia R Balbino
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Silvio S da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Anuj K Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Gaur S, Kaur M, Kalra R, Rene ER, Goel M. Application of microbial resources in biorefineries: Current trend and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28615. [PMID: 38628756 PMCID: PMC11019186 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent growing interest in sustainable and alternative sources of energy and bio-based products has driven the paradigm shift to an integrated model termed "biorefinery." Biorefinery framework implements the concepts of novel eco-technologies and eco-efficient processes for the sustainable production of energy and value-added biomolecules. The utilization of microbial resources for the production of various value-added products has been documented in the literatures. However, the appointment of these microbial resources in integrated resource management requires a better understanding of their status. The main of aim of this review is to provide an overview on the defined positioning and overall contribution of the microbial resources, i.e., algae, fungi and bacteria, for various bioprocesses and generation of multiple products from a single biorefinery. By utilizing waste material as a feedstock, biofuels can be generated by microalgae while sequestering environmental carbon and producing value added compounds as by-products. In parallel, fungal biorefineries are prolific producers of lignocellulose degrading enzymes along with pharmaceutically important novel products. Conversely, bacterial biorefineries emerge as a preferred platform for the transformation of standard cells into proficient bio-factories, developing chassis and turbo cells for enhanced target compound production. This comprehensive review is poised to offer an intricate exploration of the current trends, obstacles, and prospective pathways of microbial biorefineries, for the development of future biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Gaur
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Mehak Kaur
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Rishu Kalra
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R. Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, Delft, 2601DA, the Netherlands
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI-Gram, Gurugram, 122001, Haryana, India
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3
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Rocha Balbino T, Sánchez-Muñoz S, Díaz-Ruíz E, Moura Rocha T, Mier-Alba E, Custódio Inácio S, Jose Castro-Alonso M, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V, Fernando Brandão Pereira J, César Santos J, Silvério da Silva S. Lignocellulosic biorefineries as a platform for the production of high-value yeast derived pigments - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129549. [PMID: 37499926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic byproducts, mainly generated by the agro-industrial sector, have great potential as cost-effective feedstocks for bioprocesses because of their abundant availability and high content of sugar-rich and nutrient-rich elements. This biomass can be employed as a carbon source to produce various molecules using several microorganisms. Yeast strains have shown their capability to metabolize diverse C5 and C6 carbon sources, thereby facilitating their use in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, yeasts can produce a wide range of valuable products, including biofuels, enzymes, proteins, and pigments, making them attractive for use in integrated biorefineries. Yeast-derived pigments have versatile applications and are environmentally friendly alternatives to their synthetic counterparts. This review emphasizes the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for producing yeast-derived products with a focus on pigments as valuable molecules. It also proposes a yeast-derived pigment platform utilizing lignocellulosic byproducts and explores its potential integration in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thercia Rocha Balbino
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Salvador Sánchez-Muñoz
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erick Díaz-Ruíz
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moura Rocha
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edith Mier-Alba
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Custódio Inácio
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Castro-Alonso
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Jorge Fernando Brandão Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, FCTUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra 30-790, Portugal
| | - Júlio César Santos
- Laboratory of Biopolymers, Bioreactors and Process Simulation, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Silvério da Silva
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810. Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Mussagy CU, Ribeiro HF, Pereira JFB. Rhodotorula sp. as a cell factory for production of valuable biomolecules. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 123:133-156. [PMID: 37400173 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhodotorula sp. are well-known for their ability to biosynthesize a diverse range of valuable biomolecules, including carotenoids, lipids, enzymes, and polysaccharides. Despite the high number of studies conducted using Rhodotorula sp. at the laboratory scale, most of these do not address all processual aspects necessary for scaling up these processes for industrial applications. This chapter explores the potential of Rhodotorula sp. as a cell factory for the production of distinct biomolecules, with a particular emphasis on exploring their use from a biorefinery perspective. Through in-depth discussions of the latest research and insights into non-conventional applications, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of Rhodotorula sp.'s ability to produce biofuels, bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, and other valuable biochemicals. This book chapter also examines the fundamentals and challenges associated with the optimizing upstream and downstream processing of Rhodotorula sp-based processes. We believe that through this chapter, readers with different levels of expertise will gain insights into strategies for enhancing the sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness of producing biomolecules using Rhodotorula sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile.
| | - Helena F Ribeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F B Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Coimbra, Portugal
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Silva JDME, Martins LHDS, Moreira DKT, Silva LDP, Barbosa PDPM, Komesu A, Ferreira NR, Oliveira JARD. Microbial Lipid Based Biorefinery Concepts: A Review of Status and Prospects. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102074. [PMID: 37238892 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for the production of lipids has gained increasing attention, especially in recent years when the use of food in the production of biofuels has become a current technology. Thus, the competition for raw materials for both uses has brought the need to create technological alternatives to reduce this competition that could generate a reduction in the volume of food offered and a consequent commercial increase in the value of food. Furthermore, the use of microbial oils has been studied in many industrial branches, from the generation of renewable energy to the obtainment of several value-added products in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Thus, this review provides an overview of the feasibility and challenges observed in the production of microbial lipids through the use of lignocellulosic biomass in a biorefinery. Topics covered include biorefining technology, the microbial oil market, oily microorganisms, mechanisms involved in lipid-producing microbial metabolism, strain development, processes, lignocellulosic lipids, technical drawbacks, and lipid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonilson de Melo E Silva
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo do Prado Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Komesu
- Department of Marine Sciences (DCMar), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11070-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rosa Ferreira
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Technology Institute, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66077-000, PA, Brazil
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6
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Zhao D, Li C. Effects of TiO2 and H2O2 treatments on the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids in oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis ZHK. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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7
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Zhao D, Li C. Multi-omics profiling reveals potential mechanisms of culture temperature modulating biosynthesis of carotenoids, lipids, and exopolysaccharides in oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis ZHK. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Veríssismo NV, Nakamura CN, Oliveira FD, Kuhn BL, Frizzo CP, Pereira JF, Santos-Ebinuma VC. Effect of amphiphilic ionic liquids on the colorimetric properties of polyketides colorants. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Bizarria R, Pagnocca FC, Rodrigues A. Yeasts in the attine ant-fungus mutualism: Diversity, functional roles, and putative biotechnological applications. Yeast 2021; 39:25-39. [PMID: 34473375 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects interact with a wide variety of yeasts, often providing a suitable substrate for their growth. Some yeast-insect interactions are tractable models for understanding the relationships between the symbionts. Attine ants are prominent insects in the Neotropics and have performed an ancient fungiculture of mutualistic basidiomycete fungi for more than 55-65 million years. Yeasts gain access to this sophisticated mutualism, prompting diversity, ecological, and biotechnological studies in this environment. We review half a century research in this field, surveying for recurrent yeast taxa and their putative ecological roles in this environment. We found that previous studies mainly covered the yeast diversity from a small fraction of attine ants, being Saccharomycetales, Tremellales, and Trichosporonales as the most frequent yeast or yeast-like orders found. Apiotrichum, Aureobasidium, Candida, Cutaneotrichosporon, Debaryomyces, Meyerozyma, Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula, Trichomonascus, and Trichosporon are the most frequent recovered genera. On the other hand, studies of yeasts' ecological roles on attine ant-fungus mutualism only tapped the tip of the iceberg. Previous established hypotheses in the literature cover the production of lignocellulosic enzymes, chemical detoxification, and fungus garden protection. Some of these roles have parallels in biotechnological processes. In conclusion, the attine ant environment has a hidden potential for studying yeast biodiversity, ecology, and biotechnology, which has been particularly unexplored considering the vast diversity of fungus-growing ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Bizarria
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Rodrigues
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
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11
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Biotechnological Production of Carotenoids Using Low Cost-Substrates Is Influenced by Cultivation Parameters: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168819. [PMID: 34445525 PMCID: PMC8396175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments mainly found in plants, but also found in some animals and can be synthesized by fungi, some bacteria, algae, and aphids. These pigments are used in food industries as natural replacements for artificial colors. Carotenoids are also known for their benefits to human health as antioxidants and some compounds have provitamin A activity. The production of carotenoids by biotechnological approaches might exceed yields obtained by extraction from plants or chemical synthesis. Many microorganisms are carotenoid producers; however, not all are industrially feasible. Therefore, in this review, we provide an overview regarding fungi that are potentially interesting to industry because of their capacity to produce carotenoids in response to stresses on the cultivation medium, focusing on low-cost substrates.
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Lin L, Xu J. Fungal Pigments and Their Roles Associated with Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E280. [PMID: 33198121 PMCID: PMC7711509 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce myriad secondary metabolites, including pigments. Some of these pigments play a positive role in human welfare while others are detrimental. This paper reviews the types and biosynthesis of fungal pigments, their relevance to human health, including their interactions with host immunity, and recent progresses in their structure-activity relationships. Fungal pigments are grouped into carotenoids, melanin, polyketides, and azaphilones, etc. These pigments are phylogenetically broadly distributed. While the biosynthetic pathways for some fungal pigments are known, the majority remain to be elucidated. Understanding the genes and metabolic pathways involved in fungal pigment synthesis is essential to genetically manipulate the production of both the types and quantities of specific pigments. A variety of fungal pigments have shown wide-spectrum biological activities, including promising pharmacophores/lead molecules to be developed into health-promoting drugs to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's diseases, and so on. In addition, the mechanistic elucidation of the interaction of fungal pigments with the host immune system provides valuable clues for fighting fungal infections. The great potential of fungal pigments have opened the avenues for academia and industries ranging from fundamental biology to pharmaceutical development, shedding light on our endeavors for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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13
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Bettio G, Zardo LC, Rosa CA, Záchia Ayub MA. Bioconversion of ferulic acid into aroma compounds by newly isolated yeast strains of the Latin American biodiversity. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3067. [PMID: 33405391 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nine yeast strains isolated from Latin American biodiversity were screened for ferulic acid (FA) consumption and conversion into aroma compounds such as vanillin, vanillic acid (VA), and 4-vinylguaiacol (VG). Selected strains (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UFMG-CM-Y3647, UFMG-CM-Y2190, UFMG-CM-Y665) were evaluated in flask experiments to investigate the influence of the pH media on bioconversion and a two-step process was conducted to maximize the metabolites production. The effect of pH was found to be significantly important for FA bioconversion, as acidic conditions (pH < 6.0) improved VA accumulation, with highest production of 1.14 ± 0.02 and 1.25 ± 0.03 g/L shown by UFMG-CM-Y3647 and UFMG-CM-Y2190, respectively. The two-step process favored 4-VG production for most strains, being UFMG-CM-Y2190 the best producer, its cultures reaching 1.63 ± 0.09 g/L after 55 hr, showing a productivity of 29.59 ± 1.55 mg/(L·hr), as glucose affected the metabolites pool and redirected yeast metabolism. R mucilaginosa UFMG-CM-Y3647 was selected for scaled-up cultivations in a 2-L bioreactor, where pH-controlled pH 5.5 and aeration of 2.5 vvm was found to be the best condition to improve VA productivity, attaining final concentrations of 1.20 ± 0.02 g/L-1 (78% molar yield) and a productivity of 40.82 ± 0.57 mg/(L·hr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bettio
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luíza Caroline Zardo
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, ICB, C.P. 486, State University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Martínez JM, Delso C, Aguilar DE, Álvarez I, Raso J. Organic-solvent-free extraction of carotenoids from yeast Rhodotorula glutinis by application of ultrasound under pressure. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 61:104833. [PMID: 31669840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of Rhodotorula glutinis carotenoids by ultrasound under pressure (manosonication) in an aqueous medium has been demonstrated. The influence of treatment time, pressure, and ultrasound amplitude on R. glutinis inactivation and on the extraction of carotenoids was evaluated, and the obtained data were described mathematically. The extraction yields were lineal functions of those three parameters, whereas inactivation responded to a more complex equation. Under optimum treatment conditions, 82% of carotenoid content was recovered. Extraction of carotenoids in an aqueous medium was attributed to the capacity of ultrasound for cell disruption and emulsification. Cavitation caused the rupture of cell envelopes and the subsequent formation of small droplets of carotenoids surrounded by the phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane that would stabilize the emulsion. Analysis of the dispersed particle size of the extracts demonstrated that a fine, homogeneous emulsion was formed after treatment (average size: 230 nm; polydispersity <0.22). This research describes an innovative green process for extracting carotenoids from fresh biomass of R. glutinis in which only two unit operations are required: ultrasonic treatment, followed by a centrifugation step to discard cell debris. The extract obtained thanks to this procedure is rich in carotenoids (25 mg/L) and could be directly incorporated as a pigment in foods, beverages, and diet supplements; it can also be utilized as an ingredient in drugs or cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Martínez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlota Delso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diederich E Aguilar
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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15
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Agressott EV, Blätte D, Cunha FA, Noronha VT, Ciesielski R, Hartschuh A, Paula AJD, Fechine PB, Souza Filho A, Paschoal AR. Vibrational Spectroscopy and Morphological Studies on Protein-Capped Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:386-393. [PMID: 31956786 PMCID: PMC6964295 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a large number of applications in technology and physical and biological sciences. These nanomaterials can be synthesized by chemical and biological methods. The biological synthesis using fungi represents a green approach for nanomaterial production that has the advantage of biocompatibility. This work studies silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by fungi Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa found in ordinary soil of the Universidade Federal do Ceará campus (Brazil). The biosynthesized AgNPs have a protein-capping layer involving a metallic Ag core. The focus of this paper is to investigate the size and structure of the capping layer, how it interacts with the Ag core, and how sensitive the system (core + protein) is to visible light illumination. For this, we employed SEM, AFM, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SERS, and dark-field spectroscopy. The AgNPs were isolated, and SEM measurements showed the average size diameter between 58 nm for R. glutinis and 30 nm for R. mucilaginosa. These values are in agreement with the AFM measurements, which also provided the average size diameter of 85 nm for R. glutinis and 56 nm for R. mucilaginosa as well as additional information about the average size of the protein-capping layers, whose found values were 24 and 21 nm for R. mucilaginosa and R. glutinis nanoparticles, respectively. The protein-capping layer structure seemed to be easily disturbed, and the SERS spectra were unstable. It was possible to identify Raman peaks that might be related to α-helix, β-sheet, and protein mixed structures. Finally, dark-field microscopy showed that the silver cores are very stable, but some are affected by the laser energy due to heating or melting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Blätte
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco Afrânio Cunha
- Grupo de Química de Materiais
Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica
e Físico-Química, Universidade
Federal do Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Laboratório
de Microbiologia de Leveduras da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade
Federal do Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Victor T. Noronha
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Ceará, Campus do Pici, P.O. Box 6030, 65455-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Richard Ciesielski
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Amauri Jardim de Paula
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Ceará, Campus do Pici, P.O. Box 6030, 65455-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio
Almeida Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais
Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica
e Físico-Química, Universidade
Federal do Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio
Gomes Souza Filho
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Ceará, Campus do Pici, P.O. Box 6030, 65455-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rocha Paschoal
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Ceará, Campus do Pici, P.O. Box 6030, 65455-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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16
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Carotenoid-producing yeasts: Identification and Characteristics of Environmental Isolates with a Valuable Extracellular Enzymatic Activity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120653. [PMID: 31817221 PMCID: PMC6956281 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen cold-adapted reddish-pigmented yeast strains were obtained from environmental samples. According to the PCR-based detection of classical yeast markers combined with phylogenetic studies, the yeasts belong mainly to the genera Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces and Cystobasidium, all within the subphylum Pucciniomycotina. All strains produced carotenoids within a 0.25–10.33 mg/L range under non-optimized conditions. Noteworthily, among them, representatives of the Cystobasidium genus were found; of particular value are the strains C. laryngis and C. psychroaquaticum, poorly described in the literature to date. Interestingly, carotenoid production with representatives of Cystobasidium was improved 1.8- to 10-fold at reduced temperature. As expected, most of the isolated yeasts biosynthesized extracellular lipases, but within them also one proteolytic and four cellulolytic strains were revealed. We succeeded in isolating strain Cystofilobasidium macerans WUT145 with extraordinarily high cellulolytic activity at 22°C (66.23 ± 0.15 µmol/mg protein·min) that is described here for the first time. Consequently, a set of yeasts capable of producing both carotenoids and extracellular enzymes was identified. Taking into account those abilities, the strains might be applicable for a development of carotenoids production on an agro-industrial waste, e.g., lignocellulose.
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17
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Kong W, Yang S, Agboyibor C, Chen D, Zhang A, Niu S. Light irradiation can regulate the growth characteristics and metabolites compositions of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:5509-5517. [PMID: 31749499 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light is an important factor that can induce the growth of varieties of organisms including fungi and their secondary metabolites. The evolutions of biomass, carotenoids, lipid production, compositions and contents of fatty acid and amino acid in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were investigated under different light irradiation conditions. The results indicated that irradiation with 1700 lx could promote the growth and glucose assimilation of R. mucilaginosa, compared to the dark control, while the trial with 3500 lx had certain inhibiting effects. The carotenoids concentrations and percentages of unsaturated fatty acid (USFA, C16:1 and C18:1) increased with the improvement of irradiation intensity. Conversely, the proportions of saturated fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0 and C20:0) were decreased. The relative contents of amino acid and total protein were reduced under illumination compared to dark control. Conclusively, irradiation could change the cell growth and metabolites of the pigmented fungus, which implied that there may be a photoinduced mode exists in R. mucilaginosa similar to that of Neurospora crassa, and it also could be applied to regulate the biosynthesis and production of valuable components such as carotenoids and USFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao Kong
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China.,Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Shuling Yang
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Dong Chen
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Shiquan Niu
- 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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18
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Leyton A, Flores L, Mäki-Arvela P, Lienqueo ME, Shene C. Macrocystis pyrifera source of nutrients for the production of carotenoids by a marine yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1069-1079. [PMID: 31237965 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate an aqueous extract of Macrocystis pyrifera as a nutrient source for the production of carotenoids by a marine Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from seaweed samples. MATERIALS AND RESULTS The effect of different culture conditions on the concentration of biomass and total pigments was evaluated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The seaweed extract contained 15% w w-1 of protein and 20% w w-1 of carbohydrate; the main sugar in this fraction was trehalose (78%). The culture conditions that maximize the total pigment concentration (1·84 ± 0·03 mg l-1 ) were initial pH equal to 7, yeast extract as nitrogen source at a concentration of 4 g l-1 , seaweed extract concentration at 25% v v-1 , incubation performed at 25°C and 150 rev min-1 during 6 days. Under optimal growth conditions, three carotenoids were identified among the pigments produced by R. mucilaginosa, lycopene (38·4 ± 9·4%), β-carotene (21·8 ± 1·5%) and astaxanthin (1·8 ± 0·3%). CONCLUSIONS Carotenoids of commercial interest (lycopene, β-carotene and astaxanthin) can be produced using a marine R. mucilaginosa cultivated with an aqueous extract of M. pyrifera as nutrient source. The total pigment concentration in the culture ranged between 0·82 and 1·84 mg l-1 , and was significantly affected by the concentration of the seaweed extract, and yeast extract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates that M. pyrifera can be used as a nutrient source for the production of carotenoids by the marine yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leyton
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - L Flores
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - P Mäki-Arvela
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - M E Lienqueo
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Shene
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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19
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Gao F, Chen J, Xiao J, Cheng W, Zheng X, Wang B, Shi X. Microbial community composition on grape surface controlled by geographical factors of different wine regions in Xinjiang, China. Food Res Int 2019; 122:348-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Isolation and Characterization of Live Yeast Cells from Ancient Vessels as a Tool in Bio-Archaeology. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00388-19. [PMID: 31040238 PMCID: PMC6495373 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00388-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, most of the study of ancient organisms has been based mainly on the analysis of ancient DNA. Here we show that it is possible to isolate and study microorganisms—yeast in this case—from ancient pottery vessels used for fermentation. We demonstrate that it is highly likely that these cells are descendants of the original yeast strains that participated in the fermentation process and were absorbed into the clay matrix of the pottery vessels. Moreover, we characterized the isolated yeast strains, their genomes, and the beer they produced. These results open new and exciting avenues in the study of domesticated microorganisms and contribute significantly to the fields of bio- and experimental archaeology that aim to reconstruct ancient artifacts and products. Ancient fermented food has been studied based on recipes, residue analysis, and ancient-DNA techniques and reconstructed using modern domesticated yeast. Here, we present a novel approach based on our hypothesis that enriched yeast populations in fermented beverages could have become the dominant species in storage vessels and their descendants could be isolated and studied today. We developed a pipeline of yeast isolation from clay vessels and screened for yeast cells in beverage-related and non-beverage-related ancient vessels and sediments from several archaeological sites. We found that yeast cells could be successfully isolated specifically from clay containers of fermented beverages. The findings that genotypically the isolated yeasts are similar to those found in traditional African beverages and phenotypically they grow similar to modern beer-producing yeast strongly suggest that they are descendants of the original fermenting yeast. These results demonstrate that modern microorganisms can serve as a new tool in bio-archaeology research.
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21
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Improved Carotenoid Productivity and COD Removal Efficiency by Co-culture of Rhodotorula glutinis and Chlorella vulgaris Using Starch Wastewaters as Raw Material. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:193-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Rusinova-Videva S, Kambourova M, Alipieva K, Nachkova S, Simova S. Metabolic profiling of Antarctic yeasts by proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based spectroscopy. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1490201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Snezhana Rusinova-Videva
- Department of Applied Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Margarita Kambourova
- Department of Applied Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Alipieva
- Laboratory Chemistry of Natural Products, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefka Nachkova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Svetlana Simova
- Laboratory Bulgarian NMR Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Fatty Acids Effect on Lipase and Biosurfactant Induction in Rhodotorula Glutinis CMGB-RG5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/alife-2018-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fatty acids represent important substrates for obtaining microbial lipases and biosurfactants. The yeast strain CMGBRG5 was identified as Rhodotorula glutinis using the BIOLOG MicroLog System. The opacity screening tests showed that R. glutinis CMGB-RG5 was able to produce lipases in presence of 1% Tween 80 after three days of incubation. Lipase induction was estimated as cell growth in presence of Tween 80, Tween 20, olive oil and tributyrin. After 48 hours, best results were obtained in presence of butyric acid, respectively, oleic acid: 2.2 × 107 cells/ml on tributyrin and 1.0 × 107 cells/ml on olive oil. Biosurfactant production was evaluated as emulsification index (E24%). After one week, high E24 values were obtained on fried sunflower oil (53%) and olive oil (35%). Crude and concentrated biosurfactants were tested against nine Candida strains. Best antimicrobial activity was observed for [20X] biosurfactants against C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii and C. krusei. In conclusion, R. glutinis CGB-RG5 shows high potential for using fatty acids from various sources as unique carbon substrates for synthesis of biocompounds with high economic and biotechnological value.
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24
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Cunha FA, Cunha MDCSO, da Frota SM, Mallmann EJJ, Freire TM, Costa LS, Paula AJ, Menezes EA, Fechine PBA. Biogenic synthesis of multifunctional silver nanoparticles from Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: antifungal, catalytic and cytotoxicity activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:127. [PMID: 30084085 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several technological applications and may be synthetized by chemical, physical and biological methods. Biosynthesis using fungi has a wide enzymatic range and it is easy to handle. However, there are few reports of yeasts with biosynthetic ability to produce stable AgNPs. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify soil yeasts (Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). After this step, the yeasts were used to obtain AgNPs with catalytic and antifungal activity evaluation. Silver Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, DLS, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM and AFM. The AgNPs produced by R. glutinis and R. mucilaginosa have 15.45 ± 7.94 nm and 13.70 ± 8.21 nm (average ± SD), respectively, when analyzed by TEM. AgNPs showed high catalytic capacity in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue. In addition, AgNPs showed high antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis and increase the activity of fluconazole (42.2% for R. glutinis and 29.7% for R. mucilaginosa), while the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was only observed at high concentrations. Finally, two yeasts with the ability to produce AgNPs were described and these particles showed multifunctionality and can represent a technological alternative in many different areas with potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Cunha
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat)- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leveduras - Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria da C S O Cunha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leveduras - Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Sabrina M da Frota
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leveduras - Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J J Mallmann
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat)- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago M Freire
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat)- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luelc S Costa
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amauri J Paula
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-900, Brazil
| | - Everardo A Menezes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leveduras - Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Pierre B A Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat)- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, CEP 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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25
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Civiero E, Pintus M, Ruggeri C, Tamburini E, Sollai F, Sanjust E, Zucca P. Physiological and Phylogenetic Characterization of Rhodotorula diobovata DSBCA06, a Nitrophilous Yeast. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7030039. [PMID: 29966334 PMCID: PMC6163231 DOI: 10.3390/biology7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture and intensive farming methods are the greatest cause of nitrogen pollution. In particular, nitrification (the conversion of ammonia to nitrate) plays a role in global climate changes, affecting the bio-availability of nitrogen in soil and contributing to eutrophication. In this paper, the Rhodotorula diobovata DSBCA06 was investigated for growth kinetics on nitrite, nitrate, or ammonia as the sole nitrogen sources (10 mM). Complete nitrite removal was observed in 48 h up to 10 mM initial nitrite. Nitrogen was almost completely assimilated as organic matter (up to 90% using higher nitrite concentrations). The strain tolerates and efficiently assimilates nitrite at concentrations (up to 20 mM) higher than those previously reported in literature for other yeasts. The best growth conditions (50 mM buffer potassium phosphate pH 7, 20 g/L glucose as the sole carbon source, and 10 mM nitrite) were determined. In the perspective of applications in inorganic nitrogen removal, other metabolic features relevant for process optimization were also evaluated, including renewable sources and heavy metal tolerance. Molasses, corn, and soybean oils were good substrates, and cadmium and lead were well tolerated. Scale-up tests also revealed promising features for large-scale applications. Overall, presented results suggest applicability of nitrogen assimilation by Rhodotorula diobovata DSBCA06 as an innovative tool for bioremediation and treatment of wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Civiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Manuela Pintus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Claudio Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Francesca Sollai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Enrico Sanjust
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP 1 Km 0,700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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26
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Martínez JM, Delso C, Angulo J, Álvarez I, Raso J. Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction of carotenoids from fresh biomass of Rhodotorula glutinis. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Woo C, An C, Xu S, Yi SM, Yamamoto N. Taxonomic diversity of fungi deposited from the atmosphere. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2051-2060. [PMID: 29849168 PMCID: PMC6051994 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungi release spores into the global atmosphere. The emitted spores are deposited to the surface of the Earth by sedimentation (dry deposition) and precipitation (wet deposition), and therefore contribute to the global cycling of substances. However, knowledge is scarce regarding the diversities of fungi deposited from the atmosphere. Here, an automatic dry and wet deposition sampler and high-throughput sequencing plus quantitative PCR were used to observe taxonomic diversities and flux densities of atmospheric fungal deposition. Taxon-specific fungal deposition velocities and aerodynamic diameters (da) were determined using a collocated cascade impactor for volumetric, particle-size-resolved air sampling. Large multicellular spore-producing dothideomycetes (da ≥ 10.0 μm) were predominant in dry deposition, with a mean velocity of 0.80 cm s–1 for all fungal taxa combined. Higher taxonomic richness was observed in fungal assemblages in wet deposition than in dry deposition, suggesting the presence of fungal taxa that are deposited only in wet form. In wet deposition, agaricomycetes, including mushroom-forming fungi, and sordariomycetes, including plant pathogenic species, were enriched, indicating that such fungal spores serve as nuclei in clouds, and/or are discharged preferentially during precipitation. Moreover, this study confirmed that fungal assemblage memberships and structures were significantly different between dry and wet deposition (P-test, p < 0.001). Overall, these findings suggest taxon-specific involvement of fungi in precipitation, and provide important insights into potential links between environmental changes that can disturb regional microbial communities (e.g., deforestation) and changes in precipitation patterns that might be mediated by changes in microbial communities in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolwoon Woo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Choa An
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The production of pigments by edible filamentous fungi is gaining attention as a result of the increased interest in natural sources with added functionality in the food, feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and textile industries. The filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia, used for production of the Indonesian food “oncom”, is one potential source of pigments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the fungus’ pigment production. The joint effect from different factors (carbon and nitrogen source, ZnCl2, MgCl2 and MnCl2) on pigment production by N. intermedia is reported for the first time. The scale-up to 4.5 L bubble column bioreactors was also performed to investigate the effect of pH and aeration. Pigment production of the fungus was successfully manipulated by varying several factors. The results showed that the formation of pigments was strongly influenced by light, carbon, pH, the co-factor Zn2+ and first- to fourth-order interactions between factors. The highest pigmentation (1.19 ± 0.08 mg carotenoids/g dry weight biomass) was achieved in a bubble column reactor. This study provides important insights into pigmentation of this biotechnologically important fungus and lays a foundation for future utilizations of N. intermedia for pigment production.
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29
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Ielchishcheva I, Stachowiak B, Szwengiel A, Bozhkov A. Growth and carotenogenesis in Rhodosporidium diobovatum IMB Y-5023: effects of culture medium and illumination intensity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4689095. [PMID: 29228261 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium diobovatum is a poorly described producer of carotenoids and may be of interest in biotechnology. This study investigated the effects of culture medium and illumination on effective carotenoid production by R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023. Yeast was cultured on carrot, bran extract, and modified yeast malt (YM) medium at illuminations in the 0-5000 lx range. Biomass, total carotenoids and their profile were assessed after cultivation. In order to compare samples, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to visualize the relationships between the variables and samples. Results show that it is not illumination but culture medium that is the main factor determining the quantity and proportions of carotenoids produced by R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023. The yeast grew and produced pigments throughout the tested range of illumination intensity. The modified YM medium was optimal for carotenogenesis. In cultures on that medium, the highest carotenoid yields of 24.98 mg g-1 dry cell weight and 77 mg L-1 were recorded. It was found that this yeast is capable of assimilating oligosaccharides and can grow and produce carotenoids in low-glucose media containing DP3 and DP4. Moreover R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023 produced lycopene as the main pigment independently of the culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Ielchishcheva
- Research Institute of Biology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Barbara Stachowiak
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, Poznan 60-624, Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, Poznan 60-624, Poland
| | - Anatoliy Bozhkov
- Research Institute of Biology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
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Kinetic study of growth, lipid and carotenoid formation in β-carotene producing Rhodotorula glutinis. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Qin L, Liu L, Zeng AP, Wei D. From low-cost substrates to Single Cell Oils synthesized by oleaginous yeasts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1507-1519. [PMID: 28642053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As new feedstock for biofuels, microbial oils have received worldwide attentions due to their environmentally-friendly characters. Microbial oil production based on low-cost raw materials is significantly attractive to the current biodiesel refinery industry. In terms of SCOs production, oleaginous yeast has numerous advantages over bacteria, molds and microalgae based on their high growth rate and lipid yield. Numerous efforts have been made on the competitive lipid production combining the use of cheap raw materials as substrates by yeasts. In this paper, we provided an overview of lipid metabolism in yeast cells. New advances using oleaginous yeast as a cell factory for high-value lipid production from various low-cost substrates are also reviewed, and the enhanced strategies based on synergistic effects of oleaginous yeast and microalgae in co-culture are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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Lorenz E, Runge D, Marbà-Ardébol AM, Schmacht M, Stahl U, Senz M. Systematic development of a two-stage fed-batch process for lipid accumulation in Rhodotorula glutinis. J Biotechnol 2017; 246:4-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Singh G, Jawed A, Paul D, Bandyopadhyay KK, Kumari A, Haque S. Concomitant Production of Lipids and Carotenoids in Rhodosporidium toruloides under Osmotic Stress Using Response Surface Methodology. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1686. [PMID: 27826295 PMCID: PMC5078724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a replacement to existing fossil fuels, biofuels, have proven their worth; however, their widespread use is limited due to inconsistent yields, higher costs and poor productivity. An oleaginous yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides has been reported to accumulate substantial amounts of lipids (that can be converted to biofuels) and therefore, it was selected for study and optimization. Apart from lipids, R. toruloides is also reported to produce carotene that can be used as a therapeutic agent. In this study, the culture medium was statistically modeled and optimized for concomitant production of lipids and carotenoids and for improving and maximizing the productivity of lipids as well as carotenes. The two metabolites were expressed differentially in the growth cycle of the organism. Culture medium components were simultaneously varied at five different levels using statistical modeling employing response surface methodology (RSM). Osmotic stress was introduced in order to simulate saline conditions and optimize the carotenoid as well as lipid production process, to be used in conditions with high salt contents. We observed a 10% (w/v) increase in carotenoid production in initial experiments under osmotic stress due to high salt concentration, while the increase in lipid synthesis was not pronounced. In this study, we demonstrate 36.2% (w/v) lipid production and 27.2% (w/v) carotenoid production, under osmotic stress with high salt concentrations, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, India
| | | | - Debarati Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, India
| | | | - Abha Kumari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi, India
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Gientka I, Gadaszewska M, Błażejak S, Kieliszek M, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Stasiak-Różańska L, Kot AM. Evaluation of lipid biosynthesis ability by Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces strains in medium with glycerol. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Monkoondee S, Kuntiya A, Chaiyaso T, Leksawasdi N, Techapun C, Kawee-Ai A, Seesuriyachan P. Treatability of cheese whey for single-cell protein production in nonsterile systems: Part II. The application of aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic SBR) to produce high biomass of Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:434-9. [PMID: 26178473 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1045612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic SBR) in a nonsterile system using the application of an experimental design via central composite design (CCD). The acidic whey obtained from lactic acid fermentation by immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum sp. TISTR 2265 was fed into the bioreactor of the aerobic SBR in an appropriate ratio between acidic whey and cheese whey to produce an acidic environment below 4.5 and then was used to support the growth of Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792 by inhibiting bacterial contamination. At the optimal condition for a high yield of biomass production, the system was run with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days, a solid retention time (SRT) of 8.22 days, and an acidic whey concentration of 80% feeding. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from 25,230 mg/L to 6,928 mg/L, which represented a COD removal of 72.15%. The yield of biomass production and lactose utilization by Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792 were 13.14 g/L and 33.36%, respectively, with a long run of up to 180 cycles and the pH values of effluent were rose up to 8.32 without any pH adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Monkoondee
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Ampin Kuntiya
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Charin Techapun
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Arthitaya Kawee-Ai
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- a Bioprocess Cluster, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Kot AM, Błażejak S, Kurcz A, Gientka I, Kieliszek M. Rhodotorula glutinis-potential source of lipids, carotenoids, and enzymes for use in industries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6103-6117. [PMID: 27209039 PMCID: PMC4916194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhodotorula glutinis is capable of synthesizing numerous valuable compounds with a wide industrial usage. Biomass of this yeast constitutes sources of microbiological oils, and the whole pool of fatty acids is dominated by oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid. Due to its composition, the lipids may be useful as a source for the production of the so-called third-generation biodiesel. These yeasts are also capable of synthesizing carotenoids such as β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Due to their health-promoting characteristics, carotenoids are commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. They are also used as additives in fodders for livestock, fish, and crustaceans. A significant characteristic of R. glutinis is its capability to produce numerous enzymes, in particular, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). This enzyme is used in the food industry in the production of l-phenylalanine that constitutes the substrate for the synthesis of aspartame—a sweetener commonly used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kot
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kurcz
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Gientka
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Addis MF, Tanca A, Landolfo S, Abbondio M, Cutzu R, Biosa G, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Mannazzu I. Proteomic analysis ofRhodotorula mucilaginosa: dealing with the issues of a non-conventional yeast. Yeast 2016; 33:433-49. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Landolfo
- Dipartimento di Agraria; Università di Sassari; Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche; Tramariglio Alghero Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Università di Sassari; Italy
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Mannazzu I, Landolfo S, Lopes da Silva T, Buzzini P. Red yeasts and carotenoid production: outlining a future for non-conventional yeasts of biotechnological interest. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1665-73. [PMID: 26335057 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most common classes of pigments that occur in nature. Due to their biological properties, they are widely used in phytomedicine and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed industries. Accordingly, their global market is continuously growing, and it is expected to reach about US$1.4 billion in 2018. Carotenoids can be easily produced by chemical synthesis, although their biotechnological production is rapidly becoming an appealing alternative to the chemical route, partly due to consumer concerns against synthetic pigments. Among the yeasts, and apart from the pigmented species Phaffia rhodozyma (and its teleomorph Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), a handful of species of the genera Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces and Sporidiobolus are well known carotenoid producers. These are known as 'red yeasts', and their ability to synthesize mixtures of carotenoids from low-cost carbon sources has been broadly studied recently. Here, in agreement with the renewed interest in microbial carotenoids, the recent literature is reviewed regarding the taxonomy of the genera Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces and Sporidiobolus, the stress factors that influence their carotenogenesis, and the most advanced analytical tools for evaluation of carotenoid production. Moreover, a synopsis of the molecular and "-omic" tools available for elucidation of the metabolic pathways of the microbial carotenoids is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mannazzu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sara Landolfo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy
| | - Teresa Lopes da Silva
- Unidade de Bioenergia, Laboratorio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Collezione dei Lieviti Industriali (DBVPG), Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
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