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Talhout R, Leventhal AM. Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058738. [PMID: 39256038 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
To inform regulatory policy, this article summarises findings on inhalation facilitation from the ninth report of the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Some additives counteract the harshness and bitterness of tobacco and nicotine product aerosols, making them easier to inhale. Additives that promote inhalability may perpetuate and increase the use of inhaled tobacco and nicotine products, especially by young people. Thus, as a class, additives that facilitate inhalation are an important regulatory target to prevent tobacco and nicotine product uptake. We defined inhalation facilitation as modifications to products during manufacturing that enhance the sensory experience and (potentially) behaviours associated with inhalation (eg, deeper puffs, faster inhalation, larger puff volume, shorter intervals in between puffs and use episodes). Evidence review showed that: (a) menthol and synthetic coolants decrease irritation caused by aerosol constituents by activating sensory perception receptors (eg, cooling receptors) and may promote dependence in inexperienced users; (b) acid additives and sugars, which lower the pH of aerosols and shift nicotine from free-base to protonated salt forms, reduce harshness and increase blood nicotine yield; (c) e-cigarette flavourings perceived as sweet or fruity reduce subjective bitterness, increase attractiveness and may escalate use, although their effects on perceived harshness are inconclusive; (d) sugars in tobacco impart sweet sensations, but limited industry-independent data preclude strong conclusions for sugars' roles in inhalation facilitation. Given these findings, WHO policy recommendations suggest that regulators might consider banning ingredients that facilitate inhalation in all commercial inhaled tobacco and nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Solingapuram Sai KK, Rose JE, Mukhin AG. Effect of Electronic Cigarette Liquid pH on Retention of 11C-Nicotine in a Respiratory Tract Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1406-1410. [PMID: 36905343 PMCID: PMC10256878 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on our preliminary 11C-nicotine positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in humans, we speculated that greater deposition of nicotine in the respiratory tract from electronic cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes could result from the alkaline pH of typical aerosol-producing electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids). To address this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of e-liquid pH on the retention of nicotine in vitro using 11C-nicotine, PET, and a human respiratory tract model of nicotine deposition. AIMS AND METHODS A single 2-second 35-mL puff was delivered to a human respiratory tract cast from a 2.8-Ohm cartomizer at 4.1 volts. Immediately after the puff, a 2-second 700-mL air wash-in volume was administered. E-liquids (glycerol and propylene glycol 50/50 vol/vol) containing 24 mg/mL nicotine were mixed with 11C-nicotine. Deposition (retention) of nicotine was assessed using a GE Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner. Eight e-liquids with different pH values (range 5.3-9.6) were investigated. All experiments were performed at room temperature and at a relative humidity of 70%-80%. RESULTS Retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract cast was pH dependent and the pH-sensitive component of the retention was well described by a sigmoid curve. In total, 50% of the maximal pH-dependent effect was observed at pH 8.0, which is close to the pKa2 of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS The retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract conducting airways is dependent on the e-liquid pH. Lowering the e-liquid pH reduces retention of nicotine. Nonetheless, reduction of the pH below 7 has little effect, consistent with the pKa2 of protonated nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Similar to combustible cigarettes, the retention of nicotine in the human respiratory tract from consumption of electronic cigarettes may have some health consequences and affect nicotine dependence. Here we demonstrated that the retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract is dependent on the e-liquid pH, and lowering pH reduces retention of nicotine in conducting airways of the respiratory tract. Therefore, e-cigarettes with low pH values would result in reduced respiratory tract nicotine exposure and faster delivery of nicotine to the central nervous system (CNS). The latter can be associated with e-cigarette abuse liability and the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as substitutes for combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Archie SR, Sharma S, Burks E, Abbruscato T. Biological determinants impact the neurovascular toxicity of nicotine and tobacco smoke: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics perspective. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:140-160. [PMID: 35150755 PMCID: PMC8958572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the detrimental effect of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the central nervous system (CNS) is caused by the neurotoxic role of nicotine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, and the dopaminergic system. The ultimate consequence of these nicotine associated neurotoxicities can lead to cerebrovascular dysfunction, altered behavioral outcomes (hyperactivity and cognitive dysfunction) as well as future drug abuse and addiction. The severity of these detrimental effects can be associated with several biological determinants. Sex and age are two important biological determinants which can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several systemically available substances, including nicotine. With regard to sex, the availability of gonadal hormone is impacted by the pregnancy status and menstrual cycle resulting in altered metabolism rate of nicotine. Additionally, the observed lower smoking cessation rate in females compared to males is a consequence of differential effects of sex on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine. Similarly, age-dependent alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine have also been observed. One such example is related to severe vulnerability of adolescence towards addiction and long-term behavioral changes which may continue through adulthood. Considering the possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine on the central nervous system and the deterministic role of sex as well as age on these neurotoxic effects of smoking, it has become important to consider sex and age to study nicotine induced neurotoxicity and development of treatment strategies for combating possible harmful effects of nicotine. In the future, understanding the role of sex and age on the neurotoxic actions of nicotine can facilitate the individualization and optimization of treatment(s) to mitigate nicotine induced neurotoxicity as well as smoking cessation therapy. Unfortunately, however, no such comprehensive study is available which has considered both the sex- and age-dependent neurotoxicity of nicotine, as of today. Hence, the overreaching goal of this review article is to analyze and summarize the impact of sex and age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine and possible neurotoxic consequences associated with nicotine in order to emphasize the importance of including these biological factors for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
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A novel electrochemical sensor based on Fe-doped MgNi2O3 nanoparticles for simultaneous determination of dopamine, uric acid, nicotine and caffeine over very wide linear ranges. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Haroon M, Yu H, Wang L, Ullah RS, Haq F, Teng L. Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch-g-polyacrylic acids and their properties as adsorbents for ammonia and phenol. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 3, Smoking behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Ammonia, ammonium, and the risk of asthma: A register-based case–control study in Danish children. Environ Epidemiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bertrand P, Bonnarme V, Piccirilli A, Ayrault P, Lemée L, Frapper G, Pourchez J. Physical and chemical assessment of 1,3 Propanediol as a potential substitute of propylene glycol in refill liquid for electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10702. [PMID: 30013226 PMCID: PMC6048019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette has the potential to serve as a tobacco cessation aid if the prerequisites which are safety and efficacy in term of nicotine delivery are achieved. The nicotine-based liquids are mainly composed by propylene glycol and glycerol playing the important role of airborne carriers. 1,3 propanediol is proposed as a propylene glycol substitute to potentially improve the thermal stability, nicotine delivery and to decrease inhaled flavors concentrations. We have implemented various thermal, physicochemical and computational methods to evaluate the use of 1,3 propanediol as a substitute (or additional ingredient) to propylene glycol in e-liquids compositions. Our results indicate that 1,3 propanediol is stable upon heating when electronic cigarette are used in recommended conditions. We demonstrate that 1,3 propanediol gave better thermic profile compared to propylene glycol and glycerol, showing less thermal decomposition by-products. In addition, 1,3 propanediol gives to nicotine a more basic environment ensuring a high level of free base nicotine form. We have also established a quantum mechanical based computational method to validate e-liquids as flavor enhancer. Our findings showed that globally 1,3 propanediol seems to have better flavoring properties than glycerol and propylene glycol. Finally, 1,3 propanediol seems to induce quite similar aerodynamic properties compared to propylene glycol and glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - Vincent Bonnarme
- Laboratoires Cérès, 18 chemin de Tison, 86 000, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Philippe Ayrault
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
| | - Laurent Lemée
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
| | - Gilles Frapper
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F - 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Jing Y, Yu B, Li P, Xiong B, Cheng Y, Li Y, Li C, Xiao X, Chen M, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Cheng C. Synthesis of graphene/DPA composite for determination of nicotine in tobacco products. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14332. [PMID: 29084991 PMCID: PMC5662576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the azo dye (E)-1-(4-((4-(phenylamino)phenyl)diazenyl) phenyl)ethanone (DPA) was combined with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for the electrochemical modification of a pencil graphite electrode (RGO/DPA/PGE) surface. A series of electrochemical measurements were used for the characterization of the modified electrode surfaces. At the modified electrode, nicotine was irreversibly reduced. An obvious increase was observed in the reductive peak current of nicotine at the modified electrode, indicating the capability of the RGO/DPA composite to increase the electron transfer rate. The current was found proportional to the nicotine concentration in a range of 31 to 1900 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 7.6 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Jing
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Baohua Yu
- Economics and Management College, National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Technology Center of Hubei China Tobacco Industry Co, Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuyuan Cheng
- Nanyang Branch of Henan Tobacco Corporation, Nanyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yaoguang Li
- Technology Center of Henan China Tobacco Industrial Co, Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Technology Center of Henan China Tobacco Industrial Co, Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xianyi Xiao
- Ganzhou Branch of Jiangxi Tobacco Corporation, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- Technology Center of Henan China Tobacco Industrial Co, Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Liangyuan Chen
- Technology Center of Henan China Tobacco Industrial Co, Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Processing Morphology Research in Tobacco Industry of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Geographical Science and Tourism, Meizhou Jiaying University, Meisong Avenue, Meizhou, 514015, China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.
| | - Chuance Cheng
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.
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Morgan JC, Byron MJ, Baig SA, Stepanov I, Brewer NT. How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review. J Behav Med 2017; 40:553-564. [PMID: 28224264 PMCID: PMC5501992 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Laws and treaties compel countries to inform the public about harmful chemicals (constituents) in cigarette smoke. To encourage relevant research by behavioral scientists, we provide a primer on cigarette smoke toxicology and summarize research on how the public thinks about cigarette smoke chemicals. We systematically searched PubMed in July 2016 and reviewed citations from included articles. Four central findings emerged across 46 articles that met inclusion criteria. First, people were familiar with very few chemicals in cigarette smoke. Second, people knew little about cigarette additives, assumed harmful chemicals are added during manufacturing, and perceived cigarettes without additives to be less harmful. Third, people wanted more information about constituents. Finally, well-presented chemical information increased knowledge and awareness and may change behavior. This research area is in urgent need of behavioral science. Future research should investigate whether educating the public about these chemicals increases risk perceptions and quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Morgan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 325 Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Justin Byron
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 325 Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sabeeh A Baig
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 325 Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 325 Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Hashim IA, Cuthbert JA. Elevated ammonia concentrations: Potential for pre-analytical and analytical contributing factors. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:233-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and FeNO as Biomarkers of Acute and Chronic Exposure to Hazards at Swine Farms. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56:946-52. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Pongjanyakul T, Khunawattanakul W, Strachan CJ, Gordon KC, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Rades T. Characterization of chitosan–magnesium aluminum silicate nanocomposite films for buccal delivery of nicotine. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 55:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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McKinney DL, Gogova M, Davies BD, Ramakrishnan V, Fisher K, Carter WH, Karnes HT, Garnett WR, Iyer SS, Somani AA, Kobal G, Barr WH. Evaluation of the effect of ammonia on nicotine pharmacokinetics using rapid arterial sampling. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:586-95. [PMID: 22140146 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotine bolus theory states that the dependence-producing potential of cigarettes relates to a rapid increase in nicotine at brain receptor sites. It has been suggested that ammonia, a compound typically found in tobacco products, further increases the amount of nicotine absorbed and its absorption rate. The aim of this study was to determine whether different ammonia yields in cigarettes affected the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from the lungs to arterial circulation. METHODS 34 adult smokers received 3 separate puffs from each of 2 test cigarettes with different ammonia yields (ammonia in smoke: 10.1 μg per cigarette vs. 18.9 μg per cigarette), followed by rapid radial arterial blood sampling (maximum one sample per second) with 30 min between puffs. Arterial blood samples were assayed for nicotine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed and the two test cigarettes were assessed for bioequivalence. RESULTS No significant differences were found in area under the curve, C(max), or T((max)) and the 2 test cigarettes were found to be bioequivalent based on 2 one-sided tests at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the zero-order rate constant (k(0)) obtained from the initial slope of the curves and the model-dependent first-order rate constant (k(a)) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence that the different ammonia yields of the test cigarettes had no impact on nicotine pharmacokinetics; thus, the ammonia did not increase the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from a puff of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L McKinney
- Altria Client Services, Inc, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Noworyta K, Kutner W, Wijesinghe CA, Srour SG, D’Souza F. Nicotine, Cotinine, and Myosmine Determination Using Polymer Films of Tailor-Designed Zinc Porphyrins as Recognition Units for Piezoelectric Microgravimetry Chemosensors. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2154-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2021344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Noworyta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224
Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, School of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Channa A. Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Serge G. Srour
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 305070,
Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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van Amsterdam J, Sleijffers A, van Spiegel P, Blom R, Witte M, van de Kassteele J, Blokland M, Steerenberg P, Opperhuizen A. Effect of ammonia in cigarette tobacco on nicotine absorption in human smokers. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3025-30. [PMID: 22001171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The function of ammonia as tobacco additive is subject of scientific debate. It is argued that ammonia, by increasing the proportion of free nicotine, increases the absorption of nicotine in smokers. As a result of the addition of ammonia to cigarettes, smokers get exposed to higher internal nicotine doses and become more addicted to the product. On two occasions, the nicotine absorption in blood was measured after smoking a commercial cigarette of either brand 1 or brand 2, which differed 3.8-fold in ammonium salt content. Using a standardized smoking regime (six puffs, 30 s puff interval, 7 s breath hold before exhalation), 51 regular smokers smoked brand 1 (Caballero Smooth Flavor; 0.89 mg ammonium per gram tobacco) and brand 2 (Gauloise Brunes; 3.43 mg ammonium per gram tobacco). Puff volumes and cardiovascular parameters were monitored during and following smoking, respectively. Measurement of serum nicotine level in the blood samples collected over time following smoking of the two brands, showed that total amount of nicotine absorbed did not differ between the two brands. Present results demonstrate that smoking tobacco containing a higher amount of the tobacco additive ammonium does not increase the absorption of nicotine in the smoker's body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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de Granda-Orive JI, Jiménez-Ruiz CA. Some thoughts on hand-rolled cigarette. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 47:425-6. [PMID: 21492984 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ćalušić AL, Varnai VM, Macan J. Acute effects of smoking and food consumption on breath condensate pH in healthy adults. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:92-100. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.521616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veda M. Varnai
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Electrochemical properties and the determination of nicotine at a multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stellman SD, Djordjevic MV. Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic II: The agent: Current and emerging tobacco products. Prev Med 2009; 48:S11-5. [PMID: 18848577 PMCID: PMC2667905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This Agent paper (II of V on monitoring the tobacco use epidemic) summarizes the findings and recommendations of the Agent (product) Working Group of the November, 2002, National Tobacco Monitoring, Research and Evaluation Workshop. METHODS The Agent Working Group evaluated the need to develop new surveillance systems for quantifying ingredients and emissions of tobacco and tobacco smoke and to improve methods to assess uptake and metabolism of these constituents taking into account variability in human smoking behavior. RESULTS The toxic properties of numerous tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents are well known, yet systematic monitoring of tobacco products has historically been limited to tar, nicotine, and CO in mainstream cigarette smoke using a machine-smoking protocol that does not reflect human smoking behavior. Toxicity of smokeless tobacco products has not been regularly monitored. Tobacco products are constantly changing and untested products are introduced into the marketplace with great frequency, including potential reduced-exposure products (PREPs). The public health impact of new or modified tobacco products is unknown. CONCLUSIONS Systematic surveillance is recommended for mainstream smoke constituents such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), total and free-base nicotine, volatile organic compounds, aromatic amines, and metals; and design attributes including tobacco blend, additives, and filter ventilation. Research on smoking topography is recommended to help define machine-smoking protocols for monitoring emissions reflective of human smoking behavior. Recommendations are made for marketplace product sampling and for population monitoring of smoking topography, emissions of toxic constituents, biomarkers of exposure and, eventually, risk of tobacco-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Stellman
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, New York, USA.
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21
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Abstract
For more than a half century, tobacco manufacturers have conducted sophisticated internal research to evaluate nicotine delivery, and modified their products to ensure availability of nicotine to smokers and to optimize its effects. Tobacco has proven to be a particularly effective vehicle for nicotine, enabling manipulation of smoke chemistry and of mechanisms of delivery, and providing sensory cues that critically inform patterns of smoking behavior as well as reinforce the impact of nicotine. A range of physical and chemical product design changes provide precise control over the quantity, form, and perception of nicotine dose, and support compensatory behavior, which is driven by the smoker's addiction to nicotine. Cigarette manufacturers also enhance the physiological effects of nicotine through the introduction and use of compounds that interact with nicotine but do not directly alter its form or delivery. A review of internal documents indicates important historical differences, as well as significant differences between commercial brands, underscoring the effectiveness of methods adopted by manufacturers to control nicotine dosing and target the needs of specific populations of smokers through commercial product development. Although the focus of the current review is on the manipulation of nicotine dosing characteristics, the evidence indicates that product design facilitates tobacco addiction through diverse addiction-potentiating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Ferris Wayne
- Division of Public Health Practice, Landmark Building, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Seeman JI, Carchman RA. The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1863-81. [PMID: 18450355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A complete and rigorous review is presented of the possible effect(s) of ammonia on the exposure, deposition and retention of nicotine during smoking and the bioavailability of nicotine to the smoker. There are no toxicological data in humans regarding ammonia exposure within the context of tobacco smoke. Extrapolation from occupational exposure of ammonia to smoking in humans suggests minimal, non-toxicological effects, if any. No direct study has examined the effect of the ammonia on the total rate or amount of nicotine reaching the arterial bloodstream or brains of smokers. Machine-smoking methods have been reported which accurately quantify >99% of the nicotine in mainstream (MS) smoke for a wide variety of commercial and test cigarettes, including a series of experimental cigarettes having a range in MS smoke ammonia yields using the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protocol. However, the actual exposure of nicotine to smokers depends on their own smoking behavior. The nicotine ring system is relatively thermally stable. Protonated nicotine forms nicotine which evaporates before the nicotine ring system decomposes. The experimental data indicate that neither nicotine transfer from tobacco to MS smoke nor nicotine bioavailability to the smoker increases with an increase in any of the following properties: tobacco soluble ammonia, MS smoke ammonia, "tobacco pH" or "smoke pH" at levels found in commercial cigarettes. Gas phase nicotine deposits primarily in the mouth and upper respiratory tract. To the extent that ammonia increases the deposition of nicotine in the buccal cavity and upper respiratory tract during smoking, the total rate and amount of nicotine into the arterial bloodstream and to the central nervous system will decrease. Charged nicotine analogues are actively transported in a number of tissues. This active transport system appears to be insensitive to pH and the form of nicotine in the biological milieu, suggesting that protonated nicotine may be a substrate for active transport. Neither "smoke pH" of commercial cigarettes nor "smoke pHeff" nor the fraction of non-protonated nicotine in tobacco smoke particulate matter are useful, practical smoke parameters for providing understanding or predictability of nicotine bioavailability to smokers. Greater than 95% of both ammonia and nicotine are in the gas phase of environmental tobacco, and both are likely to deposit in the buccal cavity and upper respiratory tract following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Seeman
- SaddlePoint Frontiers, 12001 Bollingbrook Place, Richmond, VA 23236-3218, United States.
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Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN. The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain. Neuropsychol Rev 2007; 17:259-73. [PMID: 17690985 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-007-9035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of compounds including nicotine. Many constituents have known toxicity to the brain, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems. Nicotine, on the other hand, by virtue of its short-term actions on the cholinergic system, has positive effects on certain cognitive domains including working memory and executive function and may be, under certain conditions, neuroprotective. In this paper, we review recent literature, laboratory and epidemiologic, that describes the components of mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke, including heavy metals and their toxicity, the effect of medicinal nicotine on the brain, and studies of the relationship between smoking and (1) preclinical brain changes including silent brain infarcts; white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy; (2) single measures of cognition; (3) cognitive decline over repeated measures; and (4) dementia. In most studies, exposure to smoke is associated with increased risk for negative preclinical and cognitive outcomes in younger people as well as in older adults. Potential mechanisms for smoke's harmful effects include oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerotic processes. Recent evidence implicates medicinal nicotine as potentially harmful to both neurodevelopment in children and to catalyzing processes underlying neuropathology in Alzheimer's Disease. The reviewed evidence suggests caution with the use of medicinal nicotine in pregnant mothers and older adults at risk for certain neurological disease. Directions for future research in this area include the assessment of comorbidities (alcohol consumption, depression) that could confound the association between smoking and neurocognitive outcomes, the use of more specific measures of smoking behavior and cognition, the use of biomarkers to index exposure to smoke, and the assessment of cognition-related genotypes to better understand the role of interactions between smoking/nicotine and variation in genotype in determining susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of smoking and the putative beneficial effects of medicinal nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Swan
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Yang J, Hu Y, Cai JB, Zhu XL, Su QD, Hu YQ, Liang FX. Selective hair analysis of nicotine by molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction: An application for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:896-903. [PMID: 17222493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the selective sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed. Its application to the assay of hairy nicotine level among smokers and non-smokers with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of exposures to the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were validated. The MIP was synthesized using nicotine as the template molecule and methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer. This MIP-SPE method provided inherent selectivity and a sensitive response to nicotine with a detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml hair at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1 and the limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. The linearity was assessed in the range of 0.5-80 ng/ml hair, with a coefficient (r(2)) greater than 0.987. The amounts of nicotine determined in smokers and non-smokers hair were in the range of 5.1-69.5 ng/mg hair and 0.50-9.3 ng/mg hair, respectively. The reported measures of ETS exposure were significantly associated with hairy nicotine levels. This assay of nicotine in hair using MISPE provided a very selective and reliable method for the evaluation of the exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
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Etter JF. Informing smokers on additives in cigarettes: a randomized trial. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2007; 66:188-91. [PMID: 17321097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the acceptability and impact of a booklet on chemical additives in cigarettes. METHODS In 2005, 2152 current (59%), former (38%), and never (3%) smokers were enrolled on the Internet and randomly assigned to an intervention group which immediately received a 48-page booklet on cigarette additives by postal mail (n=1074), or to a control group (n=1078). Four weeks later, 1965 people (91%) answered an online follow-up questionnaire on knowledge on additives and motivation to quit smoking. Participants lived in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. RESULTS Most participants in the intervention group agreed with: "What I learned in this booklet is outrageous" (74%) and "alarming" (71%). Most daily smokers agreed with: "This booklet makes me want to quit smoking" (52%). The booklet increased correct answers to affirmations such as: "Additives increase the impact of nicotine" (intervention: 83% "true", control: 61% "true", p<0.001) and: "Additives mask the smell and visibility of second-hand smoke" (74% versus 23%, p<0.001). The booklet had no impact on motivation to quit, smoking cessation rates and relapse rates. CONCLUSIONS The booklet was appreciated, caused vivid reactions and enhanced knowledge on additives. It had, however, no impact on smoking behavior, but this was not its primary objective. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS More intensive education campaigns on cigarette additives are necessary and will be appreciated by the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Etter
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, case postale, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JGC. Sugars as tobacco ingredient: Effects on mainstream smoke composition. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1789-98. [PMID: 16904804 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are natural tobacco components, and are also frequently added to tobacco during the manufacturing process. This review describes the fate of sugars during tobacco smoking, in particular the effect of tobacco sugars on mainstream smoke composition. In natural tobacco, sugars can be present in levels up to 20 wt%. In addition, various sugars are added in tobacco manufacturing in amounts up to 4 wt% per sugar. The added sugars are usually reported to serve as flavour/casing and humectant. However, sugars also promote tobacco smoking, because they generate acids that neutralize the harsh taste and throat impact of tobacco smoke. Moreover, the sweet taste and the agreeable smell of caramelized sugar flavors are appreciated in particular by starting adolescent smokers. Finally, sugars generate acetaldehyde, which has addictive properties and acts synergistically with nicotine in rodents. Apart from these consumption-enhancing pyrolysis products, many toxic (including carcinogenic) smoke compounds are generated from sugars. In particular, sugars increase the level of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, and 2-furfural in tobacco smoke. It is concluded that sugars in tobacco significantly contribute to the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinskje Talhout
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Callicutt CH, Cox RH, Hsu F, Kinser RD, Laffoon SW, Lee PN, Podraza KF, Sanders EB, Seeman JI. The role of ammonia in the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to mainstream smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 46:1-17. [PMID: 16875767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study has examined the possible effects of ammonia-forming ingredients added to tobacco and of ammonia in mainstream (MS) smoke on the nicotine transfer from tobacco to smoke. The U.S. 1998 Marlboro Lights King Size cigarette was used as a control for four test variants that differed from the control as follows: first, a reduction in ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobaccos; second, no ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobaccos; third, no ingredients at all added to the reconstituted tobaccos; and fourth, no ingredients at all added to the entire tobacco blend. Data were obtained on nicotine in tobacco, tar and nicotine and ammonia in MS smoke, soluble ammonia in the cigarette tobacco, "tobacco pH," and "smoke pH" using the FTC machine-smoking paradigm. Previous research on these cigarettes demonstrated that >99% of the MS smoke nicotine was captured and quantified by the FTC method. Statistically significant increases in soluble ammonia and MS smoke ammonia were observed for those cigarettes with ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobacco. However, ingredients, including ammonia and ammonia-forming compounds added to the tobacco or ammonia in the mainstream smoke in the Marlboro Lights King Size cigarette, did not increase the relative nicotine transfer or the "pH of aqueous extracts of MS smoke." "Tobacco pH" and "smoke pH" had no scientific or practical value for the cigarettes in this study.
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