1
|
Testa D, Zuccante G, Muhyuddin M, Landone R, Scommegna A, Lorenzi R, Acciarri M, Petri E, Soavi F, Poggini L, Capozzoli L, Lavacchi A, Lamanna N, Franzetti A, Zoia L, Santoro C. Giving New Life to Waste Cigarette Butts: Transformation into Platinum Group Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid, Neutral and Alkaline Environment. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the core theme of a circular economy, a novel strategy to upcycle cigarette butt waste into platinum group metal (PGM)-free metal nitrogen carbon (M-N-C) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is presented. The experimental route was composed of (i) the transformation of the powdered cigarette butts into carbonaceous char via pyrolysis at 450 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C and 900 °C, (ii) the porosity activation with KOH and (iii) the functionalization of the activated chars with iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc). The electrochemical outcomes obtained by the rotating disk electrode (RRDE) technique revealed that the sample pyrolyzed at 450 °C (i.e., cig_450) outperformed the other counterparts with its highest onset (Eon) and half-wave potentials (E1/2) and demonstrated nearly tetra-electronic ORR in acidic, neutral and alkaline electrolytes, all resulting from the optimal surface chemistry and textural properties.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chapman GM, Junco JG, Cardenas RB, Watson CH, Valentín-Blasini L. Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Selective Detection of 2-Nitropropane in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke. BEITRAGE ZUR TABAKFORSCHUNG INTERNATIONAL 2019; 28:300-309. [PMID: 37200863 PMCID: PMC10190268 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although 2-nitropropane is a potentially harmful compound present in cigarette smoke, there are few fully-validated, modern methods to quantitate it in mainstream cigarette smoke. We developed an isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS/MS) method for the detection of 2-nitropropane in mainstream cigarette smoke. The vapor fraction of mainstream cigarette smoke was collected in inert polyvinyl fluoride gas sampling bags and extracted with hexanes containing isotopically labeled internal standard, then purified and concentrated via solid-phase extraction using a normal phase silica adsorbent and a 100% dichloromethane eluant. This method is sensitive enough to measure vapor phase 2-nitropropane concentrations in the nanogram range, with a 19 ng per cigarette method limit of detection. Product variability estimated from the analysis of 15 cigarette products yielded relative standard deviations ranging from 5.4% to 15.7%, and estimates of precision from two quality control products yielded relative standard deviations of 9.49% and 14.9%. Under the Health Canada Intense smoking regimen, 2-nitropropane in machine-generated mainstream smoke from 15 cigarette products ranged from 98.3 to 363 ng per cigarette.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gala M. Chapman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Juliana Giraldo Junco
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Liza Valentín-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai B, Li Z, Wang R, Geng Z, Shi Y, Xie S, Wang Z, Yang Z, Ren X. Emission level of seven mainstream smoke toxicants from cigarette with variable tobacco leaf constituents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:181-188. [PMID: 30710578 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
[Introduction] Seven smoke constituents, including hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH3), phenol, benzo[α]pyrene (B[a]P), carbon monoxide (CO)¸ crotonaldehyde, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are proposed be the most relevant constituents for smoking-related diseases. [Methods] Different combinations of leaf stalk positions, varieties and locations were used to create variable chemistry of cigarette filler and smoke. Experimental cigarettes were measured for emission level of seven smoke toxicants and content of seventy-three filler components. [Results] The ranges of coefficient of variation (CV) for seven smoke toxicants were 15.43%-43.15%. The emission pattern of NNK and crotonaldehyde were different from that of other five smoke toxicants. Most of the seven smoke toxicants were influenced in following order: stalk position > location > variety. The leaf constitutes closely correlated with seven smoke toxicants were analyzed. [Conclusions] The results showed that seven toxicants were significantly influenced by leaf position and location, and closely correlated with leaf components, such as potassium, malate and alkaloid contents. The results provide useful and comprehensive information on the affecting factors and correlating leaf constituents for the variations of seven smoke toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China; Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of CNTC, Haikou, 571100, PR China
| | - Zhitao Li
- China Tobacco Guizhou Import and Export Co. Ltd, 334 Wei-Qing Road, Yun-Yan District, Guiyang City 550003, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Rengang Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Geng
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Yuewei Shi
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Shengdong Xie
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Zhixiao Yang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Xueliang Ren
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paumgartten FJR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Oliveira ACAXD. The impact of tobacco additives on cigarette smoke toxicity: a critical appraisal of tobacco industry studies. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33Suppl 3:e00132415. [PMID: 28954055 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.
Collapse
|
5
|
Haussmann HJ, Fariss MW. Comprehensive review of epidemiological and animal studies on the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:701-34. [PMID: 27278157 PMCID: PMC5020336 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1182116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term use of nicotine per se on cancer risk, in the absence of tobacco extract or smoke, are not clearly understood. This review evaluates the strength of published scientific evidence, in both epidemiological and animal studies, for the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se; that is to act as a complete carcinogen or as a modulator of carcinogenesis. For human studies, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a carcinogenic effect due to the limited information available. In animal studies, limited evidence suggests an association between long-term nicotine exposure and a lack of a complete carcinogenic effect. Conclusive studies using current bioassay guidelines, however, are missing. In studies using chemical/physical carcinogens or transgenic models, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a modulating (stimulating) effect on carcinogenesis. This is primarily due to the large number of conflicting studies. In contrast, a majority of studies provides sufficient evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and enhanced carcinogenesis of cancer cells inoculated in mice. This modulating effect was especially prominent in immunocompromized mice. Overall, taking the human and animal studies into consideration, there appears to be inadequate evidence to conclude that nicotine per se does or does not cause or modulate carcinogenesis in humans. This conclusion is in agreement with the recent US Surgeon General's 2014 report on the health consequences of nicotine exposure.
Collapse
|
6
|
Roemer E, Zenzen V, Conroy LL, Luedemann K, Dempsey R, Schunck C, Sticken ET. Automation of the in vitro micronucleus and chromosome aberration assay for the assessment of the genotoxicity of the particulate and gas-vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:320-33. [PMID: 25986082 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1037413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Total particulate matter (TPM) and the gas-vapor phase (GVP) of mainstream smoke from the Reference Cigarette 3R4F were assayed in the cytokinesis-block in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay and the in vitro chromosome aberration (CA) assay, both using V79-4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts exposed for up to 24 h. The Metafer image analysis platform was adapted resulting in a fully automated evaluation system of the MN assay for the detection, identification and reporting of cells with micronuclei together with the determination of the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) to quantify the treatment-related cytotoxicity. In the CA assay, the same platform was used to identify, map and retrieve metaphases for a subsequent CA evaluation by a trained evaluator. In both the assays, TPM and GVP provoked a significant genotoxic effect: up to 6-fold more micronucleated target cells than in the negative control and up to 10-fold increases in aberrant metaphases. Data variability was lower in the automated version of the MN assay than in the non-automated. It can be estimated that two test substances that differ in their genotoxicity by approximately 30% can statistically be distinguished in the automated MN and CA assays. Time savings, based on man hours, due to the automation were approximately 70% in the MN and 25% in the CA assays. The turn-around time of the evaluation phase could be shortened by 35 and 50%, respectively. Although only cigarette smoke-derived test material has been applied, the technical improvements should be of value for other test substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roemer
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D , Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schramke H, Roemer E, Dempsey R, Hirter J, Meurrens K, Berges A, Weiler H, Vanscheeuwijck P, Schorp M. Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Part 7: The impact of ingredients added to kretek cigarettes on inhalation toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Kilford J, Thorne D, Payne R, Dalrymple A, Clements J, Meredith C, Dillon D. A method for assessment of the genotoxicity of mainstream cigarette-smoke by use of the bacterial reverse-mutation assay and an aerosol-based exposure system. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 769:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
Scott K, Saul J, Crooks I, Camacho OM, Dillon D, Meredith C. The resolving power of in vitro genotoxicity assays for cigarette smoke particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1312-9. [PMID: 23499632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity assays are often used to compare tobacco smoke particulate matter (PM) from different cigarettes. The quantitative aspect of the comparisons requires appropriate statistical methods and replication levels, to support the interpretation in terms of power and significance. This paper recommends a uniform statistical analysis for the Ames test, mouse lymphoma mammalian cell mutation assay (MLA) and the in vitro micronucleus test (IVMNT); involving a hierarchical decision process with respect to slope, fixed effect and single dose comparisons. With these methods, replication levels of 5 (Ames test TA98), 4 (Ames test TA100), 10 (Ames test TA1537), 6 (MLA) and 4 (IVMNT) resolved a 30% difference in PM genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Scott
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:49-61. [PMID: 22178773 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A tiered approach for testing ingredients in a cigarette matrix was developed and includes chemical-analytical testing and a standard battery of biological toxicity assays. These assays were adapted for comparative evaluation of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes with or without ingredients at various inclusion levels. This adaptation to test cigarette mainstream smoke may impact assay response. Since it is difficult to a priori determine discriminatory power, it was evaluated using a large experimental dataset from a multi-year program of cigarette ingredient testing performed at two separate laboratories. A statistical method, minimum detectable difference (MDD), was used as a measure of assay discriminatory power. MDD of cigarette smoke constituents ranged from 6% to 29% of the average. Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity test MDDs ranged from 20% to 81% and 18% to 49%, respectively. Body weight gain in 90-day nose-only inhalation studies yielded an MDD of 30-40%. Histopathological findings with severity scores between 0.5 and 1.5 had the lowest MDDs of 23% and higher. In general, discriminatory power decreased with increasing biological complexity and toxicological relevance of the assay. Beyond statistical analysis, however, a weight-of-the-evidence analysis by experienced researchers is required for toxicological assessment of a cigarette ingredient.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wertz MS, Kyriss T, Paranjape S, Glantz SA. The toxic effects of cigarette additives. Philip Morris' project mix reconsidered: an analysis of documents released through litigation. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1001145. [PMID: 22205885 PMCID: PMC3243707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2009, the promulgation of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tobacco regulation focused attention on cigarette flavor additives. The tobacco industry had prepared for this eventuality by initiating a research program focusing on additive toxicity. The objective of this study was to analyze Philip Morris' Project MIX as a case study of tobacco industry scientific research being positioned strategically to prevent anticipated tobacco control regulations. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents to identify internal strategies for research on cigarette additives and reanalyzed tobacco industry peer-reviewed published results of this research. We focused on the key group of studies conducted by Phillip Morris in a coordinated effort known as "Project MIX." Documents showed that Project MIX subsumed the study of various combinations of 333 cigarette additives. In addition to multiple internal reports, this work also led to four peer-reviewed publications (published in 2001). These papers concluded that there was no evidence of substantial toxicity attributable to the cigarette additives studied. Internal documents revealed post hoc changes in analytical protocols after initial statistical findings indicated an additive-associated increase in cigarette toxicity as well as increased total particulate matter (TPM) concentrations in additive-modified cigarette smoke. By expressing the data adjusted by TPM concentration, the published papers obscured this underlying toxicity and particulate increase. The animal toxicology results were based on a small number of rats in each experiment, raising the possibility that the failure to detect statistically significant changes in the end points was due to underpowering the experiments rather than lack of a real effect. CONCLUSION The case study of Project MIX shows tobacco industry scientific research on the use of cigarette additives cannot be taken at face value. The results demonstrate that toxins in cigarette smoke increase substantially when additives are put in cigarettes, including the level of TPM. In particular, regulatory authorities, including the FDA and similar agencies elsewhere, could use the Project MIX data to eliminate the use of these 333 additives (including menthol) from cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia S. Wertz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kyriss
- Thoracic Surgery, Schillerhoehe Hospital, Gerlingen, Germany
| | - Suman Paranjape
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stanton A. Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dempsey R, Coggins CRE, Roemer E. Toxicological assessment of cigarette ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:119-28. [PMID: 21771627 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ingredients have been used in industrial manufacture of tobacco products since the early part of the 20th century. However, unlike other consumer goods, until now no regulatory authority has determined how tobacco ingredients should be assessed. Although there is currently no consensus on how added cigarette ingredients should be evaluated, this paper reviews some of the institutional guidance alongside published literature with a view to determining if there is a generally accepted approach in the absence of any strict regulation. Our aim was to review the recommendations, to compare them to the working practices as demonstrated from published studies, and to draw conclusions on currently used methodologies for testing ingredients added to cigarettes. The extent of testing is discussed in the light of practical and theoretical constraints and an example of an industry testing program is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dempsey
- Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaworski CL, Wagner KA, Morton MJ, Oldham MJ. Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 1:172-83. [PMID: 21545299 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.546440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette tobacco ingredients may alter the distribution of chemical constituents present in smoke. When considering the toxicological relevance of potential ingredient-related effects on chemical and biological measurements assessing cigarette smoke toxicity, it is critical to understand the intrinsic variability of tobacco and cigarette smoke that is influenced by the environmental conditions during growing, agricultural practices during preparation, cigarette manufacturing tolerances, and stability of the assay methods. OBJECTIVE To understand possible effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity, various chemical and biological endpoints were measured in smoke from experimental cigarettes (added ingredient) to the intrinsic variability of control cigarettes (no added ingredient). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected during a multi-year program testing a variety of cigarette ingredients from several chemical classes. Chemical analysis of mainstream cigarette smoke,and biological procedures (Salmonella mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and smoke inhalation) were performed using validated and controlled laboratory methods. The within-study and temporal variation of control cigarettes manufactured in parallel with experimental cigarettes was calculated and used to measure intrinsic variability. RESULTS The overwhelming majority of data generated from experimental cigarettes fell within the experiment variability represented by the pooled standard error of the entire multi-year dataset for the control cigarettes. CONCLUSION The results of this evaluation add to a growing body of the literature regarding a weight of evidence assessment of cigarette ingredient toxicity. When assessed against the variability of assay methodology, natural agricultural change, and manufacturing control, the ingredients studied here demonstrated little relevant influence on the mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity endpoints measured.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaworski CL, Oldham MJ, Wagner KA, Coggins CRE, Patskan GJ. An evaluation of the toxicity of 95 ingredients added individually to experimental cigarettes: approach and methods. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 1:1-12. [PMID: 21417965 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.543187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ingredients have been used in modern cigarette manufacturing to facilitate tobacco processing, provide flavor, and preserve tobacco. Concern has been raised regarding the use of ingredients in cigarette manufacturing due to the possible generation of toxic chemicals resulting from their combustion when added to tobacco. OBJECTIVE Investigate the impact of individual ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 95 ingredients were tested individually through addition at different concentrations to the tobacco of experimental cigarettes. Mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry analysis, bacterial mutagenicity testing, and cytotoxicity testing were conducted. Additionally, 31 of the ingredients were tested in 90-day nose-only rat inhalation studies using mainstream cigarette smoke. Studies were designed following conventional toxicity testing methods employed for food additives and other consumer products. RESULTS The studies reported here demonstrate that high levels of some ingredients can change the quantity of some smoke constituents, altering the smoke chemistry profile. From the panel of biological endpoints monitored, these added ingredients produced minimal changes in the overall toxicity profile of mainstream cigarette smoke. In some cases, the addition of high levels of an ingredient caused a small reduction in toxicity findings, probably due to displacement of burning tobacco. CONCLUSION The battery of testing results presented here is a useful addition to the available scientific information for cigarette ingredients and extends the dataset which can be used for evaluating their appropriate use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Gaworski
- Development & Engineering, Altria Client Services, Inc, Richmond, Virginia 23261, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3263-304. [PMID: 19959677 PMCID: PMC2789344 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps. METHODS PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk. RESULTS A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non-human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2390-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Dron J, Abidi E, Haddad IE, Marchand N, Wortham H. Precursor ion scanning–mass spectrometry for the determination of nitro functional groups in atmospheric particulate organic matter. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 618:184-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|