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Ge J, Li M, Yao J, Guo J, Li X, Li G, Han X, Li Z, Liu M, Zhao J. The potential of EGCG in modulating the oral-gut axis microbiota for treating inflammatory bowel disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155643. [PMID: 38820660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent chronic intestinal disorder that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Its pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between pathogenic microorganisms, native intestinal microorganisms, and the intestinal immune system via the oral-gut axis. The strong correlation observed between oral diseases and IBD indicates the potential involvement of oral pathogenic microorganisms in IBD development. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting the proliferation, translocation, intestinal colonization and exacerbated intestinal inflammation of oral microorganisms within the oral-gut axis may partially alleviate IBD. Tea consumption has been identified as a contributing factor in reducing IBD, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) being the primary bioactive compound used for IBD treatment. However, the precise mechanism by which EGCG mediates microbial crosstalk within the oral-gut axis remains unclear. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse oral microorganisms implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD and elucidate their colonization pathways and mechanisms. Subsequently, we investigated the antibacterial properties of EGCG and its potential to attenuate microbial translocation and colonization in the gut, emphasizing its role in attenuating exacerbations of IBD. We also elucidated the toxic and side effects of EGCG. Finally, we discuss current strategies for enhancing EGCG bioavailability and propose novel multi-targeted nano-delivery systems for the more efficacious management of IBD. This review elucidates the role and feasibility of EGCG-mediated modulation of the oral-gut axis microbiota in the management of IBD, contributing to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of EGCG in the treatment of IBD and the development of prospective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jingwen Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jinling Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiankuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangli Han
- Department of Geriatric, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Equipment, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Liu T, Zhang R, Jiang L, Zhou L, Zhang H, Liang F, Xiong P, Chen H, Wen T, Shen X, Xie C, Tian L. The potential application and molecular mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155663. [PMID: 38759345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a non-infectious chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa mainly mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) in atopic individuals after exposure to allergens. The application of AR guideline-recommended pharmacotherapies can rapidly relieve symptoms of AR but with poor long-term efficacy, and many of these therapies have side effects. Many natural products and their derivatives have shown potential therapeutic effects on AR with fewer side effects. OBJECTIVES This review aims to expand understanding of the roles and mechanisms of natural compounds in the treatment of AR and to highlight the importance of utilizing natural products in the treatment of AR. MATERIAL AND METHOD We conducted a systematic literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Clinical Trials. The search was performed using keywords including natural products, natural compounds, bioproducts, plant extracts, naturally derived products, natural resources, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, pollinosis, nasal allergy. Comprehensive research and compilation of existing literature were conducted. RESULTS This article provided a comprehensive review of the potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms of natural compounds in the treatment of AR. We emphasized that natural products primarily exert their effects by modulating signalling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPKs, STAT3/ROR-γt/Foxp3, and GATA3/T-bet, thereby inhibiting the activation and expansion of allergic inflammation. We also discussed their toxicity and clinical applications in AR therapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, natural products exhibit great potential in the treatment of AR. This review is also expected to facilitate the application of natural products as candidates for treating AR. Furthermore, drug discovery based on natural products has a promising prospect in AR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Luyun Jiang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Fangqi Liang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Peizheng Xiong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Hongqing Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Tian Wen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China.
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China.
| | - Li Tian
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China.
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Ballesteros-Ramírez R, Lasso P, Urueña C, Saturno J, Fiorentino S. Assessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Wistar Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa. J Toxicol 2024; 2024:3769933. [PMID: 38633362 PMCID: PMC11023715 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3769933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Although herbal drugs are often considered safe for consumption, there is increasing evidence that some can generate undesirable health effects. However, polyphenols found in certain plants have been shown to provide a range of benefits for human health. In previous work, a standardized and quantified extract (P2Et) obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa (Dividivi) plant showed promising antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of cancer and COVID-19 patients. The extract has also been subjected to genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and 28-day oral chronic toxicity evaluations, demonstrating a good safety profile. To advance preclinical and clinical development, further acute and chronic toxicity evaluations of the P2Et extract were performed. Acute toxicity tests were performed orally in Wistar rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, indicating that the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value exceeded 2000 mg/kg and classifying the P2Et extract as category 5 according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification (GHS). In this work, chronic toxicity tests were conducted for 180 days on Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits at a dose of 1000 mg/kg under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions. No weight loss or alterations in biochemical and hematological parameters associated with treatment were observed in the animals, suggesting the absence of toxicity in the assessed parameters. These results indicate that the P2Et extract is safe for oral administration at doses up to 1000 mg/kg body weight over a six-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ballesteros-Ramírez
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Lasso
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Urueña
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jenny Saturno
- Grupo de Investigación de Fitoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Fiorentino
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Al-Awaida W, Goh KW, Al-Ameer HJ, Gushchina YS, Torshin VI, Severin AE, Al Bawareed O, Srour B, Al Farraj J, Hamad I. Assessing the Protective Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) against Water-Pipe Smoke-Induced Toxicity: A Comparative Study on Gene Expression and Histopathology. Molecules 2023; 28:7502. [PMID: 38005223 PMCID: PMC10673035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to water-pipe smoking, whether flavored or unflavored, has been shown to instigate inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice. This consequently results in alterations in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes. This study aimed to scrutinize the impact of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-a key active component of green tea-on inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice exposed to water-pipe smoke. The experimental setup included a control group, a flavored water-pipe smoke (FWP) group, an unflavored water-pipe smoke (UFWP) group, and EGCG-treated flavored and unflavored groups (FWP + EGCG and UFWP + EGCG). Expression levels of IL-6, IL1B, TNF-α, CAT, GPXI, MT-I, MT-II, SOD-I, SOD-II, and SOD-III were evaluated in lung, liver, and kidney tissues. Histopathological changes were also assessed. The findings revealed that the EGCG-treated groups manifested a significant decline in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes compared to the FWP and UFWP groups. This insinuates that EGCG holds the capacity to alleviate the damaging effects of water-pipe smoke-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, enhancements in histopathological features were observed in the EGCG-treated groups, signifying a protective effect against tissue damage induced by water-pipe smoking. These results underscore the potential of EGCG as a protective agent against the adverse effects of water-pipe smoking. By curbing inflammation and oxidative stress, EGCG may aid in the prevention or mitigation of smoking-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajdy Al-Awaida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan; (B.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Hamzeh J. Al-Ameer
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University (AAU), Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Yulia Sh. Gushchina
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir I. Torshin
- Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.T.); (A.E.S.); (O.A.B.)
| | - Alexandr E. Severin
- Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.T.); (A.E.S.); (O.A.B.)
| | - Omar Al Bawareed
- Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.T.); (A.E.S.); (O.A.B.)
| | - Besan Srour
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan; (B.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jude Al Farraj
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan; (B.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Islam Hamad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba 11821, Jordan;
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Redox Biomarkers Assessment after Oral Administration of Wine Extract and Grape Stem Extract in Rats and Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041574. [PMID: 36838560 PMCID: PMC9965357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine and by-products of the winemaking process, such as grape stems, are rich in bioactive polyphenolic compounds that might be beneficial for animal and human health. In recent years, the administration of dietary polyphenols with strong antioxidant and cytoprotective properties has constituted an emerging line of research interest toward disease prevention. However, in scientific literature, only a limited number of studies have investigated the safety and the toxicological risks of polyphenolic compounds in vivo. Based on the above, the purpose of the present study was two-fold: first, to examine the effects of oral administration of a grape stem extract, derived from the Greek red wine Mavrodaphne, on mice redox biomarkers; and second, to investigate the biological effects of oral administration of a wine extract, derived from the emblematic Greek red wine Xinomavro, on rats. Toward this purpose, body weight, growth rate, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters, as well as a panel of redox biomarkers, were examined. According to our results, the administration of Mavrodaphne grape stem extract in mice induced alterations in redox homeostasis, preventing mice from the adverse effects of lipid peroxidation. Contrariwise, the administration of Xinomavro wine extract induced both beneficial and harmful outcomes on rat redox status determined by the examined tissue. Collectively, our study reports that the Mavrodaphne grape stem extract, a serious pollutant when disposed in environmental matrices, is an important source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds that could protect from oxidative damage and improve animal and human health. Finally, the Xinomavro wine extract exerts tissue-specific changes in redox balance, which are indicative of the complexity that characterizes the biological systems.
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Mkolo NM, Olaokun OO, King PH, Janse van Rensburg I, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. Verification of the folkloric and anecdotal antidiabetic effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall) and isolated, β-sitosterol using early-stage type II spontaneous diabetic mutant BKS-Leprdb mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:163. [PMID: 35725532 PMCID: PMC9208228 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in our laboratory in ex vivo assays have demonstrated H. hemerocallidea extract as potential antidiabetic agent through increased insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Thus, for this study the early stage type II spontaneous diabetic mutant mice model was used to evaluate and determine the degree of the antidiabetic efficacy of H. hemerocallidea. Methods Eight-weeks-old type II spontaneous pre-diabetic mutant BKS-Leprdb mice were fed with feed supplemented with either H. hemerocallidea extract, isolated compound (β-sitosterol) or chlorpropamide (positive control) for 4 weeks. The haematological parameters, clinical chemistry, glucose tolerance, feed intake, faecal output and body weights were measured. Results The blood glucose concentrations of all the animals treated with plant extract, β-sitosterol compound and non-treated pre-diabetic animals did not return to baseline levels. Only the β-sitosterol treatment and positive control groups resulted in a respective small decrease of 5.8 and 5.2% in the mouse weights over the study period, with no significant changes (p > 0.05) in food intake. However, there was a general trend for decrease in faecal output for all the groups. Albumin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels in β-sitosterol and chlorpropamide-treated animals were lower, relative to untreated-animals. Animals fed with plant extract showed large amounts of internal fat. There were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in total serum protein, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen and creatinine attributed to administration of treatments. In all groups, some animals showed lesions associated with cardiac puncture. Few animals except animals treated with plant extract, showed presence of a left-ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The liver and kidneys for all groups appeared macroscopically normal and the thymuses were small (±2 mg). There were pathological signs in some of the animals particularly in myocardial fibres, renal tubular, glomerular, hepatocyte granularity and pancreas islets. However, there was no significance trend between the groups. Conclusion Based on the results, none of the treatments could be considered highly effective for the management of type II pre-diabetes as sole therapeutic intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03640-y.
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Naumoska K, Jug U, Kõrge K, Oberlintner A, Golob M, Novak U, Vovk I, Likozar B. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Biofoil Based on Chitosan and Japanese Knotweed ( Fallopia japonica, Houtt.) Rhizome Bark Extract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061200. [PMID: 35740097 PMCID: PMC9219676 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 70% ethanol(aq) extract of the rhizome bark of the invasive alien plant species Japanese knotweed (JKRB) with potent (in the range of vitamin C) and stable antioxidant activity was incorporated in 1% w/v into a chitosan biofoil, which was then characterized on a lab-scale. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of the JKRB biofoil upon contact with the food simulants A, B, C, and D1 (measured half-maximal inhibitory concentrations—IC50) and supported the Folin–Ciocalteu assay result. The migration of the antioxidant marker, (−)-epicatechin, into all food simulants (A, B, C, D1, D2, and E) was quantified using liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Calculations showed that 1 cm2 of JKRB biofoil provided antioxidant activity to ~0.5 L of liquid food upon 1 h of contact. The JKRB biofoil demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The incorporation of JKRB into the chitosan biofoil resulted in improved tensile strength from 0.75 MPa to 1.81 MPa, while elongation decreased to 28%. JKRB biofoil’s lower moisture content compared to chitosan biofoil was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan biofoil and JKRB compounds, further confirmed with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The JKRB biofoil completely degraded in compost in 11 days. The future upscaled production of JKRB biofoil from biowastes for active packaging may support the fights against plastic waste, food waste, and the invasiveness of Japanese knotweed, while greatly contributing to the so-called ‘zero-waste’ strategy and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Naumoska
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (U.J.); Tel.: +386-1-4760 521 (K.N. & U.J.)
| | - Urška Jug
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (U.J.); Tel.: +386-1-4760 521 (K.N. & U.J.)
| | - Kristi Kõrge
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.K.); (A.O.); (U.N.); (B.L.)
| | - Ana Oberlintner
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.K.); (A.O.); (U.N.); (B.L.)
| | - Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Uroš Novak
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.K.); (A.O.); (U.N.); (B.L.)
| | - Irena Vovk
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.K.); (A.O.); (U.N.); (B.L.)
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Safety Evaluation in Healthy Colombian Volunteers of P2Et Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa: Design 3+3 Phase I Clinical Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7943001. [PMID: 35251213 PMCID: PMC8890855 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7943001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyphenol-enriched extract called P2Et derived from Caesalpinia spinosa (C. spinosa) had antitumor and immunomodulatory activities reported in breast cancer, leukemia, and melanoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and maximum tolerated dose of P2Et extract in Colombian healthy volunteers in a phase 1 clinical trial, open labelled, single-arm, dose-escalation design 3 + 3. Seven healthy volunteers were included; P2Et was administrated in capsules of 600 mg/d for 28 days. Analysis by intention to treat was performed. 4 volunteers showed adverse events and discontinued the intervention. 94.6% of AE were grade 1, and most of AE had a reasonable possibility of a relationship with the P2Et (83.8%). We found that the oral administration of P2Et is safe in healthy humans with a maximum tolerated dose of 600 mg/d. There was no severe toxicity; most of the adverse events were mild, without significant changes in the safety parameters evaluated.
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Polyphenols and Their Effects on Muscle Atrophy and Muscle Health. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164887. [PMID: 34443483 PMCID: PMC8398525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is the decrease in muscle mass and strength caused by reduced protein synthesis/accelerated protein degradation. Various conditions, such as denervation, disuse, aging, chronic diseases, heart disease, obstructive lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, cancer, and steroidal medications, can cause muscle atrophy. Mechanistically, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the major contributors to muscle atrophy, by modulating signaling pathways that regulate muscle homeostasis. To prevent muscle catabolism and enhance muscle anabolism, several natural and synthetic compounds have been investigated. Recently, polyphenols (i.e., natural phytochemicals) have received extensive attention regarding their effect on muscle atrophy because of their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported polyphenols as strongly effective bioactive molecules that attenuate muscle atrophy and enhance muscle health. This review describes polyphenols as promising bioactive molecules that impede muscle atrophy induced by various proatrophic factors. The effects of each class/subclass of polyphenolic compounds regarding protection against the muscle disorders induced by various pathological/physiological factors are summarized in tabular form and discussed. Although considerable variations in antiatrophic potencies and mechanisms were observed among structurally diverse polyphenolic compounds, they are vital factors to be considered in muscle atrophy prevention strategies.
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Khattab SA, Hussien WF, Raafat N, Ahmed Alaa El-Din E. Effects of catechin hydrate in benzo[ a]pyrene-induced lung toxicity: roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:467-475. [PMID: 34027802 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1916667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The major sources for human exposure to Benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P) are contaminated food, water, and inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. B[a]P is a well-known human genotoxic carcinogen (IARC Group 1). It has a tumorigenic potential in virtually all in vivo experimental animal model systems. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of catechin hydrate (CH) against B [a] P-induced toxicity in the lung of adult albino rats. Thirty-six adult male albino rats (150-200 g) were divided into six groups, three control groups, and three experimental groups: B[a] P-treated group, (CH)-treated group, and B[a] P+(CH)-treated group. At the end of the fourth week of the study, blood samples and lung tissues were obtained for the biochemical and genotoxicity, RT-PCR, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations, respectively. Our results clarified that B[a] P exposure caused a subsequent decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and conversely (MDA) levels elevated markedly. Also, B[a] P induced DNA damages and activated the apoptotic pathway, presented by upregulated Bax, caspase-3, and downregulated Bcl-2 gens. However, treatment with CH increased antioxidant enzymes as well as regulated apoptosis. Discernible histological changes in the lung also supported the protective effects of CH. These findings suggested that CH is an effective natural product that attenuates Benzo [a] pyrene-induced lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Khattab
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa F Hussien
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nermin Raafat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed Alaa El-Din
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Banakar F, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Mohammad-Amoli M, Kheirbakhsh R, Sadeghi-Afjeh M, Shahriari S, Larijani B. Hydro alcoholic green tea extract effect on high fat diet treated NMRI mice and 3T3L1 cells. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:641-648. [PMID: 34178857 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In order to counteract the obesity has epidemics, since current anti-obesity drugs effects remain limited, there is a need to provide new options. As a project aiming to assess potential anti obesity natural compounds, the effects of consumption of a minimal dose of green tea hydro alcoholic extract (GT) on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3L1 cell line were investigated. Methods Obesity was induced in female NMRI mice (which are less used overall) by the use of a high fat diet. Mice were divided into four groups of control (C), treated control (TC), obese (O) and treated obese (TO). TC and TO groups received 8 mg/Kg/day of GT for 8 weeks, and weighted weekly, after what biochemical and histological parameters were measured. GT was used at doses of 100,150 and 200 µg/ml on 3T3L1, and staining with Oil-red-O was done for estimation of fat droplet accumulation. Results Body weight was found to be affected significantly by GT. Blood glucose levels did not show significant changes between groups, while triglycerides levels of the O group was significantly higher than the C group, but the TO group showed no significant difference with the C group upon GT treatment. Liver and visceral fat tissues showed more normalized tissue and less fat accumulation in the TO group. TO and TC groups showed an ameliorated morphologic state of liver tissues. GT was also able to decrease fat droplet formation in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Adding a minimal amount of GT to the daily consumption may have preventive effects on fat accumulation in healthy subjects, while in obese cases, GT shows significant therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Banakar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism - Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mohammad-Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Kheirbakhsh
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sadeghi-Afjeh
- Food and Drug Research Laboratory, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadab Shahriari
- Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism - Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
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12
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Green tea consumption increases sperm concentration and viability in male rats and is safe for reproductive, liver and kidney health. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15269. [PMID: 32943691 PMCID: PMC7498455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea is a popularly consumed beverage worldwide and contains polyphenols, whose antioxidant activities could improve sperm parameters and fertility thereof. We investigated the effect of green tea on the male rat reproductive system as well as its safety. Male Wistar rats were administered 2 and 5% aqueous extract of green tea for 52 days’ ad libitum, while the control group received tap water. Total polyphenol, flavanol, flavonol and soluble solids significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro (P < 0.01). Weights of body, testis, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and liver, serum levels of testosterone, ferric reducing antioxidant power, creatinine, and sperm motility, remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Kidney weight, sperm concentration and vitality, spontaneous acrosome reaction increased (P < 0.05), while alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels decreased (P < 0.05). Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation remained unchanged in the testes, liver and kidney (P > 0.05). Histological sections of testis, epididymis, kidney and liver showed no conspicuous alteration. Diameter and epithelial height of seminiferous tubule decreased, while caudal epididymis epithelial height increased (P < 0.01). Consumption of green tea in the conditions used in the present study seems to be safe and improved sperm parameters. However, subtle structural changes observed in the decreased diameter and epithelial height of the seminiferous tubule and increased acrosome reaction needs further investigation.
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13
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Cesar PHS, Trento MVC, Konig IFM, Marcussi S. Catechin and epicatechin as an adjuvant in the therapy of hemostasis disorders induced by snake venoms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22604. [PMID: 32830399 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Snake toxins, such as phospholipases A2 and proteases, are used as research tools to evaluate biological activities and to understand physiopathological processes of natural compounds better. In the present study, the phenolic compounds catechin and epicatechin were incubated with snake venoms to evaluate their inhibition against different substrates. Catechin and epicatechin exerted inhibitions between 20% and 95% on the activity of phospholipases A2 present in the venom of Bothrops alternatus. In the hemolytic activity, catechin exerted inhibitions between 20% and 25% in all proportions evaluated on the B. jararacussu venom, whereas epicatechin inhibited 20% of the venom activity. Coagulation induced by B. atrox and B. jararacussu venoms was significantly inhibited by catechin and epicatechin, where the time for coagulation was two to three times higher after previous incubation of the venoms with the compounds. The most significant inhibitions for the proteolytic activity on casein were 17% and 27%, respectively, by both compounds. Catechin inhibited serine protease activity induced by B. atrox venom by 64% and epicatechin by 65%. Regarding B. atrox-induced thrombolysis, catechin exerted 40% inhibition and epicatechin around 30%. The fibrinogen proteolysis was completely inhibited by catechin acting on the B. atrox venom in the proportion of 1:1 and by epicatechin on B. jararacussu venom. Catechin and epicatechin showed promising inhibitory action on proteases and phospholipases A2 . Therefore, these compounds can be explored as an adjuvant for serum therapy or pharmaceutical purposes, once they act on homologous enzymes that are present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Cesar
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Trento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Isaac F M Konig
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Oketch-Rabah HA, Roe AL, Rider CV, Bonkovsky HL, Giancaspro GI, Navarro V, Paine MF, Betz JM, Marles RJ, Casper S, Gurley B, Jordan SA, He K, Kapoor MP, Rao TP, Sherker AH, Fontana RJ, Rossi S, Vuppalanchi R, Seeff LB, Stolz A, Ahmad J, Koh C, Serrano J, Low Dog T, Ko R. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) comprehensive review of the hepatotoxicity of green tea extracts. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:386-402. [PMID: 32140423 PMCID: PMC7044683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the United States Pharmacopeia's ongoing review of dietary supplement safety data, a new comprehensive systematic review on green tea extracts (GTE) has been completed. GTEs may contain hepatotoxic solvent residues, pesticide residues, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and elemental impurities, but no evidence of their involvement in GTE-induced liver injury was found during this review. GTE catechin profiles vary significantly with manufacturing processes. Animal and human data indicate that repeated oral administration of bolus doses of GTE during fasting significantly increases bioavailability of catechins, specifically EGCG, possibly involving saturation of first-pass elimination mechanisms. Toxicological studies show a hepatocellular pattern of liver injury. Published adverse event case reports associate hepatotoxicity with EGCG intake amounts from 140 mg to ∼1000 mg/day and substantial inter-individual variability in susceptibility, possibly due to genetic factors. Based on these findings, USP included a cautionary labeling requirement in its Powdered Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract monograph that reads as follows: "Do not take on an empty stomach. Take with food. Do not use if you have a liver problem and discontinue use and consult a healthcare practitioner if you develop symptoms of liver trouble, such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)."
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Key Words
- ADME, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the curve
- Bw, body weight
- C, Catechin
- CAM, causality assessment method
- CG, (+)‐catechin‐3‐gallate
- CIH, Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis
- CMC, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls
- COMT, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase
- Camellia sinensis
- ConA, Concanavalin A
- DILI, drug‐induced liver injury
- DILIN, Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network
- DO, Diversity Outbred
- DS, Dietary Supplement
- DSAE, JS3 USP Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard-Setting Subcommittee
- Dietary supplements
- EC, (–)‐epicatechin
- ECG, (‐)‐epicatechin‐3‐gallate
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- EGC, (–)‐epigallocatechin
- EGCG, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GC, (+)‐gallocatechin
- GCG, (–)‐gallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- GT(E), green tea or green tea extract
- GT, green tea
- GTE, green tea extract
- GTEH, EP Green Tea Extract Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel
- Green tea
- Green tea extract
- HDS, herbal dietary supplement
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- Hepatotoxicity
- LD50, lethal dose, median
- LFT(s), liver function test(s)
- LT(s), Liver test(s)
- Liver injury
- MGTT, Minnesota Green Tea Trial
- MIDS, multi-ingredient dietary supplement
- MRL, maximum residue limit
- NAA, N-acetyl aspartate
- NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- NTP, National Toxicology Program
- OSM, online supplementary material
- PAs, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- PD-1, Programmed death domain-1
- PDGTE, powdered decaffeinated green tea extract
- PK/PD, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- RUCAM, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method
- SIDS, single-ingredient dietary supplement
- TGF-beta, Transforming growth factor beta
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
- γ-GT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen A. Oketch-Rabah
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy L. Roe
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Vice Chair, (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Cynthia V. Rider
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Gabriel I. Giancaspro
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Victor Navarro
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Mary F. Paine
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Betz
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. Marles
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Casper
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Bill Gurley
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Scott A. Jordan
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kan He
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mahendra P. Kapoor
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Theertham P. Rao
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Simona Rossi
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | | | - Leonard B. Seeff
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Andrew Stolz
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm 9B-16, Bethesda, MD, 20892,USA
| | - Jose Serrano
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tieraona Low Dog
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Ko
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Chair (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
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16
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Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Fermented Green Tea with Aquilariae Lignum in Rodents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8721858. [PMID: 31662782 PMCID: PMC6754909 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8721858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Green tea is generally considered safe, but there have been concerns regarding side effects relating to the main component, catechins, especially hepatotoxicities. We have previously shown beneficial effects of fermented green tea with Aquilariae Lignum (fGT) via an oral route in diabetic and obese models. Thus, the toxicological safety of fGT was assessed at limited oral doses for a rodent. Mice or rats of both genders were orally administered distilled water as a control and fGT at 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 g/kg. There were no mortalities or gross abnormalities in the fGT groups for 2 weeks following the single oral dose in mice. No fGT-relevant abnormalities were found in postmortem and histopathological examinations, suggesting LD50 of fGT at more than 2.0 g/kg with no specific target organs. There were also no fGT-relevant mortalities or abnormal signs in the repeated oral dose for 13 weeks in rats. In the fGT groups, no body weight changes or daily metabolic changes were found, and hematological and serum biochemical ranges were normal. The postmortem and histopathological examinations revealed few fGT-related abnormalities in most of the organs including the liver, although slight lymphoid cell hyperplasia in the lymph node was observed in a few rats with fGT at 2.0 g/kg. This may be secondary to increased immune response to the highest dose because there were no histopathological lesions or organ weight changes. It suggests nontoxic safety of fGT at up to 2.0 g/kg, which provides useful information for clinical use.
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Laddha AP, Kulkarni YA. Tannins and vascular complications of Diabetes: An update. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:229-245. [PMID: 30668344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with persistent increased level of glucose in the blood. According to a report by World Health Organisation (WHO), prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age had reached to 8.5% in year 2014 which was 4.7% in 1980s. The Prolong increased level of glucose in blood leads to development of microvascular (blindness, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular and stroke) degenerative complications because of uncontrolled level of glucose in blood. This also leads to the progression of oxidative stress and affecting metabolic, genetic and haemodynamic system by activation of polyol pathway, protein kinase C pathway, hexosamine pathway and increases advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Diabetes mellitus and its associated complications are one of the major leading causes of mortality worldwide. Various natural products like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenols are reported for their activity in management of diabetes and its associated diabetic complications. Tannins are systematically studied by many researchers in past few decades for their effect in diabetes and its complications. AIM The present review was designed to compile the data of tannins and their beneficial effects in the management of diabetic complications. METHOD Literature search was performed using various dataset like pubmed, EBSCO, proQuest Scopus and selected websites including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS Globally, more than 400 natural products have been investigated in diabetes and its complications. Tannins are the polyphenolic compounds present in many medicinal plants and various dietary sources like fruits, nuts, grains, spices and beverages. Various reports have shown that compounds like gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin and procynidins from medicinal plants play major role in controlling progression of diabetes and its related complications by acting on molecular pathways and key targets involved in progression. Many chemists used above mentioned phyto-constituents as a pharmacophore for the developing new chemical entities having higher therapeutic benefits in management of diabetic complications. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the role of various tannins in prevention and management of diabetic complications like diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. It will help researchers to find some leads for the development of new cost effective therapy using dietary source for the management of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
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18
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Calabró V, Litterio MC, Fraga CG, Galleano M, Piotrkowski B. Effects of quercetin on heart nitric oxide metabolism in l-NAME treated rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:47-53. [PMID: 29621523 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a quercetin-supplemented diet on the biochemical changes installed in the heart of NO-deficient rats in terms of oxidants production and NO bioavailability determinants. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) treatment (360 mg/L l-NAME in the drinking water, 4 d) with or without supplementation with quercetin (4 g/kg diet). l-NAME administration led to increased blood pressure (BP) (30%), decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (50%), and increases in NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent superoxide anion production (60%) and p47phox protein level (65%). The co-administration of quercetin prevented the increase in BP and the activation of NOX but did not modify the decrease in NOS activity caused by l-NAME. In addition, quercetin affected oxidative stress parameters as glutathione oxidation, and the activities of oxidant detoxifying enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Thus, quercetin administration counteracts l-NAME effects on NO bioavailability determinants in vivo, essentially through controlling NOX-mediated superoxide anion production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calabró
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Litterio
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Barbara Piotrkowski
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Andrade RJ, Fortes C, Mosesso P, Restani P, Arcella D, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Wright M. Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05239. [PMID: 32625874 PMCID: PMC7009618 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA ANS Panel was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins from dietary sources including preparations such as food supplements and infusions. Green tea is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, without fermentation, which prevents the oxidation of polyphenolic components. Most of the polyphenols in green tea are catechins. The Panel considered the possible association between the consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most relevant catechin in green tea, and hepatotoxicity. This scientific opinion is based on published scientific literature, including interventional studies, monographs and reports by national and international authorities and data received following a public 'Call for data'. The mean daily intake of EGCG resulting from the consumption of green tea infusions ranges from 90 to 300 mg/day while exposure by high-level consumers is estimated to be up to 866 mg EGCG/day, in the adult population in the EU. Food supplements containing green tea catechins provide a daily dose of EGCG in the range of 5-1,000 mg/day, for adult population. The Panel concluded that catechins from green tea infusion, prepared in a traditional way, and reconstituted drinks with an equivalent composition to traditional green tea infusions, are in general considered to be safe according to the presumption of safety approach provided the intake corresponds to reported intakes in European Member States. However, rare cases of liver injury have been reported after consumption of green tea infusions, most probably due to an idiosyncratic reaction. Based on the available data on the potential adverse effects of green tea catechins on the liver, the Panel concluded that there is evidence from interventional clinical trials that intake of doses equal or above 800 mg EGCG/day taken as a food supplement has been shown to induce a statistically significant increase of serum transaminases in treated subjects compared to control.
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Bedrood Z, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Toxicological effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea): A review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1163-1180. [PMID: 29575316 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many scientific articles proved that green tea (GT), Camellia sinensis, has a great potential to manage central nervous system, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases and treat cancer and inflammatory disorders. However, it is important to consider that "natural" is not always "safe." Some relevant articles reported side effects of GT, detrimental effects on health. The aim of this study is to provide a classified report about the toxicity of GT and its main constituents in acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic states. Furthermore, it discusses on the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and developmental toxicity of GT and its main constituents. The most important side effects have been reported hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disorders specially while consumed on an empty stomach. GT and its main components are not major teratogen, mutagen, or carcinogen substances. However, there is limited data in using them during pregnancy, and they should be used with caution in pregnancy, breast-feeding, and susceptible people. Because GT and its main components have a wide variety of drug interactions, consideration should be taken in coadministration of them with narrow therapeutic indexed drugs. Furthermore, they evoke selective cytotoxicity on cancerous cells that could engage them as an adjuvant substance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Bedrood
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rameshrad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hu J, Webster D, Cao J, Shao A. The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:412-433. [PMID: 29580974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of published toxicology and human intervention studies was performed to characterize potential hazards associated with consumption of green tea and its preparations. A review of toxicological evidence from laboratory studies revealed the liver as the target organ and hepatotoxicity as the critical effect, which was strongly associated with certain dosing conditions (e.g. bolus dose via gavage, fasting), and positively correlated with total catechin and epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) content. A review of adverse event (AE) data from 159 human intervention studies yielded findings consistent with toxicological evidence in that a limited range of concentrated, catechin-rich green tea preparations resulted in hepatic AEs in a dose-dependent manner when ingested in large bolus doses, but not when consumed as brewed tea or extracts in beverages or as part of food. Toxico- and pharmacokinetic evidence further suggests internal dose of catechins is a key determinant in the occurrence and severity of hepatotoxicity. A safe intake level of 338 mg EGCG/day for adults was derived from toxicological and human safety data for tea preparations ingested as a solid bolus dose. An Observed Safe Level (OSL) of 704 mg EGCG/day might be considered for tea preparations in beverage form based on human AE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Worldwide Scientific Affairs, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Donna Webster
- Product Science, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Joyce Cao
- Global Post Market Safety Surveillance, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Andrew Shao
- Independent Consultant, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90505, USA.
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22
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Shen CL, Brackee G, Song X, Tomison MD, Finckbone V, Mitchell KT, Tang L, Chyu MC, Dunn DM, Wang JS. Safety Evaluation of Green Tea Polyphenols Consumption in Middle-aged Ovariectomized Rat Model. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2192-2205. [PMID: 28753729 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates chronic safety in middle-aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with different dosages of green tea polyphenols (GTP) in drinking water. The experiment used 6-mo-old sham (n = 39) and ovariectomized (OVX, n = 143) female rats. All sham (n = 39) and 39 of the OVX animals received no GTP treatment and their samples were collected for outcome measures at baseline, 3 mo, and 6 mo (n = 13 per group for each). The remaining OVX animals were randomized into 4 groups receiving 0.15%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (n = 26 for each) of GTP (wt/vol), respectively, in drinking water for 3 and 6 mo. No mortality or abnormal treatment-related findings in clinical observations or ophthalmologic examinations were noted. No treatment-related macroscopic or microscopic findings were noted for animals administered 1.5% GTP supplementation. Throughout the study, there was no difference in the body weight among all OVX groups. In all OVX groups, feed intake and water consumption significantly decreased with GTP dose throughout the study period. At 6 mo, GTP intake did not affect hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis, except for phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen (increased), total cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and urine pH (decreased). This study reveals that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of GTP is 1.5% (wt/vol) in drinking water, the highest dose used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Dept. of Pathology, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Gordon Brackee
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Xiao Song
- Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga., U.S.A
| | - Michael D Tomison
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - VelvetLee Finckbone
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Kelly T Mitchell
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Lili Tang
- Dept. of Environmental Health Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga., U.S.A
| | - Ming-Chien Chyu
- Graduate Healthcare Engineering, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Dale M Dunn
- Dept. of Pathology, Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Tex., U.S.A
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Dept. of Environmental Health Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga., U.S.A
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Liu Z, Liu D, Cheng J, Mei S, Fu Y, Lai W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Vo TD, Lynch BS. Lipid-soluble green tea extract: Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:366-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yates AA, Erdman JW, Shao A, Dolan LC, Griffiths JC. Bioactive nutrients - Time for tolerable upper intake levels to address safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:94-101. [PMID: 28110066 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest by consumers, researchers, and regulators into the roles that certain bioactive compounds, derived from plants and other natural sources, can play in health maintenance and promotion, and even prolonging a productive quality of life. Research has rapidly emerged suggesting that a wide range of compounds and mixtures in and from plants (such as fruits and vegetables, tea and cocoa) and animals (such as fish and probiotics) may exert substantial health benefits. There is interest in exploring the possibility of establishing recommended intakes or dietary guidance for certain bioactive substances to help educate consumers. A key aspect of establishing dietary guidance is the assessment of safety/toxicity of these substances. Toxicologists need to be involved in both the development of the safety framework and in the evaluation of the science to establish maximum intake/upper limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Yates
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Johnson City, TN 37615, United States.
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Andrew Shao
- Global Nutrition Policy, Herbalife Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA 90015, United States.
| | | | - James C Griffiths
- Science & International Affairs, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC 20036, United States.
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Kujawska M, Ewertowska M, Ignatowicz E, Adamska T, Szaefer H, Gramza-Michałowska A, Korczak J, Jodynis-Liebert J. Evaluation of Safety and Antioxidant Activity of Yellow Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract for Application in Food. J Med Food 2016; 19:330-6. [PMID: 26987026 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents an evaluation of the safety of yellow tea (Camellia sinensis) extract consumption and its antioxidant activity in an animal model. Wistar rats were exposed through diet to 2, 6, and 10 g yellow tea extract/kg feed for 90 days. No signs of toxicity and no differences in mean body weight gain in the treated and control rats were recorded throughout the experiment. No statistically significant differences in hematology findings and clinical chemistry parameters were observed between controls and treated groups. Microscopic examination of tissue sections revealed no pathology attributable to yellow tea extract intake. Lipid peroxidation level in the liver was slightly increased in medium-dose males and high-dose females and decreased in two female groups receiving 2 and 6 g/kg of the extract tested. Content of carbonyl groups in protein, as well as the basal level of DNA damage, was not changed. In a majority of rats, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was increased except superoxide dismutase in high-dose groups, glutathione peroxidase in high-dose females, glutathione reductase in low- and mid-dose groups, and glutathione S-transferase in mid-dose females and high-dose males. It could be concluded that rats tolerated well dietary treatment with yellow tea extract up to 0.8 g/kg b.w./day for 90 days. Results showed that yellow tea extract at the doses tested did not demonstrate adverse effects and improved the antioxidant status in the liver of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kujawska
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Ignatowicz
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Teresa Adamska
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Szaefer
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gramza-Michałowska
- 3 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Józef Korczak
- 3 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland
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26
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Sharifuldin M, Ismail Z, Aisha A, Seow E, Beh H. Quantification of rutin, quercitrin and quercetin in Cosmos caudatus Kunth by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.M.A. Sharifuldin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Z. Ismail
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - A.F.A. Aisha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - E.K. Seow
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - H.K. Beh
- Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia
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27
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Shahid A, Ali R, Ali N, Hasan SK, Bernwal P, Afzal SM, Vafa A, Sultana S. Modulatory effects of catechin hydrate against genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by benzo(a)pyrene in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ramachandran B, Jayavelu S, Murhekar K, Rajkumar T. Repeated dose studies with pure Epigallocatechin-3-gallate demonstrated dose and route dependant hepatotoxicity with associated dyslipidemia. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:336-345. [PMID: 28959554 PMCID: PMC5615837 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
EGCG (Epigallocatechin-3-gallate) is the major active principle catechin found in green tea. Skepticism regarding the safety of consuming EGCG is gaining attention, despite the fact that it is widely being touted for its potential health benefits, including anti-cancer properties. The lack of scientific data on safe dose levels of pure EGCG is of concern, while EGCG has been commonly studied as a component of GTE (Green tea extract) and not as a single active constituent. This study has been carried out to estimate the maximum tolerated non-toxic dose of pure EGCG and to identify the treatment related risk factors. In a fourteen day consecutive treatment, two different administration modalities were compared, offering an improved [i.p (intraperitoneal)] and limited [p.o (oral)] bioavailability. A trend of dose and route dependant hepatotoxicity was observed particularly with i.p treatment and EGCG increased serum lipid profile in parallel to hepatotoxicity. Fourteen day tolerable dose of EGCG was established as 21.1 mg/kg for i.p and 67.8 mg/kg for p.o. We also observed that, EGCG induced effects by both treatment routes are reversible, subsequent to an observation period for further fourteen days after cessation of treatment. It was demonstrated that the severity of EGCG induced toxicity appears to be a function of dose, route of administration and period of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, 600 036 Chennai, India
| | - Subramani Jayavelu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, 600 036 Chennai, India
| | - Kanchan Murhekar
- Department of Oncopathology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, 600 036 Chennai, India
| | - Thangarajan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, 600 036 Chennai, India
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Sur TK, Chatterjee S, Hazra AK, Pradhan R, Chowdhury S. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity study of black tea in rodents. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:167-72. [PMID: 25878375 PMCID: PMC4386124 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.153423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Systematic oral toxicity study for black tea (Camellia sinensis), the most commonly consumed variety of tea, is lacking. The present study was undertaken to assess the iron load on black tea (Camellia sinensis) and its safety aspects in animals. Materials and Methods: The analysis of iron was done in six tea samples as per American Public Health Association method using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maximum physical iron-loaded tea sample was identified on black tea sample 2 (BTS-2), and this was further studied for acute and 90-day sub-chronic toxicity following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. Results: Black tea sample 2 did not show any signs of toxicity or mortality at up to 2 g/kg per oral dose in Swiss albino mice. 90-day toxicity studies in Wistar rats did not reveal any evidence of toxicity at up to 250 mg/kg/day (2.5% infusion of BTS-2) oral dose as exhibited by regular observations, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, and histopathology. Further, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and ferritin were not altered after 90 days of treatment. Masson trichrome staining and Perls’ staining did not reveal any abnormalities in hepatic tissue following 90-day treatment of high iron-loaded BTS-2. Conclusions: This safety study provides evidence that BTSs, in spite of relatively high iron content, show no significant iron-related toxicity on acute or sub-chronic oral administration in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Sur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Suparna Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alok Kumar Hazra
- Scientist, Chemistry Division, Quality Testing Laboratory (AYUSH), Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Richeek Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriyo Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Mota MADL, Landim JSP, Targino TSS, Silva SFRD, Silva SLD, Pereira MRP. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:242-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150040000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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31
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Yousaf S, Butt MS, Suleria HAR, Iqbal MJ. The role of green tea extract and powder in mitigating metabolic syndromes with special reference to hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Food Funct 2014; 5:545-56. [PMID: 24473227 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are currently gaining popularity to combat various physiological threats. Scientific evidence has been provided that dietary phytochemicals may play important roles as chemo-preventive or chemotherapeutic agents in the prevention of many diseases. Green tea has many biologically active moieties, like flavanols and polyphenols. Catechins are flavanols that constitute the majority of soluble solids of green tea; its major components are epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC). Among these, EGCG is the predominant component, contributing more than 50% of polyphenols. It has many health related characteristics, like hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antiviral and antihypertensive activities. Ethanolic extracts of green tea was subjected to in vivo modeling. An efficacy trial was carried out on normal, hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic rats for 8 weeks. Control, functional and nutraceutical diets were used for each study. Drink and feed intake and body weight increased during the study period. Serum analysis showed that maximum reduction of cholesterol level was noted in hypercholesterolemic rats, up to 15.45%, due to the nutraceutical diet. It was a 21.51% reduction in the case of LDL and 12.92% for triglycerides. The serum glucose level was most reduced in hyperglycemic rats, up to 13.39% as a result of the nutraceutical diet. The functional diet resulted in a bit less reduction in the respective traits compared to the nutraceutical diet. Hematological analysis revealed that administration of green tea did not adversely affect the red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet count of the rats. The current research work enables us to conclude that green tea is effective against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yousaf
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Navarro VJ, Bonkovsky HL, Hwang SI, Vega M, Barnhart H, Serrano J. Catechins in dietary supplements and hepatotoxicity. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2682-90. [PMID: 23625293 PMCID: PMC3769469 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many herbal dietary supplements (HDS) contain green tea extract (GTE) and its component catechins, although their presence may not always be indicated on the product label. PURPOSE Because GTE and catechins have been implicated in human hepatotoxicity in several case reports, our objective was to determine whether catechins were present in HDS that were implicated in hepatotoxicity, even if not identified among the labeled ingredients, and whether these compounds could be associated with liver injury. METHODS We assayed 97 HDS implicated in human hepatotoxicity for catechins. RESULTS We found that 29 of 73 HDS (39.7%) that did not identify GTE or any of its component catechins on their label contained catechins. Among patients with confirmed hepatotoxicity, there was no statistically significant association between the presence of catechin or the dose consumed and liver injury causality score, severity, or pattern of liver injury. Catechin levels tended to be highest in products used for weight loss, although catechin concentrations were low in most products. CONCLUSIONS Many HDS commonly contain catechins that are implicated in hepatotoxicity, although their presence may not be indicated on the product label. Although our results did not establish an association between GTE or catechins with hepatotoxicity, they highlight some of the many complexities and uncertainties that surround the attribution of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to HDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Navarro
- Division of Hepatology, Einstein Medical Center, 5401 Old York Road, Suite 505, Philadelphia, PA 19141, , 215-456-5967 (phone), 215-456-7224 (fax)
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- Medicine and Research, Carolinas Medical Center, LBP Center MMP1, suite 600, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28236,
| | - Sun-Il Hwang
- Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28203,
| | - Maricruz Vega
- Division of Hepatology, Einstein Medical Center, 5401 Old York Road, Suite 505, Philadelphia, PA 19141,
| | - Huiman Barnhart
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC,
| | - Jose Serrano
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2 Democracy Plaza, Room 657, MSC 5450, Bethesda, MD,20892-5450.
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Fujiwara K, Nakashima S, Sami M, Kanda T. Ninety-day dietary toxicity study of apple polyphenol extracts in Crl: CD (SD) rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Litterio MC, Jaggers G, Sagdicoglu Celep G, Adamo AM, Costa MA, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Galleano M. Blood pressure-lowering effect of dietary (-)-epicatechin administration in L-NAME-treated rats is associated with restored nitric oxide levels. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1894-902. [PMID: 22985936 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and intervention studies have shown that the intake of certain chocolates or cocoa products decreases blood pressure (BP) in humans. (-)-Epicatechin is the most abundant flavanol present in cocoa seeds and its derived foods. This work investigates the effects of dietary (-)-epicatechin on BP in rats that received N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 4 days. (-)-Epicatechin administration prevented the 42mm Hg increase in BP associated with the inhibition of NO production in a dose-dependent manner (0.2-4.0g/kg diet). This BP effect was associated with a reduction in L-NAME-mediated increase in the indexes of oxidative stress (plasma TBARS and GSSG/GSH(2) ratio) and with a restoration of the NO concentration. At the vascular level, none of the treatments modified NOS expression, but (-)-epicatechin administration avoided the L-NAME-mediated decrease in eNOS activity and increase in both superoxide anion production and NOX subunit p47(phox) expression. In summary, (-)-epicatechin was able to prevent the increase in BP and in oxidative stress and restored NO bioavailability. The fact that (-)-epicatechin is present in several plants usually consumed by humans gives the possibility of developing diets rich in those plants or pharmacological strategies using that flavonoid to diminish BP in hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Litterio
- Physical Chemistry-IBIMOL, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Catechin induced modulation in the activities of thyroid hormone synthesizing enzymes leading to hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 374:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Teixeira LG, Lages PC, Jascolka TL, Aguilar EC, Soares FLP, Pereira SS, Beltrão NRM, Matoso RDO, Nascimento AMD, Castilho ROD, Leite JIA. White tea (Camellia sinensis) extract reduces oxidative stress and triacylglycerols in obese mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.
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Ponte MF, Targino TSES, Mota MADL, Landim JSP, Ribeiro TR, Soares FP, Pereira MRP, Silva SLD, Silva SFRD. Growth inhibition of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 with alcoholic extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:634-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the antitumor activity of alcoholic extracts of green tea (Camella sinensis). METHODS: Four groups of six Wistar rats were inoculated intramuscularly with 10(6) Walker tumor cells/mL. During 10 days, the animals received by gavage either 0.9% saline solution (Group I; negative control), solution containing 20 mg/Kg of tamoxifen (Group II; positive control), solution containing 0.07 g/Kg alcoholic extract of C. sinensis (Group III), or solution containing 0.14 g/Kg alcoholic extract of C. sinensis (Group IV). Following euthanasia on the tenth day, the tumor, liver, kidneys and spleen were excised and weighed, and tumor volume and tumor growth inhibition were quantified. RESULTS: The average weight of the animals was greater in Group IV than in Group II (p=0.0107). Tumor weight was smaller in Group IV than in Group I (p=0.0062), but did not differ from Group II. Tumor volume was smaller in Groups II and IV than in Group I (p=0.0131). Tumor growth inhibition was observed in Groups II (44.67% ± 32.47), III (16.83% ± 53.02) and IV (66.4% ± 25.82) (p>0.05). The groups did not differ with regard to the weight of the excised organs. CONCLUSION: Alcoholic extracts of green tea have antitumor activity.
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Oliveira RMMD. Quantification of catechins and caffeine from green tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions, extract, and ready-to-drink beverages. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the levels of catechins and caffeine in various forms of presentation of green tea: infusion tea bags, extract, and ready-to-drink beverage and, based on their content, identify the most suitable for consumption. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analytical method was used for the quantification of catechins and caffeine. The tea bags had the highest concentration of total catechins with 5 to 9.5% followed by the extract with 3.64 to 4.88%, and ready-to-drink green tea beverage showed low levels of catechins, from 0.14 to 0.26%. As for caffeine content, green tea extract had higher concentration (1.96 to 3.54%) compared to the tea bags (1.39 to 1.57%). Tea bags were found the most suitable for consumption because it contains higher amounts of catechins and smaller amounts of caffeine.
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Yoshida M, Takahashi M, Inoue K, Nakae D, Nishikawa A. Lack of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of dietary administrated catechin mixture in Wistar Hannover GALAS rats. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:297-311. [PMID: 21628958 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of catechin mixture were examined in Wistar Hannover GALAS rats. Administration was in the diet at concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.3, 1 or 3%. Slight increases in relative liver weight and centrilobular hypertrophy of hepatocytes associated with induction of CYP3A2 were found at the 3% in males of both studies. However, because there were no signs indicative of hepatotoxicity on serum biochemical and histopathological examinations, the changes observed in the liver were regarded as adaptation, and not adverse effects. The slight depressions of body weights at the 3% in females of the chronic toxicity study and in both sexes of the carcinogenicity study were observed. These decreases were because the diet at the highest concentration was frangible and nominal food consumption may not have reflected the actual food consumption resulting in decrease in caloric intake, rather than toxic effects. Thus it was concluded that catechin mixture had no toxicity. In addition, tumor incidences and types were comparable between treated and control groups. Based on the results, the no observed adverse effect levels estimated from the chronic toxicity study were 3% in both sexes equal to 1922.9 in males and 2525.7 mg/kg/day in females. Catechin mixture has no carcinogenic potential in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yoshida
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Wang C, Zhang T, Liu J, Lu S, Zhang C, Wang E, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu J. Subchronic toxicity study of corn silk with rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:36-43. [PMID: 21397679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY Corn silk is a traditional herbal medicine in China, which has been used in many parts of the world for the treatment of edema as well as for cystitis, gout, kidney stones, nephritis, prostatitis and similar ailments. However, there is little scientific evidence about its safety. As a part of its safety assessment, a subchronic toxicity was performed in this paper. METHODS The subchronic toxicity was investigated in male and female Wistar rats by dietary administration at concentrations of 0.5%, 2.0% and 8.0% (w/w) for 90 days. Overall health, body weight, food consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were compared between test and control groups. RESULTS A number of significant differences were seen between groups, but none of them was considered to be adverse. Based on the present study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of corn silk is at least 8.0% which corresponds to a mean daily corn silk intake of approximately 9.354 and 10.308 g/day/kg body weight for males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study suggest that consumption of corn silk has no adverse effects and support the safety of corn silk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuina Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333#, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Chung MY, Park HJ, Manautou JE, Koo SI, Bruno RS. Green tea extract protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in ob/ob mice by decreasing oxidative and nitrative stress responses induced by proinflammatory enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:361-7. [PMID: 21543212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrative stress responses resulting from inflammation exacerbate liver injury associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by inducing lipid peroxidation and protein nitration. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the anti-inflammatory properties of green tea extract (GTE) would protect against NASH by suppressing oxidative and nitrative damage mediated by proinflammatory enzymes. Obese mice (ob/ob) and their 5-week-old C57BL6 lean littermates were fed 0%, 0.5% or 1% GTE for 6 weeks (n=12-13 mice/group). In obese mice, hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory infiltrates and serum alanine aminotransferase activity were markedly increased, whereas these markers of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and injury were significantly reduced among obese mice fed GTE. GTE also normalized hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal and 3-nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr) concentrations to those observed in lean controls. These oxidative and nitrative damage markers were correlated with alanine aminotransferase (P<.05; r=0.410-0.471). Improvements in oxidative and nitrative damage by GTE were also associated with lower hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity. Likewise, GTE reduced protein expression levels of hepatic myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase and decreased the concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites. Correlative relationships between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal (r=0.364) as well as nitric oxide metabolites and N-Tyr (r=0.598) suggest that GTE mitigates lipid peroxidation and protein nitration by suppressing the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Further study is warranted to determine whether GTE can be recommended as an effective dietary strategy to reduce the risk of obesity-triggered NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Takami S, Imai T, Cho YM, Ogawa K, Hirose M, Nishikawa A. Juvenile rats do not exhibit elevated sensitivity to acrylamide toxicity after oral administration for 12 weeks. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:959-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Takami
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 158-8501; Japan
| | | | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 158-8501; Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 158-8501; Japan
| | - Masao Hirose
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 158-8501; Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku; Tokyo; 158-8501; Japan
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Chan PC, Ramot Y, Malarkey DE, Blackshear P, Kissling GE, Travlos G, Nyska A. Fourteen-week toxicity study of green tea extract in rats and mice. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:1070-84. [PMID: 20884815 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310382437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of green tea extract (GTE) was evaluated in 14-week gavage studies in male and female F344/NTac rats and B6C3F1 mice at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg. In the rats, no treatment-related mortality was noted. In the mice, treatment-related mortality occurred in male and female mice in the 1,000 mg/kg dose groups. The cause of early deaths was likely related to liver necrosis. Treatment-related histopathological changes were seen in both species in the liver, nose, mesenteric lymph nodes, and thymus. In addition, in mice, changes were seen in the Peyer's patches, spleen, and mandibular lymph nodes. The no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the liver in both species was 500 mg/kg. In the nose of rats, the NOAEL in males was 62.5 mg/kg, and in females no NOAEL was found. No NOAEL was found in the nose of female or male mice. The changes in the liver and nose were considered primary toxic effects of GTE, while the changes in other organs were considered to be secondary effects. The nose and liver are organs with high metabolic enzyme activity. The increased susceptibility of the nose and liver suggests a role for GTE metabolites in toxicity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po C Chan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Chandra AK, De N. Goitrogenic/antithyroidal potential of green tea extract in relation to catechin in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2304-11. [PMID: 20561943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechins are flavonoids found in abundance in green tea, have elicited high interest due to their beneficial effects on health. Though flavonoids have been reported to have an antithyroid effect and also to be goitrogenic there have been no reports about the effect of green tea on rat thyroid. The present study was designed to examine whether high doses of green tea has any harmful effect on thyroid physiology. For this purpose green tea extract was administered orally to male albino rats for 30 days at doses of 1.25 g%, 2.5 g% and 5.0 g%, respectively. Similarly, pure catechin was administered at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight which is equivalent to above doses of green tea extract. Lower body weight gain associated with marked hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the follicles was noted in the high dose of green tea and catechin treated groups. Decreased activity of thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase I and substantially elevated thyroidal Na,K+ATPase activity have been observed. Moreover, serum T3 and T4 levels were found to reduce followed by significant elevation of serum TSH. Taken together, these results suggest that catechin present in green tea extract might behave as antithyroid agent and possibly the consumption of green tea at high dose could alter thyroid function adversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar K Chandra
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Morita O, Knapp JF, Tamaki Y, Stump DG, Moore JS, Nemec MD. Effects of green tea catechin on embryo/fetal development in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Morita O, Kirkpatrick JB, Tamaki Y, Chengelis CP, Beck MJ, Bruner RH. Safety assessment of heat-sterilized green tea catechin preparation: a 6-month repeat-dose study in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1760-70. [PMID: 19406200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the purported health benefits associated with green tea consumption are related to tea catechins. In the present study, potential adverse effects of a standardized heat-sterilized green tea catechin (GTC-H) preparation was investigated following gavage administration to rats at doses of 0, 120, 400, 1200 mg/kg/day for 6 months. A decaffeinated high-dose group (1200 mg/kg/day) (GTC-HDC), was included for comparison. A possibly test article-related clinical finding of intermittent increased activity was noted in the 400 and 1200 mg/kg/day GTC-H groups, but was not considered to be adverse. Lower body weight gains without any decrease in food consumption were noted in the high-dose (1200 mg/kg/day)-treated GTC-H and GTC-HDC females. In the high-dose male GTC-H group, a lower total motor activity count for the 60-min session was noted prior to dosing at the study week 25 evaluations compared to the control group. Similar changes were not observed in the GTC-HDC group. Based on the results of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for GTC-H was 1200 mg/kg/day for males, the highest dose tested, and 400mg/kg/day for females based on reduced body weight gains. The NOAEL for GTC-HDC was 1200 mg/kg/day for males and could not be determined in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Morita
- Global R&D Safety Science, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi-ken 321-3497, Japan.
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Hepatotoxicity from green tea: a review of the literature and two unpublished cases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65:331-41. [PMID: 19198822 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-008-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current literature on suspected green tea-related hepatic reactions and to describe two new cases reported within the framework of the Italian surveillance system of natural health products. RESULTS A literature search of publication between 1999 and October 2008 retrieved 34 cases of hepatitis. Histological examination of the liver revealed inflammatory reactions, cholestasis, occasional steatosis, and necrosis. A positive dechallenge was reported in 29 cases. There was one reported death. A positive rechallenge occurred in seven cases (20%). In the two new cases, the causality assessment was judged as "possible" according to the RUCAM score. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of the published case reports suggests a causal association between green tea and liver damage. The hepatotoxicity is probably due to (-)-epigallocatechin gallate or its metabolites which, under particular conditions related to the patient's metabolism, can induce oxidative stress in the liver. In a few cases, toxicity related to concomitant medications could also be involved.
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Fujii H, Nishioka H, Wakame K, Magnuson BA, Roberts A. Acute, subchronic and genotoxicity studies conducted with Oligonol, an oligomerized polyphenol formulated from lychee and green tea extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3553-62. [PMID: 18848969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oligonol is a phenolic product derived from lychee fruit extract and green tea extract, containing catechin-type monomers and oligomers of proanthocyanidins, produced by a manufacturing process which converts polyphenol polymers into oligomers. The safety of Oligonol was assessed in acute and subchronic studies and genotoxicity assays. In a single dose acute study of Oligonol, male and female rats were administered 2000mg/kg body weight (bw) Oligonol in water by gavage. Oligonol caused no adverse effects and body weight gain and food consumption were within normal range, thus the LD(50) of Oligonol was determined to be greater than 2000mg/kg. A 90 day subchronic study (100, 300 and 1000mg/kgbw/day, oral gavage) in male and female rats reported no significant adverse effects in food consumption, body weight, mortality, clinical chemistry, haematology, gross pathology and histopathology. Similarly, no adverse effects were observed in mice fed diets providing 2, 20 or 200mg/kgbw Oligonol or 200mg/kgbw lychee polyphenol for 90 days. Oligonol did not show any potential to induce gene mutations in reverse mutation tests using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains. Oligonol did not induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells, but it showed increased polyploidy. In a micronucleus assay in mice, Oligonol did not induce any micronuclei or suppress bone marrow, indicating it does not cause chromosome aberrations. The results from these safety studies and previous reports support the safety of Oligonol for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Fujii
- Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd., Kiyota-ku, Sapporo 004-0839, Japan.
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