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cDNA cloning, prokaryotic expression, and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) in Camellia vietnamensis Huang. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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2
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Sánchez-Quesada C, Gutiérrez-Santiago F, Rodríguez-García C, Gaforio JJ. Synergistic Effect of Squalene and Hydroxytyrosol on Highly Invasive MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020255. [PMID: 35057436 PMCID: PMC8780125 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies relate Mediterranean diet and virgin olive oil (VOO) intake with lower risk of several chronic diseases, including breast cancer. Many of them described antitumor properties of isolated minor compounds present in VOO, but beneficial properties of VOO arise from the effects of all its compounds acting together. The aim of the present study was to test the antitumor effects of two minor compounds from VOO (hydroxytyrosol (HT) and squalene (SQ)) on highly metastatic human breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) when acting in combination. Both isolated compounds were previously analyzed without showing any antitumoral effect on highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, but the present results show that HT at 100 µM, combined with different concentrations of SQ, could exert antitumor effects. When they are combined, HT and SQ are able to inhibit cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis and DNA damage in metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the health-promoting properties of VOO may be due, at least in part, to the combined action of these two minor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Quesada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gutiérrez-Santiago
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-García
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - José J. Gaforio
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-212-002
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3
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Martínez-Beamonte R, Sánchez-Marco J, Felices MJ, Barranquero C, Gascón S, Arnal C, Burillo JC, Lasheras R, Busto R, Lasunción MA, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Osada J. Dietary squalene modifies plasma lipoproteins and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in rabbits. Food Funct 2021; 12:8141-8153. [PMID: 34291245 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of squalene, the main unsaponifiable component of virgin olive oil, on lipid metabolism, two groups of male New Zealand rabbits were fed a 1% sunflower oil-enriched regular diet or the same diet containing 0.5% squalene for 4 weeks. Plasma triglycerides, total- and HDL-cholesterol and their lipoproteins were assayed. Analyses of hepatic lipid droplets, triglycerides, total- and non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, protein and gene expression, and cholesterol precursors were carried out. In the jejunum, the squalene content and mRNA and protein APOB expressions were measured. Finally, we studied the effect of cholesterol precursors in AML12 cells. Squalene administration significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, mainly carried as non-esterified cholesterol in IDL and large LDL, and corresponded to an increased number of APOB100-containing particles without accumulation of triglycerides and decreased reactive oxygen species. Despite no significant changes in the APOB content in the jejunum, the latter displayed increased APOB mRNA and squalene levels. Increases in the amounts of non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, lathosterol, cholestanol, zymostenol, desmosterol and caspase 1 were also observed in the liver. Incubation of AML12 cells in the presence of lanosterol increased caspase 1. In conclusion, squalene administration in rabbits increases the number of modified APOB-containing lipoproteins, and hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis is linked to caspase 1 probably through lanosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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4
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Sánchez-Quesada C, Toledo E, González-Mata G, Ramos-Ballesta MI, Peis JI, Martínez-González MÁ, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Fitó M, Romaguera D, Vioque J, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Martínez JA, Serra-Majem L, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Pintó X, Tur JA, Garcia-Rios A, Cano-Ibáñez N, Matía-Martín P, Daimiel L, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Vidal J, Vázquez C, Ros E, Hernández-Alonso P, Barragan R, Muñoz-Martínez J, López M, González-Palacios S, Vaquero-Luna J, Crespo-Oliva E, Zulet MA, Díaz-González V, Casas R, Fernandez-Garcia JC, Santos-Lozano JM, Galera A, Ripoll-Vera T, Buil-Cosiales P, Canudas S, Martinez-Lacruz R, Pérez-Vega KA, Rios Á, Lloret-Macián R, Moreno-Rodriguez A, Ruiz-Canela M, Babio N, Zomeño Fajardo MD, Gaforio JJ. Relationship between olive oil consumption and ankle-brachial pressure index in a population at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2020; 314:48-57. [PMID: 33160246 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Mehmood A, Usman M, Patil P, Zhao L, Wang C. A review on management of cardiovascular diseases by olive polyphenols. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4639-4655. [PMID: 32994927 PMCID: PMC7500788 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases have increasingly grown the cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Among them, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the major contributor to deaths. CVDs are common in the urban community population due to the substandard living conditions, which have a significant impact on the healthcare system, and over 23 million human beings are anticipated to suffer from the CVDs before 2030. At the moment, CVD physicians are immediately advancing both primary and secondary prevention modalities in high-risk populations. The cornerstone of CVD prevention is a healthy lifestyle that is more cost-effective than the treatments after disease onset. In fact, in the present scenario, comprehensive research conducted on food plant components is potentially efficacious in reducing some highly prevalent CVD risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Polyphenols of olive oil (OO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and extra virgin olive oil contribute an essential role for the management of CVDs. Olive oil induces cardioprotective effects due to the presence of a plethora of polyphenolic compounds, for example, oleuropein (OL), tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. The present study examines the bioavailability and absorption of major olive bioactive compounds, for instance, oleacein, oleocanthal, OL, and tyrosol. This review also elucidates the snobbish connection of olive polyphenols (OP) and the potential mechanism involved in combating various CVD results taken up from the in vitro and in vivo studies, such as animal and human model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesSchool of Food and Chemical TechnologyBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesSchool of Food and Chemical TechnologyBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Prasanna Patil
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesSchool of Food and Chemical TechnologyBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesSchool of Food and Chemical TechnologyBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesSchool of Food and Chemical TechnologyBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
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6
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Fusco R, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Biochemical Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Hydroxytyrosol on Pancreatitis-Associated Gut Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090781. [PMID: 32842687 PMCID: PMC7555523 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a severe abdominal pathology often associated with several complications including gut dysfunction. Oxidative stress is one of the most important pathways involved in this pathology. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a phenolic compound obtained from olive oil, has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We evaluated the effects of HT administration on pancreatic and intestinal injury induced by caerulein administration. CD1 female mice were administered caerulein (50 μg/kg) for 10 h. HT treatment (5 mg/kg) was performed 30 min after the first caerulein injection and for two consecutive hours afterwards. One hour after the last caerulein injection, mice were sacrificed and serum, colon and pancreatic tissue samples were collected. HT was able to reduce the serum hallmarks of pancreatitis (amylase and lipase), histological damage score in both pancreas and colon tissue, inflammatory cells recruitment (mast cells) in both injured tissues, intrapancreatic trypsin activity and overexpression of the adhesion molecules (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin) in colon. Additionally, HT reduced cytokine (interleukin 1 beta (IL- 1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) levels in serum, pancreas and colon tissue and chemokine release (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1/CCL2)) in pancreas and colon tissue. HT decreased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity) by enhancing the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in both injured tissues. Moreover, HT preserved intestinal barrier integrity, as shown by the diamine oxidase (DAO) serum levels and tight junction (zonula occludens (ZO) and occludin) expression in pancreas and colon. Our findings demonstrated that HT would be an important therapeutic tool against pancreatitis-induced injuries in the pancreas and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (D.I.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (D.I. & S.C.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.F.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (T.G.); (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (R.D.P.)
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7
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A Diet Rich in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Aggravates the Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on Alveolar Bone Loss in a Rabbit Model of Periodontal Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051405. [PMID: 32422858 PMCID: PMC7284766 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence connects periodontitis with a variety of systemic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The proposal of this study was to evaluate the role of diets rich in saturated fat and cholesterol in some aspects of periodontal diseases in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of periodontal disease in rabbits and to assess the influence of a periodontal intervention on hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Male rabbits were maintained on a commercial standard diet or a diet rich in saturated fat (3% lard w/w) and cholesterol (1.3% w/w) (HFD) for 40 days. Half of the rabbits on each diet were treated 2 days per week with intragingival injections of LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Morphometric analyses revealed that LPS induced higher alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the first premolar in animals receiving standard diets, which was exacerbated by the HFD diet. A higher score of acinar inflammation in the liver and higher blood levels of triglycerides and phospholipids were found in HFD-fed rabbits receiving LPS. These results suggest that certain dietary habits can exacerbate some aspects of periodontitis and that bad periodontal health can contribute to dyslipidemia and promote NAFLD progression, but only under certain conditions.
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8
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Abstract
Olive-pomace oil is rich in oleic acid, and thus it can be an interesting dietary fat alternative as it can allow reaching the recommendation of consuming 20% of total diet energy in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, olive-pomace oil also contains a wide range of minor components that may contribute to its healthy properties. The major components identified with healthy properties are triterpenic dialcohols and acids, squalene, tocopherols, sterols, fatty alcohols and phenolic compounds. The refining process, that the crude pomace-oil must undergo for commercial purposes, significantly reduces the content of phenolic compounds, while the other minor components remain at concentrations which can induce positive health effects, especially on cardiovascular health, outstanding pentacyclic triterpenes and aliphatic fatty alcohols in olive-pomace oil. Numerous in vitro and preclinical studies support that mainly the pure compounds, or extracts isolated from plant sources, play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Likewise, tocopherols, squalene and phytosterols, in addition to the minor fraction of phenolic compounds, have shown high biological activity with particular association to the cardiovascular function. In the light of the foregoing, and taking into consideration the absence of clinical studies with olive-pomace oil, it would be of great interest to develop randomized, crossover, controlled, double-blind studies to extend the knowledge and understanding on the health effects of olive-pomace olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mateos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarria
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bravo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Gaforio JJ, Visioli F, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C, Castañer O, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Fitó M, Hernández AF, Huertas JR, Martínez-González MA, Menendez JA, Osada JDL, Papadaki A, Parrón T, Pereira JE, Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Quesada C, Schwingshackl L, Toledo E, Tsatsakis AM. Virgin Olive Oil and Health: Summary of the III International Conference on Virgin Olive Oil and Health Consensus Report, JAEN (Spain) 2018. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2039. [PMID: 31480506 PMCID: PMC6770785 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is considered as the foremost dietary regimen and its adoption is associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases and an extended longevity. The preeminent features of the Mediterranean diet have been agreed upon and the consumption of olive oil stands out as the most peculiar one. Indeed, the use of olive oil as the nearly exclusive dietary fat is what mostly characterizes the Mediterranean area. Plenty of epidemiological studies have correlated that the consumption of olive oil was associated with better overall health. Indeed, extra virgin olive oil contains (poly)phenolic compounds that are being actively investigated for their purported biological and pharma-nutritional properties. On 18 and 19 May 2018, several experts convened in Jaen (Spain) to discuss the most recent research on the benefits of olive oil and its components. We reported a summary of that meeting (reviewing several topics related to olive oil, not limited to health) and concluded that substantial evidence is accruing to support the widespread opinion that extra virgin olive oil should, indeed, be the fat of choice when it comes to human health and sustainable agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Gaforio
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javier A Menendez
- ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús de la Osada
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Medicina, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jorge E Pereira
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María A Rosillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Quesada
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Sogawa K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki J, Sanda A, Kodera Y, Fukuyama M. Inhibitory Activity of Hydroxytyrosol against Streptolysin O-Induced Hemolysis. Biocontrol Sci 2018; 23:77-80. [PMID: 29910212 DOI: 10.4265/bio.23.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus is a bacterium that resides in the throat and skin and causes respiratory infection and occasionally glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. Streptolysin O (SLO) produced by Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) binds to the cell membrane, particularly to that of white and red blood cells, and is toxic to the cells and tissue. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of water-soluble polyphenols in olives (Olea europaea) against SLO-induced hemolysis. Hydroxytyrosol inhibited SLO-induced hemolytic activity, and the amount required for 50% inhibition of hemolysis was 1.30 µg. These findings suggest that the water-soluble polyphenols contained in olives have inhibitory activity against SLO-induced hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Kobayashi
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Jun Suzuki
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | - Akihiro Sanda
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
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11
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Role of Lipids in the Onset, Progression and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081202. [PMID: 27463711 PMCID: PMC5000600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of different oral problems (root caries, tooth mobility, and tooth loss) can be increased by the presence of periodontal disease, which has also been associated with a growing list of systemic diseases. The presence of some bacteria is the primary etiology of this disease; a susceptible host is also necessary for disease initiation. In this respect, the progression of periodontal disease and healing of the periodontal tissues can be modulated by nutritional status. To clarify the role of lipids in the establishment, progression, and/or treatment of this pathology, a systematic review was conducted of English-written literature in PubMed until May 2016, which included research on the relationship of these dietary components with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. According to publication type, randomized-controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies were included. Among all the analyzed components, those that have any effect on oxidative stress and/or inflammation seem to be the most interesting according to current evidence. On one hand, there is quite a lot of information in favor of a positive role of n-3 fatty acids, due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. On the other hand, saturated fat-rich diets increase oxidative stress as well the as intensity and duration of inflammatory processes, so they must be avoided.
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Umeno A, Horie M, Murotomi K, Nakajima Y, Yoshida Y. Antioxidative and Antidiabetic Effects of Natural Polyphenols and Isoflavones. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060708. [PMID: 27248987 PMCID: PMC6274112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many polyphenols that contain more than two phenolic hydroxyl groups are natural antioxidants and can provide health benefits to humans. These polyphenols include, for example, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, catechin, chlorogenic acids, hesperidin, nobiletin, and isoflavones. These have been studied widely because of their strong radical-scavenging and antioxidative effects. These effects may contribute to the prevention of diseases, such as diabetes. Insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and homeostasis are important factors in the onset of diabetes, a disease that is associated with dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to this dysfunction and the effects of antioxidants on the pathogenesis of diabetes have, therefore, been investigated. Here, we summarize the antioxidative effects of polyphenols from the perspective of their radical-scavenging activities as well as their effects on signal transduction pathways. We also describe the preventative effects of polyphenols on diabetes by referring to recent studies including those reported by us. Appropriate analytical approaches for evaluating antioxidants in studies on the prevention of diabetes are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Umeno
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
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Non-Nutrient, Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity for the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:447-81. [PMID: 26783837 PMCID: PMC4665427 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main factors able to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory conditions that occur in periodontal disease is oxidative stress. Given the emerging understanding of this relationship, host-modulatory therapies using antioxidants could be interesting to prevent or slow the breakdown of soft and hard periodontal tissues. In this context, non-nutrient phenolic compounds of various foods and plants have received considerable attention in the last decade. Here, studies focusing on the relationship between different compounds of this type with periodontal disease have been collected. Among them, thymoquinone, coenzyme Q (CoQ), mangiferin, resveratrol, verbascoside and some flavonoids have shown to prevent or ameliorate periodontal tissues damage in animal models. However evidence regarding this effect in humans is poor and only limited to topical treatments with CoQ and catechins. Along with animal experiments, in vitro studies indicate that possible mechanisms by which these compounds might exert their protective effects include antioxidative properties, oxygen and nitrogen scavenging abilities, and also inhibitory effects on cell signaling cascades related to inflammatory processes which have an effect on RNS or ROS production as well as on antioxidant defense systems.
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Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Cordero M, Giampieri F, Bullón P. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Fat Type in Relation to Periodontal Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:322-44. [PMID: 26783708 PMCID: PMC4665476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the main factors studied to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory conditions, such as periodontitis. In this respect, nutrition may be of great importance. Actually, research on nutrients' effects on periodontal diseases has expanded to include those influencing the redox status, which correlates to the inflammatory process. Dietary fat or lipids are often blamed as the major source of excess energy. Consequently, when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, the resultant substrate-induced increase in citric acid cycle activity generates an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, dietary fatty acid intake influences in relative fatty acid composition of biological membranes determining its susceptibility to oxidative alterations. From this standpoint, here, we reviewed studies analyzing the dietary fat role in periodontal disease. Research data suggest that periodontal health could be achieved by main dietary strategies which include substitution of saturated fats with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA. Maybe in the future, we should analyze the diet and provide some advice to periodontitis patients to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - Mario Cordero
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 60100, Italy.
| | - Pedro Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
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15
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Application of coenzyme Q10 for accelerating soft tissue wound healing after tooth extraction in rats. Nutrients 2014; 6:5756-69. [PMID: 25514392 PMCID: PMC4276996 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerating wound healing after tooth extraction is beneficial in dental treatment. Application of antioxidants, such as reduced coenzyme Q10 (rCoQ10), may promote wound healing after tooth extraction. In this study, we examined the effects of topical application of rCoQ10 on wound healing after tooth extraction in rats. After maxillary first molars were extracted, male Fischer 344 rats (8 weeks old) (n = 27) received topical application of ointment containing 5% rCoQ10 (experimental group) or control ointment (control group) to the sockets for 3 or 8 days (n = 6–7/group). At 3 days after extraction, the experimental group showed higher collagen density and lower numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the upper part of socket, as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Gene expression of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB were also lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05). At 8 days after tooth extraction, there were no significant differences in collagen density, number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bone fill between the groups. Our results suggest that topical application of rCoQ10 promotes wound healing in the soft tissue of the alveolar socket, but that rCoQ10 has a limited effect on bone remodeling in rats.
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Bullon P, Newman HN, Battino M. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis: a shared pathology via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction? Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:139-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Lou-Bonafonte JM, Arnal C, Navarro MA, Osada J. Efficacy of bioactive compounds from extra virgin olive oil to modulate atherosclerosis development. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1043-57. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Granados-Principal S, Quiles JL, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Ochoa-Herrera J, Perez-Lopez P, Pulido-Moran M, Ramirez-Tortosa MC. Squalene ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions through the reduction of CD36 scavenger receptor expression in macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:733-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Granados-Principal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Jose L. Quiles
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - Julio Ochoa-Herrera
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Patricia Perez-Lopez
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Mario Pulido-Moran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - MCarmen Ramirez-Tortosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada; Granada Spain
- “José Mataix” Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology. Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Abad S, Turon X. Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol as a carbon source to obtain added-value metabolites: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yoo S, Murata RM, Duarte S. Antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 2011; 45:327-35. [PMID: 21720161 PMCID: PMC3130978 DOI: 10.1159/000329181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the human oral cavity, but only a small fraction of those are attributed to causing plaque-related diseases such as caries. Streptococcus mutans is accepted as the main cariogenic agent and there is substantial knowledge regarding the specific virulence factors that render the organism a pathogen. There has been rising interest in alternative, target-specific treatment options as opposed to nonspecific mechanical plaque removal or application of broad-spectrum antibacterials that are currently in use. The impact of diet on oral health is undeniable, and this is directly observable in populations that consume high quantities of polyphenol-rich foods or beverages. Such populations have low caries incidence and better overall oral health. Camellia sinensis, the plant from which various forms of tea are derived, and Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry fruit) have received notable attention both for their prevalence in the human diet as well as for their unique composition of polyphenols. The biologically active constituents of these plants have demonstrated potent enzyme-inhibitory properties without being bactericidal, a key quality that is important in developing therapies that will not cause microorganisms to develop resistance. The aim of this review is to consider studies that have investigated the feasibility of tea, cranberry, and other select plant derivatives as a potential basis for alternative therapeutic agents against Streptococcus mutans and to evaluate their current and future clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
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Zrelli H, Matsuoka M, Kitazaki S, Araki M, Kusunoki M, Zarrouk M, Miyazaki H. Hydroxytyrosol induces proliferation and cytoprotection against oxidative injury in vascular endothelial cells: role of Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4473-4482. [PMID: 21438539 DOI: 10.1021/jf104151d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a phenolic compound in olive oil and leaves, has been reported to prevent various human pathologies including cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effects of HT on proliferation and protection against oxidative stress-induced damage in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and the molecular mechanism(s) involved. Treatment of VECs with HT increased cell proliferation, promoted wound repair, and protected cells against H(2)O(2) cytotoxicity through the activation of Akt and ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK. HT increased the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 expression was attenuated by LY294002 and U0126, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and MEK1/2, respectively. Nrf2 siRNA decreased both proliferative and cytoprotective effects of HT and abrogated HO-1 induction. Moreover, HO-1 inhibition with HO-1 siRNA or zinc protoporphyrin IX significantly prevented HT-induced cell proliferation, cytoprotection, and reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that HO-1 is involved in these HT functions. The findings demonstrate that HT positively regulates the antioxidant defense system in VECs through the activation of Nrf2 followed by cell proliferation and resistance to vascular injury. The present study provides a molecular basis for the contribution of HT in the Mediterranean diet to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Zrelli
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Chung HY, Lee EK, Choi YJ, Kim JM, Kim DH, Zou Y, Kim CH, Lee J, Kim HS, Kim ND, Jung JH, Yu BP. Molecular inflammation as an underlying mechanism of the aging process and age-related diseases. J Dent Res 2011; 90:830-40. [PMID: 21447699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510387794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by time-dependent functional declines that are influenced by changes in redox status and by oxidative stress-induced inflammatory reactions. An organism's pro-inflammatory status may underlie the aging process and age-related diseases. In this review, we explore the molecular basis of low-grade, unresolved, subclinical inflammation as a major risk factor for exacerbating the aging process and age-related diseases. We focus on the redox-sensitive transcription factors, NF-κB and FOXO, which play essential roles in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and anti-oxidant enzymes, respectively. Major players in molecular inflammation are discussed with respect to the age-related up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, cyclo-oxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The molecular inflammation hypothesis proposed by our laboratory is briefly described to give further molecular insights into the intricate interplay among redox balance, pro-inflammatory gene activation, and chronic age-related inflammatory diseases. The final section discusses calorie restriction as an aging-retarding intervention that also exhibits extraordinarily effective anti-inflammatory activity by modulating GSH redox, NF-κB, SIRT1, PPARs, and FOXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
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Lama-Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G, Rubio-Senent F, Gómez-Carretero A, Fernández-Bolaños J. New hydrothermal treatment of alperujo enhances the content of bioactive minor components in crude pomace olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1115-1123. [PMID: 21265536 DOI: 10.1021/jf103555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The application of a new process based on the hydrothermal treatment of olive oil waste (alperujo) led to a final solid rich in pomace olive oil (POO) enriched in minor components with functional activities. The effects of the time (15-90 min) and the temperature (150, 160, and 170 °C) of the thermal processing of alperujo on the yield, quality, and enrichment of minor components of crude POO were evaluated. The final treated solid had an increase in oil yield up to 97%, with a reduction in solids up to 35.6-47.6% by solubilization. Sterols increased up to 33%, aliphatic alcohols increased up to 92%, triterpenic alcohols increased up to 31%, squalene increased up to 43%, tocopherols increased up to 57%, and oleanolic acid increased up to 16% by the new treatment. The increase maintains a high concentration of functional substances probably even in the refining POO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lama-Muñoz
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Padre García Tejero 4, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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