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Vojvodić S, Srdjenović Čonić B, Torović L. Benzoates and in situ formed benzene in food supplements and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:321-331. [PMID: 37581338 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2241145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Upward trend in the use of food supplements urged the assessment of their safety. Eighty-eight liquid herbal supplements collected in Novi Sad (Serbia) in 2018 (36 samples) and 2021 (52 samples) were analysed for the presence of benzoates and sorbates (HPLC-UV) and benzene (HS-GC/MS). Benzoic acid varied from 599 to 9253 mg/kg and sorbic acid between 185 and 1658 mg/kg. The acceptable daily intake of sorbic acid was not reached, but in case of benzoic acid, it was exceeded by 5.3% of the samples. The presence of benzene was confirmed in 41.2% of benzoate preserved supplements (0.9-51.7 µg/kg). Benzene exposure revealed no health concern: maximum hazard quotients ranged from 0.39% (toddlers) to 0.84% (adolescents); minimum margins of exposure were between 35,680 (adolescents) and 77,419 (toddlers); estimates of lifetime cancer risk did not reach one extra cancer case per 100 000 persons. However, measures to mitigate benzene presence in food should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Vojvodić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Srdjenović Čonić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljilja Torović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Bhat TA, Kalathil SG, Goniewicz ML, Hutson A, Thanavala Y. Not all vaping is the same: differential pulmonary effects of vaping cannabidiol versus nicotine. Thorax 2023; 78:922-932. [PMID: 36823163 PMCID: PMC10447384 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-218743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vaping has become a popular method of inhaling various psychoactive substances. While evaluating respiratory effects of vaping have primarily focused on nicotine-containing products, cannabidiol (CBD)-vaping is increasingly becoming popular. It currently remains unknown whether the health effects of vaping nicotine and cannabinoids are similar. OBJECTIVES This study compares side by side the pulmonary effects of acute inhalation of vaporised CBD versus nicotine. METHODS In vivo inhalation study in mice and in vitro cytotoxicity experiments with human cells were performed to assess the pulmonary damage-inducing effects of CBD or nicotine aerosols emitted from vaping devices. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pulmonary inflammation in mice was scored by histology, flow cytometry, and quantifying levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Lung damage was assessed by histology, measurement of myeloperoxidase activity and neutrophil elastase levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue. Lung epithelial/endothelial integrity was assessed by quantifying BAL protein levels, albumin leak and pulmonary FITC-dextran leak. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring the antioxidant potential in the BAL and lungs. The cytotoxic effects of CBD and nicotine aerosols on human neutrophils and human small airway epithelial cells were evaluated using in vitro air-liquid interface system. Inhalation of CBD aerosol resulted in greater inflammatory changes, more severe lung damage and higher oxidative stress compared with nicotine. CBD aerosol also showed higher toxicity to human cells compared with nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Vaping of CBD induces a potent inflammatory response and leads to more pathological changes associated with lung injury than vaping of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh G Kalathil
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Alan Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Okaru AO, Lachenmeier DW. Margin of Exposure Analyses and Overall Toxic Effects of Alcohol with Special Consideration of Carcinogenicity. Nutrients 2021; 13:3785. [PMID: 34836041 PMCID: PMC8619253 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative assessments of the health risk of the constituents of alcoholic beverages including ethanol are reported in the literature, generally with hepatotoxic effects considered as the endpoint. Risk assessment studies on minor compounds such as mycotoxins, metals, and other contaminants are also available on carcinogenicity as the endpoint. This review seeks to highlight population cancer risks due to alcohol consumption using the margin of exposure methodology. The individual and cumulative health risk contribution of each component in alcoholic beverages is highlighted. Overall, the results obtained consistently show that the ethanol contributes the bulk of harmful effects of alcoholic beverages, while all other compounds only contribute in a minor fashion (less than 1% compared to ethanol). Our data provide compelling evidence that policy should be focused on reducing total alcohol intake (recorded and unrecorded), while measures on other compounds should be only secondary to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O. Okaru
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya;
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Straße 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Adapa S, Gayam V, Konala VM, Annangi S, Raju MP, Bezwada V, McMillan C, Dalal H, Mandal A, Naramala S. Cannabis Vaping-Induced Acute Pulmonary Toxicity: Case Series and Review of Literature. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 8:2324709620947267. [PMID: 32755249 PMCID: PMC7543135 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620947267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabis for recreational as well as medicinal use is on the rise
recently with more states legalizing it. We conducted a review analysis of the
literature published on acute respiratory failure from vaping cannabis oil. We
have also summarized the clinical details (age, length of stay, mode of
ventilation, common clinical findings, and steroid use) along with common
laboratory abnormalities. This article aims to educate health care providers on
the clinical manifestations and management strategies for vaping-induced acute
respiratory failure. We also discussed the different available formulations of
cannabis oil and key ingredients responsible for the vaping-associated lung
injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Gayam
- Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Frank S, Schieberle P. Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Benzol aus Benzaldehyd. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.202000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Frank
- Leibniz‐Institut für Lebensmittel‐Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München Lise‐Meitner‐Straße 34 D‐85354 Freising
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie Lichtenbergstraße 4 D‐85748 Garching
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Kim EM, Kim DA, Kwon SW, Jin Y, Lee H, Kang S, Lee J. Headspace conditions and ingredients can affect artefactual benzene formation in beverages. Food Chem 2019; 293:278-284. [PMID: 31151612 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A headspace sampling-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) method using mild HS conditions (40 °C, 30 min) was established, validated in terms of specificity, linearity (1.75-87.65 ng mL-1), precision (0.3-9.1% RSD), and accuracy (81.1-117.7%); and applied for the monitoring of 900 commercial beverage samples of six different types. These mild (low-temperature) conditions were compared with 1) optimized (high-temperature) conditions and 2) a liquid-phase microextraction method involving no heat treatment. This method was desirable because a high equilibrium temperature induced artefactual benzene formation from benzoate and ascorbic acid. In a 2IV8-3 fractional factorial design, eight variables-ascorbic acid, benzoate, benzaldehyde, Cu2+, Fe2+, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and heat treatment-were tested as potential factors affecting benzene formation. All variables except Fe2+ and pyridoxine significantly affected benzene formation, both individually and interactively. The present study suggests an accurate and reliable method for benzene analysis and provides strategies to prevent unintentional benzene formation in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Ah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Risk assessment of benzene in food samples of Iran's market. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:278-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pflaum T, Hausler T, Baumung C, Ackermann S, Kuballa T, Rehm J, Lachenmeier DW. Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2349-67. [PMID: 27353523 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Pflaum
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Hausler
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Baumung
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Svenja Ackermann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Benzaldehyde in cherry flavour as a precursor of benzene formation in beverages. Food Chem 2016; 206:74-7. [PMID: 27041300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During sampling and analysis of alcohol-free beverages for food control purposes, a comparably high contamination of benzene (up to 4.6μg/L) has been detected in cherry-flavoured products, even when they were not preserved using benzoic acid (which is a known precursor of benzene formation). There has been some speculation in the literature that formation may occur from benzaldehyde, which is contained in natural and artificial cherry flavours. In this study, model experiments were able to confirm that benzaldehyde does indeed degrade to benzene under heating conditions, and especially in the presence of ascorbic acid. Analysis of a large collective of authentic beverages from the market (n=170) further confirmed that benzene content is significantly correlated to the presence of benzaldehyde (r=0.61, p<0.0001). In the case of cherry flavoured beverages, industrial best practices should include monitoring for benzene. Formulations containing either benzoic acid or benzaldehyde in combination with ascorbic acid should be avoided.
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Kharat MM, Adiani V, Variyar P, Sharma A, Singhal RS. Antioxidant Compounds in Traditional Indian Pickles May Prevent the Process-Induced Formation of Benzene. J Food Prot 2016; 79:123-31. [PMID: 26735038 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pickles in the Indian market contain ascorbic acid from the raw material used and benzoate as an added preservative that are involved in the formation of benzene in soft drinks. In this work, 24 market pickle samples were surveyed for benzene content, as well as its precursors and other constituents that influence its formation. The analysis showed that pickle samples were high in acid content (low pH) and showed significant amount of ascorbic acid, minerals (Cu and Fe), and benzoic acid present in them. Also, most samples exhibited high antioxidant activity that might be attributed to the ingredients used, such as fruits and spices. The solid-phase microextraction headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed in-house for benzene analysis. Eleven of 24 samples had benzene, with the highest concentration of 4.36 ± 0.82 μg of benzene per kg of pickle for a lime pickle that was also reported to have highest benzoic acid and considerably less hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) scavenging activity. However, benzene levels for all 11 samples were considerably below the World Health Organization regulatory limit of 10 μg/kg for benzene in mineral water. Studies on model systems revealed that the high antioxidant activity of Indian pickles may have had a strong inhibitory effect on benzene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Kharat
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Vanshika Adiani
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Prasad Variyar
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Vinci RM, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B, Deconink E, Matsiko E, Lachat C, de Schaetzen T, Canfyn M, Van Overmeire I, Kolsteren P, Van Loco J. Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in foods from the Belgian market and dietary exposure assessment. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Salviano dos Santos VP, Medeiros Salgado A, Guedes Torres A, Signori Pereira K. Benzene as a Chemical Hazard in Processed Foods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2015; 2015:545640. [PMID: 26904662 PMCID: PMC4745501 DOI: 10.1155/2015/545640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on benzene in foods, including toxicological aspects, occurrence, formation mechanisms, and mitigation measures and analyzes data reporting benzene levels in foods. Benzene is recognized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as carcinogenic to humans, and its presence in foods has been attributed to various potential sources: packaging, storage environment, contaminated drinking water, cooking processes, irradiation processes, and degradation of food preservatives such as benzoates. Since there are no specific limits for benzene levels in beverages and food in general studies have adopted references for drinking water in a range from 1-10 ppb. The presence of benzene has been reported in various food/beverage substances with soft drinks often reported in the literature. Although the analyses reported low levels of benzene in most of the samples studied, some exceeded permissible limits. The available data on dietary exposure to benzene is minimal from the viewpoint of public health. Often benzene levels were low as to be considered negligible and not a consumer health risk, but there is still a need of more studies for a better understanding of their effects on human health through the ingestion of contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Paula Salviano dos Santos
- Laboratório de Sensores Biológicos, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, CT, Bloco E, Sala E-122, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andréa Medeiros Salgado
- Laboratório de Sensores Biológicos, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, CT, Bloco E, Sala E-122, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Guedes Torres
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, Sala 528A, Ilha Fundão, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Signori Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, CT, Bloco E, Sala E-104, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zepka LQ, Garruti DS, Sampaio KL, Mercadante AZ, Da Silva MAA. Aroma compounds derived from the thermal degradation of carotenoids in a cashew apple juice model. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Arisseto AP, Vicente E, Furlani RPZ, Pereira ALD, de Figueiredo Toledo MC. Development of a Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) Method for the Determination of Benzene in Soft Drinks. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lachenmeier DW, Maser E, Kuballa T, Reusch H, Kersting M, Alexy U. Detailed exposure assessment of dietary furan for infants consuming commercially jarred complementary food based on data from the DONALD study. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2012; 8:390-403. [PMID: 21176106 PMCID: PMC6860478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Furan is a possible human carcinogen regularly occurring in commercially jarred complementary foods. This paper will provide a detailed exposure assessment for babies consuming these foods considering different intake scenarios. The occurrence data on furan in complementary foods were based on our own headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) analytical results (n = 286). The average furan content in meals and menus was between 20 and 30 µg kg(-1), which is in excellent agreement with results from other European countries. Using measured food consumption data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study, the average exposures for consumers of commercially jarred foods ranged between 182 and 688 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), with a worst case scenario for P95 consumers ranging between 351 and 1066 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1). The exposure data were then used to characterize risk using the margin of exposure method based on a benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% response (BMDL10) of 1.28 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for hepatocellular tumours in rats. The margin of exposures (MOEs) were below the threshold of 10 000, which is often used to define public health risks, in all scenarios, ranging between 7022 and 1861 for average consumers and between 3642 and 1200 for the P95 consumers. Mitigative measures to avoid furan in complementary foods should be of high priority for risk management.
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Medeiros Vinci R, De Meulenaer B, Andjelkovic M, Canfyn M, Van Overmeire I, Van Loco J. Factors influencing benzene formation from the decarboxylation of benzoate in liquid model systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12975-12981. [PMID: 22053776 DOI: 10.1021/jf203233s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzene may occur in foods due to the oxidative decarboxylation of benzoate in the presence of hydroxyl radicals. This study investigated factors influencing benzene formation in liquid model systems. The type of buffer, other sources of hydroxyl radical formation in food (photo oxidation of riboflavin and lipid oxidation), transition metal ion concentrations, and the inhibitory effect of antioxidants were tested in benzoate containing model systems. Regarding the hydroxyl radical sources tested, the highest benzene formation was observed in light exposed model systems containing ascorbic acid, Cu(2+), and riboflavin in Na-citrate buffer (1250 ± 131 μg kg(-1)). In practice, it seems that the combination ascorbic acid/transition metal ion remains the biggest contributor to benzene formation in food. However, the concentration of Cu(2+) influences significantly benzene formation in such a system with highest benzene yields observed for Cu(2+) 50 μM (1400 μg kg(-1)). The presence of antioxidants with metal chelation or reduction properties could prevent completely benzene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Medeiros Vinci
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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