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Li Z, Li Y, Liu C, Gu Y, Han G. Research progress of the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155604. [PMID: 38614042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone deficiency-related diseases caused by various factors have disrupted the normal function of the skeleton and imposed a heavy burden globally, urgently requiring potential new treatments. The multi-faceted role of compounds like ginsenosides and their interaction with the bone microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory, vascular remodeling, and antibacterial properties, holding potential value in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. PURPOSE This review summarizes the interaction between ginsenosides and osteoblasts and the bone microenvironment in bone formation, including vascular remodeling and immune regulation, as well as their therapeutic potential and toxicity in the broad treatment applications of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering, to provide novel insights and treatment strategies. METHODS The literature focusing on the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation before March 2024 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Keywords such as "phytochemicals", "ginsenosides", "biomaterials", "bone", "diseases", "bone formation", "microenvironment", "bone tissue engineering", "rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontitis", "osteoarthritis", "osteoporosis", "fracture", "toxicology", "pharmacology", and combinations of these keywords were used. RESULTS Ginsenoside monomers regulate signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, FGF, and BMP/TGF-β, stimulating osteoblast generation and differentiation. It exerts angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the bone surrounding microenvironment through signaling such as WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. It shows therapeutic effects and biological safety in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis, and fractures, and bone tissue engineering by promoting osteogenesis and improving the microenvironment of bone formation. CONCLUSION The functions of ginsenosides are diverse and promising in treating bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. Moreover, potential exists in regulating the bone microenvironment, modifying biomaterials, and treating inflammatory-related bone diseases and dental material applications. However, the mechanisms and effects of some ginsenoside monomers are still unclear, and the lack of clinical research limits their clinical application. Further exploration and evaluation of the potential of ginsenosides in these areas are expected to provide more effective methods for treating bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Tang MM, Zhao ST, Li RQ, Hou W. Therapeutic mechanisms of ginseng in coronary heart disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1271029. [PMID: 37854713 PMCID: PMC10579605 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by myocardial ischemia, which is caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CHD is a significant global health problem with increasing prevalence every year because of significant changes in the lifestyles and diets. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been used in food preparations and traditional medicine for several centuries. Several studies have demonstrated that ginseng improved cardiac function by normalizing blood glucose levels and decreasing blood pressure, oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, and lipid dysregulation in vivo. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which ginseng alleviates CHD, and provides a reference for the clinical development and application of ginseng as an alternative therapy for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Hou
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Wang X, Ma Y, Xu Q, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Flisyuk EV, Liu M, Li H, Vargas-Murga L, Duez P. Flavonoids and saponins: What have we got or missed? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154580. [PMID: 36610132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids and saponins are important bioactive compounds that have attracted wide research interests. This review aims to summarise the state of the art of the pharmacology, toxicology and clinical efficacy of these compounds. METHODS Data were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Proquest, CNKI, Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, NPASS and HIT 2.0 databases. Meta-analysis and systematic reviews were evaluated following the PRISMA guideline. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS23.0. RESULTS Rising research trends on flavonoids and saponins were observed since the 1990s and the 2000s, respectively. Studies on pharmacological targets and activities of flavonoids and saponins represent an important area of research advances over the past decade, and these important resources have been documented in open-access specialised databases and can be retrieved with ease. The rising research on flavonoids and saponins can be attributed, at least in part, to their links with some highly investigated fields of research, e.g., oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; i.e., 6.88% and 3.03% of publications on oxidative stress cited by PubMed in 1990 - 2021 involved flavonoids and saponins, respectively, significantly higher than the percentage involving alkaloids (1.88%). The effects of flavonoids concern chronic venous insufficiency, cervical lesions, diabetes, rhinitis, dermatopathy, prostatitis, menopausal symptoms, angina pectoris, male pattern hair loss, lymphocytic leukaemia, gastrointestinal diseases and traumatic cerebral infarction, etc, while those of saponins may have impact on venous oedema in chronic deep vein incompetence, erectile dysfunction, acute impact injuries and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. The volume of in vitro research appears way higher than in vivo and clinical studies, with only 10 meta-analyses and systematic reviews (involving 290 interventional and observational studies), and 36 clinical studies on flavonoids and saponins. Data are sorely needed on pharmacokinetics, in vitro pan-assay interferences, purity of tested compounds, interactions in complex herbal extracts, real impact of anti-oxidative strategies, and mid- and long-term toxicities. To fill these important gaps, further investigations are warranted. On the other hand, drug interactions may cause adverse effects but might also be useful for synergism, with the goals of enhancing effects or of detoxifying. Furthermore, the interactions between phytochemicals and the intestinal microbiota are worth investigating as the field may present a promising potential for novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research; Biomedical Research Institute; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, China..
| | - Yan Ma
- Molecular Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Qihe Xu
- Renal Sciences and Integrative Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Olga N Pozharitskaya
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimirskaya, 17, Murmansk, 183010, Russia
| | - Elena V Flisyuk
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research; Biomedical Research Institute; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Liliana Vargas-Murga
- BIOTHANI, Can Lleganya, 17451 Sant Feliu de Buixalleu, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Chemical and Agricultural Engineering and Agrifood Technology, University of Girona (UdG), 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium..
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Characterization of hyperglycemia due to sub-chronic administration of red ginseng extract via comparative global proteomic analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12374. [PMID: 34117292 PMCID: PMC8196207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is commonly used as an herbal remedy worldwide. Few studies have explored the possible physiological changes in the liver although patients often self-medicate with ginseng preparations, which may lead to exceeding the recommended dose for long-term administration. Here, we analyzed changes in the hepatic proteins of mouse livers using quantitative proteomics after sub-chronic administration of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract (control group and 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg KRG) using tandem mass tag (TMT) 6-plex technology. The 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg KRG groups exhibited signs of liver injury, including increased levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum. Furthermore, serum glucose levels were significantly higher following KRG administration compared with the control group. Based on the upregulated proteins found in the proteomic analysis, we found that increased cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) levels promoted greater hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis in the liver. This investigation provides novel evidence that sub-chronic administration of KRG can elevate H2S production by increasing protein expression of CBS and CSE in the liver.
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Luong Huynh D, Nguyen NH, Nguyen CT. Pharmacological properties of ginsenosides in inflammation-derived cancers. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3329-3340. [PMID: 33900512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used as an herbal medicine for improvement of life quality. It is also used as a supplemental medication with anti-cancer drugs to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and shows some beneficial effects. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins, are the major active pharmacological compounds found in ginseng and have been extensively using in treatment of not only cancers but also the other inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. The anti-cancer activities of ginsengs and ginsenosides in different types of cancers have been well studied experimentally and clinically. The major anti-cancer mechanisms of ginseng compounds include inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis as well as induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Herein, we review and summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of ginsengs and ginseng-derived compounds in the treatment of cancers. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which ginsengs and ginsenosides modulate the immune response in cancer diseases as well as ginsengs-drugs interaction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Ginsenoside compound K- a potential drug for rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105498. [PMID: 33609698 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, if prescription of effective delayed, the articular disturbances may lead to disability. Ginsenoside compound K (GCK) is the main degradation product of oral ginsenosides in the human intestine. Numerous researches in vitro and in vivo have recorded the anti-arthritic effect of GCK, we discuss the mechanisms from the following three aspects, including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, and bone-protective, respectively, in this review, and the anti-arthritic mechanism of GCK may be related to the effect on TNF-α-TNFR2, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and β-arrestin1/2. We also describe the anti-anemia effect of GCK to open the possibility that GCK can be used as an effective disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).
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Liu D, Jiao S, Wei J, Zhang X, Pei Y, Pei Z, Li J, Du Y. Investigation of absorption, metabolism and toxicity of ginsenosides compound K based on human organ chips. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li C, Wang Z, Wang T, Wang G, Li G, Sun C, Lin J, Sun L, Sun X, Cho S, Wang H, Gao Y, Tian J. Repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study of ginsenoside compound K in Beagle dogs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112323. [PMID: 31639487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a product produced by the intestinal bacteria-mediated breakdown of ginsenoside, exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities against diverse targets. However, few of preclinical safety evaluation of CK is reported. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study therefore sought to assess the toxicity of oral CK in Beagle dogs over a 26-week period. MATERIAL AND METHODS All dogs received 4, 12, or 36 mg/kg oral CK doses for 26 weeks with regular monitoring, followed by a 4-week recovery period. Animals were monitored through measurements of temperature, weight, food intake, blood chemistry and hematological findings, electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements, urinalysis, gross necropsy and organ weight and tissue histopathology. RESULTS Animals in the 36 mg/kg group exhibited an apparent reduction in body weight over the study period, in addition to the presence of focal liver necrosis and increased plasma enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, ALT; alkaline phosphatase, ALP) consistent with hepatotoxicity, although there was some evidence suggesting this toxicity was reversible. Animals in the 4 and 12 mg/kg groups did not exhibit any apparent toxicity for any measured parameters. CONCLUSION These results thus indicate that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in dogs is 12 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Guangfei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Liqin Sun
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Xilin Sun
- Yantai Laishan Changen Hospital, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Susan Cho
- NutraSource, Inc., Clarksville, MD, 21029, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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Li W, Zhang X, Ding M, Xin Y, Xuan Y, Zhao Y. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicological study of a novel ginsenoside derivative 25-OCH 3-PPD in beagle dogs. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:562-571. [PMID: 31700258 PMCID: PMC6823799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides have been widely used clinically for many years and were regarded as very safe. However, a few researches on the toxicities of these kinds of agents showed that some ginsenosides may have side-effect on the rats or dogs. So it is extremely necessary to further clarify the potential toxicity of ginsenosides. This study was carried out to investigate long-term toxicity and genotoxicity of 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD), a new derivative of ginsenoside, in beagle dogs. Methods Twenty-four beagle dogs were divided randomly into four treatment groups and repeatedly orally administered with 25-OCH3-PPD capsule at 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg/day for 91 consecutive days. Ames, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration tests were established to analyze the possible genotoxicity of 25-OCH3-PPD. Results There was no 25-OCH3-PPD–induced systemic toxicity in beagle dogs at any doses. The level of 25-OCH3-PPD at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg/day. The result of Ames test showed that there was no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of 25-OCH3-PPD administrated groups compared to the vehicle control group. There were also no significant differences between 25-OCH3-PPD administrated groups at all dose levels and negative group in the micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assay. Conclusion The highest dose level of 25-OCH3-PPD at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg per day, and it is not a genotoxic agent either in somatic cells or germs cells. 25-OCH3-PPD is an extremely safe candidate compound for antitumor treatment.
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Key Words
- 25-OCH3-PPD, 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol
- Beagle dog
- Erythrocyte count, RBC
- Ginsenoside
- SPSS, statistical package for social sciences
- Subchronic toxicity
- alanine aminotransferase, ALT
- albumin, ALB
- alkaline phosphatase, ALP
- aspartate aminotransferase, AST
- basophils, BASO
- chloride, Cl
- creatine phosphokinase, CK
- creatinine, Crea
- eosinophils, EOS
- gamma-glutamyl transferase, γ-GT
- glucose, GLU
- hematocrit, HCT
- hemoglobin concentration distribution width, HDW
- hemoglobin concentration, HGB
- lymphocytes, LYMPH
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH
- mean corpuscular volume, MCV
- mean platelet volume, MPV
- micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, MNPCE
- monocytes, MONO
- neutrophil cell, NEUT
- normochromatic erythrocytes, NCE
- platelets, PLT
- polychromatic erythrocytes, PCE
- potassium, K
- prothrombin time, PT
- red cell distribution width, RDW%
- reticulocyte count, RETIC
- sodium, Na
- total bilirubin, T.BIL
- total calcium, TCa
- total cholesterol, T.CHO
- total protein, T.P
- total triglyceride, TG
- urea nitrogen, BUN
- white blood cells count, WBC
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanfei Xin
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxian Xuan
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Liu Q, Liu L, Liu H, Jiang J, Guo S, Wang C, Jia Y, Tian Y. Compound K attenuated hepatectomy-induced post-operative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via LXRα activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109400. [PMID: 31514067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs after major surgery in elderly patients and affects the quality of patients' lives. The present study aims to explore the protective effects and possible mechanisms of compound K in old mice with POCD caused by partial hepatectomy. METHODS Sixteen month-old mice were administered different doses of compound K from the 8th day to 14th day after partial hepatectomy. Cognitive function was subsequently measured with a Morris water-maze (MWM) test. Serum inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by magnetic bead panel; levels of cytokines in the hippocampus were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The mRNA levels of target genes were measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with the model group, MWM scores were significantly attenuated at days 10 and 14 post-surgery in mice receiving compound K (10, 30 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Both systemic and local cytokine levels were reduced after treatment of compound K. The alterations in serum lipids were independent of the attenuation of POCD syndrome. An inhibitor of liver X receptor-α (LXRα), GGPP, reversed the effects of compound K. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for an alleviation of POCD by compound K via local inflammation inhibition in hippocampus tissue; furthermore, the data suggests the mechanism involves the LXRα pathway. The present study supports further evaluation of compound K as a potential effective modulator for POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shanbin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yi Jia
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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12
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Gao Y, Wang T, Wang G, Li G, Sun C, Jiang Z, Yang J, Li Y, You Y, Wu X, Sun L, Wang H, Li C, Tian J, Zhu J, Wang K, Cho S. Preclinical safety of ginsenoside compound K: Acute, and 26-week oral toxicity studies in mice and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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14
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Compound K producing from the enzymatic conversion of gypenoside by naringinase. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:253-261. [PMID: 31103740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Li C, Wang Z, Li G, Wang Z, Yang J, Li Y, Wang H, Jin H, Qiao J, Wang H, Tian J, Lee AW, Gao Y. Acute and repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:222-228. [PMID: 32148403 PMCID: PMC7031733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C42H72O13), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion The mean oral lethal dose (LD50) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanshen Li
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Haizhu Jin
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Wenjing College of Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Junhua Qiao
- Yantai University Hospital, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Science, Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. School of Life Science, Yantai University, 30, Qingquan RD, Laishan District, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Flanagan SD, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Hardesty VH, Barnhart EC, Beeler MK, Post EM, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ. The Effects of a Korean Ginseng, GINST15, on Hypo-Pituitary-Adrenal and Oxidative Activity Induced by Intense Work Stress. J Med Food 2018; 21:104-112. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William H. DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lydia K. Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent H. Hardesty
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily C. Barnhart
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew K. Beeler
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily M. Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Lu S, Luo Y, Zhou P, Yang K, Sun G, Sun X. Ginsenoside compound K protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, p38, and JNK MAPK pathways. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:95-104. [PMID: 30662298 PMCID: PMC6323235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) causes vascular endothelial cell inflammatory response and apoptosis and plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a metabolite produced by the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1, possesses strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether or not CK protects ox-LDL-damaged endothelial cells and the potential mechanisms have not been elucidated. Methods In our study, cell viability was tested using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected using JC-1. The cell apoptotic percentage was measured by the Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) assay, lactate dehydrogenase, and caspase-3 expression. Apoptosis-related proteins, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways protein expression were quantified by Western blotting. Results Our results demonstrated that CK could ameliorate ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation and apoptosis, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, anisomycin, an activator of p38 and JNK, significantly abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of CK. Conclusion These results demonstrate that CK prevents ox-LDL-induced HUVECs inflammation and apoptosis through inhibiting the NF-κB, p38, and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, CK is a candidate drug for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against glycolipid metabolism disorder disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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18
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Potential accumulation of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in six-months toxicokinetic study of SHENMAI injection in dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Nam YH, Le HT, Rodriguez I, Kim EY, Kim K, Jeong SY, Woo SH, Lee YR, Castañeda R, Hong J, Ji MG, Kim UJ, Hong BN, Kim TW, Kang TH. Enhanced antidiabetic efficacy and safety of compound K⁄β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in zebrafish. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:103-112. [PMID: 28123328 PMCID: PMC5223095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol 20-O-D-glucopyranoside, also called compound K (CK), exerts antidiabetic effects that are mediated by insulin secretion through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in pancreatic β-cells. However, the antidiabetic effects of CK may be limited because of its low bioavailability. Methods In this study, we aimed to enhance the antidiabetic activity and lower the toxicity of CK by including it with β-cyclodextrin (CD) (CD-CK), and to determine whether the CD-CK compound enhanced pancreatic islet recovery, compared to CK alone, in an alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish model. Furthermore, we confirmed the toxicity of CD-CK relative to CK alone by morphological changes, mitochondrial damage, and TdT-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and determined the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic dose for both compounds to verify the relative safety of CK and CD-CK. Results The CD-CK conjugate (EC50 = 2.158μM) enhanced the recovery of pancreatic islets, compared to CK alone (EC50 = 7.221μM), as assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish larvae. In addition, CD-CK (LC50 = 20.68μM) was less toxic than CK alone (LC50 = 14.24μM). The therapeutic index of CK and CD-CK was 1.98 and 9.58, respectively. Conclusion The CD-CK inclusion complex enhanced the recovery of damaged pancreatic islets in diabetic zebrafish. The CD-CK inclusion complex has potential as an effective antidiabetic efficacy with lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Nam
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoa Thi Le
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Woo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Ro Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rodrigo Castañeda
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jineui Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Gun Ji
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ung-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea; Department of Audiology, Nambu University, Gwangju, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Zhou L, Zheng Y, Li Z, Bao L, Dou Y, Tang Y, Zhang J, Zhou J, Liu Y, Jia Y, Li X. Compound K Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) Mice via LXRα Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071054. [PMID: 27399689 PMCID: PMC4964430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis is a fundamental pathological process responded to some serious cardiovascular events. Although the cholesterol-lowering drugs are widely prescribed for atherosclerosis therapy, it is still the leading cause of death in the developed world. Here we measured the effects of compound K in atherosclerosis formation and investigated the probably mechanisms of the anti-antherosclerosis roles of compound K. Methods: We treated the atherosclerotic model animals (apoE−/− mice on western diet) with compound K and measured the size of atherosclerotic lesions, inflammatory cytokine levels and serum lipid profile. Peritoneal macrophages were collected in vitro for the foam cell and inflammasome experiments. Results: Our results show that treatment with compound K dose-dependently attenuates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by 55% through activation of reverse cholesterol transport pathway, reduction of systemic inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of local inflammasome activity. Compound K increases the cholesterol efflux of macrophage-derived foam cells, and reduces the inflammasome activity in cholesterol crystal stimulated macrophages. The activation of LXRα may contribute to the athero-protective effects of compound K. Conclusion: These observations provide evidence for an athero-protective effect of compound K via LXRα activation, and support its further evaluation as a potential effective modulator for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Department of pharmacy, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhuoying Li
- Department of Outpatient, Logistical Engineering University of PLA, Shapingba, Chongqing 401311, China.
| | - Lingxia Bao
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yin Dou
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yuan Tang
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jianzhi Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Ya Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yi Jia
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Yang L, Xin J, Zhang Z, Yan H, Wang J, Sun E, Hou J, Jia X, Lv H. TPGS-modified liposomes for the delivery of ginsenoside compound K against non-small cell lung cancer: formulation design and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1109-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This work aimed at preparing ginsenoside compound K (GCK)-loaded liposomes modified with TPGS (GCKT-liposomes) to enhance solubility and targeting capability of GCK, as well as inhibit the efflux of GCK from tumour cells.
Methods
GCKT-liposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and characterized by particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential and drug encapsulation efficiency. A549 cells were used as antitumour cell model to access the cellular uptake of the GCK and perform its antitumour function. The enhancement of in vivo antitumour efficacy of GCKT-liposomes was evaluated by nude mice bearing tumour model.
Key findings
The results showed that GCKT-liposomes achieved a comparatively high drug loading efficiency and reasonable particle size at the ratio of 7 : 3 (phospholipid: TPGS). The in vitro release demonstrated that the dissolution of GCK was remarkably improved by entrapping it into liposomes. In addition, GCKT-liposomes exhibited a great hypersensitizing effect on A549 cells, and the cellular uptake was enhanced. Compared with free GCK, the IC50 of GCKT-liposomes was significantly reduced (16.3 ± 0.8 vs 24.9 ± 1.0 μg/ml). In vivo antitumour assay also indicated that GCKT-liposomes achieved higher antitumour efficacy (67.5 ± 0.5 vs 40.8 ± 0.7%).
Conclusion
The novel GCKT-liposomes significantly improved the antitumour efficacy of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Xin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - E Sun
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Li W, Zhang X, Xin Y, Xuan Y, Liu J, Li P, Zhao Y. Oral subchronic toxicity evaluation of a novel antitumor agent 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol from Panax notoginseng in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:240-51. [PMID: 27002186 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng and its main active ingredients ginsenosides have long been used as medicines and food additives in China. Comparing with the extensive uses and active researches of P. notoginseng and its products, the side effect and probable toxicity were rare. 25-Methoxydammarane-3,12,20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD), a novel dammarane-type triterpene sapogenin that was first isolated from the extract of P. notoginseng, was proven to have strong antitumor activities against prostate cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of 25-OCH3-PPD after it was repeatedly orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex/group/each time-point) at dose levels of 0, 150, 300 or 600 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks and 4-week recovery. No mortality and treatment-related toxicity effects were observed as a result of the administration of 25-OCH3-PPD at any dose level (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) for 92 consecutive days. Although there were some statistical changes, such as increased weights in female rats and decreased organ weights and coefficients of the liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal gland compared with the control group at the corresponding time, the autopsy and histopathological examination of the target organs did not show any abnormal responses. As a result, 25-OCH3-PPD was well tolerated by SD rat at doses of up to 600 mg/kg and that it is a potential candidate for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanfei Xin
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yaoxian Xuan
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- The College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Pingya Li
- The College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Wang Y, Chen J, Luo X, Zhang Y, Si M, Wu H, Yan C, Wei W. Ginsenoside metabolite compound K exerts joint-protective effect by interfering with synoviocyte function mediated by TNF-α and Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 2. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 771:48-55. [PMID: 26688568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside metabolite compound K (CK), metabolite of the ginsenoside, is considered to exert numerous pharmacological efficacies of ginsenoside, including anti-inflammation and immunoregulatory effects. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multi-systemic autoimmune disease characterized by hyperplastic synovial membrane and systemic inflammation, which ultimately lead to progressive destructive inflammatory arthropathy. To evaluate the potential joint-protective effects of CK and the underlying mechanism, adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats. After the onset of arthritis, The effect of CK on AA rats was evaluated by histopathology of the joint. The proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocyte(FLS) was assayed by the Cell Counting Kit-8.The migration of FLS was assayed by transwell migration assay. Cytokines in the supernatant from FLS were measured by ELISA kit. Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 1(TNFR1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2(TNFR2) were detected by immunostaining analysis and western blot analysis. CK (80mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the histopathological change of joint in AA rats, balanced the RANKL/OPG ratio and attenuated the proliferation and migration of AA-FLS. CK suppressed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and downregulated the expression of TNFR2 on AA-FLS. In vitro CK also significantly suppressed proliferation, migration and secretion of AA-FLS mediated by TNF-α. Further studies showed that the effects of CK on AA-FLS were reversed by using glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist (mifepristone). Our data suggest that CK exerts joint-protective effect by interfering with synoviocyte function mediated by TNF-α and TNFR2, and this effect may be mediated by GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuexia Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming Si
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chang Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, key Laboratory of Antiinflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, China.
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Li F, He X, Niu W, Feng Y, Bian J, Xiao H. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of the ethanol extract from leaves of Aralia elata in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:499-508. [PMID: 26456344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aralia elata Seem. (A. elata) is a well-known medicinal plant which has been used as a tonic, anti-arthritic and anti-diabetic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. This investigation aimed to evaluate the potential toxicological properties of the ethanol extract from leaves of A. elata, namely ethanol leaves extract (ELE), in rats by acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the acute toxicity study, rats were orally administrated with ELE at doses of 1.00, 2.15, 4.64, and 10.00 g/kg to determine the oral medial lethal dose (LD50). Abnormal behavior, toxic symptom, and death were observed for 14 consecutive days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were orally administrated with ELE at doses of 0, 60, 180, and 540 mg/kg for 12 weeks and followed-up a 4-week recovery period. At the end of the treatment and recovery periods, the rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical, and histopathology analyses. RESULTS The acute toxicity study showed that oral administration of ELE induced the incidence of adverse effects. The death rate also increased in a dose-dependent manner. The LD50 value was 3.16 g/kg for female rats, and 5.84 g/kg for male rats, respectively. The sub-chronic toxicity study showed that daily oral administration of ELE induced no significant difference in food consumption. However, the body weight of male rats in high dose group increased slowly compared with the control group during the recovery period. The hematological and biochemical analysis showed that compared with the control group, HGB and MCV levels were significantly increased in ELE treatment groups at the end of the treatment period, while TP and GLB levels were significantly decreased at the end of the recovery period. The absolute and relative weight of thymus, brain and adrenal gland showed a significant difference in low or high dose group at the end of the treatment period, although no histological changes were observed in various organs. CONCLUSION The results of this study provided evidence that oral administration of ELE at dose of 540 mg/kg is safe in rats and may not exert severe toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjin Li
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenying Niu
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuenan Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jingqi Bian
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
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Li Y, Zhou T, Ma C, Song W, Zhang J, Yu Z. Ginsenoside metabolite compound K enhances the efficacy of cisplatin in lung cancer cells. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:400-6. [PMID: 25922718 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of ginsenoside metabolite compound K (CK) in enhancing the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin against lung cancer cells, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Western blotting and p53 reporter assay were used to assess p53 expression and activity. MTT assay and TUNEL staining were employed to investigate the drug effects on cell growth and apoptosis, respectively. Combination index (CI) was calculated to determine synergism. RESULTS We found that CK could significantly enhance cisplatin-induced p53 expression and activity in two lung cancer cell lines, H460 and A549. Consequently, synergistic inhibition of cell growth was observed when the cells were co-treated with CK and cisplatin compared to single treatment. In addition, the ability of cisplatin in apoptosis induction was similarly synergized by CK. Furthermore, by using p53-null lung cancer cells, we demonstrate that the synergy was p53 dependent. CONCLUSIONS Conventional chemotherapies are often accompanied by development of drug resistance and severe side effects. Novel discoveries of low toxicity compounds to improve the outcome or enhance the efficacy of chemotherapies are of great interest. In the present study, our data provide the first evidence that CK could be potentially used as an agent to synergize the efficacy of cisplatin in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Chengyuan Ma
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- 1 Department of Respiration, 2 Department of Endocrinology, 3 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; 4 Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110015, China ; 5 Department of Pleurisy, Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital, Changchun 130031, China
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Lee YJ, Song KY, Lee EY, Kang HS, Song YW. Compound K, a Metabolite of Ginsenosides, Attenuates Collagen-induced Arthritis in Mice. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2015.22.3.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye Yong Song
- Department of Dermatology and Histopathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heun Soo Kang
- Metabolab Inc., Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Review of cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:89-93. [PMID: 26045681 PMCID: PMC4452531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has long been used as a functional food or therapeutic supplement and it is empirically known to be safe and nontoxic. During recent decades, a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments, as well as human studies have been conducted to prove the safety of various types of ginseng samples and their components. Clinical trials, case reports, and in vitro and in vivo research articles addressing the safety, toxicity, and other adverse events of ginseng application were selected and reviewed. Patient risks associated with ginseng abuse and misuse such as affective disorder, allergy, cardiovascular and renal toxicity, genital organ bleeding, gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity, hypertension, reproductive toxicity, and anticoagulant-ginseng interaction were reviewed and summarized. There are some cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse depending on patients' conditions although further investigation in more cases is required to clarify these issues.
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Intravenous and subcutaneous toxicity and absorption kinetics in mice and dogs of the antileishmanial triterpene saponin PX-6518. Molecules 2013; 18:4803-15. [PMID: 23609628 PMCID: PMC6269738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) toxicity and absorption kinetics of the antileishmanial triterpene saponin PX-6518 and its active constituents maesabalide-III and -IV were studied in mice and dogs. A high-dose wash-out study of PX-6518 at 20 mg/kg SC for 5 days and a single low-dose wash-out study at 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg SC and IV with follow-up until day 35 after treatment were performed in mice. Beagle dogs received three escalating doses of maesabalide-III and -IV at weekly intervals (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg IV and maesabalide-III was also dosed SC at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg). Endpoint measurements included clinical, hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Pathology and toxicokinetic studies were performed on the dogs. Whereas the neutrophils and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were increased in the high-dose wash-out mouse study, these parameters did not change in the low-dose wash-out study. The dogs were far more susceptible than mice to liver toxicity (hepatocellular necrosis and elevated liver enzymes) and developed a painful inflammatory reaction at the SC injection site. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed a non dose-linear systemic availability with plasma concentrations above the antileishmanial IC₅₀ after only a single dose at 0.01 mg/kg IV or 0.1 mg/kg SC. Related to the long half-life (T(1/2) 71-91 h after SC dosing), repeated dosing at weekly intervals may result in drug accumulation and enhanced toxicity. It was decided not to pursue further drug development for PX-6518 because of the hepatotoxic risk.
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Lu D, Liu J, Zhao W, Li P. Chronic toxicity of ginsenoside Re on Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:656-663. [PMID: 23063957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng has been widely used for hundreds of years in both China and other countries. It is well accepted that the pharmacological effects of ginseng are attributed to ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Re is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. The present study was carried out to characterize the toxicity of ginsenoside Re after repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats (60 males, 60 females) were administrated ginsenoside Re orally in 0, 38, 113, or 375 mg/kg/day doses for 26 weeks (n=15/group each sex). Clinical signs, mortality, body weights, feed consumption, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights and histopathology were examined at the end of the test period, as well as after the 4-week recovery period. RESULTS Ginsenoside Re did not induce death, adverse effects or dose-dependent changes in feed consumption, or body weight gain. Some statistically significant differences were observed in hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as in body weights of rats treated with ginsenoside Re. However, there was no abnormality of any organs noted in both gross and histopathological examinations. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Re is well tolerated up to a 375 mg/kg/day oral dosage level and non-toxic in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, ChangChun, Jilin 130021, China
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Sujith K, Darwin R, Suba V. Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino wistar rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 'Energy drinks', 'energy shots' and other energy products have exploded in popularity in the past several years; however, their use is not without risk. Caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks, and excessive consumption may acutely cause caffeine intoxication, resulting in tachycardia, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and death. The effects of chronic high-dose caffeine intake in children and adolescents are unknown. Caffeine may raise blood pressure, disrupt adolescent sleep patterns, exacerbate psychiatric disease, cause physiologic dependence, and increase the risk of subsequent addiction. RECENT FINDINGS Coingestion of caffeine and ethanol has been associated with increased risk-taking behaviors, harm to adolescent users, impaired driving, and increased use of other illicit substances. The toxicity of ingredients often present in energy drinks, such as taurine, niacin, and pyridoxine, is less well defined. Recent and significant literature describing adverse events associated with energy drink use are reviewed. SUMMARY Although prior studies have examined the effects of caffeine in adolescents, energy drinks should be considered a novel exposure. The high doses of caffeine, often in combination with ingredients with unknown safety profiles, mandates urgent research on the safety of energy drink use in children and adolescents. Regulation of pediatric energy drink use may be a necessary step once the health effects are further characterized.
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