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Miyoshi K, Kimura Y, Nakahata M, Miyawaki T. Foods and beverages associated with smoking craving in heated tobacco product and cigarette smokers: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-01. [PMID: 38188940 PMCID: PMC10767721 DOI: 10.18332/tid/175623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Certain foods and beverages are associated with smoking craving. However, only few studies have explored the relationship between food or beverage-related and taste-associated smoking craving. In this study, we aimed to identify the types of foods related to smoking craving in Japanese individuals who smoke cigarettes or heated tobacco products (HTPs). METHODS A total of 657 individuals (HTP and cigarette smokers and never smokers) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked what foods/beverages, tastes, seasonings, cooking methods, and cuisine categories, made them want to smoke and what foods they consumed. RESULTS Alcoholic beverages such as beer, coffee, and fat-rich foods were associated with a higher likelihood of smoking craving. Fruits, dairy products such as milk, and sweet and sour tastes, were associated with a lower likelihood of smoking craving. The daily intake of fruit and dairy products was significantly lower in cigarette and HTP smokers than in non-smokers (median fruit intake: non-smokers, 46.4 g/1000 kcal/day; cigarette smokers, 22.2 g/1000 kcal/day; HTP smokers, 31.4 g/1000 kcal/day; p<0.001; median dairy product intake: non-smokers, 76.3 g/day; cigarette smokers, 48.2 g/day; HTP smokers, 57.6 g/day; p<0.001) as assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (BDHQ). CONCLUSIONS Specific foods and beverages such as alcohol, fruits, and dairy products are related to smoking craving, and their intake differs according to smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Miyoshi
- Department of Living Environment, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misaki Nakahata
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyawaki
- Department of Living Environment, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
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Solingapuram Sai KK, Rose JE, Mukhin AG. Effect of Electronic Cigarette Liquid pH on Retention of 11C-Nicotine in a Respiratory Tract Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1406-1410. [PMID: 36905343 PMCID: PMC10256878 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on our preliminary 11C-nicotine positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in humans, we speculated that greater deposition of nicotine in the respiratory tract from electronic cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes could result from the alkaline pH of typical aerosol-producing electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids). To address this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of e-liquid pH on the retention of nicotine in vitro using 11C-nicotine, PET, and a human respiratory tract model of nicotine deposition. AIMS AND METHODS A single 2-second 35-mL puff was delivered to a human respiratory tract cast from a 2.8-Ohm cartomizer at 4.1 volts. Immediately after the puff, a 2-second 700-mL air wash-in volume was administered. E-liquids (glycerol and propylene glycol 50/50 vol/vol) containing 24 mg/mL nicotine were mixed with 11C-nicotine. Deposition (retention) of nicotine was assessed using a GE Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner. Eight e-liquids with different pH values (range 5.3-9.6) were investigated. All experiments were performed at room temperature and at a relative humidity of 70%-80%. RESULTS Retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract cast was pH dependent and the pH-sensitive component of the retention was well described by a sigmoid curve. In total, 50% of the maximal pH-dependent effect was observed at pH 8.0, which is close to the pKa2 of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS The retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract conducting airways is dependent on the e-liquid pH. Lowering the e-liquid pH reduces retention of nicotine. Nonetheless, reduction of the pH below 7 has little effect, consistent with the pKa2 of protonated nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Similar to combustible cigarettes, the retention of nicotine in the human respiratory tract from consumption of electronic cigarettes may have some health consequences and affect nicotine dependence. Here we demonstrated that the retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract is dependent on the e-liquid pH, and lowering pH reduces retention of nicotine in conducting airways of the respiratory tract. Therefore, e-cigarettes with low pH values would result in reduced respiratory tract nicotine exposure and faster delivery of nicotine to the central nervous system (CNS). The latter can be associated with e-cigarette abuse liability and the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as substitutes for combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Yamamoto T, Sekine Y, Sohara K, Nakai S, Yanagisawa Y. Effect of Heating Temperature on Ammonia Emission in the Mainstream Aerosols from Heated Tobacco Products. TOXICS 2022; 10:592. [PMID: 36287872 PMCID: PMC9612163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products are devices that deliver nicotine into the body via inhalation of the mainstream aerosols generated during direct and/or indirect heating of tobacco leaf material. Ammonia in aerosols potentially increases the alkalinity and, therefore, the proportion of free nicotine for easy absorption. Meanwhile, ammonia can be a cause of adverse health effects when involved in the aerosols. This study aimed to grasp the emission behaviour of ammonia in the mainstream aerosols generated from four kinds of devices that employ different heating temperatures from 40 to 350 °C. The aerosols were generated by a vaping machine following the CRM 81 puffing protocol. Ammonia in the forms of gas and particles was trapped in 5 mM oxalic acid and subsequently determined by ion chromatography. The results showed that the total emission amount of ammonia increased with an increase in the heating temperature regardless of the device used. The gas-particle distribution of ammonia also depended on the heating temperature; gaseous ammonia was only found in the device with 40 °C of the heating temperature. These results show that ammonia in the mainstream aerosols was emitted from a common thermal process, probably thermal extraction in water vapour from a tobacco leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshika Sekine
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Koki Sohara
- Graduate School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakai
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Leone FT, Evers-Casey S. Tobacco Use Disorder. Med Clin North Am 2022; 106:99-112. [PMID: 34823737 PMCID: PMC8630801 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use disorder is highly prevalent; more than a billion individuals use tobacco worldwide. Popular views on the addictive potential of tobacco often underestimate the complex neural adaptations that underpin continued use. Although sometimes trivialized as a minor substance, effects of nicotine on behavior lead to profound morbidity over a lifetime of exposure. Innovations in processing have led to potent forms of tobacco and delivery devices. Proactive treatment strategies focus on pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Innovations on the horizon hold promise to help clinicians address this problem in a phenotypically tailored manner. Efforts are needed to prevent tobacco use for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Leone
- Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program, Penn Lung Center, Suite 251 Wright-Saunders Building, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sarah Evers-Casey
- Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program, Penn Lung Center, Suite 251 Wright-Saunders Building, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 3, Smoking behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vallès Y, Inman CK, Peters BA, Ali R, Wareth LA, Abdulle A, Alsafar H, Anouti FA, Dhaheri AA, Galani D, Haji M, Hamiz AA, Hosani AA, Houqani MA, Junaibi AA, Kazim M, Kirchhoff T, Mahmeed WA, Maskari FA, Alnaeemi A, Oumeziane N, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM, Weitzman M, Zaabi EA, Sherman S, Hayes RB, Ahn J. Types of tobacco consumption and the oral microbiome in the United Arab Emirates Healthy Future (UAEHFS) Pilot Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11327. [PMID: 30054546 PMCID: PMC6063860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking alters the oral microbiome; however, the effect of alternative tobacco products remains unclear. Middle Eastern tobacco products like dokha and shisha, are becoming globally widespread. We tested for the first time in a Middle Eastern population the hypothesis that different tobacco products impact the oral microbiome. The oral microbiome of 330 subjects from the United Arab Emirates Healthy Future Study was assessed by amplifying the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from mouthwash samples. Tobacco consumption was assessed using a structured questionnaire and further validated by urine cotinine levels. Oral microbiome overall structure and specific taxon abundances were compared, using PERMANOVA and DESeq analyses respectively. Our results show that overall microbial composition differs between smokers and nonsmokers (p = 0.0001). Use of cigarettes (p = 0.001) and dokha (p = 0.042) were associated with overall microbiome structure, while shisha use was not (p = 0.62). The abundance of multiple genera were significantly altered (enriched/depleted) in cigarette smokers; however, only Actinobacillus, Porphyromonas, Lautropia and Bifidobacterium abundances were significantly changed in dokha users whereas no genera were significantly altered in shisha smokers. For the first time, we show that smoking dokha is associated to oral microbiome dysbiosis, suggesting that it could have similar effects as smoking cigarettes on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vallès
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Claire K Inman
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Brandilyn A Peters
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Raghib Ali
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Laila Abdel Wareth
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Abdishakur Abdulle
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ayesha Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture; UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Divya Galani
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Muna Haji
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aisha Al Hamiz
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ayesha Al Hosani
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mohammed Al Houqani
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | | | - Marina Kazim
- Department of Pathology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Wael Al Mahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Fatma Al Maskari
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | | | | | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Eiman Al Zaabi
- Department of Pathology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Scott Sherman
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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Inaba Y, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia levels in tobacco fillers of and sidestream smoke from different cigarette brands in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:15. [PMID: 29703135 PMCID: PMC5923008 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ammonia contained in tobacco fillers and mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke accelerates nicotine dependence in cigarette smokers. Ammonia has been included in the non-exhaustive priority list of 39 tobacco components and emissions of cigarette published by the World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. The development of a simple ammonia detection method will contribute to the establishment of tobacco product regulation under tobacco control policies and allow surveys to be conducted, even by laboratories with small research budgets. METHODS We developed a simple colorimetric method based on the salicylate-chlorine reaction and absorption spectrometry with two reagents (sodium nitroprusside and sodium dichloroisocyanurate). To compare this method to conventional ion chromatography, we analyzed the ammonia levels in tobacco fillers extracted from 35 Japanese commercially marketed cigarette brands manufactured by four tobacco companies (Japan Tobacco (JT) Inc., British American Tobacco (BAT), Philip Morris Japan, and Natural American Spirit). We also analyzed the ammonia levels in the sidestream smoke from cigarettes of the brands that were found to contain high or low tobacco filler ammonia levels. RESULTS The ammonia levels in the reference cigarette (3R4F) measured by our method and ion chromatography were similar and comparable to previously reported levels. The ammonia levels in tobacco fillers extracted from 35 cigarette brands ranged from 0.25 to 1.58 mg/g. The mean ammonia level of JT cigarette brands was significantly higher (0.83 ± 0.28 mg/g) than that of Natural American Spirit cigarette brands (0.30 ± 0.08 mg/g) and lower than those in the other two cigarette brands (1.11 ± 0.19 mg/g for BAT and 1.24 ± 0.15 mg/g for Philip Morris) (p < 0.001 by Bonferroni test). The ammonia levels in the sidestream smoke of CABIN, Marlboro Black Menthol, American Spirit Light, and Seven Stars were 5.89 ± 0.28, 5.23 ± 0.12, 6.92 ± 0.56, and 4.14 ± 0.19 mg/cigarette, respectively. The ammonia levels were higher in sidestream smoke than in tobacco filler. CONCLUSIONS Our simple colorimetric could be used to analyze ammonia in tobacco fillers and sidestream smoke. There were significant differences between the ammonia levels of the 35 commercially marketed cigarette brands in Japan manufactured by four tobacco manufacturers. Over 90% of the ammonia in sidestream smoke was in gaseous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
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Brannelly NT, Hamilton-Shield JP, Killard AJ. The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical Diagnostics. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:490-501. [PMID: 26907707 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1153949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is an important component of metabolism and is involved in many physiological processes. During normal physiology, levels of blood ammonia are between 11 and 50 µM. Elevated blood ammonia levels are associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as liver and kidney dysfunction, Reye's syndrome and a variety of inborn errors of metabolism including urea cycle disorders (UCD), organic acidaemias and hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia syndrome in which ammonia may reach levels in excess of 1 mM. It is highly neurotoxic and so effective measurement is critical for assessing and monitoring disease severity and treatment. Ammonia is also a potential biomarker in exercise physiology and studies of drug metabolism. Current ammonia testing is based on blood sampling, which is inconvenient and can be subject to significant analytical errors due to the quality of the sample draw, its handling and preparation for analysis. Blood ammonia is in gaseous equilibrium with the lungs. Recent research has demonstrated the potential use of breath ammonia as a non-invasive means of measuring systemic ammonia. This requires measurement of ammonia in real breath samples with associated temperature, humidity and gas characteristics at concentrations between 50 and several thousand parts per billion. This review explores the diagnostic applications of ammonia measurement and the impact that the move from blood to breath analysis could have on how these processes and diseases are studied and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Brannelly
- a Department of Biological Biomedical and Analytical Science , University of the West of England , Bristol , UK
| | | | - A J Killard
- a Department of Biological Biomedical and Analytical Science , University of the West of England , Bristol , UK
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van de Nobelen S, Kienhuis AS, Talhout R. An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1546-55. [PMID: 26817491 PMCID: PMC4902882 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive. OBJECTIVE This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described. CONCLUSIONS Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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McKinney DL, Gogova M, Davies BD, Ramakrishnan V, Fisher K, Carter WH, Karnes HT, Garnett WR, Iyer SS, Somani AA, Kobal G, Barr WH. Evaluation of the effect of ammonia on nicotine pharmacokinetics using rapid arterial sampling. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:586-95. [PMID: 22140146 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotine bolus theory states that the dependence-producing potential of cigarettes relates to a rapid increase in nicotine at brain receptor sites. It has been suggested that ammonia, a compound typically found in tobacco products, further increases the amount of nicotine absorbed and its absorption rate. The aim of this study was to determine whether different ammonia yields in cigarettes affected the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from the lungs to arterial circulation. METHODS 34 adult smokers received 3 separate puffs from each of 2 test cigarettes with different ammonia yields (ammonia in smoke: 10.1 μg per cigarette vs. 18.9 μg per cigarette), followed by rapid radial arterial blood sampling (maximum one sample per second) with 30 min between puffs. Arterial blood samples were assayed for nicotine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed and the two test cigarettes were assessed for bioequivalence. RESULTS No significant differences were found in area under the curve, C(max), or T((max)) and the 2 test cigarettes were found to be bioequivalent based on 2 one-sided tests at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the zero-order rate constant (k(0)) obtained from the initial slope of the curves and the model-dependent first-order rate constant (k(a)) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence that the different ammonia yields of the test cigarettes had no impact on nicotine pharmacokinetics; thus, the ammonia did not increase the rate or amount of nicotine absorption from a puff of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L McKinney
- Altria Client Services, Inc, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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