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Erfanian N, Nasseri S, Miraki Feriz A, Safarpour H, Namaie MH. Characterization of Wnt signaling pathway under treatment of Lactobacillus acidophilus postbiotic in colorectal cancer using an integrated in silico and in vitro analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22988. [PMID: 38151510 PMCID: PMC10752892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and life-threatening cancer closely associated with the gut microbiota. Probiotics, as a vital microbiota group, interact with the host's colonic epithelia and immune cells by releasing a diverse range of metabolites named postbiotics. The present study examined the effects of postbiotics on CRC's prominent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using in silico and in vitro analysis. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified four DEGs in CRC, including secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), and matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7). Enrichment analysis and ExpiMap, a novel deep learning-based method, determined that these DEGs are involved in the Wnt signaling pathway as a primary cascade in CRC. Also, spatial transcriptome analysis showed specific expression patterns of the SFRP2 gene in fibroblast cell type. The expression of selected DEGs was confirmed on CRC and normal adjacent tissues using Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Moreover, we examined the effects of postbiotics extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on the proliferation, migration, and cell cycle distribution of HT-29 cells using MTT, scratch, and flow cytometry assays. Our results showed that L. acidophilus postbiotics induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and also had anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects on HT-29 cells, while it did not exert anti-proliferative activity on control fibroblasts. Finally, we revealed that treating HT-29 cells with postbiotics can affect the expression of selected DEGs. We suggested that L. acidophilus postbiotics have therapeutic potential in CRC by modulating key genes in the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Erfanian
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Adib Miraki Feriz
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Namaie
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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2
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Qu R, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhou X, Sun L, Jiang C, Zhang Z, Fu W. Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Tumorigenesis or Development of Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205563. [PMID: 37263983 PMCID: PMC10427379 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer of the digestive system with high mortality and morbidity rates. Gut microbiota is found in the intestines, especially the colorectum, and has structured crosstalk interactions with the host that affect several physiological processes. The gut microbiota include CRC-promoting bacterial species, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis, and CRC-protecting bacterial species, such as Clostridium butyricum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, which along with other microorganisms, such as viruses and fungi, play critical roles in the development of CRC. Different bacterial features are identified in patients with early-onset CRC, combined with different patterns between fecal and intratumoral microbiota. The gut microbiota may be beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC; some bacteria may serve as biomarkers while others as regulators of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota play essential roles in the crosstalk with CRC cells. Harmful metabolites include some primary bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, whereas others, including ursodeoxycholic acid and butyrate, are beneficial and impede tumor development and progression. This review focuses on the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and their potential roles in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Qu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Ma
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Lulu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility PromotionPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Center of Basic Medical ResearchInstitute of Medical Innovation and ResearchThird HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Peking University)Ministry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease ResearchSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
- Cancer CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijing100191P. R. China
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Song D, Wang X, Ma Y, Liu NN, Wang H. Beneficial insights into postbiotics against colorectal cancer. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1111872. [PMID: 36969804 PMCID: PMC10036377 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening cancer types with limited therapeutic options worldwide. Gut microbiota has been recognized as the pivotal determinant in maintaining gastrointestinal (GI) tract homeostasis, while dysbiosis of gut microbiota contributes to CRC development. Recently, the beneficial role of postbiotics, a new concept in describing microorganism derived substances, in CRC has been uncovered by various studies. However, a comprehensive characterization of the molecular identity, mechanism of action, or routes of administration of postbiotics, particularly their role in CRC, is still lacking. In this review, we outline the current state of research toward the beneficial effects of gut microbiota derived postbiotics against CRC, which will represent the key elements of future precision-medicine approaches in the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve treatment outcomes in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Madunić K, Luijkx YMCA, Mayboroda OA, Janssen GMC, van Veelen PA, Strijbis K, Wennekes T, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Wuhrer M. O-Glycomic and Proteomic Signatures of Spontaneous and Butyrate-Stimulated Colorectal Cancer Cell Line Differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100501. [PMID: 36669592 PMCID: PMC9999233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract provide health benefits to the human host via bacterial metabolites. Bacterial butyrate has beneficial effects on intestinal homeostasis and is the preferred energy source of intestinal epithelial cells, capable of inducing differentiation. It was previously observed that changes in the expression of specific proteins as well as protein glycosylation occur with differentiation. In this study, specific mucin O-glycans were identified that mark butyrate-induced epithelial differentiation of the intestinal cell line CaCo-2 (Cancer Coli-2), by applying porous graphitized carbon nano-liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, a quantitative proteomic approach was used to decipher changes in the cell proteome. It was found that the fully differentiated butyrate-stimulated cells are characterized by a higher expression of sialylated O-glycan structures, whereas fucosylation is downregulated with differentiation. By performing an integrative approach, we generated hypotheses about the origin of the observed O-glycome changes. These insights pave the way for future endeavors to study the dynamic O-glycosylation patterns in the gut, either produced via cellular biosynthesis or through the action of bacterial glycosidases as well as the functional role of these patterns in homeostasis and dysbiosis at the gut-microbiota interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Madunić
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Y M C A Luijkx
- Department Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - O A Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - G M C Janssen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - P A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - K Strijbis
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Wennekes
- Department Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Li T, Han L, Ma S, Lin W, Ba X, Yan J, Huang Y, Tu S, Qin K. Interaction of gut microbiota with the tumor microenvironment: A new strategy for antitumor treatment and traditional Chinese medicine in colorectal cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1140325. [PMID: 36950522 PMCID: PMC10025541 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. In recent years, the relationship between gut microbiota and CRC has attracted increasing attention from researchers. Studies reported that changes in the composition of gut microbiota, such as increase in the number of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Helicobacter hepaticus, impair the immune surveillance by affecting the intestinal mucosal immunity and increase the risk of tumor initiation and progression. The tumor microenvironment is the soil for tumor survival. Close contacts between gut microbiota and the tumor microenvironment may directly affect the progression of tumors and efficacy of antitumor drugs, thus influencing the prognosis of patients with CRC. Recently, many studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine can safely and effectively improve the efficacy of antitumor drugs, potentially through remodeling of the tumor microenvironment by regulated gut microbiota. This article describes the effect of gut microbiota on the tumor microenvironment and possible mechanisms concerning the initiation and progression of CRC, and summarizes the potential role of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Simin Ma
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiji Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Ba
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Qin,
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Guo Q, Qin H, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Qin T, Chang L, Zhang W. The Emerging Roles of Human Gut Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915047. [PMID: 35784372 PMCID: PMC9240199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of a large number of microorganisms with a complex structure. It participates in the decomposition, digestion, and absorption of nutrients; promotes the development of the immune system; inhibits the colonization of pathogens; and thus modulates human health. In particular, the relationship between gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tumor progression has attracted widespread concern. It was found that the gut microbiota can influence gastrointestinal tumor progression in independent ways. Here, we focused on the distribution of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal tumors and further elaborated on the impact of gut microbiota metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, on colorectal cancer progression. Additionally, the effects of gut microbiota on gastrointestinal tumor therapy are outlined. Finally, we put forward the possible problems in gut microbiota and the gastrointestinal oncology field and the efforts we need to make.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qianqian Guo, ; Wenzhou Zhang,
| | - Hai Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Guiyang City, China
| | - Xueling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zelong Chen
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Wise Medical, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qianqian Guo, ; Wenzhou Zhang,
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7
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Relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: Probiotics as a potential strategy for prevention. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Reikvam H, Hatfield KJ, Wendelbo Ø, Lindås R, Lassalle P, Bruserud Ø. Endocan in Acute Leukemia: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040492. [PMID: 35454082 PMCID: PMC9027427 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by endothelial cells and detected in serum/plasma. Its expression is increased in tumors/tumor vessels in several human malignancies, and high expression (high serum/plasma levels or tumor levels) has an adverse prognostic impact in several malignancies. The p14 endocan degradation product can also be detected in serum/plasma, but previous clinical studies as well as previously unpublished results presented in this review suggest that endocan and p14 endocan fragment levels reflect different biological characteristics, and the endocan levels seem to reflect the disease heterogeneity in acute leukemia better than the p14 fragment levels. Furthermore, decreased systemic endocan levels in previously immunocompetent sepsis patients are associated with later severe respiratory complications, but it is not known whether this is true also for immunocompromised acute leukemia patients. Finally, endocan is associated with increased early nonrelapse mortality in (acute leukemia) patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and this adverse prognostic impact seems to be independent of the adverse impact of excessive fluid overload. Systemic endocan levels may also become important to predict cytokine release syndrome after immunotherapy/haploidentical transplantation, and in the long-term follow-up of acute leukemia survivors with regard to cardiovascular risk. Therapeutic targeting of endocan is now possible, and the possible role of endocan in acute leukemia should be further investigated to clarify whether the therapeutic strategy should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (Ø.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Kimberley Joanne Hatfield
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Øystein Wendelbo
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (Ø.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Roald Lindås
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (Ø.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Philippe Lassalle
- Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
- Center for Infection and Immunity, le Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Univeristy of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Equipe Immunité Pulmonaire, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (Ø.W.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Zang W, Liu J, Geng F, Liu D, Zhang S, Li Y, Pan Y. Butyrate promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cells migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12991. [PMID: 35223210 PMCID: PMC8877342 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common type of primary malignant tumor in the oral cavity, is a lethal disease with high recurrence and mortality rates. Butyrate, a metabolite produced by periodontal pathogens, has been linked to oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB) on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells in vitro and to explore the potential mechanism. METHODS Two OSCC cell lines (HSC-4 and SCC-9) were treated with NaB at different concentrations. The cell proliferation was assayed by CCK-8, ethylene deoxyuridine (EdU), and flow cytometry. Wound healing and transwell assay were performed to detect cell migration and invasion. Changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including E-cadherin, Vimentin, and SNAI1, were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were analyzed by qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography. RESULTS Our results showed that NaB inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, but NaB significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion compared with the control group. Further mechanistic investigation demonstrated that NaB induced EMT by increasing the expression of Vimentin and SNAI1, decreasing the expression of membrane-bound E-cadherin, and correspondingly promoting E-cadherin translocation from the membrane to the cytoplasm. In addition, the overexpression of MMP1/2/9/13 was closely related to NaB treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study conclude that butyrate may promote the migration and invasion of OSCC cells by inducing EMT. These findings indicate that butyrate may contribute to OSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Utilizing Genomically Targeted Molecular Data to Improve Patient-Specific Outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042167. [PMID: 35216282 PMCID: PMC8879068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology combined with genomics can be a powerful tool for developing potential intervention strategies for improving outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Monogenic etiologies rarely cause autism. Instead, ASD is more frequently due to many polygenic contributing factors interacting with each other, combined with the epigenetic effects of diet, lifestyle, and environment. One limitation of genomics has been identifying ways of responding to each identified gene variant to translate the information to something clinically useful. This paper will illustrate how understanding the function of a gene and the effects of a reported variant on a molecular level can be used to develop actionable and targeted potential interventions for a gene variant or combinations of variants. For illustrative purposes, this communication highlights a specific genomic variant, SHANK3. The steps involved in developing molecularly genomically targeted actionable interventions will be demonstrated. Cases will be shared to support the efficacy of this strategy and to show how clinicians utilized these targeted interventions to improve ASD-related symptoms significantly. The presented approach demonstrates the utility of genomics as a part of clinical decision-making.
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Siddiqui MT, Cresci GAM. The Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrate. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6025-6041. [PMID: 34819742 PMCID: PMC8608412 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system contains many different types of immune cells, making it a key immune organ system in the human body. In the last decade, our knowledge has substantially expanded regarding our understanding of the gut microbiome and its complex interaction with the gut immune system. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and specifically butyrate, play an important role in mediating the effects of the gut microbiome on local and systemic immunity. Gut microbial alterations and depletion of luminal butyrate have been well documented in the literature for a number of systemic and GI inflammatory disorders. Although a substantial knowledge gap exists requiring the need for further investigations to determine cause and effect, there is heightened interest in developing immunomodulatory therapies by means of reprogramming of gut microbiome or by supplementing its beneficial metabolites, such as butyrate. In the current review, we discuss the role of endogenous butyrate in the inflammatory response and maintaining immune homeostasis within the intestine. We also present the experimental models and human studies which explore therapeutic potential of butyrate supplementation in inflammatory conditions associated with butyrate depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tausif Siddiqui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou J. Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Nutr Res 2021; 95:1-18. [PMID: 34757305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A key event featured in the early stage of chronic gut inflammatory diseases is the disordered recruitment and excess accumulation of immune cells in the gut lamina propria. This process is followed by the over-secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and the prolonged overactive inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has suggested that gut inflammatory diseases may be mitigated by butyric acid (BA) or butyrate sodium (NaB). Laboratory studies show that BA and NaB can enhance gut innate immune function through G-protein-mediated signaling pathways while mitigating the overactive inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylase. The regulatory effects may occur in both epithelial enterocytes and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Prior to further clinical trials, comprehensive literature reviews and rigid examination concerning the underlying mechanism are necessary. To this end, we collected and reviewed 197 published reports regarding the mechanisms, bioactivities, and clinical effects of BA and NaB to modulate gut inflammatory diseases. Our review found insufficient evidence to guarantee the safety of clinical practice of BA and NaB, either by anal enema or oral administration of capsule or tablet. The safety of clinical use of BA and NaB should be further evaluated. Alternatively, dietary patterns rich in "fruits, vegetables and beans" may be an effective and safe approach to prevent gut inflammatory disease, which elevates gut microbiota-dependent production of BA. Our review provides a comprehensive reference to future clinical trials of BA and NaB to treat gut inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
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Abdullah M, Sukartini N, Nursyirwan SA, Pribadi RR, Maulahela H, Utari AP, Muzellina VN, Wiraatmadja A, Renaldi K. Gut Microbiota Profiles in Early- and Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Potential Diagnostic Biomarker in the Future. Digestion 2021; 102:823-832. [PMID: 34433172 DOI: 10.1159/000516689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers believe the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the raised incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). The development of EOCRC may be associated with microbiota dysbiosis either dependently or independently (combined with other risk factors). SUMMARY Recently, the rising of incidence and mortality of EOCRC have been noted. Some researchers are looking for risk factors influencing this fact. They hypothesize that it may be because of microbiota dysbiosis. Microbiota dysbiosis has been known to promote cancer development through immunity dysregulation and chronic inflammation. Microbiomes profile in late-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) among older patients has been documented, but there is still lack of data about microbial profiles among younger colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This review tries to explain microbial profiles differences between EOCRC and LOCRC as a potential diagnostic biomarker in the future, and whether microbiota can have a role in EOCRC genesis. Key Messages: Microbiota does vary with age, and EOCRC may be associated with colonization of some specific bacteria. Further studies about gut microbiota profiles in EOCRC and LOCRC may provide a new insight on diagnostic biomarker of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murdani Abdullah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Human Cancer Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ninik Sukartini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Saskia Aziza Nursyirwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rabbinu Rangga Pribadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hasan Maulahela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Pitarini Utari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Virly Nanda Muzellina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agustinus Wiraatmadja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kaka Renaldi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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14
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Debnath N, Kumar R, Kumar A, Mehta PK, Yadav AK. Gut-microbiota derived bioactive metabolites and their functions in host physiology. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:105-153. [PMID: 34678130 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.1989847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every individual harbours a complex, diverse and mutualistic microbial flora in their intestine and over the time it became an integral part of the body, affecting a plethora of activities of the host. Interaction between host and gut-microbiota affects several aspects of host physiology. Gut-microbiota affects host metabolism by fermenting unabsorbed/undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine. Not only the metabolic functions, any disturbances in the composition of the gut-microbiota during first 2-3 years of life may impact on the brain development and later affects cognition and behaviour. Thus, gut-dysbiosis causes certain serious pathological conditions in the host including metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and mood alterations, etc. Microbial-metabolites in recent times have emerged as key mediators and are responsible for microbiota induced beneficial effects on host. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of microbial-metabolite production, their respective physiological functions and the impact of gut-microbiome in health and diseases. Metabolites from dietary fibres, aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan, primary bile acids and others are the potential substances and link microbiota to host physiology. Many of these metabolites act as signalling molecules to a number of cells types and also help in the secretion of hormones. Moreover, interaction of microbiota derived metabolites with their host, immunity boosting mechanisms, protection against pathogens and modulation of metabolism is also highlighted here. Understanding all these functional attributes of metabolites produced from gut-microbiota may lead to the opening of a new avenue for preventing and developing potent therapies against several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabendu Debnath
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Jant-Pali, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Mehta
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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15
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Metabolic Reprogramming of Colorectal Cancer Cells and the Microenvironment: Implication for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126262. [PMID: 34200820 PMCID: PMC8230539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed carcinomas and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, is closely related to the initiation and progression of carcinomas, including CRC. Accumulating evidence shows that activation of oncogenic pathways and loss of tumor suppressor genes regulate the metabolic reprogramming that is mainly involved in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, one-carbon metabolism and lipid metabolism. The abnormal metabolic program provides tumor cells with abundant energy, nutrients and redox requirements to support their malignant growth and metastasis, which is accompanied by impaired metabolic flexibility in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. The metabolic crosstalk between the tumor cells, the components of the TME and the intestinal microbiota further facilitates CRC cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis and leads to therapy resistance. Hence, to target the dysregulated tumor metabolism, the TME and the gut microbiota, novel preventive and therapeutic applications are required. In this review, the dysregulation of metabolic programs, molecular pathways, the TME and the intestinal microbiota in CRC is addressed. Possible therapeutic strategies, including metabolic inhibition and immune therapy in CRC, as well as modulation of the aberrant intestinal microbiota, are discussed.
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16
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Liu P, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhang Q, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105420. [PMID: 33434620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are metabolites produced during the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber in the intestinal tract. They are believed to be essential factors affecting host health. Most in vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that SCFAs affect the regulation of inflammation, carcinogenesis, intestinal barrier function, and oxidative stress, but convincing evidence in humans is still lacking. Two major SCFA signaling mechanisms have been identified: promotion of histone acetylation and activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. In this review, we introduce the production and metabolic characteristics of SCFAs, summarize the potential effects of SCFAs on the four aspects mentioned above and the possible mechanisms. SCFAs have been reported to exert a wide spectrum of positive effects and have a high potential for therapeutic use in human-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qihe Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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17
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Myosin light chain kinase is a potential target for hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110665. [PMID: 32920510 PMCID: PMC8122670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopharyngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with the worst prognosis among the head and neck cancers. Overall, the 5-year survival rate remains poor although diagnostic imaging, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical techniques have been improved. The mortality of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer is partly due to an increased likelihood of developing a second primary malignancy and metastasis. In this study, we found that MLCK expression, compared to healthy tissue, was up-regulated in hypopharyngeal tumor tissue. Of particular interest, a low 5-year survival rate was positively correlated with MLCK expression. We hypothesized that MLCK might be a target for hypopharyngeal cancer prognosis and treatment. In order to explore the function of MLCK in the development of cancer, we knockdown MLCK in hypopharyngeal cancer FaDu cells. The results showed that MLCK knockdown reduced the migration and invasion of FaDu cells. 4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR) is the derivative of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which was able to reduce both MLCK expression and activity in FaDu cells. ATPR induced FaDu cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and also inhibited cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. Further experiments showed that overexpression of MLCK reduced ATPR induced-migration inhibition while increase of ATPR induced apoptosis, which suggested that MLCK was involved in ATPR's anti-cancer function. In conclusion, MLCK is a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for hypopharyngeal cancer. By targeting MLCK, ATPR exhibits its potential application in the treatment of this type of cancer.
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18
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Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165786. [PMID: 32806665 PMCID: PMC7460823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities and human cells, through a dynamic crosstalk, maintain a mutualistic relationship that contributes to the maintenance of cellular metabolism and of the immune and neuronal systems. This dialogue normally occurs through the production and regulation of hormonal intermediates, metabolites, secondary metabolites, proteins, and toxins. When the balance between host and microbiota is compromised, the dynamics of this relationship change, creating favorable conditions for the development of diseases, including cancers. Microbiome metabolites can be important modulators of the tumor microenvironment contributing to regulate inflammation, proliferation, and cell death, in either a positive or negative way. Recent studies also highlight the involvement of microbiota metabolites in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus favoring the setup of the metastatic niche. An investigation of microbe-derived metabolites in "liquid" human samples, such as plasma, serum, and urine, provide further information to clarify the relationship between host and microbiota.
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19
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Leman JKH, Munoz-Erazo L, Kemp RA. The Intestinal Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:1-22. [PMID: 32030672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) of intestinal tumours is highly complex and comprises a network of stromal cells, tumour cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, as well as microorganisms. The tumour location, environmental factors and the tumour cells themselves influence the cells within the TME. Immune cells can destroy tumour cells and are associated with better patient prognosis and response to therapy; however, immune cells are highly plastic and easily influenced to instead promote tumour growth. The interaction between local immune cells and the microbiome can lead to progression or regression of intestinal tumours. In this chapter, we will discuss how tumour development and progression can influence, and be influenced by, the microenvironment surrounding it, focusing on immune and fibroblastic cells, and the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the context of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K H Leman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Munoz-Erazo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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20
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Endocan Expression Profile in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.82413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Wang G, Yu Y, Wang YZ, Wang JJ, Guan R, Sun Y, Shi F, Gao J, Fu XL. Role of SCFAs in gut microbiome and glycolysis for colorectal cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17023-17049. [PMID: 30888065 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with altered intestinal microbiota as well as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) reduction of output The energy source of colon cells relies mainly on three SCFAs, namely butyrate (BT), propionate, and acetate, while CRC transformed cells rely mainly on aerobic glycolysis to provide energy. This review summarizes recent research results for dysregulated glucose metabolism of SCFAs, which could be initiated by gut microbiome of CRC. Moreover, the relationship between SCFA transporters and glycolysis, which may correlate with the initiation and progression of CRC, are also discussed. Additionally, this review explores the linkage of BT to transport of SCFAs expressions between normal and cancerous colonocyte cell growth for tumorigenesis inhibition in CRC. Furthermore, the link between gut microbiota and SCFAs in the metabolism of CRC, in addition, the proteins and genes related to SCFAs-mediated signaling pathways, coupled with their correlation with the initiation and progression of CRC are also discussed. Therefore, targeting the SCFA transporters to regulate lactate generation and export of BT, as well as applying SCFAs or gut microbiota and natural compounds for chemoprevention may be clinically useful for CRCs treatment. Future research should focus on the combination these therapeutic agents with metabolic inhibitors to effectively target the tumor SCFAs and regulate the bacterial ecology for activation of potent anticancer effect, which may provide more effective application prospect for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Guan
- Information Resources Department, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Information Resources Department, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Li Fu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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22
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23
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Donovan MG, Selmin OI, Doetschman TC, Romagnolo DF. Mediterranean Diet: Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Front Nutr 2017; 4:59. [PMID: 29259973 PMCID: PMC5723389 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosis and the second and third leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women, respectively. However, the majority of CRC cases are the result of sporadic tumorigenesis via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence. This process can take up to 20 years, suggesting an important window of opportunity exists for prevention such as switching toward healthier dietary patterns. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a dietary pattern associated with various health benefits including protection against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and various cancers. In this article, we review publications available in the PubMed database within the last 10 years that report on the impact of a MD eating pattern on prevention of CRC. To assist the reader with interpretation of the results and discussion, we first introduce indexes and scoring systems commonly used to experimentally determine adherence to a MD, followed by a brief introduction of the influence of the MD pattern on inflammatory bowel disease, which predisposes to CRC. Finally, we discuss key biological mechanisms through which specific bioactive food components commonly present in the MD are proposed to prevent or delay the development of CRC. We close with a discussion of future research frontiers in CRC prevention with particular reference to the role of epigenetic mechanisms and microbiome related to the MD eating pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah G Donovan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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24
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van der Beek CM, Dejong CHC, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM, Lenaerts K. Role of short-chain fatty acids in colonic inflammation, carcinogenesis, and mucosal protection and healing. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:286-305. [PMID: 28402523 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, produced by microbial fermentation of undigested food substances are believed to play a beneficial role in human gut health. Short-chain fatty acids influence colonic health through various mechanisms. In vitro and ex vivo studies show that SCFAs have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in colonocytes, and protect colonocytes from external harm. Animal studies have found substantial positive effects of SCFAs or dietary fiber on colonic disease, but convincing evidence in humans is lacking. Most human intervention trials have been conducted in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Only a limited number of those trials are of high quality, showing little or no favorable effect of SCFA treatment over placebo. Opportunities for future research include exploring the use of combination therapies with anti-inflammatory drugs, prebiotics, or probiotics; the use of prodrugs in the setting of carcinogenesis; or the direct application of SCFAs to improve mucosal healing after colonic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M van der Beek
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Freddy J Troost
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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25
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Sodium butyrate protects against oxidative stress in HepG2 cells through modulating Nrf2 pathway and mitochondrial function. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:405-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Qiu Y, Ma X, Yang X, Wang L, Jiang Z. Effect of sodium butyrate on cell proliferation and cell cycle in porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:304-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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Zhao H, Xue Y, Guo Y, Sun Y, Liu D, Wang X. Inhibition of endocan attenuates monocrotaline-induced connective tissue disease related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 42:115-121. [PMID: 27912147 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue disease related pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) is characterized by vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Endocan is a novel endothelial dysfunction marker. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of endocan in CTD-PAH. Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats were used as the CTD-PAH model. Short hairpin RNA packed in a lentiviral vector used to inhibit endocan expression was intratracheally instilled in rats prior to the MCT injection. Endocan was found to be increased in the serum and lung of MCT-induced PAH rats. Short hairpin RNA mediated knockdown of endocan significantly decreased right ventricular systolic pressure, attenuated pulmonary remodeling and inflammatory responses in the lung. In the in vitro study, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) exposure caused increased endocan expression in the primary cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMECs). Endocan knockdown inhibited the permeability increase and adhesion molecules secretion in RPMECs induced by TNF-α. In addition, TNF-α induced MAPK activation was blocked when endocan gene was knocked down. These data demonstrate that endocan may play an important role in the development of CTD-PAH. This study provides novel evidence to better understand the pathogenesis of CTD-PAH, which may be beneficial for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxin Xue
- Department of Respiration, Liaoning Jinqiu Hospital, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Endocan reduces the malign grade of gastric cancer cells by regulating associated protein expression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14915-14921. [PMID: 27644250 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan, which has been identified to be low expressed in gastric cancer, was found to be positively related to the differentiation level of gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of endocan in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line SGC7901 by artificially upregualting or downregulating endocan expression using endocan recombinant vector or specific small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting endocan gene, respectively. The effects of endocan recombinant vector-mediated over-expressing and siRNA-mediated endocan silencing on the differentiation, migration, and apoptosis of SGC7901 cells were assessed. Furthermore, the primary molecular mechanisms of endocan were explored by testing the expression alterations of associated protein in SGC7901 along endocan over-expression or knockdown. We found that over-expression of endocan reduced the migration but promoted the differentiation and apoptosis of SGC7901 cells. While, knockdown of endocan did just the opposite. Some molecules were found to participate in endocan-mediated anti-tumor effects, such as p53, caspase 3, and MMP-9. In conclusion, our findings suggest that endocan plays an anti-carcinogenic role in gastric cancer development and progression and might serve as a prognostic biomarker as well as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Zuo L, Yang X, Lu M, Hu R, Zhu H, Zhang S, Zhou Q, Chen F, Gui S, Wang Y. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Human Colorectal Cancer Cells RKO Migration via Downregulating Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression through MAPK Signaling Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1225-33. [PMID: 27564600 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1216138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits the invasive and metastatic potentials of various cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ATRA inhibited colorectal cancer cells RKO (human colon adenocarcinoma cell) migration by downregulating cell movement and increasing cell adhesion. ATRA inhibited the expression and activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in RKO cells, while the expression level of MLC phosphatase (MLCP) had no change in RKO cells treated with or without ATRA. The expression and activity of MLC was also inhibited in RKO cells exposed to ATRA. Intriguingly, ATRA increased the expression of occludin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein and its localization on cell membrane. However, ATRA did not change the expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), but increased the accumulation of ZO-1 on RKO cells membrane. ML-7, an inhibitor of MLCK, significantly inhibited RKO cell migration. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous MLCK expression inhibited RKO migration. Mechanistically, we showed that MAPK-specific inhibitor PD98059 enhanced the inhibitory effect of ATRA on RKO migration. In contrast, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) attenuated the effects of ATRA in RKO cells. Moreover, knocking down endogenous extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expression inhibited MLCK expression in the RKO cells. In conclusion, ATRA inhibits RKO migration by reducing MLCK expression via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/Mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/MAPK) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Man Lu
- b Department of Reproductive Center , The People's Liberation Army 105 Hospital , Anhui , China
| | - Ruolei Hu
- c Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- c Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- c Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Qing Zhou
- c Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Feihu Chen
- d College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University , China
| | - Shuyu Gui
- e Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- f Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry , Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunological Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Utilization for Severe Disease of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University , Anhui , China
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Bao Z, Li X, Zan X, Shen L, Ma R, Liu W. Signalling pathway impact analysis based on the strength of interaction between genes. IET Syst Biol 2016; 10:147-52. [PMID: 27444024 PMCID: PMC8687233 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2015.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling pathway analysis is a popular approach that is used to identify significant cancer‐related pathways based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from biological experiments. The main advantage of signalling pathway analysis lies in the fact that it assesses both the number of DEGs and the propagation of signal perturbation in signalling pathways. However, this method simplifies the interactions between genes by categorising them only as activation (+1) and suppression (−1), which does not encompass the range of interactions in real pathways, where interaction strength between genes may vary. In this study, the authors used newly developed signalling pathway impact analysis (SPIA) methods, SPIA based on Pearson correlation coefficient (PSPIA), and mutual information (MSPIA), to measure the interaction strength between pairs of genes. In analyses of a colorectal cancer dataset, a lung cancer dataset, and a pancreatic cancer dataset, PSPIA and MSPIA identified more candidate cancer‐related pathways than were identified by SPIA. Generally, MSPIA performed better than PSPIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshen Bao
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Li
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Zan
- College of Information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhong Shen
- College of Information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Runnian Ma
- Telecommunication Engineering Institute, Air Force Engineering UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
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CHST11/13 Regulate the Metastasis and Chemosensitivity of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1972-85. [PMID: 26993826 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate sulfotransferases 11-13 (CHST11-13), that catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the GalNAc residue of chondroitin, have been implicated in various diseases. AIM This study aimed to clarify the association of CHST11-13 expression with metastasis and drug sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS We measured the levels of CHST11 and CHST13 in a series of HCC cells using real-time PCR and Western blotting. After RNAi and forced expression treatment of CHST11 and CHST13 in MHCC97L and MHCC97H cells, metastatic potential and drug sensitivity of the two cells were investigated with ECM invasion assay, drug sensitivity assay, and in vivo antitumor activity assay. By real-time PCR and Western blotting, we explored the possible impacts of these two genes on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. MAPK pathway was blocked by PD98059 or SP600125 to elucidate the effects of MAPK pathway on metastasis and chemosensitivity. RESULTS Significantly reduced levels of CHST11 and CHST13 were observed in highly invasive MHCC97H cells compared with those of MHCC97L cell line with low metastatic potential. Decreased or forced expression of CHST11 and CHST13 altered metastatic potential and drug sensitivity of MHCC97L and MHCC97H cells. Remarkable alteration of MAPK activity was shown in two HCC cells with genetic manipulation. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of the MAPK pathway suppressed invasive potential and rescued drug sensitivity of MHCC97H cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that CHST11 and CHST13 negatively modulate metastasis and drug resistance of HCC cells probably via oncogenic MAPK signal pathway.
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Fernando MR, Saxena A, Reyes JL, McKay DM. Butyrate enhances antibacterial effects while suppressing other features of alternative activation in IL-4-induced macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G822-31. [PMID: 27012776 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate is produced by fermentation of dietary fiber by the intestinal microbiota; butyrate is the primary energy source of colonocytes and has immunomodulatory effects. Having shown that macrophages differentiated with IL-4 [M(IL-4)s] can suppress colitis, we hypothesized that butyrate would reinforce an M(IL-4) phenotype. Here, we show that in the presence of butyrate M(IL-4)s display reduced expression of their hallmark markers Arg1 and Ym1 and significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide, IL-12p40, and IL-10 production. Butyrate treatment likely altered the M(IL-4) phenotype via inhibition of histone deacetylation. Functionally, M(IL-4)s treated with butyrate showed increased phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, compared with M(IL-4) and this was not accompanied by enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. Culture of regulatory T cells with M(IL-4)s and M(IL-4 + butyrate)s revealed that both macrophage subsets suppressed expression of the regulatory T-cell marker Foxp3. However, Tregs cocultured with M(IL-4 + butyrate) produced less IL-17A than Tregs cocultured with M(IL-4). These data illustrate the importance of butyrate, a microbial-derived metabolite, in the regulation of gut immunity: the demonstration that butyrate promotes phagocytosis in M(IL-4)s that can limit T-cell production of IL-17A reveals novel aspects of bacterial-host interaction in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - José-Luis Reyes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wang J, Lin M, Xu M, Yang ST. Anaerobic Fermentation for Production of Carboxylic Acids as Bulk Chemicals from Renewable Biomass. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 156:323-361. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hong MY, Turner ND, Murphy ME, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. In vivo regulation of colonic cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and P27Kip1 by dietary fish oil and butyrate in rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1076-83. [PMID: 26323483 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that dietary fish oil is protective against experimentally induced colon cancer, and the protective effect is enhanced by coadministration of pectin. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that fish oil with butyrate, a pectin fermentation product, protects against colon cancer initiation by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing differentiation and apoptosis through a p27(Kip1)-mediated mechanism. Rats were provided diets of corn or fish oil, with/without butyrate, and terminated 12, 24, or 48 hours after azoxymethane (AOM) injection. Proliferation (Ki-67), differentiation (Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin), apoptosis (TUNEL), and p27(Kip1) (cell-cycle mediator) were measured in the same cell within crypts in order to examine the coordination of cell cycle as a function of diet. DNA damage (N(7)-methylguanine) was determined by quantitative IHC analysis. Dietary fish oil decreased DNA damage by 19% (P = 0.001) and proliferation by 50% (P = 0.003) and increased differentiation by 56% (P = 0.039) compared with corn oil. When combined with butyrate, fish oil enhanced apoptosis 24 hours after AOM injection compared with a corn oil/butyrate diet (P = 0.039). There was an inverse relationship between crypt height and apoptosis in the fish oil/butyrate group (r = -0.53, P = 0.040). The corn oil/butyrate group showed a positive correlation between p27(Kip1) expression and proliferation (r = 0.61, P = 0.035). These results indicate the in vivo effect of butyrate on apoptosis and proliferation is dependent on dietary lipid source. These results demonstrate the presence of an early coordinated colonocyte response by which fish oil and butyrate protects against colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mary E Murphy
- Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne R Lupton
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Jung TH, Park JH, Jeon WM, Han KS. Butyrate modulates bacterial adherence on LS174T human colorectal cells by stimulating mucin secretion and MAPK signaling pathway. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:343-9. [PMID: 26244071 PMCID: PMC4523476 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fermentation of dietary fiber results in production of various short chain fatty acids in the colon. In particular, butyrate is reported to regulate the physical and functional integrity of the normal colonic mucosa by altering mucin gene expression or the number of goblet cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether butyrate modulates mucin secretion in LS174T human colorectal cells, thereby influencing the adhesion of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and subsequently inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. In addition, possible signaling pathways involved in mucin gene regulation induced by butyrate treatment were also investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS Mucin protein content assay and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were performed in LS174T cells treated with butyrate at various concentrations. Effects of butyrate on the ability of probiotics to adhere to LS174T cells and their competition with E. coli strains were examined. Real time polymerase chain reaction for mucin gene expression and Taqman array 96-well fast plate-based pathway analysis were performed on butyrate-treated LS174T cells. RESULTS Treatment with butyrate resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mucin protein contents in LS174T cells with peak effects at 6 or 9 mM, which was further confirmed by PAS staining. Increase in mucin protein contents resulted in elevated adherence of probiotics, which subsequently reduced the adherent ability of E. coli. Treatment with butyrate also increased transcriptional levels of MUC3, MUC4, and MUC12, which was accompanied by higher gene expressions of signaling kinases and transcription factors involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, butyrate is an effective regulator of modulation of mucin protein production at the transcriptional and translational levels, resulting in changes in the adherence of gut microflora. Butyrate potentially stimulates the MAPK signaling pathway in intestinal cells, which is positively correlated with gut defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Jung
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Resource, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Park
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Woo-Min Jeon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Resource, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Resource, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Is resistant starch protective against colorectal cancer via modulation of the WNT signalling pathway? Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 74:282-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) including resistant starch are protective against colorectal cancer. These anti-neoplastic effects are presumed to result from the production of the SCFA, butyrate, by colonic fermentation, which binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43 to regulate inflammation and other cancer-related processes. The WNT pathway is central to the maintenance of homeostasis within the large bowel through regulation of processes such as cell proliferation and migration and is frequently aberrantly hyperactivated in colorectal cancers. Abnormal WNT signalling can lead to irregular crypt cell proliferation that favours a hyperproliferative state. Butyrate has been shown to modulate the WNT pathway positively, affecting functional outcomes such as apoptosis and proliferation. Butyrate's ability to regulate gene expression results from epigenetic mechanisms, including its role as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and through modulating DNA methylation and the expression of microRNA. We conclude that genetic and epigenetic modulation of the WNT signalling pathway may be an important mechanism through which butyrate from fermentation of resistant starch and other NDC exert their chemoprotective effects.
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