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Cai Y, Liu Z, Gao T, Hu G, Yin W, Wāng Y, Zhao L, Xu D, Wang H, Wei T. Newly discovered developmental and ovarian toxicity of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol in Drosophila melanogaster and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside's protective effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162474. [PMID: 36863584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is unintentionally produced during industrial production and food processing. Although some studies reported the carcinogenicity and male reproduction toxicity of 3-MCPD thus far, it remains unexplored whether 3-MCPD hazards to female fertility and long-term development. In this study, the model Drosophila melanogaster was employed to evaluate risk assessment of emerging environmental contaminants 3-MCPD at various levels. We found that flies on dietary exposure to 3-MCPD incurred lethality in a concentration- and time-dependent way and interfered with metamorphosis and ovarian development, resulting in developmental retardance, ovarian deformity and female fecundity disorders. Mechanistically, 3-MCPD caused redox imbalance observed as a drastically increased oxidative status in ovaries, confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant activities, which is probably responsible for female reproductive impairments and developmental retardance. Intriguingly, these defects can be substantially prevented by a natural antioxidant, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), further confirming a critical role of ovarian oxidative damage in the developmental and reproductive toxicity of 3-MCPD. The present study expanded the findings that 3-MCPD acts as a developmental and female reproductive toxicant, and our work provides a theoretical basis for the exploitation of a natural antioxidant resource as a dietary antidote for the reproductive and developmental hazards of environmental toxicants that act via increasing ROS in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongzhong Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoyi Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yán Wāng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingli Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
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2
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3-MCPD as contaminant in processed foods: State of knowledge and remaining challenges. Food Chem 2023; 403:134332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Nik Azmi NNA, Tan TC, Ang MY, Leong YH. Occurrence and risk assessment of 3-monochloropropanediols esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPDE), and glycidyl esters (GE) in commercial infant formula samples from Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:212-221. [PMID: 36602442 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2163054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in infant formula products has raised serious concerns. They incorporate vegetable oils, particularly palm-based oils, which are well-known to contain large amounts of these process contaminants. An analysis was conducted on infant formula samples (n = 16) obtained from the Malaysian market to determine the levels of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was validated, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) on instrument of 0.10 µg/g for all analytes. The median concentrations of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in infant formula in this study were 0.008 µg/g, 0.003 µg/g and 0.002 µg/g respectively. The estimated dietary intakes calculated from consumption of infant formula show higher exposures to infants within the age group of 0 to 5 months, highest for GE (1.61 µg/kg bw/day), followed by 3-MCPDE (0.68 µg/kg bw/day) and 2-MCPDE (0.41 µg/kg bw/day) compared to the age group of 6 to 12 months. Only one sample, relating to GE exposure is a potential risk for both age groups with MOE value below 25,000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - May Yen Ang
- Shimadzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin-Hui Leong
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Wei T, Liu W, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Shen M, Li C. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15347-15359. [PMID: 36468534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Li Y, Li Y, Zhang N, Wen S, Li Q, Gao Y, Yu X. Methods, principles, challenges, and perspectives of determining chloropropanols and their esters. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1632-1652. [PMID: 36066472 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2118228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chloropropanols and their esters are a group of food contaminants that have various toxicities to the human body. Research and control to chloropropanols and their esters is important to food safety. Therefore, the sensitive, accurate, precise, and effective determination of chloropropanols and their esters is highly essential to study their concentration, formation, and mitigation. The indirect method, commonly applied in the determination of chloropropanols and their esters, is based on the cleavage of ester bond, extraction, and derivatization. The conventional indirect method will still be the mostly used method in the near future due to its good sensitivity and feasibility, although its parameters need to be chosen and optimized according to sample stuffs and chloropropanol concentrations. Meanwhile, direct method and other quantitative methods should also be developed for special applications, such as studying the profile of chloropropanol esters and rapid screening protocol. The challenges and future perspectives of these methods are discussed in this review. This review can provide a reference on the selection, designation, and modification of methods for determining chloropropanols and their esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yancai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wen
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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6
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Wan X, Jia W, Zhuang P, Wu F, Zhang Y, Shen X, Liu X, Zheng W, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Associations of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol with prevalence of metabolic syndrome: Findings from Lanxi Nutrition and Safety Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112746. [PMID: 35063427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association of 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (DHPMA), a urinary biomarker of environmental and dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol, with prevalent MetS in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. The urinary DHPMA concentrations were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis and further calibrated by the urinary creatinine content. MetS cases were defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian-Americans of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATPIII). Multivariate-adjusted modified Poisson regression models were used to analyze the associations between the urinary DHPMA concentrations and MetS prevalence. Of the 1613 participants aged 45-75 years, we documented 552 (34.2%) MetS cases. After adjustment for potential risk factors, the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of MetS prevalence across the increasing quartiles of DHPMA concentrations were 1.14 (0.93-1.39), 1.29 (1.06-1.56), and 1.50 (1.25-1.80), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. We also observed strong positive association between urinary DHPMA concentrations and hypertriglyceridemia prevalence (P < 0.001 for trend). These positive associations remained unchanged in the subgroups stratified by general demographic, dietary and behavioral risk factors. These results suggested that urinary DHPMA was associated with higher prevalence of MetS among Chinese elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Wan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiju Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifang Zheng
- Lanxi Red Cross Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Jia W, Zhuang P, Wang Q, Wan X, Mao L, Chen X, Miao H, Chen D, Ren Y, Zhang Y. Urinary non-targeted toxicokinetics and metabolic fingerprinting of exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol from refined edible oils. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Sevim Ç, Özkaraca M, Kara M, Ulaş N, Mendil AS, Margina D, Tsatsakis A. Apoptosis is induced by sub-acute exposure to 3-MCPD and glycidol on Wistar Albino rat brain cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103735. [PMID: 34461274 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its toxic metabolite glycidol were classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as belonging to group 2B and 2A for humans. This study aimed to determine the sub-acute toxicity of these agents. Rats were exposed to 3-MCPD at 0.87 and 10 mg/kg/bw and glycidol (2,4 and 37,5 mg/kg/bw) for 90 days. miR-21 gene expression levels significantly decreased in all group's cerebellar tissues compared with control. Exposure to 10 mg/kg/bw 3-MCPD showed significant increases in PTEN in brain as compared to control group. The Akt gen expressions were significantly decreased in 3-MCPD and glycidol groups when compared to control group brains. Additionally, Caspase 3 and AIF immunopositivity significantly increased in 3-MCPD high dose and glycidol high dose groups in cerebellum granular layers compared to control. The results of the present study conclude that 3-MCPD and glycidol can induce apoptosis in rat brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Sevim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kastamonu, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Özkaraca
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Cumhuriyet, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Kara
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Istanbul, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nergis Ulaş
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Ataturk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Sefa Mendil
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Erciyes, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Denisa Margina
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Carol Davila, 020956, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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Zhong HN, Zeng Y, Yang DY, Wu ZC, Li D, Sui HX, Gao J, Chen YF, Mo CH. Investigation of factors influencing the release of chloropropanols (3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP) from food contact paper. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2036-2044. [PMID: 34477493 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1970241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chloropropanols such as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) have drawn increasing attention due to their release from food contact paper and their potential carcinogenic effects. In this study, the effects were investigated of water extraction conditions on release of chloropropanols from food contact paper, and the extraction efficiencies of chloropropanols by water extract and migration method were compared. Cold water was found to be more severe than hot water for extraction of chloropropanols, with the highest water extraction value obtained at 23°C. Two hours of extraction was sufficient as the chloropropanols can be fully extracted from food contact paper within a short period of time. Increase of temperature in the range of 10°C-60°C had little impact on release of chloropropanols, however, the extraction of chloropropanols decreased when high temperatures (80°C or above) were applied due to volatilisation losses. Hence, attention should be paid when choosing extract conditions representing the worst-case scenario. The water extraction value using EN 645 method gives higher results compared to migration test described in GB 31604.1 and GB 5009.156, suggesting that the water extract method was probably more severe. For migration test, aqueous-based simulants were found to be more conservative than oil-based simulants, suggesting the conventional experiment conditions applicable for compliance test of chloropropanols migration can be simplified and optimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dao-Yuan Yang
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Chun Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Xia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang L, Jing Z, Yibaina W, Yan S, Lili X, Yanxu Z, Ling Y, Pingping Z, Haixia S, Lei Z. Dietary exposure to fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols and glycidol of 2- to 3-year-old children attending nursery schools from two areas in China using the duplicate-diet collection method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:70-80. [PMID: 33332977 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1843718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The dietary exposures to fatty esters of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol were estimated for children aged 2- to 3-year-old from two areas of China using duplicate diet collection method. The 24-h daily duplicate diet samples over three consecutive days were collected from 40 healthy children aged between 26 and 36 months. The analysis of these contaminates in food samples was measured by an indirect method that entails MCPD/glycidol cleavage from their esterified forms for GC-MS analysis. Over 71% of the mixed diet and dairy products samples were found to be contaminated with 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. The estimated daily exposure to bound 3-MCPD (mean: 0.48-0.49 μg kg-1 bw day-1; P95: 1.00-1.11 μg kg-1 bw day-1) were well below the health guidance values and were considered of low safety concern. The daily exposure to bound 2-MCPD was estimated to be 0.031-0.038 μg kg-1 bw day-1 on average and 0.12-0.14 μg kg-1 bw day-1 for the P95 exposure. However, it was not possible to assess its risk due to the lack of health guidance value of 2-MCPD. The margin of exposure (MOE) estimates for the mean exposure to bound glycidol (0.10-0.12 μg kg-1 bw day-1) were far above 10000 and were considered of low safety concern. However, the margin of exposure estimates for the P95 bound glycidol exposure (0.41-0.45 μg kg-1 bw day-1) were below 10000 and indicated a health concern. Our data indicated that the mixed diet accounted for nearly 76% to 91% of bound MCPD and glycidol exposure. In addition, the follow-on formula was also an important source for the children aged 2-3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Jing
- Institute of Quality Inspection of Food and Chemicals, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research , Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yibaina
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Song Yan
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Xu Lili
- Department of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haerbin, China
| | - Zhong Yanxu
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Food Safety Monitoring and Evaluation , Nanning, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Pingping
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Sui Haixia
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
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Nazari F, Naserzadeh P, Dizaji R, Manjili HK, Bahrami H, Soleimani M, Sharafi A, Hosseini M. Toxicological assessment of 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) as a main contaminant of foodstuff in three different
in vitro
models: Involvement of oxidative stress and cell death signaling pathway. J Food Sci 2020; 85:4061-4069. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Nazari
- Food and Drug Administration Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Rana Dizaji
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center Zanjan University of Medical sciences Zanjan Iran
| | | | - Hadis Bahrami
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center Zanjan University of Medical sciences Zanjan Iran
| | - Mina Soleimani
- Food and Drug Administration Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center Zanjan University of Medical sciences Zanjan Iran
| | - Mir‐Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center Zanjan University of Medical sciences Zanjan Iran
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran
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12
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Araujo M, Beekman JK, Mapa MS, MacMahon S, Zhao Y, Flynn TJ, Flannery B, Mossoba ME, Sprando RL. Assessment of intestinal absorption/metabolism of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and three 3-MCPD monoesters by Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Schultrich K, Henderson CJ, Braeuning A, Buhrke T. Correlation between 3-MCPD-induced organ toxicity and oxidative stress response in male mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:110957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gao B, Li Y, Huang G, Yu L. Fatty Acid Esters of 3-Monochloropropanediol: A Review. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:259-284. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters) are a new group of processing-induced chemical toxicants with possible nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. 3-MCPD esters have been detected in many food categories, including refined edible oils, bread, coffee, and infant formula. 3-MCPD esters have also been detected in human breast milk, indicating their possible absorption and distribution in human organs and tissues. 3-MCPD esters have become a food safety concern, and in 2013 the European Food Safety Authority estimated a tolerable daily value (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (BW) for the amount of free 3-MCPD. This review summarizes the available information on 3-MCPD ester research, including the analytical methods, exposure biomarkers, absorption and metabolism, toxicities, formation mechanisms, and mitigation strategies as well as the occurrence of 3-MCPD esters in human foods. This review may serve as a scientific foundation for advancing our understanding of 3-MCPD esters and their food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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15
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In vitro proteomic analysis of methapyrilene toxicity in rat hepatocytes reveals effects on intermediary metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:369-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Proteomic analysis of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and 2-MCPD dipalmitate toxicity in rat kidney and liver in a 28-days study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Custodio-Mendoza J, Lorenzo R, Valente I, Almeida P, Lage M, Rodrigues J, Carro A. Development of a partitioned liquid-liquid extraction- dispersive solid phase extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol diesters in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Frenzel F, Oberemm A, Lampen A, Braeuning A. Proteomic effects of repeated-dose oral exposure to 2-monochloropropanediol and its dipalmitate in rat testes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:354-359. [PMID: 29705614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters are food contaminants which are concomitantly formed upon thermal treatment of foodstuff containing fats and salt. Exposure to 2- or 3-MCPD thus results, for example, from refined vegetable oils, in instant meals or infant formula, as well as in cereals or pastries. The molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of 2-MCDP-induced alterations in the testes from rats following oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight per day 2-MCPD, or an equimolar dose of 2-MCPD dipalmitate as a representative 2-MCPD fatty acid ester. In the absence of overt histopathologically detectable toxicity, moderate alterations in cellular proteomic signatures were recorded. The observations are in line with the assumption that the molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD toxicity differ. Observed proteomic alterations point towards effects of 2-MCPD on mitogen-dependent signaling and mitochondrial energy utilization. Presented data for the first time provide insight into proteomic effects of 2-MCPD in testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Frenzel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Mahmoud YI, Taha A, Soliman S. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin) disrupts spermatogenesis and causes spermatotoxicity in males of the Egyptian fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:293-300. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1437471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- YI Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Taha
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Lampen A, Morris I, Piersma A, Schrenk D, Binaglia M, Levorato S, Hogstrand C. Update of the risk assessment on 3-monochloropropane diol and its fatty acid esters. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05083. [PMID: 32625654 PMCID: PMC7009698 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CONTAM Panel updated the assessment of the risks for human health related to the presence of 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters in food published in 2016 in view of the scientific divergence identified in the establishment of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) in the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (FAO/WHO) report published in 2017. In this update, dose-response analysis was performed following the recent EFSA Scientific Committee guidance on the use of benchmark dose (BMD) approach in risk assessment, and a review of available data on developmental and reproduction toxicity was included. The outcome of this review indicates that in rats short-term exposure to 3-MCPD above 1 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can induce reduced sperm motility associated with reduced male fecundity. Decreased sperm count and histopathological changes in the testis and epididymis were observed following longer treatment periods at higher doses. Regarding increased incidence kidney tubular hyperplasia, BMD analysis using model averaging resulted in a BMDL 10 of 0.20 mg/kg bw per day in male rats, which was selected as the new Reference Point (RP) for renal effects. For the effects on male fertility, decreased sperm motility was selected as the most sensitive relevant endpoint and a BMDL 05 of 0.44 mg/kg bw per day was calculated. The RP for renal effects was considered to derive an updated group TDI of 2 μg/kg bw per day for 3-MCPD and its fatty acid esters and was considered protective also for effects on male fertility. The established TDI of 2 μg/kg bw per day is not exceeded in the adult population. A slight exceedance of the TDI was observed in the high consumers of the younger age groups and in particular for the scenarios on infants receiving formula only.
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21
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Comparative analysis of transcriptomic responses to repeated-dose exposure to 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD in rat kidney, liver and testis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Oxidative inactivation of the endogenous antioxidant protein DJ-1 by the food contaminants 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:289-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Lanthanum chloride precipitation-based toxicoproteomic analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol toxicity in rat kidney reveals involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3247-3260. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Gao B, Liu M, Huang G, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang TTY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu L. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of 3-MCPD 1-Monopalmitate after Oral Administration in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2609-2614. [PMID: 28276235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of monochloropropane 1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are processing-induced toxicants and have been detected in several food categories. This study investigated the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 3-MCPD esters in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate as the probe compound. The kinetics of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate in plasma was investigated using SD rats, and the results indicated that 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was absorbed directly in vivo and metabolized. Its primary metabolites in the liver, kidney, testis, brain, plasma, and urine were tentatively identified and measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after oral administration. Structures were proposed for eight metabolites. 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was converted to free 3-MCPD, which formed the phase II metabolites. All of the metabolites were chlorine-related chemical components; most of them existed in urine, reflecting the excretion pattern of 3-MCPD esters. Understanding the metabolism of 3-MCPD esters in vivo is critical for assessing their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Man Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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25
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Clemens R, Hayes AW, Sundram K, Pressman P. Palm oil and threats to a critically important food source. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317699844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oil palm, an ancient tropical tree species that originated in West Africa, has a history of centuries-long use both as a food and a medicine. Based on its higher saturated fatty acid composition, primarily palmitic acid, concerns have been flagged about its nutritional attributes. Elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol effects of the associated palmitic acid is far less profound than animal sources of this fatty acid and is linked with multiple health benefits. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority raised issues about potential health risks of the chloropropanols, heat- or acid-induced food contaminants created during the refining of all edible oils, and some hydrolyzed proteins. Despite the fact that the levels of 3-monochloropropane1,2 diol and its glycidyl esters are generally <800 ppb and without demonstrated toxicological effects in humans, the chloropropanols in palm oil appear to be a lightning rod for global criticism. The toxicological data are reviewed and evaluated, and an approach for mitigation of the emerging challenge is suggested.
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26
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Density functional theory study of the mechanism for the formation of glycidyl esters from triglyceride. J Mol Model 2017; 23:83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Comparative proteomic analysis of 2-MCPD- and 3-MCPD-induced heart toxicity in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3145-3155. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Braeuning A, Schmidt C, Oberemm A, Lampen A. Comparative proteomic data of M13SV1 human breast epithelial cells and their tumorigenic variants under treatment with estrogenic compounds. Data Brief 2016; 8:329-33. [PMID: 27331110 PMCID: PMC4909722 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from a comparative proteomic analysis of three human breast epithelial cell lines are presented. M13SV1 cells and their tumorigenic derivatives M13SV1-R2-2 and M13SV1-R2-N1 were used. Proteomic data were obtained using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent identification of proteins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In a second experiment, the three cell lines were treated with different concentrations of the estrogenic compounds β-estradiol or genistein and alterations in protein expression were monitored by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Presented data provide a comprehensive overview of proteomic differences between the three cell lines and their response to estrogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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Analysis of 3-MCPD- and 3-MCPD dipalmitate-induced proteomic changes in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:374-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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