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Vargas‐Varela A, Cardenas‐Riojas AA, Nagles E, Hurtado J. Detection of Allura Red in Food Samples Using Carbon Paste Modified with Lanthanum and Titanium Oxides. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vargas‐Varela
- Facultad de Química e Ing. Química Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima Perú 07016
| | | | - Edgar Nagles
- Facultad de Química e Ing. Química Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima Perú 07016
| | - John Hurtado
- Departamento de Química Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia
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2
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Ramos-Souza C, Bandoni DH, Bragotto APA, De Rosso VV. Risk assessment of azo dyes as food additives: Revision and discussion of data gaps toward their improvement. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:380-407. [PMID: 36374221 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The food industry uses dyes mainly to overcome color loss during the processing and storage of products, with the azo dyes currently being the most employed. Studies on the safety of using these dyes in foods started in the 1950s and have indicated the potential for concern. This review discusses the risk assessment of food intake containing artificial azo dyes. There are case reports and, subsequently, double-blind placebo-controlled trials in some individuals who may experience adverse effects from the intake of azo dyes, but it is unclear whether these adverse effects are restricted to specific populations or more generalized. In view of this, different toxicological endpoints are evaluated to verify toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo models and to establish the no observed adverse effect level. Exposure estimation studies have shown that human exposure to azo dyes via oral intake is mainly below the acceptable daily intake established by advisory bodies. However, most countries do not have studies that estimate the oral intake of azo dyes. In this case, local food diversity and racial-ethnic specificities are not considered when stating the exposure estimate is below the acceptable daily intake for the human population and thus may not represent actual intake. Concerning the scenario established above, this review discusses the most critical gaps to be overcome to contribute to the direction of future studies and the development of more effective public policies concerning the safety of the intake of artificial azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ramos-Souza
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Henrique Bandoni
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana Vera De Rosso
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Photocatalytic activity of ZnO-PbS nanoscale toward Allura Red AC in an aqueous solution: Characterization and mechanism study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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α and γ Alumina Spheres for Azo Dye (Allura Red) Removal from Aqueous Media. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3786561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allura red or Red 40 (R40) is a dye widely used in the food, textile, and pharmaceutical industries; it is considered dangerous because it is soluble in water, and it has high toxicity and resistance to natural degradation. Several advanced wastewater treatments have been shown to be effective for R40 removal but some of them present disadvantages such as by-products obtention, high energy consumption, and high cost of the reactants used in the removal process. In the present work, α-Alumina (Alu) and γ-Alu spheres were synthesized by the encapsulation method. The prepared spheres were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDS, and SBET, and it was determined the presence of only inorganic bonds from ceramic material, and the amorphous alumina was observed in spheres with a smooth and uniform surface and with pores. R40 adsorption kinetics and isotherms were performed, as well as material regeneration for consequent sorption cycles. Sorption tests for R40 removal were carried out under different conditions of initial concentration, pH value, and the presence of interfering ions. The maximal sorption capacity of the synthetized α- and γ-Alu spheres were situated between 0.1765 and 18.9865 mg/g. Different kinetic and isothermal equations were applied and finally, the experimental data was described by Elovich and Freundlich models. The γ-Alu spheres after five heat treatment regeneration cycles showed stable behavior and potential re-use in new sorption processes with R40 removal >97.7% at pH 3 and >85.6% at
=10 mg/L. The obtained results showed that the γ-Alu spheres are novel, alternative, and sustainable synthesized materials for the advanced treatment of wastewater by adsorption process for the removal of Allura red azo dye in aqueous media.
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Honma M, Yamada M, Yasui M, Horibata K, Sugiyama KI, Masumura K. Genotoxicity assessment of food-flavoring chemicals used in Japan. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1008-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Aquilina G, Brantom P, Gropp J, Rychen G, Tosti L, Anguita M, Galobart J, Lorenzo Innocenti M, Ortuno Casanova J, Vittoria Vettori M. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Allura Red AC for small non-food-producing mammals and ornamental birds (Versele-Laga). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06987. [PMID: 34963792 PMCID: PMC8678712 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Allura Red AC for small non-food-producing mammals and ornamental birds when used as an additive that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs. The use of Allura Red AC up to the proposed conditions of use of 500 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe for guinea pig, chinchilla, degu, hamster, gerbil and chipmunk. The following maximum safe levels (mg/kg complete feed) apply to the following species: ferrets 99, rabbits 123, canaries, budgerigars, mynah and toucans 45, lovebirds 51, cockatiels 79, cockatoos 115, amazons 145, parrots 147, yellow breast macaw 150, blue-throated macaw 173 and hyacinth macaw 214. The maximum safe level of Allura Red AC for other small non-food-producing mammal is 99 mg/kg feed and for other ornamental birds is 45 mg/kg feed. Inhalation exposure of Allura Red is regarded as hazardous. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the potential of Allura Red to be a skin/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the additive.
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Abiega-Franyutti P, Freyre-Fonseca V. Chronic consumption of food-additives lead to changes via microbiota gut-brain axis. Toxicology 2021; 464:153001. [PMID: 34710536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some food additives have demonstrated to induce dysbiosis leading to the development gut and gastrointestinal diseases. In order to clarify how this dysbiosis affects the microbiota gut-brain axis, a systematic interpretative literature review is carried out in this work. This review was made in seven academic search engines using the keywords shown below. The main finding of this work is a clear link between the changes in the gut microbiota promoted by food additives and the causes that lead to many reported diseases related to chronic food additives consumption. Despite the findings, studies on the effects of food additives on microbiota are still insufficient. Therefore, this work should serve as a motivation for future research on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Abiega-Franyutti
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Av. Universidad Anahuac 46, Naucalpan de Juarez, 52786, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Veronica Freyre-Fonseca
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Av. de las Torres 131, colonia Olivar de los Padres, Ciudad de Mexico, 01780, CDMX, Mexico.
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Nagles E, Ceroni M, Villanueva Huerta C, Hurtado JJ. Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Paracetamol and Allura Red in Pharmaceutical Doses and Food Using a Mo(VI) Oxide‐Carbon Paste Microcomposite. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Nagles
- Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Perú
| | - Mario Ceroni
- Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Perú
| | | | - John J. Hurtado
- Departament of Chemistry Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-12 111711 Bogotá Colombia
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He Z, Chen L, Catalan-Dibene J, Bongers G, Faith JJ, Suebsuwong C, DeVita RJ, Shen Z, Fox JG, Lafaille JJ, Furtado GC, Lira SA. Food colorants metabolized by commensal bacteria promote colitis in mice with dysregulated expression of interleukin-23. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1358-1371.e5. [PMID: 33989521 PMCID: PMC8266754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic predisposition and environmental factors appear to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) development. Genetic studies in humans have linked the interleukin (IL)-23 signaling pathway with IBD, but the environmental factors contributing to disease have remained elusive. Here, we show that the azo dyes Red 40 and Yellow 6, the most abundant food colorants in the world, can trigger an IBD-like colitis in mice conditionally expressing IL-23, or in two additional animal models in which IL-23 expression was augmented. Increased IL-23 expression led to generation of activated CD4+ T cells that expressed interferon-γ and transferred disease to mice exposed to Red 40. Colitis induction was dependent on the commensal microbiota promoting the azo reduction of Red 40 and generation of a metabolite, 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulfonate sodium salt. Together these findings suggest that specific food colorants represent novel risk factors for development of colitis in mice with increased IL-23 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang He
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lili Chen
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Jovani Catalan-Dibene
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chalada Suebsuwong
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert J DeVita
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Glaucia C Furtado
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Snigur D, Fizer M, Chebotarev A, Lukianova O, Bevziuk K. Protonation of quinoline yellow WS in aqueous solutions: Spectroscopic and DFT theoretical studies. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nazim M, Khan AAP, Asiri AM, Kim JH. Exploring Rapid Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants with Porous CuO Nanosheets: Synthesis, Dye Removal, and Kinetic Studies at Room Temperature. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2601-2612. [PMID: 33553878 PMCID: PMC7859952 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the facile, environmentally friendly, room-temperature (RT) synthesis of porous CuO nanosheets and their application as a photocatalyst to degrade an organic pollutant/food dye using NaBH4 as the reducing agent in an aqueous medium. Ultrahigh-resolution field effect scanning electron microscopy images of CuO displayed a broken nanosheet-like (a length of ∼160 nm, a width of ∼65 nm) morphology, and the lattice strain was estimated to be ∼1.24 × 10-3 using the Williamson-Hall analysis of X-ray diffraction plots. Owing to the strong quantum size confinement effect, CuO nanosheets resulted in an optical energy band gap of ∼1.92 eV, measured using Tauc plots of the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum, resulting in excellent photocatalytic efficiency. The RT synthesized CuO catalyst showed a high Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area of 30.88 ± 0.2313 m2/g (a correlation coefficient of 0.99972) with an average Barrett-Joyner-Halenda pore size of ∼20.385 nm. The obtained porous CuO nanosheets exhibited a high crystallinity of 73.5% with a crystallite size of ∼12 nm and was applied as an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of the organic pollutant/food dye, Allura Red AC (AR) dye, as monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis and evidenced by a color change from red to colorless. From UV-vis spectra, CuO nanosheets exhibited an efficient and ultrafast photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ∼96.99% for the AR dye in an aqueous medium within 6 min at RT. According to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, photodegradation reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant of k = 0.524 min-1 and a half-life (t 1/2) of 2.5 min for AR dye degradation in the aqueous medium. The CuO nanosheets showed an outstanding recycling ability for AR degradation and would be highly favorable and an efficient catalyst due to the synergistic effect of high adsorption capability and photodegradation of the food dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nazim
- Division
of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute
of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic
of Korea
| | - Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Division
of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute
of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic
of Korea
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Herrera-García S, Aguirre-Ramírez M, Torres-Pérez J. Comparison between Allura Red dye discoloration by activated carbon and azo bacteria strain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29688-29696. [PMID: 32519103 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are extensively used in different industries areas, such as Allura Red (R-40). Previous studies have proven its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. For the removal of this type of emerging pollutant from effluents, tertiary treatment techniques such as activated charcoal are used. Alternatively, the use of bacteria is preferred because of its quick discoloration processes. The aim of the present investigation is to compare the efficiency removal of R-40 from aqueous media by a physicochemical process and a biological one. The sorption kinetics of 10 ppm of R-40 was carried out with the use of activated charcoal based on walnut shells in water. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis stains were used separately to decolorize nutrient broth media supplemented with 50 ppm of R-40. The activated carbon was capable to remove 99.87% of R-40 at 264 h, while the bacterial strains decolorized 92.13% (P. aeruginosa) and 88.21% (B. subtilis), respectively, under microaerophilic conditions after 168 h. Therefore, both process strategies, physicochemical and biological rapprochements, were able to remove the dye from aqueous media. R-40 was not cytotoxic to used strains, besides gram-positive either negative bacteria could be applied to turn over this azo dye in short term. Combination of both approaches may be implemented in tandem architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Herrera-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
- Laboratorio de Transferencia y Degradación de Contaminantes, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Marisela Aguirre-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Jonatan Torres-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Transferencia y Degradación de Contaminantes, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México.
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Yamada M, Honma M. Summarized data of genotoxicity tests for designated food additives in Japan. Genes Environ 2019; 40:27. [PMID: 30619512 PMCID: PMC6311025 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has carried out genotoxicity tests for food additives used in Japan in cooperation with the Japan Food Additives Association since 1979. Hayashi et al. summarized these data and published a list of 337 designated additives (Shitei-tenkabutsu in Japanese) with genotoxicity test data in 2000. Thereafter, 29 items were eliminated, and 146 items were newly added. Currently, 454 designated additives are allowed to be used as food additives in Japan. This report, based on the Hayashi report, covers the addition of newly derived genotoxicity test data. Routinely, the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), mammalian cell chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo rodent bone marrow micronucleus test have been used for the evaluation of genotoxicity of food additives. In addition to the data from these tests being updated in this report, it newly includes results of transgenic rodent somatic and germ cell gene mutation assays (TGR assays), incorporated in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines after 2000. We re-evaluated the genotoxicity of 13 designated food additives considering their TGR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Yamada
- 1Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20, Hashirimizu, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan.,2Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- 2Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
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Khayyat LI, Essawy AE, Sorour JM, Soffar A. Sunset Yellow and Allura Red modulate Bcl2 and COX2 expression levels and confer oxidative stress-mediated renal and hepatic toxicity in male rats. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5689. [PMID: 30280050 PMCID: PMC6166620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the adverse health effects caused by azo dyes are insufficient and quite contradictory. This work aims to investigate the possible toxic effect of two types of widely used food additives, Sunset Yellow and Allura Red, by assessing the physiological, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the liver and kidney. Also, we investigated the genotoxic effect of both dyes on white blood cells. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: control (received water), Sunset Yellow-treated (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and Allura Red-treated (seven mg/kg body weight). The doses were orally applied for 4 weeks. Our results indicated an increase in the biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function (Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, uric acid and creatinine) in animals administered with the azo dyes. We also observed a noticeable increase in MDA and a marked decrease in total antioxidant levels in azo dye-treated animals compared to controls. Conversely, both dyes adversely affected the liver and kidney of albino rats and altered their histological and fine structure, with downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of COX2 expression. Our comet assay results showed a significant elevation in the fold change of tail moment in response to application of Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red. Collectively, we show that Sunset Yellow and Allura Red cause histopathological and physiological aberrations in the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats. Moreover, Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red induces a potential genotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa I Khayyat
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina E Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jehan M Sorour
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Soffar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Ostovan A, Asadollahzadeh H, Ghaedi M. Ultrasonically synthesis of Mn- and Cu- @ ZnS-NPs-AC based ultrasound assisted extraction procedure and validation of a spectrophotometric method for a rapid preconcentration of Allura Red AC (E129) in food and water samples. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 43:52-60. [PMID: 29555288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is devoted on Allura Red as food colorant preconcentration and determination in beverage, fruit juice and drink water samples is based on usage of Mn- and Cu- @ ZnS-NPs-AC as new sorbent for ultrasound-assisted-dispersive solid-phase microextraction (UA-DSPME) combined with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric based method (UV-Vis). Contribution of volume of eluent, pH, sorbent mass and sonication time on response following conduction of 28 experiments were optimized and investigated while their significantly justified according to p-value. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 is proportional with their significant influence on recovery of analyte. Under the optimum conditions 0.14 mL of THF; pH of 2.5; 8 mg of sorbent and 3 min sonication time guide and help achievement of limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of 6.08 and 20.26 ng mL-1, respectively. The accuracy of method was validated according to calculation of recovery following spiking 400 and 600 ng mL-1 to blank solution and recovery as more reliable indication of accuracy 93.41 and 102.17% recoveries with RSD < 3.5%, which demonstrate the successful applicability of present method for real sample analysis. The maximum sorbent capacity was 50.0 mg g-1 based on Langmuir isotherm as best model with high correlation coefficient. Combination of UA-DSPME and UV-Vis lead to higher sensitivity and lower cost for accurate and repeatable monitoring of Allura Red level in beverage, fruit juice and drink water samples with acceptable recovery and reasonable RSD%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ostovan
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
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17
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Lv D, Zhang M, Cui J, Li W, Zhu G. A Novel Preparation Method of Two Polymer Dyes with Low Cytotoxicity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E219. [PMID: 28772583 PMCID: PMC5503372 DOI: 10.3390/ma10030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new preparation method of polymer dyes was developed to improve both the grafting degree of the azo dyes onto O-carboxymethyl chitosan (OMCS) and the water solubility of prepared polymer dyes. Firstly, the coupling compound of two azo edible colorants, sunset yellow (SY) and allura red (AR), was grafted onto OMCS, and then coupled with their diazonium salt. The chemical structure of prepared polymer dyes was determined by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and ¹H-NMR, and the results showed that the two azo dyes were successfully grafted onto OMCS. The grafting degree onto OMCS and the water solubility of polymer dyes were tested, and the results showed that they were both improved as expected. The UV-vis spectra analysis results showed that the prepared polymer dyes showed similar color performance with the original azo dyes. Eventually, the cytotoxicity of prepared polymer dyes was tested and compared with the original azo dyes by a cytotoxicity test on human liver cell lines LO2, and the results showed that their grafting onto OMCS significantly reduced the cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Lv
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Shandong Yu Hong New Pigment Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253000, China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Jin Cui
- National Foodstuff Inspection Center, Tianjin Product Quality Inspection Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Weixue Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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