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França DCH, França EL, Sobrevia L, Barbosa AMP, Honorio-França AC, Rudge MVC. Integration of nutrigenomics, melatonin, serotonin and inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166737. [PMID: 37146917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem and has been associated with the development of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. The interaction is related to hyperglycemia, and inflammatory and hormonal patterns, which favor functional alterations in different organs and systems. Several genes associated with human diseases have been identified and partially characterized. Most of these genes are known to cause monogenic diseases. However, about 3 % of diseases do not fit the monogenic theory due to the complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors, as in chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The nutritional, immunological, and hormonal patterns associated with changes in maternal metabolism may influence and contribute to greater susceptibility to urinary tract disorders. However, early systematic reviews have not yielded consistent findings for these associations. This literature review summarizes important new findings from integrating nutrigenomics, hormones, and cytokines in women with Gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. Changes in maternal metabolism due to hyperglycemia can generate an inflammatory environment with increased inflammatory cytokines. This environment modulated by inflammation can alter tryptophan uptake through food and thus influence the production of serotonin and melatonin. As these hormones seem to have protective effects against smooth muscle dysfunction and to restore the impaired contractility of the detrusor muscle, it is assumed that these changes may favor the onset of urinary incontinence specific to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cristina Honorio França
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças 78605-091, Brazil.
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eutra, The Institute for Obesity Research (IOR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey 64710, Mexico.
| | - Angélica Mércia Pascon Barbosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Philosophy and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia 17525-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil.
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2
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Jardim SR, de Souza LMP, de Souza HSP. The Rise of Gastrointestinal Cancers as a Global Phenomenon: Unhealthy Behavior or Progress? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3640. [PMID: 36834334 PMCID: PMC9962127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The overall burden of cancer is rapidly increasing worldwide, reflecting not only population growth and aging, but also the prevalence and spread of risk factors. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including stomach, liver, esophageal, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, represent more than a quarter of all cancers. While smoking and alcohol use are the risk factors most commonly associated with cancer development, a growing consensus also includes dietary habits as relevant risk factors for GI cancers. Current evidence suggests that socioeconomic development results in several lifestyle modifications, including shifts in dietary habits from local traditional diets to less-healthy Western diets. Moreover, recent data indicate that increased production and consumption of processed foods underlies the current pandemics of obesity and related metabolic disorders, which are directly or indirectly associated with the emergence of various chronic noncommunicable conditions and GI cancers. However, environmental changes are not restricted to dietary patterns, and unhealthy behavioral features should be analyzed with a holistic view of lifestyle. In this review, we discussed the epidemiological aspects, gut dysbiosis, and cellular and molecular characteristics of GI cancers and explored the impact of unhealthy behaviors, diet, and physical activity on developing GI cancers in the context of progressive societal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodrigues Jardim
- Division of Worker’s Health, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucila Marieta Perrotta de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heitor Siffert Pereira de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Weyrich A, Guerrero-Altamirano TP, Yasar S, Czirják GÁ, Wachter B, Fickel J. First Steps towards the Development of Epigenetic Biomarkers in Female Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060920. [PMID: 35743950 PMCID: PMC9225391 DOI: 10.3390/life12060920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are generally healthy, whereas cheetahs under human care, such as those in zoological gardens, suffer from ill-defined infectious and degenerative pathologies. These differences are only partially explained by husbandry management programs because both groups share low genetic diversity. However, mounting evidence suggests that physiological differences between populations in different environments can be tracked down to differences in epigenetic signatures. Here, we identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between free-ranging cheetahs and conspecifics in zoological gardens and prospect putative links to pathways relevant to immunity, energy balance and homeostasis. Comparing epigenomic DNA methylation profiles obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight free-ranging female cheetahs from Namibia and seven female cheetahs living in zoological gardens within Europe, we identified DMRs of which 22 were hypermethylated and 23 hypomethylated. Hypermethylated regions in cheetahs under human care were located in the promoter region of a gene involved in host-pathogen interactions (KLC1) and in an intron of a transcription factor relevant for the development of pancreatic β-cells, liver, and kidney (GLIS3). The most canonical mechanism of DNA methylation in promoter regions is assumed to repress gene transcription. Taken together, this could indicate that hypermethylation at the promoter region of KLC1 is involved in the reduced immunity in cheetahs under human care. This approach can be generalized to characterize DNA methylation profiles in larger cheetah populations under human care with a more granular longitudinal data collection, which, in the future, could be used to monitor the early onset of pathologies, and ultimately translate into the development of biomarkers with prophylactic and/or therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weyrich
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.G.-A.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (B.W.); (J.F.)
| | - Tania P. Guerrero-Altamirano
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.G.-A.); (S.Y.)
- Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Selma Yasar
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.G.-A.); (S.Y.)
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gábor Á. Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (B.W.); (J.F.)
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.G.-A.); (S.Y.)
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (B.W.); (J.F.)
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Yu K, Zhang X, Tan X, Ji M, Chen Y, Wan Z, Yu Z. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on ovarian reserve and follicular development through AMH/AMHR2 pathway in adult female rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111309. [PMID: 32234510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the key endocrine disruptors, has been shown to cause reproductive and developmental disorders. Our previous studies have primarily focused on TCDD induced impairment of ovarian follicular development in female F1 rats. It is unknown whether TCDD exposure will interfere with follicular development by altering mRNA expression of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and AMH receptor type II (AMHR2) in the ovary. In the present study, pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were treated with TCDD (100 or 500 ng/kg body weight) dissolved in a corn oil vehicle by gavage from gavage from gestational days (GD) 8-14, while the control group received solely corn oil. The F1 rats were mated with unexposed males for the F2 generation, while another portion of the female offspring (F2) were mated for the F3 generation. Serum AMH levels and ovarian AMH/AMHR2 mRNA expression in the adult female offspring (F1, F2 and F3 generations) were measured. Follicle count and granulosa cell apoptosis were evaluated in the F2 and F3 generations. The results showed that in the F2 generation, TCDD exposure affected the number of primordial follicles, secondary follicles, and corpora lutea. It also increased serum AMH concentration and the apoptosis rate of granulosa cells. These results might be associated with the upregulation of AMH/AMHR2 mRNA expression in the ovary. In conclusion, TCDD exposure reduced the ovarian reserve in rats and inhibited follicular development in adult female offspring, an effect that persisted for multiple generations. The altered AMH and AMHR2 mRNA expression may contribute to the observed adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xuemei Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengmeng Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zengli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Franzago M, Fraticelli F, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Nutrigenetics, epigenetics and gestational diabetes: consequences in mother and child. Epigenetics 2019; 14:215-235. [PMID: 30865571 PMCID: PMC6557546 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1582277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic condition during pregnancy and may result in short- and long-term complications for both mother and offspring. The complexity of phenotypic outcomes seems influenced by genetic susceptibility, nutrient-gene interactions and lifestyle interacting with clinical factors. There is strong evidence that not only the adverse genetic background but also the epigenetic modifications in response to nutritional and environmental factors could influence the maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and the foetal metabolic programming. In this view, the correlation between epigenetic modifications and their transgenerational effects represents a very interesting field of study. The present review gives insight into the role of gene variants and their interactions with nutrients in GDM. In addition, we provide an overview of the epigenetic changes and their role in the maternal-foetal transmission of chronic diseases. Overall, the knowledge of epigenetic modifications induced by an adverse intrauterine and perinatal environment could shed light on the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of long-term disease development in the offspring and provide useful tools for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Franzago
- a Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy.,b Molecular Genetics, Unit , CeSI-Met , Chieti , Italy
| | - Federica Fraticelli
- a Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- b Molecular Genetics, Unit , CeSI-Met , Chieti , Italy.,c Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Ester Vitacolonna
- a Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
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6
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Luciano-Mateo F, Cabré N, Fernández-Arroyo S, Baiges-Gaya G, Hernández-Aguilera A, Rodríguez-Tomàs E, Mercado-Gómez M, Menendez JA, Camps J, Joven J. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 gene ablation protects low-density lipoprotein and paraoxonase-1 double deficient mice from liver injury, oxidative stress and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1555-1566. [PMID: 30905786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increases with obesity. Vulnerability to oxidative stress and/or inflammation represents a crucial step in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression through abnormal metabolic responses. In this study, we investigated the role of CCL2 gene ablation in mice that were double deficient in low density lipoprotein receptor and in paraoxonase-1. Mass spectrometry methods were used to assess the liver metabolic response in mice fed either regular chow or a high-fat diet. Dietary fat caused liver steatosis, oxidative stress and the accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the livers of double deficient mice. We observed alterations in energy metabolism-related pathways and in metabolites associated with the methionine cycle and the glutathione reduction pathway. This metabolic response was associated with impaired autophagy. Conversely, when we established CCL2 deficiency, histologic features of fatty liver disease were abrogated, hepatic liver oxidative stress decreased, and anti-inflammatory macrophage marker expression levels increased. These changes were associated with the normalization of metabolic disturbances and increased lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, expression, which suggests enhanced chaperone-mediated autophagy. This study demonstrates that CCL2 is a key molecule for the development of metabolic and histological alterations in the liver of mice sensitive to the development of hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis, a finding with potential to identify new therapeutic targets in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Noemí Cabré
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Gerard Baiges-Gaya
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Mercado-Gómez
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; The Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain.
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7
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Arpón A, Milagro FI, Ramos-Lopez O, Mansego ML, Santos JL, Riezu-Boj JI, Martínez JA. Epigenome-wide association study in peripheral white blood cells involving insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2445. [PMID: 30792424 PMCID: PMC6385280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk. An epigenetic phenomena such as DNA methylation might be involved in the onset and development of systemic IR. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic DNA methylation levels in peripheral white blood cells with the objective of identifying epigenetic signatures associated with IR measured by the Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) following an epigenome-wide association study approach. DNA methylation levels were assessed using Infinium Methylation Assay (Illumina), and were associated with HOMA-IR values of participants from the Methyl Epigenome Network Association (MENA) project, finding statistical associations for at least 798 CpGs. A stringent statistical analysis revealed that 478 of them showed a differential methylation pattern between individuals with HOMA-IR ≤ 3 and > 3. ROC curves of top four CpGs out of 478 allowed differentiating individuals between both groups (AUC≈0.88). This study demonstrated the association between DNA methylation in some specific CpGs and HOMA-IR values that will help to the understanding and in the development of new strategies for personalized approaches to predict and prevent IR-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arpón
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Luisa Mansego
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José-Ignacio Riezu-Boj
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology & Centre for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain.,Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA), IMDEA Food, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Irwin MH, Kanara I, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Kodukula K. Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Ophthalmic Disorders: An Eye Toward the Future. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:169-181. [PMID: 29291141 PMCID: PMC5747116 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye disease is one of the primary medical conditions that requires attention and therapeutic intervention in ageing populations worldwide. Further, the global burden of diabetes and obesity, along with heart disease, all lead to secondary manifestations of ophthalmic distress. Therefore, there is increased interest in developing innovative new approaches that target various mechanisms and sequelae driving conditions that result in adverse vision. The research challenge is even greater given that the terrain of eye diseases is difficult to landscape into a single therapeutic theme. This report addresses the burden of eye disease due to mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidant, autophagic, epigenetic, mitophagic, and other cellular processes that modulate the biomedical end result. In this light, we single out lipoic acid as a potent known natural activator of these pathways, along with alternative and potentially more effective conjugates, which together harness the necessary potency, specificity, and biodistribution parameters required for improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krishna Kodukula
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
- Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia
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9
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Riera-Borrull M, García-Heredia A, Fernández-Arroyo S, Hernández-Aguilera A, Cabré N, Cuyàs E, Luciano-Mateo F, Camps J, Menendez JA, Joven J. Metformin Potentiates the Benefits of Dietary Restraint: A Metabolomic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112263. [PMID: 29143783 PMCID: PMC5713233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of the metabolic consequences of a chronic energy-dense/high-fat diet (HFD) represents a public health priority. Metformin is a strong candidate to be incorporated in alternative therapeutic approaches. We used a targeted metabolomic approach to assess changes related to the multi-faceted metabolic disturbances provoked by HFD. We evaluated the protective effects of metformin and explored how pro-inflammatory and metabolic changes respond when mice rendered obese, glucose-intolerant and hyperlipidemic were switched to diet reversal with or without metformin. Mice treated with metformin and diet-reversal showed a dramatically improved protection against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, a beneficial effect that was accompanied by a lowering of liver-infiltrating pro-inflammatory macrophages and lower release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Metformin combined with diet reversal promoted effective weight loss along with better glucose control, lowered levels of circulating cholesterol and triglycerides, and reduced adipose tissue content. Our findings underscored the ability of metformin to target the contribution of branched chain amino acids to adipose tissue metabolism while suppressing mitochondrial-dependent biosynthesis in hepatic tissue. The relationship between adipose tissue and liver might provide clinical potential for combining metformin and dietary modifications to protect against the metabolic damage occurring upon excessive dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera-Borrull
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anabel García-Heredia
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Insitiute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain.
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Noemí Cabré
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Insitiute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain.
- ProCURE (Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17190 Girona, Spain.
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Insitiute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain.
- ProCURE (Program against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17190 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
- The Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
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10
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Lee SR, Han J. Mitochondrial Mutations in Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:81-111. [PMID: 28551783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria individually encapsulate their own genome, unlike other cellular organelles. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular, double-stranded, 16,569-base paired DNA containing 37 genes: 13 proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs; 12S and 16S), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The mtDNA is more vulnerable to oxidative modifications compared to nuclear DNA because of its proximity to ROS-producing sites, limited presence of DNA damage repair systems, and continuous replication in the cell. mtDNA mutations can be inherited or sporadic. Simple mtDNA mutations are point mutations, which are frequently found in mitochondrial tRNA loci, causing mischarging of mitochondrial tRNAs or deletion, duplication, or reduction in mtDNA content. Because mtDNA has multiple copies and a specific replication mechanism in cells or tissues, it can be heterogenous, resulting in characteristic phenotypic presentations such as heteroplasmy, genetic drift, and threshold effects. Recent studies have increased the understanding of basic mitochondrial genetics, providing an insight into the correlations between mitochondrial mutations and cardiac manifestations including hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death with a syndromic or non-syndromic phenotype. Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial mutations, which result from structural defects, functional impairment, or both, are increasingly detected but are not clear because of the complex interplay between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, even in homoplasmic mitochondrial populations. Additionally, various factors such as individual susceptibility, nutritional state, and exposure to chemicals can influence phenotypic presentation, even for the same mtDNA mutation.In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of mtDNA mutations and their role in cardiac involvement. In addition, epigenetic modifications of mtDNA are briefly discussed for future elucidation of their critical role in cardiac involvement. Finally, current strategies for dealing with mitochondrial mutations in cardiac disorders are briefly stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea.
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11
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Toma L, Sanda GM, Niculescu LS, Deleanu M, Stancu CS, Sima AV. Caffeic acid attenuates the inflammatory stress induced by glycated LDL in human endothelial cells by mechanisms involving inhibition of AGE-receptor, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biofactors 2017; 43:685-697. [PMID: 28753257 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic and its atherosclerotic complications determine the high morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Caffeic acid (CAF), a phenolic acid present in normal diets, is known for its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate CAF's anti-inflammatory properties and its mechanism of action, using cultured human endothelial cells (HEC) incubated with glycated low-density lipoproteins (gLDL). Levels of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), inflammatory stress markers (C reactive protein, CRP; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1), and oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers were evaluated in gLDL-exposed HEC, in the presence/absence of CAF. RAGE silencing or blocking, specific inhibitors for oxidative stress (apocynin, N-acetyl-cysteine), and ERS (salubrinal) were used. The results showed that: (i) gLDL induced CRP synthesis and secretion through mechanisms involving NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress and ERS in HEC; (ii) gLDL-RAGE interaction, oxidative stress, and ERS stimulated the secretion of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in HEC; and (iii) CAF reduced the secretion of CRP, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 in gLDL-exposed HEC by inhibiting RAGE expression, oxidative stress, and ERS. In conclusion, CAF might be a promising alternative to ameliorate a wide spectrum of disorders due to its complex mechanisms of action resulting in anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):685-697, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toma
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela M Sanda
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredan S Niculescu
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Deleanu
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia S Stancu
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca V Sima
- Lipidomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Shiba S, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Nakayama A, Tanaka T, Inoue S. Deficiency of COX7RP, a mitochondrial supercomplex assembly promoting factor, lowers blood glucose level in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7606. [PMID: 28790391 PMCID: PMC5548899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles to efficiently produce ATP by ATP-synthase, which uses a proton-gradient generated by respiratory chain complexes. We previously demonstrated that COX7RP/COX7A2L/SCAF1 is a key molecule that promotes respiratory supercomplex assembly and regulates energy generation. The contribution of COX7RP to metabolic homeostasis, however, remains to be clarified. In the present study, we showed a metabolic phenotype of Cox7rp knockout (Cox7rpKO) mice, which exhibit lower blood glucose levels after insulin or pyruvate injection. Notably, ATP synthesis rate was reduced in Cox7rpKO mice liver, in accordance with decreased percentages of complex III subunit RISP and complex IV subunit COX1 involved in I + III + IV supercomplex fraction. The present findings suggest that COX7RP-mediated mitochondrial respiration plays crucial roles in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and its impairment will lead to the pathophysiology of metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Shiba
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Nakayama
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Nutrients in Energy and One-Carbon Metabolism: Learning from Metformin Users. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020121. [PMID: 28208582 PMCID: PMC5331552 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic vulnerability is associated with age-related diseases and concomitant co-morbidities, which include obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. Most of the health problems we face today come from excessive intake of nutrients and drugs mimicking dietary effects and dietary restriction are the most successful manipulations targeting age-related pathways. Phenotypic heterogeneity and individual response to metabolic stressors are closely related food intake. Understanding the complexity of the relationship between dietary provision and metabolic consequences in the long term might provide clinical strategies to improve healthspan. New aspects of metformin activity provide a link to many of the overlapping factors, especially the way in which organismal bioenergetics remodel one-carbon metabolism. Metformin not only inhibits mitochondrial complex 1, modulating the metabolic response to nutrient intake, but also alters one-carbon metabolic pathways. Here, we discuss findings on the mechanism(s) of action of metformin with the potential for therapeutic interpretations.
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14
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Abbaoui B, Telu KH, Lucas CR, Thomas-Ahner JM, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK, Freitas MA, Mortazavi A. The impact of cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates on histone acetylation and histone phosphorylation in bladder cancer. J Proteomics 2017; 156:94-103. [PMID: 28132875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable intake is associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates (ITCs), namely sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ECN), significantly inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in human bladder cancer cells representing superficial to invasive biology (59-83% inhibition with 20μM, 48h treatment), and in bladder cancer xenografts (59±3% ECN inhibition). Individual HDACs inhibited by SFN and ECN include HDACs 1, 2, 4 and 6. Interestingly, global acetylation status of histones H3 or H4 remain unaltered. The interplay between HDAC inhibition and modest modulation of AcH3 and AcH4 status is partially explained by decreased histone acetyl transferase activity (48.8±5.3%). In contrast, a significant decrease in phosphorylation status of all isoforms of histone H1 was observed, concomitant with increased phosphatase PP1β and PP2A activity. Together, these findings suggest that ITCs modulate histone status via HDAC inhibition and phosphatase enhancement. This allows for reduced levels of histone H1 phosphorylation, a marker correlated with human bladder cancer progression. Therefore, ITC-mediated inhibition of histone H1 phosphorylation presents a novel direction of research in elucidating epidemiological relationships and supports future food-based prevention strategies. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, our findings suggest that the cruciferous vegetable isothiocyanates: sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ECN), impact histones status in bladder cancer cells by modulating specific HDACs and HATs, and enhancing phosphatase activity, resulting in reduction of histone H1 phosphorylation. These findings are significant due to the fact that our previous work positively correlated histone H1 phosphorylation with bladder cancer carcinogenesis and progression. Therefore, we propose that SFN and ECN may inhibit bladder carcinogenesis via epigenetic modulation of gene expression associated with histone H1 phosphorylation. These efforts may elucidate biomarkers useful in epidemiologic studies related to cruciferous vegetable intake and cancer risk or provide intermediate biomarkers for food-based clinical intervention studies in high-risk cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Abbaoui
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kelly H Telu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher R Lucas
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Brignardello J, Holmes E, Garcia-Perez I. Metabolic Phenotyping of Diet and Dietary Intake. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 81:231-270. [PMID: 28317606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition provides the building blocks for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body and is key to maintaining health. Exposure to fast foods, mass production of dietary components, and wider importation of goods have challenged the balance between diet and health in recent decades, and both scientists and clinicians struggle to characterize the relationship between this changing dietary landscape and human metabolism with its consequent impact on health. Metabolic phenotyping of foods, using high-density data-generating technologies to profile the biochemical composition of foods, meals, and human samples (pre- and postfood intake), can be used to map the complex interaction between the diet and human metabolism and also to assess food quality and safety. Here, we outline some of the techniques currently used for metabolic phenotyping and describe key applications in the food sciences, ending with a broad outlook at some of the newer technologies in the field with a view to exploring their potential to address some of the critical challenges in nutritional science.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brignardello
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Holmes
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Cabré N, Camps J, Joven J. Inflammation, mitochondrial metabolism and nutrition: the multi-faceted progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2016; 5:438-443. [PMID: 27826560 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2016.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Cabré
- Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Sant Joan, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Sant Joan, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Sant Joan, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; ; The Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain
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