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Norman KG, Loretz L, Kowcz A, Kaufman LE, Ruvolo E, Traudt M, Santos I, RoseMansfield R, Nash JF. Application habits and practices of regular sunscreen users in the United States: Results of an online survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114093. [PMID: 37813178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide online survey assessed claimed usage of sunscreen products in 2283 self-identified regular sun protection factor (SPF) consumers (RSPFC) in the United States. Subjects applied sunscreen most frequently when spending more than 3 h in the sun. Sunscreen usage peaks during the summer, with sunny weather prompting 99% usage of beach/recreational SPF products but drops to approximately 50% and 30% on partly cloudy and cloudy days, respectively, regardless of SPF product category. About half of RSPFC augment sunscreen product usage by limiting time in the sun and wearing a hat. SPF products are not reapplied by approximately 20-60% of RSPFC, depending upon product category, and reapplication was less than 33% on cloudy and partly cloudy days. Primary reasons for reapplication were water exposure, number of hours in the sun, and being active/sweating, most notably for beach/recreational SPF products. Importantly, in children, 45% of parents reported "redness" as a signal for reapplying sunscreen product. Only 10% of respondents correctly identified sunscreen products as drugs. Based on these results, while sunscreens may share common ingredients and efficacy measures, their usage by consumers varies widely depending on product type, season, weather, gender, age, and geographical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Norman
- Personal Care Products Council, 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
| | - Linda Loretz
- Personal Care Products Council, 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Alexandra Kowcz
- Personal Care Products Council, 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Lewis E Kaufman
- Scripterra Scientific LLC, 123 Park Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Eduardo Ruvolo
- Beiersdorf, Inc., 301 Tresser Blvd, Stamford, CT, 06901, USA
| | - Michael Traudt
- Revlon, Inc., 2121 State Route 27, Edison, NJ, 008817, USA
| | - Idalina Santos
- L'Oréal USA, Inc., 30 Terminal Ave, Clark, NJ, 07066, USA
| | | | - J Frank Nash
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
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2
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Lukić J, Đurkić T, Onjia A. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and Monte Carlo simulation of margin of safety for octocrylene, EHMC, 2ES, and homosalate in sunscreens. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5590. [PMID: 36709999 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using a floating organic drop has been optimized and used for the sample preparation of four commonly used ultraviolet filter (UVF) substances in sunscreens. Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to screen 10 variables in DLLME. The most significant variables were then optimized by using a response surface method with a Box-Behnken design. DLLME followed by an optimized HPLC identified octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate as the frequently found UVFs in commercial sunscreens. The systemic exposure dosage and margin of safety (MoS) for the identified UVFs were estimated using in-use concentrations and application patterns. The average systemic exposure dosage values for octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate were 0.52, 0.61, 0.020, and 0.079 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively. Whereas the average MoS values for individual UVFs ranging from 296 to 3160 were all significantly higher than the limit value of 100, the combined exposure risks were slightly above the limit. The probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the combined MoS values were (mean, 10‰, 90‰) 342, 119, and 441, respectively. Regarding the usage of sunscreen cosmetics containing the UVFs studied, these results indicate a safety concern for those who apply multiple UVF products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lukić
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Đurkić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Antonije Onjia
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lebaron P. UV filters and their impact on marine life: state of the science, data gaps, and next steps. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36 Suppl 6:22-28. [PMID: 35738809 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens containing broad-spectrum ultraviolet (UV) filters play an essential role in protecting the skin against the damage induced by sun overexposure. However, the widespread use of sunscreens and other personal care products containing these filters has led to these compounds being widely detected in the environment and being identified as emerging pollutants in marine waters. Concerns raised by laboratory studies investigating the potential impact of UV filters on coral communities have already led to bans on the use of some sunscreens in a few tourist hotspots. Although UV filter pollution may be just one of the many environmental factors impacting coral health worldwide, the media attention surrounding these studies and the legislative changes may lead patients to question dermatologists about the environmental safety of some sunscreen products. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on the impact of UV filters on marine ecosystems, concentrating on recent studies examining the effects of commonly used filters on organisms at low trophic levels and of how alternative approaches, such as metabolomics, can be used to further assess UV filter ecotoxicity. Current gaps in our knowledge are also discussed, most notably the need to increase our understanding of the longer-term fate and behaviour of UV filters in the marine environment, develop more adapted standardized ecotoxicity tests for a wider range of marine species, and evaluate the impact of UV filters on the marine food web. We then discuss future perspectives for the development of new, more environmentally friendly, filters that may enable the use of the most toxic compounds to be reduced without compromising the effectiveness of sunscreen formulations. Finally, we consider how dermatologists play a key role in educating patients on the need for a balanced approach to sun exposure, sun protection, and conservation of the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Portilho L, Aiello LM, Vasques LI, Bagatin E, Leonardi GR. Effectiveness of sunscreens and factors influencing sun protection: a review. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Pilli NR, Narayanasamy S, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, Patel V, Strauss DG, Matta MK. Novel simultaneous method for the determination of avobenzone and oxybenzone in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS with phospholipid removal pretreatment: An application to a sunscreen clinical trial. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1169:122615. [PMID: 33706185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Application of sunscreen is one of many ways to protect skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Sunscreen products are widely used and regulated as over-the-counter drug products in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends an assessment of human systemic absorption of sunscreen active ingredients with a Maximal Usage Trial. The FDA conducted a clinical study to determine the systemic exposure of sunscreen active ingredients present in 4 commercially available sunscreen products of different formulation types under maximal usage conditions. To support this clinical study, a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of the two sunscreens avobenzone and oxybenzone in human plasma was developed. Phospholipid removal 96-well protein precipitation plates were used for sample clean-up and the extracted samples were chromatographed on an Ethylene-Bridged Hybrid (BEH) C18 column in isocratic flow using 10 mM ammonium formate in 0.1% formic acid and methanol (24:76, v/v) as a mobile phase. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to acquire data. The method was validated as per current FDA bioanalytical method validation guidance, in the ranges 0.20-12.00 ng/mL for avobenzone and 0.40-300.00 ng/mL for oxybenzone. The validated method was used toanalyzethese active ingredients in human clinical study samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Pilli
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanasamy
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jeffry Florian
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Robbert Zusterzeel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - David G Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Murali K Matta
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Meng Y, Li Y, Zheng N, Hou S, Li Y, Wang S, Sun S, Hua X, Liang D. Potential health risks of metals in skin care products used by Chinese consumers aged 19-29 years. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112184. [PMID: 33839485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of skin care products that occurs during their production poses potential health risks, which are of increasing concern, to consumers. Here, we collected 570 responses to an online survey to analyze the usage pattern of skin care products across China. Then a total of 30 commonly used skin care products with various prices and applications were purchased. The concentrations of metals (Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Cd) and metalloid As, were determined. Next, we improved the frequency calculation method and used the weighted exposure frequency to calculate the dermal absorption dose (DAD). The amounts of Zn, Cr, and Al that were assimilated by the human body via uptake were approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and metalloid As. In addition, younger consumers were at higher risk of metals exposure than older consumers because of their higher frequency of use of skin care products. Al and Zn posed higher risk to consumers because of its high DAD. There was no significant chronic non-carcinogenic health risk (hazard index < 1) posed by skincare product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengnan Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
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Ficheux AS, Gomez-Berrada MP, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure to finished cosmetic products: A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:280-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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