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Na H, Zheng YY, Jia Y, Feng J, Huang J, Huang J, Wang CY, Yao G. Screening and genetic engineering of marine-derived Aspergillus terreus for high-efficient production of lovastatin. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:134. [PMID: 38724934 PMCID: PMC11084141 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lovastatin has widespread applications thanks to its multiple pharmacological effects. Fermentation by filamentous fungi represents the major way of lovastatin production. However, the current lovastatin productivity by fungal fermentation is limited and needs to be improved. RESULTS In this study, the lovastatin-producing strains of Aspergillus terreus from marine environment were screened, and their lovastatin productions were further improved by genetic engineering. Five strains of A. terreus were isolated from various marine environments. Their secondary metabolites were profiled by metabolomics analysis using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), revealing that the production of secondary metabolites was variable among different strains. Remarkably, the strain of A. terreus MJ106 could principally biosynthesize the target drug lovastatin, which was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and gene expression analysis. By one-factor experiment, lactose was found to be the best carbon source for A. terreus MJ106 to produce lovastatin. To improve the lovastatin titer in A. terreus MJ106, genetic engineering was applied to this strain. Firstly, a series of strong promoters was identified by transcriptomic and green fluorescent protein reporter analysis. Then, three selected strong promoters were used to overexpress the transcription factor gene lovE encoding the major transactivator for lov gene cluster expression. The results revealed that compared to A. terreus MJ106, all lovE over-expression mutants exhibited significantly more production of lovastatin and higher gene expression. One of them, LovE-b19, showed the highest lovastatin productivity at a titer of 1512 mg/L, which represents the highest production level reported in A. terreus. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that combination of strain screen and genetic engineering represents a powerful tool for improving the productivity of fungal secondary metabolites, which could be adopted for large-scale production of lovastatin in marine-derived A. terreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Na
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (the Ministry of Education of China), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yao-Yao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (the Ministry of Education of China), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yaoning Jia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (the Ministry of Education of China), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jingzhao Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jizi Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jihao Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (the Ministry of Education of China), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Guangshan Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Liasi E, Kantilafti M, Hadjimbei E, Chrysostomou S. Monacolin K supplementation in patients with hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review of clinical trials. Semergen 2024; 50:102156. [PMID: 38310834 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2023.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Monacolin K is the major active component in red yeast rice (RYR) which is structurally identical to lovastatin and has the most powerful effect, in terms of reducing blood cholesterol levels. This review aimed to examine the effect and safety of different doses of monacolin K on blood cholesterol levels. PubMed and Cochrane were searched for articles published between 2012 and 2023 for clinical-trials and randomized-controlled-trials. Eligible studies included participants>18-years-old, of any gender and ethnicity. The intervention/exposure of interest was monacolin K. Hypercholesterolemia was considered the outcome of interest defined as the elevated total or low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. 12 randomized-controlled-trials were eligible for inclusion in the analysis including 769 participants>18-years-old. 11 out of 12 studies were assessed with high methodological quality and one study with low methodological quality. Monacolin K supplementation varied between 2mg and 10mg per day and the maximum period of supplementation was 12 weeks. All studies indicated a beneficial effect of monacolin supplementation on LDL and total cholesterol levels (p<0.05) regardless the dose and period of supplementation. Also, 3 of the included studies reported adverse side effects after treatment with monacolin K. Low doses of monacolin K equal to 3mg/day exert potential cholesterol-lowering effects although the number of relative studies is limited. Regarding the safety of monacolin K supplementation, findings seem to be more controversial and therefore, it is suggested for all patients treated with monacolin K to be routinely monitored regardless the dose of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liasi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Kantilafti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Hadjimbei
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Chrysostomou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Yang L, Jing Y, Cheng Z, Huang K, Yang X, Xiang D, Hilde LO, Zhang H, Liu Y. Draft genome sequence of Monascus ruber strain FM39-7. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0080523. [PMID: 38099680 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00805-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In China, certain Monascus ruber strains are traditionally used as edible fungi. We sequenced the genome of M. ruber FM39-7 strain, an isolate from fermented rice. The genome is 25.89 Mb with a G + C content of 48.86%, containing 8485 annotated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Yongfeng Jing
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Ke Huang
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - LudwigSimaneka Omuwa Hilde
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd. , Changsha, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology , Hangzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wang J, Yue Y, Yang Y, Wen Y, Luo Y, Zhang X. Qinlian hongqu decoction ameliorates hyperlipidemia via the IRE1-α/IKKB-β/NF-κb signaling pathway: Network pharmacology and experimental validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116856. [PMID: 37406747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qinlian Hongqu decoction (QLHQD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. It has previously been found to mitigate hyperlipidemia, although its mechanism requires further clarification. AIM OF THE STUDY This study explored QLHQD's mechanism in treating hyperlipidemia based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of QLHQD were analyzed by means of ultrahigh performanceliquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrapmass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) and the targets of hyperlipidemia were predicted using the Swiss ADME, GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank, TTD, and PharmGKB databases. A drug-component-target-disease network was constructed using Cytoscape v3.7.1. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed using the Bioinformatics platform. Based on the KEGG results, the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease signaling pathways were selected for experimental validation in an animal model. RESULTS We identified 34 components of QLHQD, 94 targets of hyperlipidemia, and 18 lipid metabolism-related pathways from the KEGG analysis. The results of the animal experiment revealed that QLHQD alleviated lipid metabolism disorders, obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation in rats with hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diets. Additionally, it reduced the expression of IRE1-α, TRAF2, IKKB-β, and NF-κB proteins in the liver of hyperlipidemic rats. CONCLUSION QLHQD is able to significantly mitigate hyperlipidemia induced via high-fat diets in rats. The mechanism of action in this regard might involve regulating the IRE1-α/IKKB-β/NF-κB signaling pathway in the liver, thereby attenuating inflammatory responses and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Computer Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yue
- Department of Ultrasound, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaqi Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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Buzzelli L, Segreti A, Di Gioia D, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Nenna A, Di Gioia G. Alternative lipid lowering strategies: State-of-the-art review of red yeast rice. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105719. [PMID: 37931717 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR) is an entirely natural product that originates from the fermentation of white rice (Oryza sativa) with a yeast, mainly Monascus Purpureus, and has been part of traditional Chinese medicine and diet since ancient times. It has generated great interest in recent years in the context of cardiovascular (CV) prevention due to its ability to inhibit endogenous cholesterol production, helping to achieve and maintain optimal plasma lipid concentrations. This review aims to make an extensive 360-degree assessment and summary of the whole currently available scientific evidence about RYR, starting with its biochemical composition, passing through a historical reconstruction of all the studies that have evaluated its efficacy and safety in cholesterol-lowering action, with a focus on CV outcomes, and ultimately addressing its other relevant clinical effects. We also discuss its possible therapeutic role, alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals, in different clinical scenarios, taking into account the positions of major scientific documents on the issue, and describe the articulate legal controversies that have characterized the regulation of its use up to the present day. RYR preparations have been proven safe and effective in improving lipid profile, with a potential role in reducing cardiovascular risk. They can be considered as additional supportive agents in the armamentarium of lipid-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Gioia
- Farmacia del Corso, Via Federico II, 50, 71036 Lucera, Foggia, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Ghorbannezhad G, Mehrabadi S, Golampour-Shamkani N, Barjasteh A, Etesamizadeh P, Tayyebi M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Avan A. Genetic Determinants of Response to Statins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:20-28. [PMID: 38204221 PMCID: PMC11107471 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x267793231220114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to identify patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who could most benefit from the treatment approach, patients vary in their benefit from therapy and propensity for adverse drug events. Genetic variability in individual responses to drugs (pharmacogenetics) is considered an essential determinant in responding to a drug. Thus, understanding these pharmacogenomic relationships has led to a substantial focus on mechanisms of disease and drug response. In turn, understanding the genomic and molecular bases of variables that might be involved in drug response is the main step in personalized medicine. There is a growing body of data evaluating drug-gene interactions in recent years, some of which have led to FDA recommendations and detection of markers to predict drug responses (e.g., genetic variant in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes for prediction of drug response in warfarin treatment). Also, statins are widely prescribed drugs for the prevention of CVD. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are the most common statins used to manage dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the pharmacogenetics of statins, which are being used to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghorbannezhad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Mehrabadi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Golampour-Shamkani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Barjasteh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Poorya Etesamizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tayyebi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sadowska A, Osiński P, Roztocka A, Kaczmarz-Chojnacka K, Zapora E, Sawicka D, Car H. Statins-From Fungi to Pharmacy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:466. [PMID: 38203637 PMCID: PMC10779115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Natural fermentation processes of fungi such as Monascus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus terreus, and Pleurotus ostreatus have given rise to natural statins. Compactin (mevastatin), the original naturally occurring statin, is the primary biotransformation substrate in the manufacturing process of marketed drugs. Statins are classified into natural, semi-synthetic derivatives of natural statins, and synthetic ones. Synthetic statins differ from natural statins in their structural composition, with the only common feature being the HMG-CoA-like moiety responsible for suppressing HMG-CoA reductase. Statins do not differ significantly regarding their pleiotropic and adverse effects, but their characteristics depend on their pharmacokinetic parameters and chemical properties. This paper focuses on describing the processes of obtaining natural statins, detailing the pharmacokinetics of available statins, divided into natural and synthetic, and indicating their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Patryk Osiński
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Alicja Roztocka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Karolina Kaczmarz-Chojnacka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Ewa Zapora
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Use, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
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do Nascimento SS, Barbosa RDN, de Oliveira Silva W, da Conceição EM, de Souza-Motta CM, de Oliveira da Silva LA, de Oliveira NT. Optimization of L-glutaminase production by Monascus ruber URM 8542 isolated from ice cream industrial effluent. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:288. [PMID: 37632594 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
L-glutaminase is a hydrolytic enzyme with wide biotechnological applications. Mostly, these enzymes are employed in the feed industry for flavor enhancement and acrylamide mitigation. Also, L-glutaminase may have antiviral and antineoplastic effects making it a good choice for pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the strain Monascus ruber URM 8542 was identified through classical and molecular taxonomy using partial sequencing of β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. Subsequently, the optimal culture conditions were evaluated by submerged fermentation (L-glutamine 10 g.L- 1) for L-glutaminase excretion. The isolate was identified as M. ruber URM 8542 which showed significant extracellular enzyme production with a yield of 11.4 times in relation to the specific activity of intracellular L-glutaminase. Regarding the optimization experiments, several factors such as L-glutamine concentration, temperature, and pH were compared using a full factorial design (23). The concentrations greater than 1% proved to be significantly better for glutaminase production (R2 = 0.9077). Additionally, the L-glutaminase was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 30 ºC. The L-glutaminase was remarkably stable across an alkaline pH range (7.0-8.0) and had a thermal stability ranging from 30 ºC to 60 ºC for 1 h. Taken together, these findings suggest that the L-glutaminase produced by M. ruber is a promising candidate for pharmacological application, although further studies need to be performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L-glutaminase production by Monascus ruber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Signe do Nascimento
- Department of Mycology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa-PB, CEP 58033-455, Brazil.
| | - Renan do Nascimento Barbosa
- Department of Mycology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Wellma de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil
| | - Emanuella Maria da Conceição
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta
- Department of Mycology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Leonor Alves de Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa-PB, CEP 58033-455, Brazil
| | - Neiva Tinti de Oliveira
- Department of Mycology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil
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Long M, Pei X, Lu Z, Xu D, Zheng N, Li Y, Ge H, Cao W, Osire T, Xia X. Effective degradation of anthraquinones in Folium Sennae with Monascus fermentation for toxicity reduce and efficacy enhancement. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18735. [PMID: 37560635 PMCID: PMC10407211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Folium Sennae are widely used around the world, mainly in purging and removal of endogenous active substances, such as anthraquinone and its derivatives. However, the potential toxicity of anthraquinones to the liver, kidney, and intestinal limits the application of Folium Sennae. In this study, we aimed at safe regulation of Folium Sennae to degrade anthraquinones, boosting medicinal properties and reducing toxicity and potency with Monascus fermentation. Monascus strains H1102 for Folium Sennae fermentation were selected as the initial strain which was capable of producing high yields of functional pigment and low yields of hazardous citrinin. The anthraquinone degradation rate reached 41.2%, with 212.2 U mL-1 of the pigment and approximately 0.038 mg L-1 of the citrinin under optimal fermentation conditions followed by response surface streamlining, which met the requirements of reducing toxicity, increasing efficiency of Monascus fermented Folium Sennae. Furthermore, the Monascus/Folium Sennae culture had no observable toxic effect on HK-2 and L-02 cells in vitro and further inhibited cell apoptosis and necrosis. Overall, our results showed that Monascus fermentation could provide an alternative strategy for toxicity reduction of herbal medicines as well as efficacy enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Infinitus (China) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Wuxi Dipont School of Arts and Science, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaxian Li
- Infinitus (China) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Hanxiao Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wentao Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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10
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Da Porto A, Donnini D, Vanin F, Romanin A, Antonello M, Toritto P, Varisco E, Brosolo G, Catena C, Sechi LA, Soardo G. Effects of Monacolin K in Nondiabetic Patients with NAFLD: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081887. [PMID: 37111106 PMCID: PMC10144054 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver condition with significant risk of progression to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Therapeutic strategies in NAFLD include lifestyle changes mainly related to dietary interventions and use of drugs or nutritional components that could improve plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity and decrease the local inflammatory response. In this study, we tested the effects of monacolin K, an inhibitor of HMCoA reductase. In a prospective, uncontrolled, open study, we treated 24 patients with NAFLD and mild hypercholesterolemia with 10 mg/day of monacolin K. At baseline and after 26 weeks, we measured in plasma liver tests, lipids, malondialdehyde, and oxidized glutathione, and assessed biochemical steatosis scores, liver elastography, and body composition with bioimpedance analysis. Monacolin K significantly reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglycerides and the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index that indicated improved insulin sensitivity. No significant changes were found in body fat mass and visceral fat, nor in liver elastography, while the fatty liver index (FLI) was significantly decreased. Plasma levels of both malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione were markedly reduced by monacolin K treatment, suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In summary, this pilot study suggests possible benefits of monacolin K use in NAFLD patients that could be linked to a reduction in oxidative stress. This hypothesis should be further investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Da Porto
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Debora Donnini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Vanin
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Arianna Romanin
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Martina Antonello
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Toritto
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Eleonora Varisco
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brosolo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgio Soardo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Italian Liver Foundation, Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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11
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Shi X, Li M, Huang Q, Xie L, Huang Z. Monacolin K Induces Apoptosis of Human Glioma U251 Cells by Triggering ROS-Mediated Oxidative Damage and Regulating MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1331-1341. [PMID: 36917811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK), a polyketo secondary metabolic compound of the mold genus Monascus, can promote the apoptosis of malignant cancer cells, possessing potential antitumor properties. However, its mechanism of action on gliomas remains unclear. Here, we explored and investigated the potential of the monacolin K's antitumor effect on human glioma U251 cells and its possible molecular mechanism. Results showed that the application of 10 μM monacolin K inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells, with an inhibitory rate of up to 53.4%. Additionally, monacolin K induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and activated mitochondria-mediated pathways, including decreased MMP, activation of caspase3/caspase9, decreased Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, and disruption of the antioxidant system, resulting in the disruption of intracellular reduction-oxidation homeostasis. Monacolin K also activated MAPK and NF-κB pathways, upregulating P38 activity and downregulating JNK/ERK/P65/IκBα expression, ultimately leading to apoptosis of U251 cells. Importantly, monacolin K was not cytotoxic to normal human cells, hUC-MSCs. We concluded that monacolin K can induce apoptosis in U251 cells by triggering ROS-mediated oxidative damage and regulating MAPKs and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiming Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, No. 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liuming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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12
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Bai X, Sheng Y, Tang Z, Pan J, Wang S, Tang B, Zhou T, Shi L, Zhang H. Polyketides as Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Aspergillus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:261. [PMID: 36836375 PMCID: PMC9962652 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are an important class of structurally diverse natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone and methylene groups. These compounds have attracted the worldwide attention of pharmaceutical researchers since they are endowed with a wide array of biological properties. As one of the most common filamentous fungi in nature, Aspergillus spp. is well known as an excellent producer of polyketide compounds with therapeutic potential. By extensive literature search and data analysis, this review comprehensively summarizes Aspergillus-derived polyketides for the first time, regarding their occurrences, chemical structures and bioactivities as well as biosynthetic logics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenxing Tang
- School of Culinary Arts, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Jingyi Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lu’e Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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13
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Zhang J, Shao Y, Chen F. Overexpression of MrEsa1 accelerated growth, increased ascospores yield, and the polyketide production in Monascus ruber. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36760018 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Esa1 has been proven to be an important histone acetyltransferase involved in the regulation of growth and metabolism. Monascus spp. with nearly 2000 years of edible history in East Asian countries can produce a variety of polyketides. It is unknown whether Esa1 plays a regulatory role in Monascus spp. In this study, we isolated the homology of histone acetyltransferase Esa1 (named MrEsa1) and constructed a mresa1-overexpressed strain. Western blot experiments showed that MrEsa1 hyperacetylated at K4 and K9 of the H3 subunit in Monascus ruber. Overexpression of mresa1 led to the larger colony diameter and increased dry cell mass; meanwhile, the conidia germination rate was significantly accelerated in the mresa1-overexpressed strain before 4 h, and the number of ascospores in the mresa1-overexpressed strain was significantly higher than that in WT. In addition, the Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) and citrinin production of the mresa1-overexpressed strain were 1.7 and 2.4 times more than those of WT, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiment suggested that mrpigB, mrpigH, mrpigJ, and mrpigK, involved in MonAzPs synthesis, and pksCT, mrl3, and mrl7, involved in citrinin synthesis, were upregulated in mresa1-overexpressed strain. This study provides important insights into the effect of MrEsa1 on the developmental process and the production of secondary metabolites in Monascus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Rosta V, Zuliani G, Sega FVD, Fortini F, Rizzo P, Cimaglia P, Campo G. A Nutraceutical Compound Containing a Low Dose of Monacolin K, Polymethoxyflavones, Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, and Hydroxytyrosol Improves HDL Functionality. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023; 21:433-442. [PMID: 36824007 DOI: 10.2174/1570161121666230221142131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In earlier studies, it has been observed that 8-week treatment with a novel nutraceutical compound (NC) containing low monacolin K dose, polymethoxyflavones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and hydroxytyrosol improves lipid profile and endothelial function and reduces the level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We hypothesize that this effect might be, at least in part, explained by positive modulation exerted by the NC on the atheroprotective function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). AIM This study aimed to evaluate whether the NC could influence determinants of HDL function. METHODS Forty-five subjects with low-moderate dyslipidaemia were enrolled and treated for 8 weeks with the NC, followed by 4 weeks of washout. Blood samples were collected at every time point to evaluate changes in lipid profile, endothelial function, oxLDL, and markers of HDL function, such as the anti-oxidant activities of paraoxonase-1, glutathione peroxidase-3 (Gpx3), lipoprotein-phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), and pro-oxidant activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO). RESULTS Although the concentration of HDL-C did not change, the activity of Lp-PLA2 significantly decreased upon treatment (-11.6%, p<0.001) and returned to baseline level 4 weeks after the end of treatment. In contrast, Gpx3 increased after treatment (+5%, p<0.01) and remained unvaried after 4 weeks. Both MPO activity and concentration significantly decreased after the washout period (-33 and 32%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION For the first time, it was found that the administration of an NC with beneficial effects on lipid homeostasis also positively impacts HDL function by improving the balance between protective and damaging determinants. Further investigation is required to corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Paolo Cimaglia
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Standardization issues in botanicals: A metabolomic and in silico approach to Monascus purpureus food supplements. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Singh S, Zahoor I, Sharma N, Behl T, Kanojia N, Sehgal A, Mohan S, Almoshari Y, Salawi A, Aleya L, Bungau S. Insights into the pivotal role of statins and its nanoformulations in hyperlipidemia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76514-76531. [PMID: 36161571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is the primary cause of heart disorders and has been manifested as the condition with remarkable higher levels of very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, intermediate-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and cholesterol in blood circulation. Genetic causes or systemic metabolic illnesses like diabetes mellitus, increased alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism, and primary biliary cirrhosis are several reasons behind development of hyperlipidemia. Higher levels of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma are responsible for various health disorders in human body like occlusion of blood vessels, acute pancreatitis, and reduced artery lumen elasticity. Both primary and secondary prophylaxis of heart disease can be achieved through combination of pharmacologic therapy with therapeutic lifestyle adjustments. Statins which belongs to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are preferred for primary prevention of hyperlipidemia particularly for individuals at higher risk of development of heart disease. This review discusses the recent advancements and outcomes of nanoparticle drug carriers for statins in the therapy of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi-248007, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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17
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Zhou T, Yu S, Xu H, Liu H, Rao Y. Stimulating fungal cell wall integrity by exogenous β-glucanase to improve the production of fungal natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7491-7503. [PMID: 36239763 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The low production of natural products (NPs) is still the critical restrictive factor in exploiting their potential large-scale applications and a barrier to isolating and identifying other meaningful products. Given that the stimulation of cell wall integrity (CWI) has become a novel strategy to modulate the production of microbial natural products, herein, exogenous β-glucanase treatment was developed as an external cell wall β-glucan stress to stimulate the fungal CWI, and then to improve the production of fungal NPs. It was found that the production of fungal NPs cercosporin and sophorolipids, biosynthesized by Cercospora sp. and Starmerella bombicola, respectively, was significantly improved by the treatment of β-glucanase under a controllable dose. Moreover, it demonstrated that β-glucanase had an ability to stimulate fungal CWI through slight fungal superficial damage, thus facilitating the secretion of NPs. We expected that this easy-operating method to stimulate fungal CWI could be feasible to improve more fungal NPs production. KEY POINTS: • Exogenous β-glucanase stimulated the fungal cell wall integrity • Changing fungal cell walls modulated natural product production • β-glucanase with potential universal effects on more fungal natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shiyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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18
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Li J, Cai Z, Li XW, Zhuang C. Natural Product-Inspired Targeted Protein Degraders: Advances and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13533-13560. [PMID: 36205223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD), a promising therapeutic strategy in drug discovery, has great potential to regulate the endogenous degradation of undruggable targets with small molecules. As vital resources that provide diverse structural templates for drug discovery, natural products (NPs) are a rising and robust arsenal for the development of therapeutic TPD. The first proof-of-concept study of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) was a natural polyketide ovalicin-derived degrader; since then, NPs have shown great potential to promote TPD technology. The use of NP-inspired targeted protein degraders has been confirmed to be a promising strategy to treat many human conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nevertheless, the development of NP-inspired degraders is challenging, and the field is currently in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the bioactivities and mechanisms of NP-inspired degraders and discuss the associated challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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19
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Chen Y, Pang X, He Y, Lin X, Zhou X, Liu Y, Yang B. Secondary Metabolites from Coral-Associated Fungi: Source, Chemistry and Bioactivities. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1043. [PMID: 36294608 PMCID: PMC9604832 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study of the secondary metabolites of coral-associated fungi produced a valuable and extra-large chemical database. Many of them exhibit strong biological activity and can be used for promising drug lead compounds. Serving as an epitome of the most promising compounds, which take the ultra-new skeletons and/or remarkable bioactivities, this review presents an overview of new compounds and bioactive compounds isolated from coral-associated fungi, covering the literature from 2010 to 2021. Its scope included 423 metabolites, focusing on the bioactivity and structure diversity of these compounds. According to structure, these compounds can be roughly classified as terpenes, alkaloids, peptides, aromatics, lactones, steroids, and other compounds. Some of them described in this review possess a wide range of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antifouling, and other activities. This review aims to provide some significant chemical and/or biological enlightenment for the study of marine natural products and marine drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yanchun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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20
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Chi MH, Chao J, Ko CY, Huang SS. An Ethnopharmaceutical Study on the Hypolipidemic Formulae in Taiwan Issued by Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900693. [PMID: 36188612 PMCID: PMC9520573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately one-third of ischemic heart diseases are due to hyperlipidemia, which has been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. This study was aimed to disassemble and analyze hypolipidemic formulae sold by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies. Using commonly used statistical parameters in ethnopharmacology, we identified the core drug combination of the hypolipidemic formulae, thereby exploring the strategy by which the Taiwanese people select hypolipidemic drugs. Most important of all, we preserved the inherited knowledge of TCM. We visited 116 TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and collected 91 TCM formulae. The formulae were mainly disassembled by macroscopical identification, and the medicinal materials with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) >0.2 were defined as commonly used medicinal materials. Subsequently, we sorted the information of medicinal materials recorded in the Pharmacopeia, searched for modern pharmacological research on commonly used medicinal materials using PubMed database, and visualized data based on the statistical results. Finally, the core hypolipidemic medicinal materials used in folk medicine were obtained. Of the 91 TCM formulae collected in this study, 80 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were used, belonging to 43 families, predominantly Lamiaceae. Roots were the most commonly used part as a medicinal material. There were 17 commonly used medicinal materials. Based on medicinal records in Pharmacopeia, most flavors and properties were warm and pungent, the majority traditional effects were “tonifying and replenishing” and “blood-regulating.” Besides, the targeted diseases searching from modern pharmacological studies were diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The core medicinal materials consisted of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, and the core formulae were Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang and Xie-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang. In addition, 7 groups of folk misused medicinal materials were found. Although these TCMs have been used for a long period of time, their hypolipidemic mechanisms remain unclear, and further studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Han Chi
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Ko
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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21
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Wang S, Chen Y, Wang R, Ma B, Wang Z, Tang G, Wang S, He Y, Qu L. Effectiveness of red yeast rice on carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937809. [PMID: 36120360 PMCID: PMC9478999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While several studies have demonstrated the preventive and therapeutic effects of red yeast rice (RYR), a traditional Chinese medicine, on carotid atherosclerosis through the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and other risk factors, the evidence remains inconsistent. This study aimed to further evaluate the effects of RYR in carotid atherosclerosis. Several databases were searched for original trials of RYR for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis that reported plaque indicators. Carotid plaque area (AREA), carotid plaque score (SCORE), and intima-media thickness (IMT) were set as the primary outcomes, while lipid profile and safety indicators were set as the secondary outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed on the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 index and Q statistic. Subgroup, sensitivity, and dose-effect analyses were conducted. Twenty RCTs with 2217 patients were included. Compared to the control group, AREA (SMD = −0.855, 95%CI: −1.259 to −0.451, p < 0.001), IMT (SMD = −0.588, 95%CI: −0.792 to −0.384, p < 0.001), SCORE (SMD = −0.708, 95%CI: −1.135 to −0.282, p = 0.001), LDL-C (SMD = −0.938, 95%CI: −1.375 to −0.502, p < 0.001), triglyceride (SMD = −0.766, 95%CI: −0.980 to −0.551, p < 0.001), and total cholesterol (SMD = −0.858, 95%CI: −1.254 to −0.462, p < 0.001) were significantly decreased and HDL-C (SMD = 0.389, 95%CI: 0.044–0.733, p = 0.027) was significantly increased following RYR therapy. The indicators for safety were not significant and did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.050). Heterogeneities mainly existed for the treatment time or control group setting. Most results showed no changes in the sensitivity analysis. Dose-effect relationships were observed for all indicators except for TC and HDL-C. We concluded that RYR therapy showed considerable efficacy and an acceptable safety profile for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Liping Qu,
| | - Yue Chen
- National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Department of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang First People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bailing Ma
- National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Department of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Department of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanguang Tang
- National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Department of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi He
- National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Department of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Liping Qu,
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Villano I, La Marra M, Allocca S, Ilardi CR, Polito R, Porro C, Chieffi S, Messina G, Monda V, Di Maio G, Messina A. The Role of Nutraceutical Supplements, Monacolin K and Astaxanthin, and Diet in Blood Cholesterol Homeostasis in Patients with Myopathy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081118. [PMID: 36009012 PMCID: PMC9405860 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that different combinations of nutraceutical supplements may improve the lipid profile, representing a viable alternative to statins. However, their effects on individuals with myopathy need to be investigated. The aim of our study was to explore the mid- and long-term physiological effects of monacolin k (5 mg) and astaxanthin (0.1 mg) supplements in association with a low-energy/fat diet in a group of subjects with mild myopathy. Eighty subjects (44 women) took part in this observational study. Participants were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 40, 24 women) treated with a low-energy/fat diet (1200-1500 Kcal/day and 15-20% lipids) in combination with monacolin k (5 mg) and astaxanthin (0.1 mg) supplementation, and to the control group (CG, n = 40, 20 women) treated only with a low-energy/fat diet (1200-1500 Kcal/day and 15-20% lipids). BMI and biochemical parameters (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and creatine phosphokinase-CPK) were collected at baseline (T0), after 12 (T1) and 24 (T2) weeks. A mixed factorial ANOVA was performed to determine if there were significant main effects and/or interactions between time and treatment. Treatment (EG vs. CG) was entered as the between-subjects factor and time (T0 vs. T1 vs. T2) as the within-subject factor. We found a significant improvement in total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, PCR and CPK parameters in EG compared with CG. Our results highlight the efficacy and safety of combined use of monacolin k (5 mg) and astaxanthin (0.1 mg) in combination with a low-energy/fat diet in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Salvatore Allocca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Wu SW, Ko JL, Liu BH, Yu FY. Pilot production of a sensitive ELISA kit and an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detecting citrinin in fermented rice. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19981-19989. [PMID: 35865211 PMCID: PMC9264126 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Monascus species. Excess consumption of CTN may lead to nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. A pilot study for commercial production of competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cdELISA) kit and an immunochromatographic strip (immunostrip) for screening CTN in red yeast rice is established in this study. The coating antibody and the CTN–horse radish peroxidase (HRP) concentrations were optimized to increase the sensitivity and specificity of cdELISA kit. The conjugation methods/ratios of CTN to HRP as well as the long-term stability of kit components were also evaluated. The IC50 and detection limit of the ELISA kit were determined to be 4.1 and 0.2 ng mL−1, respectively. Analysis of 20 red yeast rice samples using ELISA kits revealed the contamination levels of CTN from 64 to 29 404 ng g−1. The on-site rapid detection of CTN with the immunostrip showed that CTN levels in seven samples exceeded the regulatory limit of 5 ppm. Additionally, the coefficient correlation between the results of HPLC and ELISA kits of 20 samples was 0.96. Sensitive and convenient tools at commercial levels for detection of CTN contamination in food are established herein to protect the health of the public. Rapid detection of citrinin in red yeast fermented products with ELISA kit and immunostrip and confirmed with HPLC.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung 40201 Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung 40201 Taiwan
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10051 Taiwan +886-2-23123456-88602
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung 40201 Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung 40201 Taiwan +886-4-24730022-11816
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24
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Chen YP, Wu HT, Hwang IE, Chen FF, Yao JY, Yin Y, Chen MY, Liaw LL, Kuo YC. Identification of the high-yield monacolin K strain from Monascus spp. and its submerged fermentation using different medicinal plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:20. [PMID: 35779152 PMCID: PMC9250582 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical plants confer various benefits to human health and their bioconversion through microbial fermentation can increase efficacy, reduce toxicity, conserve resources and produce new chemical components. In this study, the cholesterol-lowering monacolin K genes and content produced by Monascus species were identified. The high-yield monacolin K strain further fermented with various medicinal plants. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, red pigment and monacolin K content, total phenolic content, and metabolites in the fermented products were analyzed. RESULTS Monacolin K was detected in Monascus pilosus (BCRC 38072), and Monascus ruber (BCRC 31533, 31523, 31534, 31535, and 33323). It responded to the highly homologous mokA and mokE genes encoding polyketide synthase and dehydrogenase. The high-yield monacolin K strain, M. ruber BCRC 31535, was used for fermentation with various medicinal plants. A positive relationship between the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the fermented products was observed after 60 days of fermentation, and both declined after 120 days of fermentation. By contrast, red pigment and monacolin K accumulated over time during fermentation, and the highest monacolin K content was observed in the fermentation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, as confirmed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, Monascus-fermented medicinal plants including Paeonia lactiflora, Alpinia oxyphylla, G. uralensis, and rice were not cytotoxic. Only the product of Monascus-fermented G. uralensis significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. The metabolites of G. uralensis with and without fermentation (60 days) were compared by LC/MS. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate were considered to enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability. CONCLUSIONS Given that highly homologous monacolin K and citrinin genes can be observed in Monascus spp., monacolin K produced by Monascus species without citrinin genes can be detected through the complementary methods of PCR and HPLC. In addition, the optimal fermentation time was important to the acquisition of antioxidants, red pigment and monacolin K. These bioactive substances were significantly affected by medicinal plants over fermentation time. Consequently, Monascus-fermented G. uralensis had a broad spectrum of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Hong-Tan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Ing-Er Hwang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Fang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Jeng-Yuan Yao
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Yiling Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Yun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Li-Ling Liaw
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Cheng Kuo
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan.
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25
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Role of the Gene ndufs8 Located in Respiratory Complex I from Monascus purpureus in the Cell Growth and Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070655. [PMID: 35887413 PMCID: PMC9319538 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous work revealed that the anabolism of Monascus secondary metabolites is closely related to cofactor metabolism. In this study, we have further investigated the regulation mechanisms of respiratory complex I in response to the cell growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis of M. purpureus. The results showed that downregulating the mRNA level of gene ndufs8 in M. purpureus sharply increased the secondary metabolites biosynthesis, cell growth and glucose consumption rates at the fermentation metaphase; slightly increased the colony diameter and biomass, and dramatically changed the mycelia morphology; and decreased the tolerances to environmental factors (especially H2O2). It also significantly inhibited the enzymes activities of respiratory complex I, III and superoxide dismutase, but stimulated that of complex II, IV and peroxidase, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and a decrease in ATP concentration. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of genes involved in respiratory chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid degradation were downregulated, but those in the citrinin and monascus pigment biosynthesis and related pathways were upregulated. These data revealed that complex I plays a vital role in regulating the cell growth and secondary metabolism of Monascus via changing the intracellular ROS and ATP levels.
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26
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Fan X, Han J, Zhang F, Chen W. Red yeast rice: a functional food used to reduce hyperlipidemia. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2043894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
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27
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Novel Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical-Based Approaches for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Targeting Atherogenic Small Dense LDL. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040825. [PMID: 35456658 PMCID: PMC9027611 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence supports the causative link between increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. For that reason, the principal aim of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is to reach and sustain recommended LDL-C goals. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that shows that lowering LDL-C levels is directly associated with CVD risk reduction, recent data shows that the majority of patients across Europe cannot achieve their LDL-C targets. In attempting to address this matter, a new overarching concept of a lipid-lowering approach, comprising of even more intensive, much earlier and longer intervention to reduce LDL-C level, was recently proposed for high-risk patients. Another important concern is the residual risk for recurrent cardiovascular events despite optimal LDL-C reduction, suggesting that novel lipid biomarkers should also be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Among them, small dense LDL particles (sdLDL) seem to have the most significant potential for therapeutic modulation. This paper discusses the potential of traditional and emerging lipid-lowering approaches for cardiovascular prevention by targeting sdLDL particles.
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28
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Liu X, Sun A, Li Q, Du Y, Zhao T. A systematic study of the production of Monacolin K by solid state fermentation of Monascus ruber. AMB Express 2022; 12:29. [PMID: 35239075 PMCID: PMC8894543 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K is one of the bioactive substances produced by Monascus ruber during fermentation. The multi-factors and their interactions on the effect of solid-state fermentation of Monascus for high yield of monacolin K were attractive to industrial production. A detailed study of 7 single-factor experiments and a series of experiments with Plackette-Burman and Box-Benhnken design, data fitting and modeling, and analyzing the visual 3D response surface plots for investigation of the key factors for Monacolin K production. The results showed that initial moisture (50 ~ 55%) and bran content (4.5 ~ 5.5%) as the key factors of transport for nutrients and oxygen during the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process of Monascus. Under the optimal conditions, a temperature shifting of the SSF with a higher Monacolin K yield of 14.53 ± 0.16 mg·g− 1 compared with the content of monacolin K in the commercially available functional red yeast rice of 8 mg g− 1. A systematic study for Monacolin K produced by SSF of Monascus ruber. Initial moisture and bran content are the key factors for the SSF of Monascus. A proper bran content could suppress the influence of excessive media amount.
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29
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Inhibition of in Vitro Rumen Methane Production by Three Statins. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of three pure statins on in vitro methane production and rumen fermentation. The effects of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin at three concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mg/L of culture fluid) were evaluated using in vitro 24 h batch incubation of buffered rumen fluid with a 70:30 forage:concentrate substrate. All statins tested demonstrated the ability to reduce methanogenesis. Methane inhibition potential was decreasing in the following order: simvastatin>atorvastatin>rosuvastatin. Methane production was reduced (P<0.05) by simvastatin at 10 mg/L (by 9.3%) and by atorvastatin at 100 mg/L (by 13.2%) without compromising fermentation and feed digestibility. Simvastatin at 100 mg/L decreased methane production by 26.2%, however, net production of volatile fatty acids (nVFA) was also reduced (P<0.05). The only effect of rosuvastatin was a slight reduction (P<0.05) of methane proportion at 10 and 100 mg/L. Simvastatin and atorvastatin at 100 mg/L increased (P<0.05) relative proportion of propionate at the expense of acetate and butyrate. Ammonia-N concentrations were not affected (P>0.05) by statins. The current study demonstrated that selected statins could selectively decrease methane production. The effects of statins on methanogenesis and overall rumen fermentation vary depending on statin type and concentration. Hydrophobic statins, such as simvastatin and atorvastatin, seem to be more effective compared to the hydrophilic statins, such as rosuvastatin.
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Qian Z, Liu Q, Cai M. Investigating Fungal Biosynthetic Pathways Using Pichia pastoris as a Heterologous Host. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2489:115-127. [PMID: 35524048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2273-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal natural products have extensive biological activities, and thus have been largely commercialized in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Recently, heterologous expression has become an irreplaceable technique to functionalize fungal biosynthetic gene clusters and synthesize fungal natural products in various chassis organisms. This chapter describes the general method of using Pichia pastoris as a chassis host to investigate fungal biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Amadasu E, Kang R, Usmani A, Borlongan CV. Effects of Lovastatin on Brain Cancer Cells. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221102903. [PMID: 35670207 PMCID: PMC9178988 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although brain tumors occur less frequently than other forms of cancer, they have one of the bleakest prognoses with low survival rates. The conventional treatment for brain tumors includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, resistance to treatment remains a problem with recurrence shortly following. The resistance to treatment may be caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subset of brain tumor cells with the affinity for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. An emerging approach to targeting CSCs in brain tumors is through repurposing the lipid-lowering medication, lovastatin. Lovastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor that impacts the mevalonate pathway. The inhibition of intermediates in the mevalonate pathway affects signaling cascades and oncogenes associated with brain tumor stem cells (BTSC). In this review, we show the possible mechanisms where lovastatin can target BTSC for different varieties of malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efosa Amadasu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Liu K, Xie L, Gu H, Luo J, Li X. Ultrasonic extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from red yeast rice. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:204-217. [PMID: 35035922 PMCID: PMC8751434 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Red yeast rice is consumed as a medicinal food to lower blood lipids. Besides, it is used to color food, make wine, etc. In this study, water-soluble oligosaccharides in red yeast rice were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The parameters to extract oligosaccharides from red yeast rice were optimized by the Box-Behnken design under the following optimal extraction conditions: extraction temperature, 60°C; extraction time, 97 min; and liquid/material ratio, 25 ml/g. The structure and the antioxidant activity of the new oligosaccharide were preliminarily investigated. Total carbohydrates extracted from red yeast rice with 80% ethanol-water solution (v/v) were first removed from pigments using D101 macroporous adsorption resin. The total sugar contents were then purified by DE52 resins and Sephadex G-25 resins to obtain red yeast rice oligosaccharides, coded as RYRO1. Structural characterization experiments indicated that RYRO1 is an oligosaccharide with a weight average molecular weight of 874 Da and a theoretical degree of polymerization of 4.86. RYRO1 is composed of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.248:0.019:1:0.026. The ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays showed antioxidant nature of RYRO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Long Xie
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Huan Gu
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Jia Luo
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
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Development of Monascus purpureus monacolin K-hyperproducing mutant strains by synchrotron light irradiation and their comparative genome analysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:362-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Righetti L, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. Risk Assessment of RYR Food Supplements: Perception vs. Reality. Front Nutr 2021; 8:792529. [PMID: 34950692 PMCID: PMC8691514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.792529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven red yeast rice (RYR) food supplements were screened for their mycotoxin and natural statin content. Products included pure RYR capsules and multi-ingredient formulations with standardized amounts of monacolin K (MK), marketed both online and retail in the European Union. In terms of mycotoxins, citrinin (CIT) was found in all the monitored products. As CIT content ranged from 100 to 25100 μg/kg, only four products were compliant with maximum EU levels in force until April 2020, while a single product was compliant with the limit of 100 μg/kg introduced after that date. Four contaminated products were labeled as "citrinin free". In terms of natural statins, nine products had a lower content vs. label statements (from -30 to -83%), while for 24 a larger MK amount (from 10 to 266%) was noticed. Three products had a negligible MK content and only 19 offered a daily dosage exceeding 10 mg as dictated by the health claim granted by EFSA in the EU. No sample had label values compliant with pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices requirements (95-105% content of active constituent). Variable, but small amounts of simvastatin (0.1-7.5 μg per daily dose) were found in 30 samples. These results suggest that limited efficacy and reported safety issues may stem from an under-regulated and undercontrolled market, weakening both effectiveness and risk assessment evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Cao L, Zhou Z, Sun J, Li C, Zhang Y. Altering Sterol Composition Implied That Cholesterol Is Not Physiologically Associated With Diosgenin Biosynthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741604. [PMID: 34733302 PMCID: PMC8558557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin serves as an important precursor of most steroidal drugs in market. Cholesterol was previously deemed as a sterol origin leading to diosgenin biosynthesis. This study reports that cholesterol is not in parallel with diosgenin biosynthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum. We first perturbed its sterol composition using inhibitors specific for the upstream isoprenoid pathway enzymes, HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl-CoA reductase) on the mevalonate (MVA) and DXR (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) on the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phophate (MEP) pathways, and have revealed that diosgenin and cholesterol reversely or differently accumulated in either the MVA or the MEP pathway-suppressed plants, challenging the previously proposed role of cholesterol in diosgenin biosynthesis. To further investigate this, we altered the sterol composition by suppressing and overexpressing the 24-sterol methyltransferase type 1 (SMT1) gene in T. foenum-graecum, as SMT1 acts in the first committed step of diverting the carbon flux of cholesterol toward biosynthesis of 24-alkyl sterols. Knockdown of TfSMT1 expression led to increased cholesterol level but caused a large reduction of diosgenin. Diosgenin was increased upon the TfSMT1-overexpressing, which, however, did not significantly affect cholesterol biosynthesis. These data consistently supported that diosgenin biosynthesis in T. foenum-graecum is not associated with cholesterol. Rather, campesterol, a 24-alkyl sterol, was indicative of being correlative to diosgenin biosynthesis in T. foenum-graecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Patent Examination Cooperation (Henan) Center of the Patent Office, China National Intellectual Property Administration, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhao C, Qu Q, Yang F, Li Z, Yang P, Han L, Shi X. Monascus ruber fermented Panax ginseng ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders and modulate gut microbiota in rats fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114300. [PMID: 34098018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients, which shows good effect in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Monascus has lipid-lowering activity and one of its metabolites, lovastatin, is widely used in clinical practice. AIM OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of fermented Panax ginseng by Monascus ruber (PM) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in rats fed a high-fat diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, the therapeutic effect of PM on HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and disordered gut microbiota were determined in rats. RESULTS PM could attenuate features of obesity in rats, decrease serum TC, LDL-C and IgA levels, increase excretion of bile acids in feces. Hepatic histopathologic analysis revealed that PM decrease lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of cholesterol metabolism-related genes were regulated in the livers of HFD-fed rats administered with PM. In addition, PM could enhance the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota, reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, increase significantly the relative abundance of Prevotella_9, and decrease these of Muribaculaceae. CONCLUSIONS PM could regulate lipid metabolism and the structure of the gut microbiota in the HFD rats. Our findings provide valuable experience for the development of ginseng. PM could be a potentially effective strategy to prevent and treat metabolic diseases and alleviate the gut microbiota disturbance caused by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingsong Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixun Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengshuo Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan, 102488, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing, 100029, China.
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The Meridian Tropism and Classification of Red Yeast Rice Investigated by Monitoring Dermal Electrical Potential. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1696575. [PMID: 34462638 PMCID: PMC8403050 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1696575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Red yeast rice is a traditional Chinese medicine and food that has been purported to color food, ferment, and lower cholesterol. In order to study the antioxidative capacity of red yeast rice and the effects on electrical potential difference (EPD) of 12 acupuncture meridians, the pH value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), ABTS, FRAP, T-SOD, and particle size distribution of red yeast rice were analyzed. 20 volunteers were recruited and randomly divided into two groups, the red yeast rice group (10 g red yeast rice and 40 g water) and control CK group (50 g water). The left 12 acupuncture meridians' EPD was real-time monitored. Samples were taken at the 10th minutes. The whole procedure continued for 70 minutes. It is shown that the pH value of the red yeast rice was 4.22, the ORP was 359.63 mV, the ABTS was 0.48 mmol Trolox, the FRAP was 0.08 mmol FeSO4, the T-SOD was 4.71 U, and the average particle size was 108 nm (7.1%) and 398.1 nm (92.9%). The results of 12 acupuncture meridians' EPD showed that the red yeast rice can significantly affect the EPD of stomach, heart, small intestine, and liver meridians.
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Abstract
Infections due to Aspergillus species are an acute threat to human health; members of the Aspergillus section Fumigati are the most frequently occurring agents, but depending on the local epidemiology, representatives of section Terrei or section Flavi are the second or third most important. Aspergillus terreus species complex is of great interest, as it is usually amphotericin B resistant and displays notable differences in immune interactions in comparison to Aspergillus fumigatus. The latest epidemiological surveys show an increased incidence of A. terreus as well as an expanding clinical spectrum (chronic infections) and new groups of at-risk patients being affected. Hallmarks of these non-Aspergillus fumigatus invasive mold infections are high potential for tissue invasion, dissemination, and possible morbidity due to mycotoxin production. We seek to review the microbiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of A. terreus species complex, address clinical characteristics, and highlight the underlying mechanisms of amphotericin B resistance. Selected topics will contrast key elements of A. terreus with A. fumigatus. We provide a comprehensive resource for clinicians dealing with fungal infections and researchers working on A. terreus pathogenesis, aiming to bridge the emerging translational knowledge and future therapeutic challenges on this opportunistic pathogen.
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Zhou K, Wu L, Chen G, Liu Z, Zhao X, Zhang C, Lv X, Zhang W, Rao P, Ni L. Development of a Novel Restrictive Medium for Monascus Enrichment From Hongqu Based on the Synergistic Stress of Lactic Acid and Ethanol. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702951. [PMID: 34234769 PMCID: PMC8256164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hongqu is a famous fermented food produced by Monascus and has been used as food coloring, wine starters and food additives for thousands of years in China. Excellent Monascus strain is an important prerequisite for producing high-quality Hongqu. However, the isolation of Monascus pure culture from Hongqu samples is time-consuming and laborious because it is easily interfered by other microorganisms (especially filamentous fungi). Therefore, the development of restrictive medium for Monascus enrichment from Hongqu is of great significance for the preparation and screening of excellent Monascus strains. Results of this study showed that Monascus has good tolerance to lactic acid and ethanol. Under the conditions of tolerance limits [7.5% lactic acid (v/v) and 12.0% ethanol (v/v)], Monascus could not grow but it still retained the vitality of spore germination, and the spore activity gradually decreased with the increasing concentrations of lactic acid and ethanol. More interestingly, the addition of lactic acid and ethanol significantly changed the microbial community structure in rice milk inoculated with Hongqu. After response surface optimization, Monascus could be successfully enriched without the interference of other microorganisms when 3.98% (v/v) lactic acid and 6.24% (v/v) ethanol were added to rice milk simultaneously. The optimal enrichment duration of Monascus by the restrictive medium based on the synergistic stress of lactic acid and ethanol is 8∼24 h. The synergistic stress of lactic acid and ethanol had no obvious effects on the accumulation of major metabolites in the progeny of Monascus, and was suitable for the enrichment of Monascus from different types of Hongqu. Finally, the possible mechanisms on the tolerance of Monascus to the synergistic stress of lactic acid and ethanol were preliminarily studied. Under the synergistic stress of lactic acid and ethanol, the cell membrane of Monascus defends against lactic acid and ethanol into cells to some extent, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of Monascus were higher than those of other fungi, which significantly reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, while secreting more amylase to make reducing sugars to provide the cells with enough energy to resist environmental stress. This work has great application value for the construction of Monascus strain library and the better development of its germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxi Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Wu
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinze Zhao
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xucong Lv
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Ni
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Center of Excellence for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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AlAli M, Alqubaisy M, Aljaafari MN, AlAli AO, Baqais L, Molouki A, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Lim SHE. Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092540. [PMID: 33925346 PMCID: PMC8123587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects. The benefits of these foods are due to the presence of active compounds such as carotenoids, collagen hydrolysate, and dietary fibers. Nutraceuticals have been found to positively affect cardiovascular and immune system health and have a role in infection and cancer prevention. Nutraceuticals can be categorized into different classes based on their nature and mode of action. In this review, different classifications of nutraceuticals and their potential therapeutic activity, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid activity in disease will be reviewed. Moreover, the different mechanisms of action of these products, applications, and safety upon consumers including current trends and future prospect of nutraceuticals will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudhi AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Maream Alqubaisy
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Mariam Nasser Aljaafari
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Asma Obaid AlAli
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Laila Baqais
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31585-854, Iran;
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Dubai Colleges, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai 16062, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (M.N.A.); (A.O.A.); (L.B.); (K.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +971-56-389-3757
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Analysis of Monacolins and Berberine in Food Supplements for Lipid Control: An Overview of Products Sold on the Italian Market. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082222. [PMID: 33921464 PMCID: PMC8069111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements for the prevention and management of diseases associated with excess of lipids is spreading in Western countries. Supplements containing red yeast rice (RYR) and extracts from Berberis species, characterized, respectively, by the active compounds monacolin K (MK) and berberine (BBR), are sold in pharmacies as over the counter medicines (OTC) and in regular markets without the need of medical prescription and medical surveillance. However, MK is chemically identical to lovastatin, a drug commonly used to treat hypercholesterolemia, and is characterized by the same mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic profile and toxicity. On the other hand, although BBR-containing supplements are considered to be well-tolerated and safe, they frequently show poor standardization of active ingredients, and this could lead to lack of effects. In this work, with the aim to give an overview on the potency of RYR- and BBR-containing supplements available on the Italian market, we analyzed a pool of supplements bought from both local pharmacies and markets. Results confirm the data already published by other authors, showing scarce standardization of bioactives and discrepancy between the doses of bioactives reported by the manufacturers and the amounts resulting from analysis of the same products. Overall, our data represent a further proof that a strict legislation regulating the production and marketing of dietary supplements and a close monitoring of these products by food and drug regulatory organs is mandatory.
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Leone A, Nigro C, Nicolò A, Prevenzano I, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C. The Dual-Role of Methylglyoxal in Tumor Progression - Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645686. [PMID: 33869040 PMCID: PMC8044862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their metabolic reprogramming, which includes the preference for the use of anaerobic glycolysis to produce energy, even in presence of normal oxygen levels. This phenomenon, known as “Warburg effect”, leads to the increased production of reactive intermediates. Among these Methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive dicarbonyl known as the major precursor of the advanced glycated end products (AGEs), is attracting great attention. It has been well established that endogenous MGO levels are increased in several types of cancer, however the MGO contribution in tumor progression is still debated. Although an anti-cancer role was initially attributed to MGO due to its cytotoxicity, emerging evidence has highlighted its pro-tumorigenic role in several types of cancer. These apparently conflicting results are explained by the hormetic potential of MGO, in which lower doses of MGO are able to establish an adaptive response in cancer cells while higher doses cause cellular apoptosis. Therefore, the extent of MGO accumulation and the tumor context are crucial to establish MGO contribution to cancer progression. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed and are currently under investigation to inhibit the pro-tumorigenic action of MGO. In this review, we provide an overview of the early and latest evidence regarding the role of MGO in cancer, in order to define its contribution in tumor progression, and the therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract the tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Leone
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Nicolò
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Prevenzano
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Fukami H, Higa Y, Hisano T, Asano K, Hirata T, Nishibe S. A Review of Red Yeast Rice, a Traditional Fermented Food in Japan and East Asia: Its Characteristic Ingredients and Application in the Maintenance and Improvement of Health in Lipid Metabolism and the Circulatory System. Molecules 2021; 26:1619. [PMID: 33803982 PMCID: PMC8001704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Red yeast rice has been used to produce alcoholic beverages and various fermented foods in China and Korea since ancient times; it has also been used to produce tofuyo (Okinawan-style fermented tofu) in Japan since the 18th century. Recently, monacolin K (lovastatin) which has cholesterol-lowering effects, was found in some strains of Monascus fungi. Since statins have been used world-wide as a cholesterol-lowering agent, processed foods containing natural statins are drawing attention as materials for primary prevention of life-style related diseases. In recent years, large-scale commercial production of red yeast rice using traditional solid-state fermentation has become possible, and various useful materials, including a variety of monascus pigments (polyketides) that spread as natural pigments, in addition to statins, are produced in the fermentation process. Red yeast rice has a lot of potential as a medicinal food. In this paper, we describe the history of red yeast rice as food, especially in Japan and East Asia, its production methods, use, and the ingredients with pharmacological activity. We then review evidence of the beneficial effects of red yeast rice in improving lipid metabolism and the circulatory system and its safety as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Fukami
- Central R&D Laboratory, KOBYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 567-0057, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (K.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Yuki Higa
- Central R&D Laboratory, KOBYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 567-0057, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (K.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomohiro Hisano
- Central R&D Laboratory, KOBYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 567-0057, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (K.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Koichi Asano
- Central R&D Laboratory, KOBYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 567-0057, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (K.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Central R&D Laboratory, KOBYASHI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 567-0057, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (K.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Sansei Nishibe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari 061-0293, Japan;
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44
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Wang N, Wu Y, Jia G, Wang C, Xiao D, Goff HD, Guo Q. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of mycelium polysaccharide from liquid fermentation of Monascus purpureus (Hong Qu). Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117945. [PMID: 33838822 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline extracted endopolysaccharides (MPS) from Monascus purpureus (Hong Qu) mycelium were successfully separated into four sub-fractions, namely MPS-1 (18.0 %), MPS-2 (27.1 %), MPS-3 (12.6 %) and MPS-4 (14.7 %), by DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography. By combining monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis and 1D & 2D NMR, the structure of sub-fractions was systematically characterized. Both MPS-1 and MPS-2 were comprised of mannose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio of 1.5:1.6:1.0 and 10.6:1.0:13.8, respectively. The backbone of them both consisted of 2-α-Manp with several different branched chains. However, MPS-1 contained glucose based sugar residues such as 3-Glcp and 4-Glcp which were not shown on MPS-2. The proposed structures of MPS-3 and MPS-4 were not obtained due to the fairly complex molecular structure and relatively low yield. Moreover, based on the RAW 264.7 cells model, MPS-2 could significantly promote cytokines secretion including IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 and improve expression levels of the related mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Gege Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - H Douglas Goff
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Deng X, Hou Y, Zhou H, Li Y, Xue Z, Xue X, Huang G, Huang K, He X, Xu W. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of tea before and after microbial fermentation. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1160-1170. [PMID: 33598200 PMCID: PMC7866600 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial fermentation significantly affects the flavor and efficacy of tea. It is generally believed that fermented tea is more effective in lowering lipids, while unfermented tea can more effectively inhibit inflammation. However, there is not sufficient evidence to support this claim. To systematically compare the hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of tea before and after microbial fermentation, hyperlipidemic rats and inflammatory injury cells were treated with Monascus purpureus-fermented pu-erh tea water extract (MPT) and sun-dried green tea water extract (SGT), respectively. RESULTS MPT, with higher levels of theabrownins, flavonoids, gallic acid (GA), and lovastatin, was more effective in reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), while SGT, with higher levels of tea polyphenols, amino acids, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and theaflavins, was more effective in increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats. The foam cells on the arterial wall of the rats in the MPT group were visibly less, and the thrombosis time was longer than that in the SGT group. Cell experiments showed that MPT was more effective in protecting endothelial cells from damage than SGT. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, Monascus purpureus-fermented pu-erh tea not only had better hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects than its raw material (sun-dried green tea), but also was superior in anti-inflammatory effects to the latter, which was possibly attributable to the great changes in functional ingredients during microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Deng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hongjie Zhou
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yali Li
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xiaoting Xue
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ganghua Huang
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Lin CH, Chang CH, Tai CH, Cheng MF, Chen YC, Chao YT, Huang TL, Yen RF, Wu RM. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Lovastatin in Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1229-1237. [PMID: 33449392 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that lipophilic statins have a neuroprotective benefit in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether lovastatin has the potential to slow motor symptom progression in patients with early-stage PD. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 77 patients with early-stage PD between May 23, 2017, and July 12, 2018, with follow-up ending September 1, 2019. Lovastatin 80 mg/day or placebo with 1:1 randomization was administered for 48 weeks. Mean change in the parts I-III scores of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), changes in the striatal dopamine uptake ratio measured by 18 F-dopa PET scan, and changes in PD medications between baseline and the week 48 visit were measured. RESULTS Of the 77 randomized patients, 70 (90.9%) completed the study. There was a slightly beneficial trend of the MDS-UPDRS motor score in the lovastatin group (-3.18 ± 5.50) compared with the placebo group (-0.50 ± 6.11); P = 0.14 adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, and baseline LEDD. Mean percentage change in the striatal 18 F-dopa uptake ratio deteriorated less in the lovastatin group than in the placebo group on the dominant side of caudate (1.2% ± 7.3% vs -7.1% ± 8.2%, P < 0.01) and putamen (2.3% ± 7.1% vs -6.4% ± 8.1%, P < 0.01). We found no between-group differences in the change in part I or part II MDS-UPDRS scores. Lovastatin was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Lovastatin treatment in patients with early-stage PD was associated with a trend of less motor symptom worsening and was well tolerated. A future larger long-term follow-up study is needed to confirm our findings. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ting Chao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Le Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruoh-Fang Yen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Du L, Li S. Compartmentalized biosynthesis of fungal natural products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:128-135. [PMID: 33450704 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal natural products (NPs) with diverse chemical structures and biological activities are rich resources of both drugs and toxins, thus causing Janus-like effects on human beings. Significant progress has been made in discovery and mining of novel fungal NPs in the past decades. Unlike prokaryotic organisms, eukaryotic cells of fungi have discrete organelles to form compartmentalized assembly lines for the highly ordered and hence efficient biosynthesis of fungal NPs. In this review, we summarize a limited but growing number of studies on compartmentalized biosynthesis of fungal NPs. The emerging strategies and efforts for engineering of subcellular localization of relevant biosynthetic enzymes are also discussed. We expect to provide some new insights and perspectives on the more complex NP biogenesis in higher microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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Rau M, Köppel-Fürer K, Knechtle B. [Doctor, Do You Know Red Yeast Rice?]. PRAXIS 2021; 110:207-220. [PMID: 33726520 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doctor, Do You Know Red Yeast Rice? Abstract. We present cases of patients with high total cholesterol who wanted to use an alternative therapy for lowering cholesterol. An improvement in the lipid profile was found in all patients, and all tolerated the product made from red rice yeast very well. No side effects were observed. The patients who take red fermented rice consciously choose an alternative agent in the field of phytotherapy because they already have to take several conventional medicines and are no longer willing to use an additional drug of this kind. Another reason is that they no longer want to put up with the side effects they suffered from when using a common lipid-lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rau
- Medbase St. Gallen am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
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Nguyen TPT, Garrahan MA, Nance SA, Seeger CE, Wong C. Assimilation of Cholesterol by Monascus purpureus. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E352. [PMID: 33317087 PMCID: PMC7770578 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus purpureus, a filamentous fungus known for its fermentation of red yeast rice, produces the metabolite monacolin K used in statin drugs to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. In this study, we show that active cultures of M. purpureus CBS 109.07, independent of secondary metabolites, use the mechanism of cholesterol assimilation to lower cholesterol in vitro. We describe collection, extraction, and gas chromatography-flame ionized detection (GC-FID) methods to quantify the levels of cholesterol remaining after incubation of M. purpureus CBS 109.07 with exogenous cholesterol. Our findings demonstrate that active growing M. purpureus CBS 109.07 can assimilate cholesterol, removing 36.38% of cholesterol after 48 h of incubation at 37 °C. The removal of cholesterol by resting or dead M. purpureus CBS 109.07 was not significant, with cholesterol reduction ranging from 2.75-9.27% throughout a 72 h incubation. Cholesterol was also not shown to be catabolized as a carbon source. Resting cultures transferred from buffer to growth media were able to reactivate, and increases in cholesterol assimilation and growth were observed. In growing and resting phases at 24 and 72 h, the production of the mycotoxin citrinin was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and found to be below the limit of detection. The results indicate that M. purpureus CBS 109.07 can reduce cholesterol content in vitro and may have a potential application in probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa P. T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA; (M.A.G.); (S.A.N.); (C.E.S.); (C.W.)
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Yanli F, Xiang Y. Perspectives on Functional Red Mold Rice: Functional Ingredients, Production, and Application. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606959. [PMID: 33324390 PMCID: PMC7723864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK) is a secondary metabolite of the Monascus species that can inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Functional red mold rice (FRMR) is the fermentation product of Monascus spp., which is rich in MK. FRMR is usually employed to regulate serum cholesterol, especially for hypercholesterolemic patients who refuse statins or face statin intolerance. The present perspective summarized the bioactive components of FRMR and their functions. Subsequently, efficient strategies for FRMR production, future challenges of FRMR application, and possible directions were proposed. This perspective helps to understand the present situation and developmental prospects of FRMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yanli
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Typical Wild Vegetables Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Typical Wild Vegetables Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
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