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Oddi S, Altamirano GA, Zenclussen ML, Abud JE, Vaira S, Gomez AL, Schierano-Marotti G, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Kass L. Glyphosate modifies the gene expression and migration of trophoblastic cells without altering the process of angiogenesis or the implantation of blastocysts in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114748. [PMID: 38763501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes have been associated with the presence of glyphosate (G) in umbilical cord, serum, and urine samples from pregnant women. Our aim was to study the effect of G on blastocyst implantation using an in vitro mouse model, and the migration and acquisition of endothelial phenotype of the human trophoblastic HTR8/SVneo (H8) cells. In mouse blastocysts, no differences in attachment time and implantation outgrowth area were observed after G exposure. H8 cell migration was stimulated by 0.625 μM G without cytotoxicity. After 6 h, the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) was upregulated in H8 cells exposed to 1.25 μM G when compared vehicle-treated cells (p ≤ 0.05). No differences were observed in interleukin 11, VEGF receptor 1, and coagulation factor II thrombin receptor in H8 cells exposed to different concentrations of G for 6 h compared to the vehicle. Interestingly, exposure to G did not alter angiogenesis as measured by a tube formation assay. Taken all together, these results suggest that G exposure may contribute as a risk factor during pregnancy, due to its ability to alter trophoblast migration and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Oddi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María L Zenclussen
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Julián E Abud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stella Vaira
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL. UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Vasseur C, Serra L, El Balkhi S, Lefort G, Ramé C, Froment P, Dupont J. Glyphosate presence in human sperm: First report and positive correlation with oxidative stress in an infertile French population. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116410. [PMID: 38696871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides, could contribute to a decline of human fertility. Glyphosate (GLY) is the main component of Glyphosate Based Herbicides (GBHs), which are the most commonly herbicides used in the world. Various animal model studies demonstrated its reprotoxicity. In Europe, GLY authorization in agriculture has been extended until 2034. Meanwhile the toxicity of GLY in humans is still in debate. The aims of our study were firstly to analyse the concentration of GLY and its main metabolite, amino-methyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA) by LC/MS-MS in the seminal and blood plasma in an infertile French men population (n=128). We secondly determined Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) using commercial colorimetric kits and some oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by ELISA assays. We next analysed potential correlations between GLY and oxidative stress biomarkers concentration and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, progressive speed, anormal forms). Here, we detected for the first time GLY in the human seminal plasma in significant proportions and we showed that its concentration was four times higher than those observed in blood plasma. At the opposite, AMPA was undetectable. We also observed a strong positive correlation between plasma blood GLY concentrations and plasma seminal GLY and 8-OHdG concentrations, the latter reflecting DNA impact. In addition, TOS, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) (TOS/TAS), MDA blood and seminal plasma concentrations were significantly higher in men with glyphosate in blood and seminal plasma, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest a negative impact of GLY on the human reproductive health and possibly on his progeny. A precaution principle should be applied at the time of the actual discussion of GLY and GBHs formulants uses in Europe by the authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Vasseur
- Centre de fertilité, Pôle Santé Léonard de Vinci, Chambray-lès-Tours, France.
| | - Loïse Serra
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Service de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Limoges, CHU F-87042, France
| | - Gaëlle Lefort
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France.
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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Hemotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Clinical Cases of Endocrine, Reproductive, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary System Intoxication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1205-1236. [PMID: 38751624 PMCID: PMC11092036 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) is an active agent of GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), i.e., broad-spectrum and postemergent weedkillers, commercialized by Monsanto as, e.g., Roundup and RangerPro formulants. The GBH crop spraying, dedicated to genetically engineered GLP-resistant crops, has revolutionized modern agriculture by increasing the production yield. However, abusively administered GBHs' ingredients, e.g., GLP, polyoxyethyleneamine, and heavy metals, have polluted environmental and industrial areas far beyond farmlands, causing global contamination and life-threatening risk, which has led to the recent local bans of GBH use. Moreover, preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated harmful impacts of GLP and other GBH ingredients on the gut microbiome, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and endocrine, as well as reproductive, and cardiopulmonary systems, whereas carcinogenicity of these herbicides remains controversial. Occupational exposure to GBH dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, responsible for steroidogenesis and endocrinal secretion, thus affecting hormonal homeostasis, functions of reproductive organs, and fertility. On the other hand, acute intoxication with GBH, characterized by dehydration, oliguria, paralytic ileus, as well as hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis, may occur fatally. As no antidote has been developed for GBH poisoning so far, the detoxification is mainly symptomatic and supportive and requires intensive care based on gastric lavage, extracorporeal blood filtering, and intravenous lipid emulsion infusion. The current review comprehensively discusses the molecular and physiological basics of the GLP- and/or GBH-induced diseases of the endocrine and reproductive systems, and cardiopulmonary-, nephro-, and hepatotoxicities, presented in recent preclinical studies and case reports on the accidental or intentional ingestions with the most popular GBHs. Finally, they briefly describe modern and future healthcare methods and tools for GLP detection, determination, and detoxification. Future electronically powered, decision-making, and user-friendly devices targeting major GLP/GBH's modes of actions, i.e., dysbiosis and the inhibition of AChE, shall enable self-handled or point-of-care professional-assisted evaluation of the harm followed with rapid capturing GBH xenobiotics in the body and precise determining the GBH pathology-associated biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Bio
& Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- ENSEMBLE sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the immune-nervous system, and clinical cases of multiorgan toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115965. [PMID: 38244513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) and GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), such as polyethoxylated tallow amine-based GLP surfactants (GLP-SH), developed in the late 70', have become the most popular and controversial agrochemicals ever produced. Nowadays, GBHs have reached 350 million hectares of crops in over 140 countries, with an annual turnover of 5 billion and 11 billion USD in the U.S.A. and worldwide, respectively. Because of the highly efficient inhibitory activity of GLP targeted to the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase pathway, present in plants and several bacterial strains, the GLP-resistant crop-based genetic agricultural revolution has decreased famine and improved the costs and quality of living in developing countries. However, this progress has come at the cost of the 50-year GBH overuse, leading to environmental pollution, animal intoxication, bacterial resistance, and sustained occupational exposure of the herbicide farm and companies' workers. According to preclinical and clinical studies covered in the present review, poisoning with GLP, GLP-SH, and GBHs devastatingly affects gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, leading to dysbiosis and gastrointestinal (GI) ailments, as well as immunosuppression and inappropriate immunostimulation, cholinergic neurotransmission dysregulation, neuroendocrinal system disarray, and neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral alterations. Herein, we mainly focus on the contribution of gut microbiota (GM) to neurological impairments, e.g., stroke and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The current review provides a comprehensive introduction to GLP's microbiological and neurochemical activities, including deviation of the intestinal Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, excitotoxicity, and mind-altering processes. Besides, it summarizes and critically discusses recent preclinical studies and clinical case reports concerning the harmful impacts of GBHs on the GI tract, MGB axis, and nervous system. Finally, an insightful comparison of toxic effects caused by GLP, GBH-SH, and GBHs is presented. To this end, we propose a first-to-date survey of clinical case reports on intoxications with these herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Bio & Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- Functional Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; ENSEMBLE(3) sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Mohanty B. Pesticides exposure and compromised fitness in wild birds: Focusing on the reproductive endocrine disruption. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 199:105800. [PMID: 38458691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Exposure of pesticides to wildlife species, especially on the aspect of endocrine disruption is of great concern. Wildlife species are more at risk to harmful exposures to the pesticides in their natural habitat through diet and several other means. Species at a higher tropic level in the food chain are more susceptible to the deleterious effects due to sequential biomagnifications of the pesticides/metabolites. Pesticides directly affect fitness of the species in the wild causing reproductive endocrine disruption impairing the hormones of the gonads and thyroid glands as reproduction is under the influence of cross regulations of these hormones. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of important literatures on the impact of the current use pesticides in disruption of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes particularly in birds addressing impacts on the reproductive impairments and overall fitness. In addition to the epidemiological studies, laboratory investigations those provide supportive evidences of the probable mechanisms of disruption in the wild also have been incorporated in this review. To accurately predict the endocrine-disruption of the pesticides as well as to delineate the risk associated with potential cumulative effects, studies are to be more focused on the environmentally realistic exposure dose, mixture pesticide exposures and transgenerational effects. In addition, strategic screening/appropriate methodologies have to be developed to reveal the endocrine disruption potential of the contemporary use pesticides. Demand for adequate quantitative structure-activity relationships and insilico molecular docking studies for timely validation have been highlighted.
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Barcelos MN, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza MA, Santos EC, Gonçalves RV, Castro-Gamero AM, Novaes RD. Prolonged testosterone 17β-cyclopentylpropionate exposition induces behavioral, ovarian, oviductal, uterine and reproductive disturbances in female mice. Life Sci 2024; 338:122408. [PMID: 38181852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse is often associated with metabolic disorders and infertility. However, the current evidence on AAS-induced reproductive toxicity is mainly based on male studies. Thus, AAS repercussions on female reproductive capacity remain poorly understood, despite scarce evidence that fertility determinants may be more severely impaired in females than males exposed to these drugs. Accordingly, this study used an integrated framework to investigate the impact of different testosterone 17β-cyclopentylpropionate (TC) doses on pain sensitivity, aggressiveness, anxiety, sexual behavior, ovarian, oviductal, uterine and reproductive morphofunctional and molecular outcomes. These parameters were used to explore the reproductive capacity in female mice exposed to this synthetic testosterone ester. The animals were untreated or intraperitoneally treated with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg TC every 48 h for 12 weeks. Our findings indicated that testosterone was upregulated while the hormones luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, estrogen and progesterone were down-regulated by TC. This AAS also exerted deleterious effects on anxiety, aggressivity, nociception, exploratory and sexual behavior in female mice. Concurrently, TC attenuated ovarian follicle maturation, interrupted the estrous cycle, induced oviductal and uterine hypotrophy. Estrous cyclicity was reestablished 60 days after AAS treatment. However, TC-treated mice still exhibited impaired reproductive capacity, a disturbance potentially related to deficiency in folliculogenesis, sex hormones production, and endometrial receptivity mediate by ER-α, PR, HOXA-10 and LIF down-regulation. Taken together, our findings indicated that in addition to female behavior, reproductive organs microstructure and function are markedly impaired by TC in a dose-dependent manner, whose time-dependent reversibility remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica N Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angel Mauricio Castro-Gamero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Ganesan S, Keating AF. Maternal impacts of pre-conceptional glyphosate exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 478:116692. [PMID: 37708915 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Maternal glyphosate (GLY) impacts remain unclear despite associations between urinary GLY and birth outcomes. Whether maternal pre-conceptional GLY exposure would have phenotypic and molecular impacts in the dam and offspring was tested. Female C57BL6 mice (6 wk) were exposed to saline (CT; n = 20) or GLY (2 mg/kg; n = 20) per os five d per week for 20 wk. Females were housed with males and on gestation day (GD) 14, divided into: CT non-pregnant (CNP), CT pregnant (CP), GLY non-pregnant (GNP), GLY pregnant (GP). Another cohort (CT; n = 10 or GLY; n = 10) completed three pregnancy rounds and pregnancy index (PI), number of pups per litter and pups surviving to postnatal day (PND) 5 calculated. The PI in GLY mice was higher in breeding rounds 1 and 2, but lower in round 3. Pregnancy increased (P ≤ 0.1) GD14 liver and ovary weight. Spleen weight was increased (P < 0.05) in GP relative to GNP mice. No offspring phenotypic impacts were observed. Approximately six months after cessation of exposure, secondary follicle number was reduced (P < 0.05) by pre-conceptional GLY exposure. The ovarian proteome analyzed by LC-MS/MS was altered (P < 0.05) by pregnancy (49 increased, 43 decreased) and GLY exposure (non-pregnant: 75 increased, 22 decreased, pregnant: 27 increased, 29 decreased; aged dams: 60 increased, 98 decreased) with several histone proteins being altered. These findings support ovarian transient and persistent impacts of GLY exposure and identify pathways as potential modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Tajai P, Pruksakorn D, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N, Shinlapawittayatorn K. Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and glyphosate exposure on sex hormones and the reproductive system: From epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104252. [PMID: 37604359 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) containing glyphosate as the active component are extensively used worldwide. Concerns have arisen about their potential risk to human, as glyphosate has been detected in human body fluids. Current controversies surround the endocrine-disrupting properties and transgenerational inheritance of diseases and germline epimutations resulting from exposure to GBHs and glyphosate. This review discusses evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on their impact on sex hormone regulation and reproductive system. Evidence suggests that they act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which altering sex hormone levels. Mechanistically, they interfere with hormone signaling pathways by disrupting proteins involved in hormone transport and metabolism. Pathological changes have been observed in male and female reproductive systems, potentially leading to reproductive toxicity. Prenatal exposure may lead to transgenerational inheritance of pathologies and sperm epimutations. However, due to the complexity of glyphosate formulations containing adjuvants identifying higher risk components in environmental exposure becomes challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preechaya Tajai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Catheterization & Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Krekwit Shinlapawittayatorn
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Catheterization & Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Miranda RA, Silva BS, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: programming for obesity and diabetes. Endocrine 2023; 79:437-447. [PMID: 36301509 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to pesticides has been associated with obesity and diabetes in humans and experimental models mainly due to endocrine disruptor effects. First contact with environmental pesticides occurs during critical phases of life, such as gestation and lactation, which can lead to damage in central and peripheral tissues and subsequently programming disorders early and later in life. METHODS We reviewed epidemiological and experimental studies that associated pesticide exposure during gestation and lactation with programming obesity and diabetes in progeny. RESULTS Maternal exposure to organochlorine, organophosphate and neonicotinoids, which represent important pesticide groups, is related to reproductive and behavioral dysfunctions in offspring; however, few studies have focused on glucose metabolism and obesity as outcomes. CONCLUSION We provide an update regarding the use and metabolic impact of early pesticide exposure. Considering their bioaccumulation in soil, water, and food and through the food chain, pesticides should be considered a great risk factor for several diseases. Thus, it is urgent to reformulate regulatory actions to reduce the impact of pesticides on the health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Souza Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Liu M, Lu S, Yang C, Zhang D, Zhu J, Yin J, Zhao H, Yang B, Kuang H. Maternal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide impairs placental development through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113640. [PMID: 36724846 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used agrochemicals worldwide, increasing the risk of their occurrence in the environment. This study aimed to explore effects and mechanisms of GBH exposure on placental development in vivo during pregnancy in mice. Pregnant mice received GBH by gavage at 0, 5, and 50 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1 doses from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD 13 and were sacrificed on GD 13 or GD19. Our data indicated that GBH administration significantly increased the number of resorbed fetuses, reduced the weight of fetuses and placentas, and inhibited placental growth, as evident from decreased placental total area and spongiotrophoblast area on GD 19. GBH treatment also inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of placenta via upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -12 expression, and downregulation of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 expression. Further study showed that GBH exposure significantly increased expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNAs and proteins and triggered oxidative stress in placenta on GD 13 and GD 19. In conclusion, our findings suggest that maternal exposure to GBH can impair placental development through the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated activation of GRP78/PERK/CHOP signaling pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Nursing School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, PR China.
| | - Siying Lu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Chuanzhen Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Dalei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Jiting Yin
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hongru Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Haibin Kuang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
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11
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Altamirano GA, Masat E, Rivera O, Alarcón R, Dioguardi G, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH, Kass L. Postnatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide interferes with the development and growth of the mammary gland of pre-pubertal Ewe lambs. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137358. [PMID: 36427587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether early postnatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) alters pre-pubertal mammary development in Friesian lambs. To this end, from postnatal day 1-14, ewe lambs were exposed subcutaneously or orally to GBH (2 mg/kg bw/day) or vehicle (control) and mammary gland biopsies were obtained at 45 days of age. GBH-exposed lambs exhibited larger mammary ducts and less area occupied by terminal duct lobular units than controls, accompanied by an increase in the area of adipocytes in the mammary stroma. Lambs subcutaneously exposed to GBH showed increased protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha; however, both GBH-exposed groups had decreased mRNA expression of this receptor. Control lambs showed nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) protein expression, whereas GBH-exposed animals showed cytoplasmic PR expression; both GBH-exposed groups exhibited decreased mRNA expression of PR. GBH-exposed lambs also had decreased epithelial cell proliferation. Regarding insulin-like growth factors, both groups showed similar IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression but decreased expression of its receptor, and increased IGFBP5 expression. In addition, phosphorylated AKT was only observed in the mammary gland of control lambs. Our results show that early postnatal exposure to GBH, regardless of the exposure route, affects the IGF-1 system and the AKT/protein kinase B pathway, interfering with steroid hormone receptor expression and cell proliferation. This consequently modifies the growth and development of the pre-pubertal mammary gland of Frisian lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Masat
- Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Oscar Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Sobre Producción Agropecuaria, Ambiente y Salud (IIPAAs), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Alarcón
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gisela Dioguardi
- Instituto de Investigación Sobre Producción Agropecuaria, Ambiente y Salud (IIPAAs), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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12
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Jozkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kobylarek D, Gorska N, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Rachon D, Spaczynski RZ. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Relevant Role of the Theca and Granulosa Cells in the Pathogenesis of the Ovarian Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010174. [PMID: 36611967 PMCID: PMC9818374 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common heterogeneous endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. The pathogenesis of PCOS remains elusive; however, there is evidence suggesting the potential contribution of genetic interactions or predispositions combined with environmental factors. Among these, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been proposed to potentially contribute to the etiology of PCOS. Granulosa and theca cells are known to cooperate to maintain ovarian function, and any disturbance can lead to endocrine disorders, such as PCOS. This article provides a review of the recent knowledge on PCOS pathophysiology, the role of granulosa and theca cells in PCOS pathogenesis, and the evidence linking exposure to EDCs with reproductive disorders such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Jozkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61847-0721
| | - Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Gorska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Z. Spaczynski
- Center for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Treatment Pastelova, Pastelowa 8, 60-198 Poznan, Poland
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13
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Novbatova G, Timme K, Severin A, Sayadi M, Keating AF. Pre-Conceptional Exposure to Glyphosate Affects the Maternal Hepatic and Ovarian Proteome. Toxicol Sci 2022; 190:204-214. [PMID: 36173347 PMCID: PMC9702999 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to glyphosate (GLY), a commonly used herbicide, is supported by urinary detection and associated with shortened gestation in women. This study tested the hypothesis that chronic low-dose pre-conceptional GLY exposure would affect maternal ovarian function mid- and post-gestation. Mice (C57BL/6; n = 40) were exposed per os to saline vehicle control (CT; n = 20) or GLY (2 mg/kg; n = 20) daily for 10 weeks starting at 7 weeks of age. Post-exposure, females were impregnated and euthanized at gestation day 14 (GD14) or post-weaning (PW). Pregnancy success was reduced from 75% to 55% by GLY exposure. No treatment effect (p > .05) on body weight, maternal serum 17β-estradiol, or litter size was noted. Ovarian weight was unaffected or reduced (p < .05) by GLY in GD14 and PW dams, respectively. Exposure to GLY decreased (p < .05) PW ovarian secondary follicle number with no other follicle composition impacts. Protein abundance analysis by LC-MS/MS identified that GLY altered (p < .05) 26 ovarian and 41 hepatic proteins in GD14 dams and 39 hepatic proteins in PW dams. In GD14 dams, GLY increased ovarian protein abundance of SEC16A (p < .05; 29-fold) and hepatic RPS27L and GM4952 (p < .05; ∼4-fold). In both GD14 and PW dams, GLY exposure increased (p < .05) hepatic RPS4 and decreased (p < .05) ECHDC3. Pathway analysis using DAVID identified 10 GLY hepatic pathway targets with FDR ≤ 0.07 in GD14 dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Novbatova
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kelsey Timme
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Andrew Severin
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Maryam Sayadi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Kurowska P, Mlyczyńska E, Dawid M, Respekta N, Pich K, Serra L, Dupont J, Rak A. Endocrine disruptor chemicals, adipokines and reproductive functions. Endocrine 2022; 78:205-218. [PMID: 35476178 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of adult obesity has risen markedly in recent decades. The endocrine system precisely regulates energy balance, fat abundance and fat deposition. Interestingly, white adipose tissue is an endocrine gland producing adipokines, which regulate whole-body physiology, including energy balance and reproduction. Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) include natural substances or chemicals that affect the endocrine system by multiple mechanisms and increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. Numerous studies have associated exposure to EDCs with obesity, classifying them as obesogens by their ability to activate different mechanisms, including the differentiation of adipocytes, increasing the storage of triglycerides, or elevating the number of adipocytes. Moreover, in recent years, not only industrial deception and obesity have intensified but also the problem of human infertility. Reproductive functions depend on hormone interactions, the balance of which may be disrupted by various EDCs or obesity. This review gives a brief summary of common EDCs linked with obesity, the mechanisms of their action, and the effect on adipokine levels, reproduction and connected disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, decrease in sperm motility, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction in females and decrease of sperm motility in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Loïse Serra
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Reis L, Raciti M, Rodriguez PG, Joseph B, Al Rayyes I, Uhlén P, Falk A, da Cunha Lima ST, Ceccatelli S. Glyphosate-based herbicide induces long-lasting impairment in neuronal and glial differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2044-2057. [PMID: 35485992 PMCID: PMC9541419 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are among the most sold pesticides in the world. There are several formulations based on the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) used along with other chemicals to improve the absorption and penetration in plants. The final composition of commercial GBH may modify GLY toxicological profile, potentially enhancing its neurotoxic properties. The developing nervous system is particularly susceptible to insults occurring during the early phases of development, and exposure to chemicals in this period may lead to persistent impairments on neurogenesis and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-lasting effects of a sub-cytotoxic concentration, 2.5 parts per million of GBH and GLY, on the differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem cells (NES) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We treated NES cells with each compound and evaluated the effects on key cellular processes, such as proliferation and differentiation in daughter cells never directly exposed to the toxicants. We found that GBH induced a more immature neuronal profile associated to increased PAX6, NESTIN and DCX expression, and a shift in the differentiation process toward glial cell fate at the expense of mature neurons, as shown by an increase in the glial markers GFAP, GLT1, GLAST and a decrease in MAP2. Such alterations were associated to dysregulation of key genes critically involved in neurogenesis, including PAX6, HES1, HES5, and DDK1. Altogether, the data indicate that subtoxic concentrations of GBH, but not of GLY, induce long-lasting impairments on the differentiation potential of NES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luã Reis
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marilena Raciti
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ibrahim Al Rayyes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Suzana Telles da Cunha Lima
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biotecnologia, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)SalvadorBrazil
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16
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Comparison of the Toxicological Effects of Pesticides in Non-Tumorigenic MCF-12A and Tumorigenic MCF-7 Human Breast Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084453. [PMID: 35457321 PMCID: PMC9030493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to residues of organophosphate and neonicotinoid pesticides, commonly used in agriculture. Children are particularly vulnerable and, among possible adverse outcomes, the increased incidence of premature mammary gland development (thelarche) has raised concern. We evaluated the toxicological effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF), imidacloprid (IMI) and glyphosate (GLY) at exposure concentrations occurring in children on the tumorigenic MCF-7 and non-tumorigenic MCF-12A breast cell lines, as representative of the target organ model, assessing cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP levels, 17β-estradiol secretion and gene expression of nuclear receptors involved in mammary gland development. The pesticides decreased cell vitality in MCF-7 and cell proliferation in MCF-12A cells. ATP levels were decreased in MCF-7 cells by pesticides and apoptosis was increased in MCF-12A cells only by GLY (2.3 nM). ROS production was decreased by pesticides in both cell lines, except IMI (1.6 nM) in MCF-7 cells. Endocrine disrupting activity was highlighted by induction of 17β-estradiol secretion and modulation of the gene expression of estrogen alpha and beta, progesterone, androgen, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors in both cell lines. The use of MCF-7 and MCF-12A cells highlighted dissimilar modes of action of each pesticide at low human relevant concentrations.
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17
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Guerrero Schimpf M, Milesi MM, Zanardi MV, Varayoud J. Disruption of developmental programming with long-term consequences after exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide in a rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 159:112695. [PMID: 34813928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) have been associated with endocrine disrupting effects on reproductive organs. We examined whether postnatal exposure to GBH affects developmental programming of the uterus with long-term consequences. Female Wistar pups received vehicle (control) or GBH (2 mg of glyphosate/kg/day) from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND7, where the developing uterus is highly sensitive to endocrine disruption. Short-, mid- and long-term effects were evaluated on PND8, PND120 and PND600, respectively. GBH induced hyperplasia and epigenetic alterations in the uterus of neonatal females (PND8). DNA hypermethylation, enrichment of H3K9me3 and reductions of H3K27me3 at regulatory regions of the morphoregulatory gene Hoxa10 resulted in gene downregulation. In young adult females (PND120), GBH increased 17β-estradiol (E2) and decreased progesterone (P4) serum levels, altering estrous cyclicity. Aged females (PND600) exposed to GBH developed leiomyoma and pre-neoplastic glandular lesions in the uterus. Vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma and intrahepatic bile duct adenoma were also observed. In conclusion, neonatal exposure to GBH altered the expression and induced hypermethylation of the Hoxa10 gene in uterine tissue at early life, and increased E2/P4 ratio serum level at middle-age. We propose that epigenetic reprogramming of Hoxa10 in association with hormonal imbalance could be among the possible mechanisms underlying the long-term adverse effects detected in GBH-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlise Guerrero Schimpf
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Zanardi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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18
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Serra L, Estienne A, Bourdon G, Ramé C, Chevaleyre C, Didier P, Chahnamian M, El Balkhi S, Froment P, Dupont J. Chronic Dietary Exposure of Roosters to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Increases Seminal Plasma Glyphosate and AMPA Concentrations, Alters Sperm Parameters, and Induces Metabolic Disorders in the Progeny. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120318. [PMID: 34941753 PMCID: PMC8704617 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic dietary Roundup (RU) exposure on rooster sperm parameters, fertility, and offspring are unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic RU dietary exposure (46.8 mg kg−1 day−1 glyphosate) for 5 weeks in 32-week-old roosters (n = 5 RU-exposed and n = 5 control (CT)). Although the concentrations of glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) increased in blood plasma and seminal fluid during exposure, no significant differences in testis weight and sperm concentrations were observed between RU and CT roosters. However, sperm motility was significantly reduced, associated with decreased calcium and ATP concentrations in RU spermatozoa. Plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations increased in RU roosters. These negative effects ceased 14 days after RU removal from the diet. Epigenetic analysis showed a global DNA hypomethylation in RU roosters. After artificial insemination of hens (n = 40) with sperm from CT or RU roosters, eggs were collected and artificially incubated. Embryo viability did not differ, but chicks from RU roosters (n = 118) had a higher food consumption, body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue content. Chronic dietary RU exposure in roosters reduces sperm motility and increases plasma testosterone levels, growth performance, and fattening in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïse Serra
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Anthony Estienne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Guillaume Bourdon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Christelle Ramé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Claire Chevaleyre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Philippe Didier
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement—Unité Expérimentale du Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours UEPEAT 1295, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Marine Chahnamian
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement—Unité Expérimentale du Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours UEPEAT 1295, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Service de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, CHU, F-87042 Limoges, France;
| | - Pascal Froment
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (G.B.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Marino M, Mele E, Viggiano A, Nori SL, Meccariello R, Santoro A. Pleiotropic Outcomes of Glyphosate Exposure: From Organ Damage to Effects on Inflammation, Cancer, Reproduction and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12606. [PMID: 34830483 PMCID: PMC8618927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is widely used worldwide as a potent herbicide. Due to its ubiquitous use, it is detectable in air, water and foodstuffs and can accumulate in human biological fluids and tissues representing a severe human health risk. In plants, glyphosate acts as an inhibitor of the shikimate pathway, which is absent in vertebrates. Due to this, international scientific authorities have long-considered glyphosate as a compound that has no or weak toxicity in humans. However, increasing evidence has highlighted the toxicity of glyphosate and its formulations in animals and human cells and tissues. Thus, despite the extension of the authorization of the use of glyphosate in Europe until 2022, several countries have begun to take precautionary measures to reduce its diffusion. Glyphosate has been detected in urine, blood and maternal milk and has been found to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro and in animal models directly or indirectly through its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). This review aims to summarize the more relevant findings on the biological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of glyphosate, with a particular focus on glyphosate's potential to induce inflammation, DNA damage and alterations in gene expression profiles as well as adverse effects on reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Marino
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Elena Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Stefania Lucia Nori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonietta Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
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20
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Serra L, Estienne A, Vasseur C, Froment P, Dupont J. Review: Mechanisms of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Action in Female and Male Fertility in Humans and Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:3079. [PMID: 34831302 PMCID: PMC8622223 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate (G), also known as N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine is the declared active ingredient of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) such as Roundup largely used in conventional agriculture. It is always used mixed with formulants. G acts in particular on the shikimate pathway, which exists in bacteria, for aromatic amino acids synthesis, but this pathway does not exist in vertebrates. In recent decades, researchers have shown by using various animal models that GBHs are endocrine disruptors that might alter reproductive functions. Our review describes the effects of exposure to G or GBHs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in males and females in terms of endocrine disruption, cell viability, and proliferation. Most of the main regulators of the reproductive axis (GPR54, GnRH, LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone) are altered at all levels of the HPG axis (hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, testis, placenta, uterus) by exposure to GBHs which are considered more toxic than G alone due to the presence of formulants such as polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA)." In addition, we report intergenerational impacts of exposure to G or GBHs and, finally, we discuss different strategies to reduce the negative effects of GBHs on fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïse Serra
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (P.F.)
| | - Anthony Estienne
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (P.F.)
| | - Claudine Vasseur
- Assisted Medical Procreation, Pôle Santé Léonard de Vinci, F-37380 Chambray-lès-Tours, France;
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (P.F.)
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; (L.S.); (A.E.); (P.F.)
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21
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Milesi MM, Lorenz V, Durando M, Rossetti MF, Varayoud J. Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672532. [PMID: 34305812 PMCID: PMC8293380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Lorenz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Rossetti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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22
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de Araújo-Ramos AT, Passoni MT, Romano MA, Romano RM, Martino-Andrade AJ. Controversies on Endocrine and Reproductive Effects of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides: A Mini-Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:627210. [PMID: 33790858 PMCID: PMC8006305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.627210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most used pesticides worldwide, presenting high potential for human exposure. Recently, a debate was raised on glyphosate risks to human health due to conflicting views over its potential carcinogenic and endocrine disruptive properties. Results from regulatory guideline studies, reports from Regulatory Agencies, and some literature studies point to a lack of endocrine disrupting properties of the active ingredient glyphosate. On the other hand, many in vivo and in vitro studies, using different experimental model systems, have demonstrated that GBHs can disrupt certain hormonal signaling pathways with impacts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and other organ systems. Importantly, several studies showed that technical-grade glyphosate is less toxic than formulated GBHs, indicating that the mixture of the active ingredient and formulants can have cumulative effects on endocrine and reproductive endpoints, which requires special attention from Regulatory Agencies. In this mini-review, we discuss the controversies related to endocrine-disrupting properties of technical-grade glyphosate and GBHs emphasizing the reproductive system and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Tadeu de Araújo-Ramos
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcella Tapias Passoni
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anderson Joel Martino-Andrade
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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