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Turra BO, Bonotto NCA, Teixeira CF, Chelotti ME, Rodrigues JR, Mastella MH, Azzolin VF, Ribeiro EE, Barbisan F, Cruz IBM. Bisphenol-A induced cyto-genotoxicity on retinal pigment epithelial cells is differentially modulated by a multi-supplement containing guarana, selenium, and L-carnitine. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e282840. [PMID: 38985071 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.282840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect human health by inducing oxidative stress and irreversible damage to cells. Bioactive compounds found in some functional foods, individually or in combination, can attenuate the negative effects of BPA exposure; an example is the multi-supplement containing guarana (Gua), selenium (Se), and L-carnitine (LC) -GSC- which has already demonstrated antioxidant, genoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of GSC and its constituents on oxidative and genotoxic alterations triggered by BPA exposure in the retinal epithelial cell line. The cells exposed to BPA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 µM) to determine the lowest concentration required to induce cyto-genotoxicity. ARPE-19 cells were then concomitantly exposed to the selected BPA concentration, GSC, and its components (Gua, 1.07 mg/mL; Se, 0.178 µg/mL; and LC, 1.43 mg/mL). Flow cytometry, biochemical assays, qRT-PCR, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. Based on our results, 10 µM of BPA could induce cyto-genotoxic and oxidative alterations. BPA did not alter the Bcl-2/BAX expression ratio but induced Casp3 and Casp8 overexpression, suggesting that apoptosis was induced mainly via the extrinsic pathway. GSC partially reversed the alterations triggered by BPA in ARPE-19 cells. However, Se had unexpected negative effects on ARPE-19 cells. The multi-supplement GSC may attenuate changes in oxidative and genotoxic markers related to exposure of ARPE-19 cells to BPA. our results revealed that the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and genoprotective properties of GSC were not universally shared by its individual, once Se did not exhibit any positive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Turra
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - N C A Bonotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - C F Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - M E Chelotti
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - J R Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - M H Mastella
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - V F Azzolin
- Fundação Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade - FUnATI, Laboratório Gerontec, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - E E Ribeiro
- Fundação Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade - FUnATI, Laboratório Gerontec, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - F Barbisan
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - I B M Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Laboratório de Biogenômica, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Azzolin VF, Azzolin VF, da Silva Maia R, Mastella MH, Sasso JS, Barbisan F, Bitencourt GR, de Azevedo Mello P, Ribeiro EMA, Ribeiro EE, Nunomura RDCS, Manica da Cruz IB. Safety and efficacy indicators of guarana and Brazil nut extract carried in nanoparticles of coenzyme Q10: Evidence from human blood cells and red earthworm experimental model. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 191:114828. [PMID: 38914193 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study characterized a nanosupplement based on coenzyme Q10 containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) and Brazil nuts oil (Bertholetia excelsa) (G-Nut). Determined cytotoxic and oxi-immunomodulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its effect on mortality of red Californian earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and on the immune efficiency of its coelomocytes immune by in vitro exposure to yeast dead microorganism. The cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of G-Nut and the GN-Free extract (0.25-3 mg/mL) were determined in PBMC cultures. Apoptotic, oxidative, and inflammatory markers were determined using biochemical, immunological, and molecular protocols. The effects of G-Nut and GN-Free extracts on mortality and immune efficiency were investigated in earthworms. G-Nut and GN-Free did not induce cytotoxic events in PBMCs, triggering the decrease in apoptotic (caspases 3 and 8) gene expression, lipid and protein oxidation levels, or pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. G-Nut and GN-Free did not trigger earthworm mortality and improved coelomocyte immune efficiency by increasing Eisenia neutrophil extracellular DNA traps and brown body formation when exposed to dead yeasts. The G-Nut nanoformulation is safe and can be used as a new form of food supplement by oral or transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Biogenomics Laboratory - Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Mastella MH, Roggia I, Turra BO, de Afonso Bonotto NC, Teixeira CF, Pulcinelli DLF, Meira GM, Azzolin VF, de Morais-Pinto L, Barbisan F, da Cruz IBM. The Protective Effect of Lithium Against Rotenone may be Evolutionarily Conserved: Evidence from Eisenia fetida, a Primitive Animal with a Ganglionic Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3538-3559. [PMID: 37526866 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress is a non-adaptive situation that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide anion (SA). This accumulation of ROS produces damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate chronic inflammatory states and behavioral changes found in several mood disorders. In a previous study, we observed that an imbalance of SA triggered by rotenone (Ro) exposure caused evolutionarily conserved oxi-inflammatory disturbances and behavioral changes in Eisenia fetida earthworms. These results supported our hypothesis that SA imbalance triggered by Ro exposure could be attenuated by lithium carbonate (LC), which has anti-inflammatory properties. The initial protocol exposed earthworms to Ro (30 nM) and four different LC concentrations. LC at a concentration of 12.85 mg/L decreased SA and nitric oxide (NO) levels and was chosen to perform complementary assays: (1) neuromuscular damage evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) innate immune inefficiency by analysis of Eisenia spp. extracellular neutrophil traps (eNETs), and (3) behavioral changes. Gene expression was also evaluated involving mitochondrial (COII, ND1), inflammatory (EaTLR, AMP), and neuronal transmission (nAchR α5). LC attenuated the high melanized deposits in the circular musculature, fiber disarrangement, destruction of secretory glands, immune inefficiency, and impulsive behavior pattern triggered by Ro exposure. However, the effects of LC and Ro on gene expression were more heterogeneous. In summary, SA imbalance, potentially associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, appears to be an evolutionary component triggering oxidative, inflammatory, and behavioral changes observed in psychiatric disorders that are inhibited by LC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cardoso de Afonso Bonotto
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Luisa Filipetto Pulcinelli
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Moro Meira
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Farina Azzolin
- Center for Research, Teaching and Technological Development (Gerontec/FUnATI), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Anatomical Design Laboratory, Morphology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Teixeira CF, Azzolin VF, Rodrigues Dos Passos G, Turra BO, Alves ADO, Bressanim ACM, Canton LEL, Vieira Dos Santos ADC, Mastella MH, Barbisan F, Ribeiro EE, Duarte T, Duarte MMMF, Bonotto NCDA, Sato DK, da Cruz IBM. A coffee enriched with guarana, selenium, and l-carnitine (GSC) has nutrigenomic effects on oxi-inflammatory markers of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 71:104515. [PMID: 36736038 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by a chronic inflammatory state and elevated levels of oxidative markers. Food supplements with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects have been tested as possible adjuvants in the treatment of MS. In this sense, this pilot study was carried out with the aim of verifying whether a minimum daily dose of a guarana, selenium and l-carnitine (GSC) based multi supplement, mixed in cappuccino-type coffee, administered for 12 weeks to 28 patients with RRMS could differentially modulate oxidative blood markers (lipoperoxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA oxidation) and inflammatory blood markers (protein levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, gene expression of these cytokines, and NLRP3 and CASP-1 molecules, and C-reactive protein levels). The results indicate that a low concentration of GSC is capable of decreasing the plasma levels of oxidized DNA and pro-inflammatory cytokines of RRMS patients. The results support further research into the action of GSC on clinical symptoms, not only in patients with MS, but also with other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Farina Azzolin
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Giordani Rodrigues Dos Passos
- Clinical Research Center of São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 6690 Ipiranga Av., 4th floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Audrei de Oliveira Alves
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar Morioka Bressanim
- Clinical Research Center of São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 6690 Ipiranga Av., 4th floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Leal Canton
- Clinical Research Center of São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 6690 Ipiranga Av., 4th floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Aline de Cassia Vieira Dos Santos
- Clinical Research Center of São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 6690 Ipiranga Av., 4th floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Euler Esteves Ribeiro
- Open University Foundation for the Third Age, 11430 Brazil Av., Santo Antônio, Manaus, AM, 69029-040, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Cardoso de Afonso Bonotto
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- Clinical Research Center of São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 6690 Ipiranga Av., 4th floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Laboratory of Biogenomics, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Torres EAFS, Pinaffi-Langley ACDC, Figueira MDS, Cordeiro KS, Negrão LD, Soares MJ, da Silva CP, Alfino MCZ, Sampaio GR, de Camargo AC. Effects of the consumption of guarana on human health: A narrative review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:272-295. [PMID: 34755935 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a plant from the Amazon region with cultural importance. Despite its early ancestral use by indigenous tribes, the first reports regarding the benefits of guarana consumption for human health were published in the 19th century. Since then, the use of guarana seed in powder and extract forms has been studied for its diverse effects on human health, such as stimulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-obesity effects. These effects are attributed to the high content of bioactive compounds found in guarana seeds, especially methylxanthines and flavonoids. In fact, the Brazilian Food Supplement Law has officially acknowledged guarana as a source of bioactive compounds. The number and diversity of studies focused on guarana and human health are increasing; thus, organizing and describing the available evidence on guarana and its applications is necessary to provide a framework for future studies. In this narrative review, we have organized the available information regarding guarana and its potential effects on human health. Guarana produces unique fruits with great potential for human health applications. However, the available evidence lacks human studies and mechanistic investigations. Future studies should be designed considering its applicability to human health, including intake levels and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A F S Torres
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina Silva Cordeiro
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dias Negrão
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Jurema Soares
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Pereira da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Assmann CE, Weis GCC, da Rosa JR, Bonadiman BDSR, Alves ADO, Schetinger MRC, Ribeiro EE, Morsch VMM, da Cruz IBM. Amazon-derived nutraceuticals: Promises to mitigate chronic inflammatory states and neuroinflammation. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105085. [PMID: 34052297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have been the focus of numerous research in recent years and accumulating data support their use for promoting some health benefits. Several nutraceuticals have been widely studied as supplements due to their functional properties ameliorating symptoms associated with neurological disorders, such as oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory states. This seems to be the case of some fruits and seeds from the Amazon Biome consumed since the pre-Columbian period that could have potential beneficial impact on the human nervous system. The beneficial activities of these food sources are possibly related to a large number of bioactive molecules including polyphenols, carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements. In this context, this review compiled the research on six Amazonian fruits and seeds species and some of the major nutraceuticals found in their composition, presenting brief mechanisms related to their protagonist action in improving inflammatory responses and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Elias Assmann
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Grazielle Castagna Cezimbra Weis
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Righi da Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz da Silva Rosa Bonadiman
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Audrei de Oliveira Alves
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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