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Ri H, Zhu Y, Jo H, Miao X, Ri U, Yin J, Zhou L, Ye L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its metabolites research trend: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50142-50165. [PMID: 39107640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used plasticizers. Many studies focus on the impact of continuous exposure to DEHP on humans and ecosystems. In this study, the bibliometric analysis of DEHP and its metabolites research was conducted to assess the research performances, hotspot issues, and trends in this field. The data was retrieved from a Web of Science Core Collection online database. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was used to analyze. A total of 4672 publications were collected from 1975 to 2022 October 21. The number of publications and citations increased annually in the last decades. China had the largest number of publications, and the USA had the highest co-authorship score. The most productive and most frequently cited institutions were the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (USA), respectively. The journal with the most publications was the Science of Total Environment, and the most cited one was the Environmental Health Perspectives. The most productive and cited author was Calafat A. M. (USA). The most cited reference was "Phthalates: toxicology and exposure." Four hotspot issues were as follows: influences of DEHP on the organisms and its possible mechanisms, assessment of DEHP exposure to the human and its metabolism, dynamics of DEHP in external environments, and indoor exposure of DEHP and health outcomes. The research trends were DNOP, preterm birth, gut microbiota, microplastics, lycopene, hypertension, and thyroid hormones. This study can provide researchers with new ideas and decision-makers with reference basis to formulate relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonju Ri
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
- Pyongyang Medical University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Hyonsu Jo
- Pyongyang Medical University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohan Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Unsim Ri
- Department of Epidemiology, Central Hygienic and Anti-Epidemiologic Institute, Ministry of Health, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
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Dhapola R, Sharma P, Kumari S, Bhatti JS, HariKrishnaReddy D. Environmental Toxins and Alzheimer's Disease: a Comprehensive Analysis of Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3657-3677. [PMID: 38006469 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Inorganic and organic hazards, susceptibility to harmful metals, pesticides, agrochemicals, and air pollution are major environmental concerns. As merely 5% of AD cases are directly inherited indicating that these environmental factors play a major role in disease development. Long-term exposure to environmental toxins is believed to progress neuropathology, which leads to the development of AD. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have suggested the harmful impact of environmental toxins at cellular and molecular level. Common mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these environmental pollutants include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal tau, and APP processing. Increased expression of GSK-3β, BACE-1, TNF-α, and pro-apoptotic molecules like caspases is observed upon exposure to these environmental toxins. In addition, the expression of neurotrophins like BDNF and GAP-43 have been found to be reduced as a result of toxicity. Further, modulation of signaling pathways involving PARP-1, PGC-1α, and MAPK/ERK induced by toxins have been reported to contribute in AD pathogenesis. These pathways are a promising target for developing novel AD therapeutics. Drugs like epigallocatechin-gallate, neflamapimod, salsalate, dexmedetomidine, and atabecestat are in different phases of clinical trials targeting the pathways for possible treatment of AD. This review aims to culminate the correlation between environmental toxicants and AD development. We emphasized upon the signaling pathways involved in the progression of the disease and the therapeutics under clinical trial targeting the altered pathways for possible treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India.
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Park K, Kwak IS. Modulating responses of indicator genes in cellular homeostasis, immune defense and apoptotic process in the Macrophthalmus japonicus exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as a plastic additive. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104456. [PMID: 38657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been increasingly used as plasticizers to manufacture soft and flexible materials and ubiquitously found in water and sediments in the aquatic ecosystem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of DEHP exposure on cellular homeostasis (HSF1 and seven HSPs), immune responses (ILF), and apoptotic responses (p53, BAX, Bcl-2). DEHP exposure upregulated the expression of HSF1 and ILF. Moreover, it altered the expression levels of HSPs (upregulation of HSP70, HSP90, HSP40, HSP83, and HSP67B2 and downregulation of HSP60 and HSP21) in conjunction with HSF1 and ILF in the gills and hepatopancreas of M. japonicus exposed to DEHP. At the protein level, DEHP exposure changed apoptotic signals in both tissues of M. japonicus. These findings indicate that chronic exposures to several DEHP concentrations could disturb cellular balance, damage the inflammatory and immune systems, and induce apoptotic cell death, thereby affecting the survival of M. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea; Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea.
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Zhou L, Yang J, Liu H, Rang Y, Xu L, Wang X, Li Y, Liu C. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuate oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity induced by mixed plasticizers in HepG2 cells through activation of Nrf2. Life Sci 2024; 336:122346. [PMID: 38072188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In daily life, it is common for humans to be exposed to multiple phthalate esters (PAEs). However, there is limited research on the mechanisms and intervention of combined PAEs toxicity. This study aims to explore the cytotoxicity of combined PAEs and evaluate the potential of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) in mitigating the aforementioned toxicity. MAIN METHODS LBP (62.5, 125 and 250 μg/mL) were applied to intervene HepG2 cells treated with DEHP and DBP mixtures (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/mL). Western Blot and different kits were mainly performed in our study. KEY FINDINGS DEHP and DBP mixtures suppressed the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and activated MAPK pathway by increasing ROS. Combined DEHP and DBP exposure reduced ATP content and inhibited the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress, which in turn caused cytotoxicity. LBP reduced oxidative stress and cell death induced by mixed plasticizers, upregulated Nrf2 levels and mitochondrial biogenesis pathway levels and inhibited MAPK pathway activation. Notably, after treating HepG2 cells with Nrf2-specific inhibitor (ML385, 0.5 μM), we found that the activation of Nrf2 played a crucial role on LBP intervention of DEHP and DBP induced HepG2 cytotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE This study not only enhances our understanding of the toxicological effects caused by combined PAEs exposure, but also has significant implications in devising strategies to mitigate the toxicological consequences of combined exposure to exogenous chemicals through the investigation of the role of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435000, China
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linjing Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xukai Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinhuan Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Park K, Moon BS, Kwak IS. Responses of multifunctional immune complement component 1q (C1q) and apoptosis-related genes in Macrophthalmus japonicus tissues and human cells following exposure to environmental pollutants. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:959-968. [PMID: 37880562 PMCID: PMC10746657 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a key defense process for multiple immune system functions, playing a central role in maintaining homeostasis and cell development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental pollutant exposure on immune-related apoptotic pathways in crab tissues and human cells. To do this, we characterized the multifunctional immune complement component 1q (C1q) gene and analyzed C1q expression in Macrophthalmus japonicus crabs after exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Moreover, the responses of apoptotic signal-related genes were observed in M. japonicus tissues and human cell lines (HEK293T and HCT116). C1q gene expression was downregulated in the gills and hepatopancreas of M. japonicus after exposure to DEHP or HBCD. Pollutant exposure also increased antioxidant enzyme activities and altered transcription of 15 apoptotic signaling genes in M. japonicus. However, patterns in apoptotic signaling in response to these pollutants differed in human cells. HBCD exposure generated an apoptotic signal (cleaved caspase-3) and inhibited cell growth in both cell lines, whereas DEHP exposure did not produce such a response. These results suggest that exposure to environmental pollutants induced different levels of immune-related apoptosis depending on the cell or tissue type and that this induction of apoptotic signaling may trigger an initiation of carcinogenesis in M. japonicus and in humans as consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Byoung-San Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea.
- Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea.
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Xu B, He T, Yang H, Dai W, Liu L, Ma X, Ma J, Yang G, Si R, Du X, Fu X, Pei X. Activation of the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway protects against oxidative stress and excessive autophagy in ovarian granulosa cells to attenuate DEHP-induced ovarian impairment in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115534. [PMID: 37776821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used in various plastics but has been demonstrated to cause female reproductive toxicity. However, the exact mechanism underlying the ovarian damage induced by DEHP remains unclear. In this study, DEHP was administered orally to 5-week-old female mice for 30 days at doses of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day. The findings demonstrated that DEHP exposure disrupted ovarian function and follicular development as well as induced oxidative stress and autophagy in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). Further, 200 µM mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the primary metabolite of DEHP in vivo, induced autophagy in both human ovarian granulosa cells line (KGN) and mouse primary GCs within 24 h in vitro. However, it did not affect the p62-dependent autophagy flux. Furthermore, MEHP-induced autophagy was inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and exacerbated by the autophagy activator rapamycin, indicating that MEHP induces excessive autophagy in GCs. Subsequently, we found that MEHP-induced autophagic cell death was primarily attributed to oxidative damage from elevated intracellular ROS levels. Meanwhile, MEHP exposure induced nuclear translocation of erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor (Nrf2), a key regulator of antioxidant activity resulting in activating antioxidant effects. Interestingly, we also found that MEHP-induced increase in p62 competitively binds Keap1, thereby facilitating nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and establishing a positive feedback loop in antioxidant regulation. Therefore, this study demonstrated that inhibition of Nrf2 could aggravate oxidative damage and enhance excessive autophagy caused by MEHP, while activation of Nrf2 could reverse the trend. These findings have also been reinforced in studies of cultured ovaries in vitro. Our study suggests that the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway may serve as a potential protective mechanism against DEHP-induced oxidative stress and excessive autophagy in mouse GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tiantian He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wenjie Dai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jiaxue Ma
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Guoqin Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rui Si
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xing Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xufeng Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiuying Pei
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Li X, Zang N, Zhang N, Pang L, Lv L, Meng X, Lv X, Leng J. DNA damage resulting from human endocrine disrupting chemical exposure: Genotoxicity, detection and dietary phytochemical intervention. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139522. [PMID: 37478996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has posed an increasing threat to human health. EDCs are major risk factors in the occurrence and development of many diseases. Continuous DNA damage triggers severe pathogenic consequences, such as cancer. Beyond their effects on the endocrine system, EDCs genotoxicity is also worthy of attention, owing to the high accessibility and bioavailability of EDCs. This review investigates and summarizes nearly a decade of DNA damage studies on EDC exposure, including DNA damage mechanisms, detection methods, population marker analysis, and the application of dietary phytochemicals. The aims of this review are (1) to systematically summarize the genotoxic effects of environmental EDCs (2) to comprehensively summarize cutting-edge measurement methods, thus providing analytical solutions for studies on EDC exposure; and (3) to highlight critical data on the detoxification and repair effects of dietary phytochemicals. Dietary phytochemicals decrease genotoxicity by playing a major role in the detoxification system, and show potential therapeutic effects on human diseases caused by EDC exposure. This review may support research on environmental toxicology and alternative chemo-prevention for human EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ningzi Zang
- Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Lijian Pang
- Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Ling Lv
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiansheng Meng
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Jiapeng Leng
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Cui LG, Liu L, Li MZ, Zhu Y, Ma XY, Li XN, Li JL. Phthalate induces mitochondrial injury in cerebellum through Sirt1-PGC-1α and PINK1/Parkin-mediated signal pathways. Life Sci 2023; 316:121378. [PMID: 36623767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental toxicant that is widely used in the whole world as a plasticizer that can enhance plastic properties. A number of reserarches have demonstrated that DEHP could cause varying degrees of damage to the normal function of nerve. The research aimed to investigate the mechanism of DEHP-induced cerebellar toxicity. In present study, we set DEHP-caused cerebellar injury models of quail and implied that DEHP induced cerebellar dysplasia by abnormity of Purkinje cell and reduction of cerebellar granule cell. Furthermore, the mitochondrial damage was confirmed by the swelling, cristae reduction, membrane rupture of mitochondria or even the occurrence of autophagic vacuole. To clarified DEHP-induced mitochondrial damage in cerebellum, we examined the relevant genes of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative damage, the pathways related to Nrf2 and PINK1/Parkin in cerebellum. Based on data, it appeared that DEHP treatment had a damaging effect on the cerebellum and led to mitophagy as well as oxidative stress. In conclusion, the research indicated that DEHP-actuated mitochondrial injury has a directly relationship with mitophagy. DEHP-actuated reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics. The increase of oxidative stress damaged mitochondria, and the redundant ROS in damaged mitochondria that gave rise to cerebellar harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ge Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Mu-Zi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Yuan F, Sun Y, Jiang X, Liu T, Kang B, Freguia S, Feng L, Chen Y. Dioctyl phthalate enhances volatile fatty acids production from sludge anaerobic fermentation: Insights of electron transport and metabolic functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160102. [PMID: 36370796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used phthalate plasticizers, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) has been detected in wastewater and accumulates in sludge through wastewater treatment, which may adversely affect further sludge treatment. However, the role of DOP on sludge anaerobic fermentation and its mechanism are not yet clear. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of DOP on the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) generation via the anaerobic fermentation of sludge. The results demonstrated that the presence of DOP had a considerable contribution to the generation of VFAs, and the maximum production of VFAs reached 4769 mg COD/L at 500 mg/kg DOP, which was 1.57 folds that of the control. Mechanistic investigation showed that DOP mainly enhanced the hydrolysis, acidification and related enzymes activities of sludge. VFAs-producing microorganisms (e.g., Clostridium and Conexibacter) were also enriched under DOP exposure. Importantly, the presence of DOP increased the electron transfer activity by 26 %, consequently facilitating the organics conversion and fermentation process. Notably, the functional gene expressions involved in substrate metabolism and VFAs biosynthesis were enhanced with DOP, resulting in increased VFAs production from sludge. The results obtained in this study offered a new strategy for the control of pollutants and the recycling of valuable products from sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi Sun
- Downhole Technical Service Branch, Bohai Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd, National Petroleum Corporation, 8, Second Street, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Xiupeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bo Kang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Lei Y, Zhang W, Gao M, Lin H. Mechanism of evodiamine blocking Nrf2/MAPK pathway to inhibit apoptosis of grass carp hepatocytes induced by DEHP. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109506. [PMID: 36368504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is often used as a plasticizer for plastic products, and its excessive use can cause irreversible damage to aquatic animals and humans. Evodiamine (EVO) is an alkaloid component in the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa, which has antioxidant and detoxification functions. To investigate the toxic mechanism of DEHP on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatocyte cell line (L8824) and the therapeutic effect of evodiamine, an experimental model of L8824 cells exposed to 800 μM DEHP and/or 10 μM EVO for 24 h was established. Flow cytometry, AO/EB fluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and western blot were used to detect the degree of cell injury, oxidative stress level, MAPK signaling pathway relative genes, and the expression of apoptosis-related molecules. The results showed that DEHP exposure could significantly increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px), and cause the accumulation of MDA. DEHP also activated MAPK signaling pathway-related molecules (JNK, ERK, P38 MAPK), and then up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic factors Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax) and caspase 3, while inhibiting the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). In addition, EVO can also promote the dissociation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus, reduce the level of ROS and the occurrence of oxidative stress in grass carp hepatocytes, down-regulate the MAPK pathway, alleviate DEHP-induced apoptosis, and restore the expression of antioxidant genes. These results indicated that evodiamine could block Nrf2/MAPK pathway to inhibit DEHP-induced apoptosis of grass carp hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Meichen Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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11
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Sree CG, Buddolla V, Lakshmi BA, Kim YJ. Phthalate toxicity mechanisms: An update. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109498. [PMID: 36374650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are one of the most widely used plasticizers in polymer products, and they are increasingly being exposed to people all over the world, generating health concerns. Phthalates are often used as excipients in controlled-release capsules and enteric coatings, and patients taking these drugs may be at risk. In both animals and human, phthalates are mainly responsible for testicular dysfunction, ovarian toxicity, reduction in steroidogenesis. In this regard, for a better understanding of the health concerns corresponding to phthalates and their metabolites, still more research is required. Significantly, multifarious forms of phthalates and their biomedical effects are need to be beneficial to investigate in the various tissues or organs. Based on these investigations, researchers can decipher their toxicity concerns and related mechanisms in the body after phthalate's exposure. This review summarizes the chemical interactions, mechanisms, and their biomedical applications of phthalates in animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendruru Geya Sree
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Viswanath Buddolla
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Buddolla Anantha Lakshmi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Feldman F, Koudoufio M, El-Jalbout R, Sauvé MF, Ahmarani L, Sané AT, Ould-Chikh NEH, N’Timbane T, Patey N, Desjardins Y, Stintzi A, Spahis S, Levy E. Cranberry Proanthocyanidins as a Therapeutic Strategy to Curb Metabolic Syndrome and Fatty Liver-Associated Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010090. [PMID: 36670951 PMCID: PMC9854780 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is steadily increasing worldwide, no optimal pharmacotherapy is readily available to address its multifaceted risk factors and halt its complications. This growing challenge mandates the development of other future curative directions. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) in improving MetS pathological conditions and liver complications; C57BL/6J mice were fed either a standard chow or a high fat/high sucrose (HFHS) diet with and without PACs (200 mg/kg), delivered by daily gavage for 12 weeks. Our results show that PACs lowered HFHS-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. In conjunction, PACs lessened circulatory markers of oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation. Similarly, the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities of PACs were noted in the liver in association with improved hepatic steatosis. Inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of beta-oxidation could account for PACs-mediated decline of fatty liver as evidenced not only by the expression of rate-limiting enzymes but also by the status of AMPKα (the key sensor of cellular energy) and the powerful transcription factors (PPARα, PGC1α, SREBP1c, ChREBP). Likewise, treatment with PACs resulted in the downregulation of critical enzymes of liver gluconeogenesis, a process contributing to increased rates of glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Our findings demonstrate that PACs prevented obesity and improved insulin resistance likely via suppression of OxS and inflammation while diminishing hyperlipidemia and fatty liver disease, as clear evidence for their strength of fighting the cluster of MetS abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Feldman
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mireille Koudoufio
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ramy El-Jalbout
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathilde Foisy Sauvé
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lena Ahmarani
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Théophile Sané
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Thierry N’Timbane
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Natalie Patey
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4L3, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-345-7783
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13
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Zhao S, Hong Y, Liang YY, Li XL, Shen JC, Sun CC, Chu LL, Hu J, Wang H, Xu DX, Zhang SC, Xu DD, Xu T, Zhao LL. Compartmentalized regulation of NAD + by Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate induces DNA damage in placental trophoblast. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102414. [PMID: 35926314 PMCID: PMC9356100 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a wildly used plasticizer. Maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy blocks the placental cell cycle at the G2/M phase by reducing the efficiency of the DNA repair pathways and affects the health of offsprings. However, the mechanism by which DEHP inhibits the repair of DNA damage remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that DEHP inhibits DNA damage repair by reducing the activity of the DNA repair factor recruitment molecule PARP1. NAD+ and ATP are two substrates necessary for PARP1 activity. DEHP abated NAD+ in the nucleus by reducing the level of NAD+ synthase NMNAT1 and elevated NAD+ in the mitochondrial by promoting synthesis. Furthermore, DEHP destroyed the mitochondrial respiratory chain, affected the structure and quantity of mitochondria, and decreased ATP production. Therefore, DEHP inhibits PARP1 activity by reducing the amount of NAD+ and ATP, which hinders the DNA damage repair pathways. The supplement of NAD+ precursor NAM can partially rescue the DNA and mitochondria damage. It provides a new idea for the prevention of health problems of offsprings caused by DEHP injury to the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yun Hong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yue-Yue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jiang-Chuan Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Cong-Cong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health / Center for Water and Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Luo Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Anhui Medical College, No 632 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Dou-Dou Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
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14
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Han D, Yao Y, Chen L, Miao Z, Xu S. Apigenin ameliorates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced ferroptosis: The activation of glutathione peroxidase 4 and suppression of iron intake. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113089. [PMID: 35500696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely artificial persistent organic pollutant, the contamination of which infiltrates daily human life from many aspects, imperceptibly causing damage to multiple organs in the body, including the liver. Apigenin (APG) is widely distributed in vegetables and fruits and can relieve or prevent the injuries caused by exogenous chemicals through various pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant effects. To investigate the mechanism of DEHP-induced liver injury and the antagonistic effects of APG, we treated AML12 cells with 1 mM DEHP and/or APG. Ultrastructural morphology analysis indicated that DEHP induced typical ferroptosis-like damage. In addition, we found that DEHP exposure induced ferroptosis by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, disrupting iron homeostasis and lipid peroxidation, and regulating the expression of ferroptosis-related genes. Notably, supplementation with APG significantly inhibited these abnormal changes, and molecular docking further showed evidence of the activating effects of APG ligand on glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). These results demonstrated that the protective effects of APG on DEHP-induced ferroptosis were achieved by activating GPX4 and suppressing intracellular iron accumulation. This information not only adds to DEHP toxicological data but also provides a basis for the practical application of APG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yujie Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 843300, PR China
| | - Zhiying Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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