1
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Kakogiannos N, Scalise AA, Martini E, Maderna C, Benvenuto AF, D’Antonio M, Carmignani L, Magni S, Gullotta GS, Lampugnani MG, Iannelli F, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Cerutti C, Bentley K, Philippides A, Zanardi F, Bacigaluppi M, Sigismund S, Bassani C, Farina C, Martino G, De Giovanni M, Dejana E, Iannacone M, Inverso D, Giannotta M. GPR126 is a specifier of blood-brain barrier formation in the mouse central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e165368. [PMID: 39087467 PMCID: PMC11290973 DOI: 10.1172/jci165368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acquires unique properties to regulate neuronal function during development. The formation of the BBB, which occurs in tandem with angiogenesis, is directed by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Yet the exact molecular interplay remains elusive. Our study reveals the G protein-coupled receptor GPR126 as a critical target of canonical Wnt signaling, essential for the development of the BBB's distinctive vascular characteristics and its functional integrity. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of the Gpr126 gene in mice induced aberrant vascular morphogenesis, resulting in disrupted BBB organization. Simultaneously, heightened transcytosis in vitro compromised barrier integrity, resulting in enhanced vascular permeability. Mechanistically, GPR126 enhanced endothelial cell migration, pivotal for angiogenesis, acting through an interaction between LRP1 and β1 integrin, thereby balancing the levels of β1 integrin activation and recycling. Overall, we identified GPR126 as a specifier of an organotypic vascular structure, which sustained angiogenesis and guaranteed the acquisition of the BBB properties during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emanuele Martini
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Maderna
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele D’Antonio
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Carmignani
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Magni
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Iannelli
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Camilla Cerutti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Katie Bentley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Informatics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Philippides
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Zanardi
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Giannotta
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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2
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Kösters P, Cazorla-Vázquez S, Krüger R, Daniel C, Vonbrunn E, Amann K, Engel FB. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr126 ( Adgrg6) Expression Profiling in Diseased Mouse, Rat, and Human Kidneys. Cells 2024; 13:874. [PMID: 38786096 PMCID: PMC11119830 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the function of understudied G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provides a wealth of untapped therapeutic potential. The poorly understood adhesion GPCR Gpr126 (Adgrg6) is widely expressed in developing kidneys. In adulthood, Gpr126 expression is enriched in parietal epithelial cells (PECs) and epithelial cells of the collecting duct and urothelium. Whether Gpr126 plays a role in kidney disease remains unclear. Here, we characterized Gpr126 expression in diseased kidneys in mice, rats, and humans. RT-PCR data show that Gpr126 expression is altered in kidney disease. A quantitative RNAscope® analysis utilizing cell type-specific markers revealed that Gpr126 expression upon tubular damage is mainly increased in cell types expressing Gpr126 under healthy conditions as well as in cells of the distal and proximal tubules. Upon glomerular damage, an increase was mainly detected in PECs. Notably, Gpr126 expression was upregulated in an ischemia/reperfusion model within hours, while upregulation in a glomerular damage model was only detected after weeks. An analysis of kidney microarray data from patients with lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertension, and diabetes as well as single-cell RNA-seq data from kidneys of patients with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease indicates that GPR126 expression is also altered in human kidney disease. In patients with FSGS, an RNAscope® analysis showed that GPR126 mRNA is upregulated in PECs belonging to FSGS lesions and proximal tubules. Collectively, we provide detailed insights into Gpr126 expression in kidney disease, indicating that GPR126 is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kösters
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
| | - René Krüger
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Eva Vonbrunn
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.C.-V.); (C.D.); (E.V.); (K.A.)
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3
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Li Q, Huo A, Li M, Wang J, Yin Q, Chen L, Chu X, Qin Y, Qi Y, Li Y, Cui H, Cong Q. Structure, ligands, and roles of GPR126/ADGRG6 in the development and diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:294-305. [PMID: 37588228 PMCID: PMC10425801 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are the second largest diverse group within the GPCR superfamily, which play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes through cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The adhesion GPCR Adgrg6, also known as GPR126, is one of the better-characterized aGPCRs. GPR126 was previously found to have critical developmental roles in Schwann cell maturation and its mediated myelination in the peripheral nervous system in both zebrafish and mammals. Current studies have extended our understanding of GPR126-mediated roles during development and in human diseases. In this review, we highlighted these recent advances in GPR126 in expression profile, molecular structure, ligand-receptor interactions, and associated physiological and pathological functions in development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Anran Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qiao Yin
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Lumiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Department of Emergency Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuwan Qi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Hengxiang Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qifei Cong
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Kösters P, Bertz S, Pfister F, Daniel C, Dedden M, Zundler S, Jobst-Schwan T, Amann K, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCR Gpr126 (Adgrg6) Expression Profiling in Zebrafish, Mouse, and Human Kidney. Cells 2023; 12:1988. [PMID: 37566066 PMCID: PMC10417176 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) comprise the second-largest class of GPCRs, the most common target for approved pharmacological therapies. aGPCRs play an important role in development and disease and have recently been associated with the kidney. Several aGPCRs are expressed in the kidney and some aGPCRs are either required for kidney development or their expression level is altered in diseased kidneys. Yet, general aGPCR function and their physiological role in the kidney are poorly understood. Here, we characterize in detail Gpr126 (Adgrg6) expression based on RNAscope® technology in zebrafish, mice, and humans during kidney development in adults. Gpr126 expression is enriched in the epithelial linage during nephrogenesis and persists in the adult kidney in parietal epithelial cells, collecting ducts, and urothelium. Single-cell RNAseq analysis shows that gpr126 expression is detected in zebrafish in a distinct ionocyte sub-population. It is co-detected selectively with slc9a3.2, slc4a4a, and trpv6, known to be involved in apical acid secretion, buffering blood or intracellular pH, and to maintain high cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, respectively. Furthermore, gpr126-expressing cells were enriched in the expression of potassium transporter kcnj1a.1 and gcm2, which regulate the expression of a calcium sensor receptor. Notably, the expression patterns of Trpv6, Kcnj1a.1, and Gpr126 in mouse kidneys are highly similar. Collectively, our approach permits a detailed insight into the spatio-temporal expression of Gpr126 and provides a basis to elucidate a possible role of Gpr126 in kidney physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Kösters
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Frederick Pfister
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Mark Dedden
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.D.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.D.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Research Center On Rare Kidney Diseases (RECORD), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.P.); (C.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.C.-V.); (P.K.)
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5
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Lei X, Tian X, Wang H, Xu X, Li G, Liu W, Wang D, Xiao Z, Zhang M, Li MJ, Zhang Z, Ma Z, Liu Z. Noncoding SNP at rs1663689 represses ADGRG6 via interchromosomal interaction and reduces lung cancer progression. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56212. [PMID: 37154297 PMCID: PMC10328068 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed an association of the noncoding SNP rs1663689 with susceptibility to lung cancer in the Chinese population. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, using allele-specific 4C-seq in heterozygous lung cancer cells combined with epigenetic information from CRISPR/Cas9-edited cell lines, we show that the rs1663689 C/C variant represses the expression of ADGRG6, a gene located on a separate chromosome, through an interchromosomal interaction of the rs1663689 bearing region with the ADGRG6 promoter. This reduces downstream cAMP-PKA signaling and subsequently tumor growth both in vitro and in xenograft models. Using patient-derived organoids, we show that rs1663689 T/T-but not C/C-bearing lung tumors are sensitive to the PKA inhibitor H89, potentially informing therapeutic strategies. Our study identifies a genetic variant-mediated interchromosomal interaction underlying ADGRG6 regulation and suggests that targeting the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may be beneficial in lung cancer patients bearing the homozygous risk genotype at rs1663689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lei
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoling Tian
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xinran Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wenxu Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zengtuan Xiao
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhenyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer CenterTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalHaihe Laboratory of Cell EcosystemState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyDepartment of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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6
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Yin A, Guan X, Zhang JV, Niu J. Focusing on the role of secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in placental development and preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959239. [PMID: 36187484 PMCID: PMC9515905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a clinical syndrome mainly characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, with a worldwide incidence of 3–8% and high maternal mortality, is a risk factor highly associated with maternal and offspring cardiovascular disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia are complicated and have not been fully elucidated. Obesity, immunological diseases and endocrine metabolic diseases are high-risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. Effective methods to treat preeclampsia are lacking, and termination of pregnancy remains the only curative treatment for preeclampsia. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia include poor placentation, uteroplacental malperfusion, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, dysregulated immune tolerance, vascular inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction. The notion that placenta is the core factor in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still prevailing. G protein-coupled receptors, the largest family of membrane proteins in eukaryotes and the largest drug target family to date, exhibit diversity in structure and function. Among them, the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors are essential drug targets for human diseases, such as endocrine diseases and cardiometabolic diseases. Given the great value of the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of cardiovascular system function and the drug target exploration, we summarize the role of these receptors in placental development and preeclampsia, and outlined the relevant pathological mechanisms, thereby providing potential drug targets for preeclampsia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqi Yin
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaonian Guan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
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7
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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8
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Progesterone activates GPR126 to promote breast cancer development via the Gi pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117004119. [PMID: 35394864 PMCID: PMC9169622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone progesterone is highly involved in different physiological–pathophysiological processes, including bone formation and cancer progression. Understanding the working mechanisms, especially identifying the receptors of progesterone hormones, is of great value. In the present study, we identified GPR126 as a membrane receptor for both progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone and triggered its downstream G protein signaling. We further characterized the residues of GPR126 that interact with these two ligands and found that progesterone promoted the progression of a triple-negative breast cancer model through GPR126-dependent Gi-SRC signaling. Therefore, developing antagonists targeting GPR126-Gi may provide an alternative therapeutic option for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. GPR126 is a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) that is essential for the normal development of diverse tissues, and its mutations are implicated in various pathological processes. Here, through screening 34 steroid hormones and their derivatives for cAMP production, we found that progesterone (P4) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) could specifically activate GPR126 and trigger its downstream Gi signaling by binding to the ligand pocket in the seven-transmembrane domain of the C-terminal fragment of GPR126. A detailed mutagenesis screening according to a computational simulated structure model indicated that K1001ECL2 and F1012ECL2 are key residues that specifically recognize 17OHP but not progesterone. Finally, functional analysis revealed that progesterone-triggered GPR126 activation promoted cell growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, which involved Gi-SRC pathways in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Collectively, our work identified a membrane receptor for progesterone/17OHP and delineated the mechanisms by which GPR126 participated in potential tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer, which will enrich our understanding of the functions and working mechanisms of both the aGPCR member GPR126 and the steroid hormone progesterone.
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Rosa M, Noel T, Harris M, Ladds G. Emerging roles of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1695-1709. [PMID: 34282836 PMCID: PMC8421042 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a sub-group within the GPCR superfamily. Their distinctive structure contains an abnormally large N-terminal, extracellular region with a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. In most aGPCRs, the GAIN domain constitutively cleaves the receptor into two fragments. This process is often required for aGPCR signalling. Over the last two decades, much research has focussed on aGPCR-ligand interactions, in an attempt to deorphanize the family. Most ligands have been found to bind to regions N-terminal to the GAIN domain. These receptors may bind a variety of ligands, ranging across membrane-bound proteins and extracellular matrix components. Recent advancements have revealed a conserved method of aGPCR activation involving a tethered ligand within the GAIN domain. Evidence for this comes from increased activity in receptor mutants exposing the tethered ligand. As a result, G protein-coupling partners of aGPCRs have been more extensively characterised, making use of their tethered ligand to create constitutively active mutants. This has led to demonstrations of aGPCR function in, for example, neurodevelopment and tumour growth. However, questions remain around the ligands that may bind many aGPCRs, how this binding is translated into changes in the GAIN domain, and the exact mechanism of aGPCR activation following GAIN domain conformational changes. This review aims to examine the current knowledge around aGPCR activation, including ligand binding sites, the mechanism of GAIN domain-mediated receptor activation and how aGPCR transmembrane domains may relate to activation. Other aspects of aGPCR signalling will be touched upon, such as downstream effectors and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Timothy Noel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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10
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Baxendale S, Asad A, Shahidan NO, Wiggin GR, Whitfield TT. The adhesion GPCR Adgrg6 (Gpr126): Insights from the zebrafish model. Genesis 2021; 59:e23417. [PMID: 33735533 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs are important regulators of conserved developmental processes and represent an untapped pool of potential targets for drug discovery. The adhesion GPCR Adgrg6 (Gpr126) has critical developmental roles in Schwann cell maturation and inner ear morphogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Mutations in the human ADGRG6 gene can result in severe deficits in peripheral myelination, and variants have been associated with many other disease conditions. Here, we review work on the zebrafish Adgrg6 signaling pathway and its potential as a disease model. Recent advances have been made in the analysis of the structure of the Adgrg6 receptor, demonstrating alternative structural conformations and the presence of a conserved calcium-binding site within the CUB domain of the extracellular region that is critical for receptor function. Homozygous zebrafish adgrg6 hypomorphic mutants have been used successfully as a whole-animal screening platform, identifying candidate molecules that can influence signaling activity and rescue mutant phenotypes. These compounds offer promise for further development as small molecule modulators of Adgrg6 pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baxendale
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anzar Asad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nahal O Shahidan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Tanya T Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Structural basis for adhesion G protein-coupled receptor Gpr126 function. Nat Commun 2020; 11:194. [PMID: 31924782 PMCID: PMC6954182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs target the extracellular regions (ECRs) of cell-surface receptors. The large and alternatively-spliced ECRs of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have key functions in diverse biological processes including neurodevelopment, embryogenesis, and tumorigenesis. However, their structures and mechanisms of action remain unclear, hampering drug development. The aGPCR Gpr126/Adgrg6 regulates Schwann cell myelination, ear canal formation, and heart development; and GPR126 mutations cause myelination defects in human. Here, we determine the structure of the complete zebrafish Gpr126 ECR and reveal five domains including a previously unknown domain. Strikingly, the Gpr126 ECR adopts a closed conformation that is stabilized by an alternatively spliced linker and a conserved calcium-binding site. Alternative splicing regulates ECR conformation and receptor signaling, while mutagenesis of the calcium-binding site abolishes Gpr126 function in vivo. These results demonstrate that Gpr126 ECR utilizes a multi-faceted dynamic approach to regulate receptor function and provide relevant insights for ECR-targeted drug design. The extracellular regions (ECRs) of adhesion GPCRs have diverse biological functions, but their structures and mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, the authors solve the ECR structure of the Gpr126 receptor and show that ECR conformation and signaling functions are regulated by alternative splicing.
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12
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Dunn HA, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA. Beyond the Ligand: Extracellular and Transcellular G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Physiology and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:503-519. [PMID: 31515243 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. GPCR research has predominantly focused on the characterization of the intracellular interactome's contribution to GPCR function and pharmacology. However, emerging evidence uncovers a new dimension in the biology of GPCRs involving their extracellular and transcellular interactions that critically impact GPCR function and pharmacology. The seminal examples include a variety of adhesion GPCRs, such as ADGRLs/latrophilins, ADGRBs/brain angiogenesis inhibitors, ADGRG1/GPR56, ADGRG6/GPR126, ADGRE5/CD97, and ADGRC3/CELSR3. However, recent advances have indicated that class C GPCRs that contain large extracellular domains, including group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and orphans GPR158 and GPR179, can also participate in this form of transcellular regulation. In this review, we will focus on a variety of identified extracellular and transcellular GPCR-interacting partners, including teneurins, neurexins, integrins, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembranes, contactin-6, neuroligin, laminins, collagens, major prion protein, amyloid precursor protein, complement C1q-likes, stabilin-2, pikachurin, dystroglycan, complement decay-accelerating factor CD55, cluster of differentiation CD36 and CD90, extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1, and leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domains. We provide an account on the diversity of extracellular and transcellular GPCR complexes and their contribution to key cellular and physiologic processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, cellular and synaptic adhesion, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss models and mechanisms by which extracellular GPCR assemblies may regulate communication at cellular junctions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to be the prominent focus of pharmacological intervention for a variety of human pathologies. Although the majority of GPCR research has focused on the intracellular interactome, recent advancements have identified an extracellular dimension of GPCR modulation that alters accepted pharmacological principles of GPCRs. Herein, we describe known endogenous allosteric modulators acting on GPCRs both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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13
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Musa G, Srivastava S, Petzold J, Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. miR-27a/b is a posttranscriptional regulator of Gpr126 (Adgrg6). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:109-121. [PMID: 31596512 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gpr126 (Adgrg6), a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family, has been associated with a variety of human diseases. Yet, despite its clinical importance, the mechanisms regulating Gpr126 expression are poorly understood. Here, we aimed at identifying upstream regulatory mechanisms of Gpr126 expression utilizing the heart as model organ in which Gpr126 regulates trabeculation. Here, we focused on possible regulation of Gpr126 regulation by microRNAs, which have emerged as key players in regulating development, have a critical role in disease progression, and might serve as putative therapeutic targets. In silico analyses identified one conserved binding site in the 3' UTR of Gpr126 for microRNA 27a and 27b (miR-27a/b). In addition, miR-27a/b and Gpr126 expression were differentially expressed during rat heart development. A regulatory role of miR-27a/b in controlling Gpr126 expression was substantiated by reduced Gpr126 mRNA levels upon ectopic expression of miR-27a/b in HEK293T cells and miR-27b in zebrafish embryos. Regulation of Gpr126 expression by direct binding of miR-27a/b to the 3' UTR of Gpr126 was verified by luciferase reporter assays in HEK293T cells. Finally, the modulation of gpr126 expression in zebrafish by injection of either miR-27b or miR-27b inhibitor in single cell-stage embryos resulted in hypo- or hypertrabeculation, respectively. Collectively, the data indicate that Gpr126 expression is regulated by miR-27a/b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Musa G, Cazorla‐Vázquez S, Amerongen MJ, Stemmler MP, Eckstein M, Hartmann A, Braun T, Brabletz T, Engel FB. Gpr126 (Adgrg6)
is expressed in cell types known to be exposed to mechanical stimuli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:96-108. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla‐Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Machteld J. Amerongen
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Marc P. Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
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15
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Xu E, Lin T, Jiang H, Ji Z, Shao W, Meng Y, Gao R, Zhou X. Asymmetric expression of GPR126 in the convex/concave side of the spine is associated with spinal skeletal malformation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1977-1986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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A Genetic Variant in GPR126 Causing a Decreased Inclusion of Exon 6 Is Associated with Cartilage Development in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4678969. [PMID: 30886859 PMCID: PMC6388357 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4678969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity disease in adolescents but its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. The current study aims to identify the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene and AIS predisposition. GPR126 contains 26 exons and alternative splicing of exon 6 and exon 25 produces 4 protein-coding transcripts. We genotyped SNPs of GPR126 gene around exon 6 and exon 25 in 131 Chinese AIS patients and 132 healthy controls and provided evidence that SNP rs41289839 G>A is strongly associated with AIS susceptibility. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggests that rs41289839 and other AIS-related SNPs were in strong LD. Next, we demonstrated that rs41289839 G>A inhibits the inclusion of exon 6 during alternative splicing, resulting in a decreased expression level of exon 6-included transcript (GPR126-exon6in) relative to the exon 6 excluded transcript (GPR126-exon6ex) by minigene assay. Chondrogenic differentiation experiment showed that GPR126-exon6in has a high expression level relative to GPR126-exon6ex during chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Our findings indicate that newly discovered SNP is related to cartilage development and may provide valuable insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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17
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McAnally D, Siddiquee K, Gomaa A, Szabo A, Vasile S, Maloney PR, Divlianska DB, Peddibhotla S, Morfa CJ, Hershberger P, Falter R, Williamson R, Terry DB, Farjo R, Pinkerton AB, Qi X, Quigley J, Boulton ME, Grant MB, Smith LH. Repurposing antimalarial aminoquinolines and related compounds for treatment of retinal neovascularization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202436. [PMID: 30208056 PMCID: PMC6135396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is the pathological driver of blinding eye diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and wet age-related macular degeneration. The loss of vision resulting from these diseases significantly impacts the productivity and quality of life of patients, and represents a substantial burden on the health care system. Current standard of care includes biologics that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator of neovascularization. While anti-VGEF therapies have been successful, up to 30% of patients are non-responsive. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic targets, and small molecule inhibitors of angiogenesis to complement existing treatments. Apelin and its receptor have recently been shown to play a key role in both developmental and pathological angiogenesis in the eye. Through a cell-based high-throughput screen, we identified 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs as potent selective antagonists of APJ. The prototypical 4-aminoquinoline, amodiaquine was found to be a selective, non-competitive APJ antagonist that inhibited apelin signaling in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, amodiaquine suppressed both apelin-and VGEF-induced endothelial tube formation. Intravitreal amodaiquine significantly reduced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesion volume in the laser-induced CNV mouse model, and showed no signs of ocular toxicity at the highest doses tested. This work firmly establishes APJ as a novel, chemically tractable therapeutic target for the treatment of ocular neovascularization, and that amodiaquine is a potential candidate for repurposing and further toxicological, and pharmacokinetic evaluation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McAnally
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khandaker Siddiquee
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andras Szabo
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stefan Vasile
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Maloney
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniela B. Divlianska
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Camilo J. Morfa
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul Hershberger
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Falter
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert Williamson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - David B. Terry
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafal Farjo
- EyeCRO LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Judith Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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18
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Liang M, Niu J, Zhang L, Deng H, Ma J, Zhou W, Duan D, Zhou Y, Xu H, Chen L. Gene expression profiling reveals different molecular patterns in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways between early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Placenta 2016; 40:52-9. [PMID: 27016783 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early-onset preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia have been regarded as two different phenotypes with heterogeneous manifestations; To gain insights into the pathogenesis of the two traits, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in preeclamptic placentas. A whole genome-wide microarray was used to determine the gene expression profiles in placental tissues from patients with early-onset (n = 7; <34 weeks), and late-onset (n = 8; >36 weeks) preeclampsia and their controls who delivered preterm (n = 5; <34 weeks) or at term (n = 5; >36 weeks). Genes were termed differentially expressed if they showed a fold-change ≥ 2 and q-value < 0.05. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to verify the results. Western blotting was performed to verify the expressions of secreted genes at the protein level. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-seven genes were differentially expressed in early-compared with late-onset preeclampsia (177 genes were up-regulated and 450 were down-regulated). Gene ontology analysis identified significant alterations in several biological processes; the top two were immune response and cell surface receptor linked signal transduction. Among the cell surface receptor linked signal transduction-related, differentially expressed genes, those involved in the G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway were significantly enriched. G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway related genes, such as GPR124 and MRGPRF, were both found to be down-regulated in early-onset preeclampsia. The results were consistent with those of western blotting that the abundance of GPR124 was lower in early-onset compared with late-onset preeclampsia. The different gene expression profiles reflect the different levels of transcription regulation between the two conditions and supported the hypothesis that they are separate disease entities. Moreover, the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway related genes may contribute to the mechanism underlying early- and late-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liang
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Hua Deng
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Dongmei Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Huikun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Longding Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
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19
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Xu JF, Yang GH, Pan XH, Zhang SJ, Zhao C, Qiu BS, Gu HF, Hong JF, Cao L, Chen Y, Xia B, Bi Q, Wang YP. Association of GPR126 gene polymorphism with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese populations. Genomics 2014; 105:101-7. [PMID: 25479386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common pediatric spinal deformity affecting 1% to 3% of the population, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) accounts for approximately 80% of these cases; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS are still uncertain. The current study aims to identify the relationship between G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene and AIS predisposition, to identify the relationship between the genotypes of the GPR126 SNPs and the clinical phenotypes of AIS. We conducted a case-control study and genotyped twenty SNPs of GPR126 gene including ten exonic SNPs and ten intronic polymorphisms in 352 Chinese sporadic AIS patients and 149 healthy controls. We provided evidence for strong association of three intronic SNPs of the GPR126 gene with AIS susceptibility: rs6570507 A > G (p =0 .0035, OR = 1.729), rs7774095 A > C (p = 0.0078, OR = 1.687), and rs7755109 A > G (p = 0.0078, OR = 1.687). However, we did not identify any significant association between ten exonic SNPs of GPR126 and AIS. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that rs7774095 A > C and rs7755109 A > G could be parsed into one block. The association between the intronic haplotype and AIS was further confirmed in an independent population with 110 AIS individuals and 130 healthy controls (p = 0.046, OR = 1.680). Furthermore, molecular mechanisms underlying intronic SNP regulation of GPR126 gene were studied. Although intronic SNPs associated with AIS didn't influence GPR126 mRNA alternative splicing, there was a strong association of rs7755109 A > G with decreased GPR126 mRNA level and protein levels. Our findings indicate that genetic variants of GPR126 gene are associated with AIS susceptibility in Chinese populations. The genetic association of GPR126 gene and AIS might provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Guang-hai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Pan
- Department of Cardiolopy, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Bin-Song Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jian-Fei Hong
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Qin Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiolopy, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China.
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Cui H, Wang Y, Huang H, Yu W, Bai M, Zhang L, Bryan BA, Wang Y, Luo J, Li D, Ma Y, Liu M. GPR126 protein regulates developmental and pathological angiogenesis through modulation of VEGFR2 receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34871-85. [PMID: 25217645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is essential for development, wound healing, and tumor progression. The VEGF pathway plays irreplaceable roles during angiogenesis, but how other signals cross-talk with and modulate VEGF cascades is not clearly elucidated. Here, we identified that Gpr126, an endothelial cell-enriched gene, plays an important role in angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Knockdown of Gpr126 in the mouse retina resulted in the inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Interference of Gpr126 expression in zebrafish embryos led to defects in intersegmental vessel formation. Finally, we identified that GPR126 regulated the expression of VEGFR2 by targeting STAT5 and GATA2 through the cAMP-PKA-cAMP-response element-binding protein signaling pathway during angiogenesis. Our findings illustrate that GPR126 modulates both physiological and pathological angiogenesis through VEGF signaling, providing a potential target for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiang Cui
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Huizhe Huang
- the Core Facility of Zebrafish Research, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Bai
- the Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Long Zhang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Brad A Bryan
- the Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, and
| | - Yuan Wang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Luo
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dali Li
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China,
| | - Yanlin Ma
- the Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China,
| | - Mingyao Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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21
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Paavola KJ, Sidik H, Zuchero JB, Eckart M, Talbot WS. Type IV collagen is an activating ligand for the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR126. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra76. [PMID: 25118328 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GPR126 is an orphan heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for the development of diverse organs. We found that type IV collagen, a major constituent of the basement membrane, binds to Gpr126 and activates its signaling function. Type IV collagen stimulated the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rodent Schwann cells, which require Gpr126 activity to differentiate, and in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing exogenous Gpr126. Type IV collagen specifically bound to the extracellular amino-terminal region of Gpr126 containing the CUB (complement, Uegf, Bmp1) and pentraxin domains. Gpr126 derivatives lacking the entire amino-terminal region were constitutively active, suggesting that this region inhibits signaling and that ligand binding relieves this inhibition to stimulate receptor activity. A new zebrafish mutation that truncates Gpr126 after the CUB and pentraxin domains disrupted development of peripheral nerves and the inner ear. Thus, our findings identify type IV collagen as an activating ligand for GPR126, define its mechanism of activation, and highlight a previously unrecognized signaling function of type IV collagen in basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Paavola
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Eckart
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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22
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Patra C, Monk KR, Engel FB. The multiple signaling modalities of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR126 in development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:79. [PMID: 25493288 DOI: 10.14800/rci.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily is the largest known receptor family in the human genome. Although the family of adhesion GPCRs comprises the second largest sub-family, their function is poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge about the adhesion GPCR family member GPR126. GPR126 possesses a signal peptide, a 7TM domain homologous to secretin-like GPCRs, a GPS motif and an extended N-terminus containing a CUB (Complement, Uegf, Bmp1) domain, a PTX (Pentraxin) domain, a hormone binding domain and 27 putative N-glycosylation sites. Knockdown and knockout experiments in zebrafish and mice have demonstrated that Gpr126 plays an essential role in neural, cardiac and ear development. In addition, genome-wide association studies have implicated variations at the GPR126 locus in obstructive pulmonary dysfunction, in scoliosis and as a determinant of trunk length and body height. Gpr126 appears to exert its function depending on the organ system via G protein- and/or N-terminus-dependent signaling. Here, we review the current knowledge about Gpr126, which, due to the variety of its functions and its multiple signaling modalities, provides a model adhesion GPCR to understand general functional concepts utilized by adhesion GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Kou I, Takahashi Y, Johnson TA, Takahashi A, Guo L, Dai J, Qiu X, Sharma S, Takimoto A, Ogura Y, Jiang H, Yan H, Kono K, Kawakami N, Uno K, Ito M, Minami S, Yanagida H, Taneichi H, Hosono N, Tsuji T, Suzuki T, Sudo H, Kotani T, Yonezawa I, Londono D, Gordon D, Herring JA, Watanabe K, Chiba K, Kamatani N, Jiang Q, Hiraki Y, Kubo M, Toyama Y, Tsunoda T, Wise CA, Qiu Y, Shukunami C, Matsumoto M, Ikegawa S. Genetic variants in GPR126 are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:676-9. [PMID: 23666238 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common pediatric skeletal disease. We previously reported a locus on chromosome 10q24.31 associated with AIS susceptibility in Japanese using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) consisting of 1,033 cases and 1,473 controls. To identify additional AIS-associated loci, we expanded the study by adding X-chromosome SNPs in the GWAS and increasing the size of the replication cohorts. Through a stepwise association study including 1,819 cases and 25,939 controls, we identified a new susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q24.1 in Japanese (P = 2.25 × 10(-10); odds ratio (OR) = 1.28). The most significantly associated SNP, rs6570507, was in GPR126 (encoding G protein-coupled receptor 126). Its association was replicated in Han Chinese and European-ancestry populations (combined P = 1.27 × 10(-14); OR = 1.27). GPR126 was highly expressed in cartilage, and the knockdown of gpr126 in zebrafish caused delayed ossification of the developing spine. Our results should provide insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Araç D, Aust G, Calebiro D, Engel FB, Formstone C, Goffinet A, Hamann J, Kittel RJ, Liebscher I, Lin HH, Monk KR, Petrenko A, Piao X, Prömel S, Schiöth HB, Schwartz TW, Stacey M, Ushkaryov YA, Wobus M, Wolfrum U, Xu L, Langenhan T. Dissecting signaling and functions of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1276:1-25. [PMID: 23215895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise an expanded superfamily of receptors in the human genome. Adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion-GPCRs) form the second largest class of GPCRs. Despite the abundance, size, molecular structure, and functions in facilitating cell and matrix contacts in a variety of organ systems, adhesion-GPCRs are by far the most poorly understood GPCR class. Adhesion-GPCRs possess a unique molecular structure, with extended N-termini containing various adhesion domains. In addition, many adhesion-GPCRs are autoproteolytically cleaved into an N-terminal fragment (NTF, NT, α-subunit) and C-terminal fragment (CTF, CT, β-subunit) at a conserved GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain that contains a GPCR proteolysis site (GPS). These two features distinguish adhesion-GPCRs from other GPCR classes. Though active research on adhesion-GPCRs in diverse areas, such as immunity, neuroscience, and development and tumor biology has been intensified in the recent years, the general biological and pharmacological properties of adhesion-GPCRs are not well known, and they have not yet been used for biomedical purposes. The "6th International Adhesion-GPCR Workshop," held at the Institute of Physiology of the University of Würzburg on September 6-8, 2012, assembled a majority of the investigators currently actively pursuing research on adhesion-GPCRs, including scientists from laboratories in Europe, the United States, and Asia. The meeting featured the nascent mechanistic understanding of the molecular events driving the signal transduction of adhesion-GPCRs, novel models to evaluate their functions, and evidence for their involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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25
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Monk KR, Oshima K, Jörs S, Heller S, Talbot WS. Gpr126 is essential for peripheral nerve development and myelination in mammals. Development 2011; 138:2673-80. [PMID: 21613327 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath that insulates axons and allows rapid propagation of action potentials. Although a number of regulators of Schwann cell development are known, the signaling pathways that control myelination are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that Gpr126 is essential for myelination and other aspects of peripheral nerve development in mammals. A mutation in Gpr126 causes a severe congenital hypomyelinating peripheral neuropathy in mice, and expression of differentiated Schwann cell markers, including Pou3f1, Egr2, myelin protein zero and myelin basic protein, is reduced. Ultrastructural studies of Gpr126-/- mice showed that axonal sorting by Schwann cells is delayed, Remak bundles (non-myelinating Schwann cells associated with small caliber axons) are not observed, and Schwann cells are ultimately arrested at the promyelinating stage. Additionally, ectopic perineurial fibroblasts form aberrant fascicles throughout the endoneurium of the mutant sciatic nerve. This analysis shows that Gpr126 is required for Schwann cell myelination in mammals, and defines new roles for Gpr126 in axonal sorting, formation of mature non-myelinating Schwann cells and organization of the perineurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Waller-Evans H, Prömel S, Langenhan T, Dixon J, Zahn D, Colledge WH, Doran J, Carlton MBL, Davies B, Aparicio SAJR, Grosse J, Russ AP. The orphan adhesion-GPCR GPR126 is required for embryonic development in the mouse. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14047. [PMID: 21124978 PMCID: PMC2987804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion-GPCRs provide essential cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in development, and have been implicated in inherited human diseases like Usher Syndrome and bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria. They are the second largest subfamily of seven-transmembrane spanning proteins in vertebrates, but the function of most of these receptors is still not understood. The orphan Adhesion-GPCR GPR126 has recently been shown to play an essential role in the myelination of peripheral nerves in zebrafish. In parallel, whole-genome association studies have implicated variation at the GPR126 locus as a determinant of body height in the human population. The physiological function of GPR126 in mammals is still unknown. We describe a targeted mutation of GPR126 in the mouse, and show that GPR126 is required for embryonic viability and cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Waller-Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Prömel
- Department of Biochemistry and Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Dixon
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William H. Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ben Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and BC Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Andreas P. Russ
- Department of Biochemistry and Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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27
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Monk KR, Naylor SG, Glenn TD, Mercurio S, Perlin JR, Dominguez C, Moens CB, Talbot WS. A G protein-coupled receptor is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination. Science 2009; 325:1402-5. [PMID: 19745155 DOI: 10.1126/science.1173474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath allows axons to conduct action potentials rapidly in the vertebrate nervous system. Axonal signals activate expression of specific transcription factors, including Oct6 and Krox20, that initiate myelination in Schwann cells. Elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) can mimic axonal contact in vitro, but the mechanisms that regulate cAMP levels in vivo are unknown. Using mutational analysis in zebrafish, we found that the G protein-coupled receptor Gpr126 is required autonomously in Schwann cells for myelination. In gpr126 mutants, Schwann cells failed to express oct6 and krox20 and were arrested at the promyelinating stage. Elevation of cAMP in gpr126 mutants, but not krox20 mutants, could restore myelination. We propose that Gpr126 drives the differentiation of promyelinating Schwann cells by elevating cAMP levels, thereby triggering Oct6 expression and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Yona S, Lin HH, Siu WO, Gordon S, Stacey M. Adhesion-GPCRs: emerging roles for novel receptors. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:491-500. [PMID: 18789697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family comprises the largest class of cell surface receptors found in metazoan proteomes. Within the novel GPCR subfamily of adhesion-GPCRs, approximately 150 distinct orthologues, from invertebrates to mammals, have been identified to date. All members of this family contain a large extracellular region, often containing common protein modules, coupled to a seven-transmembrane domain via a stalk region that seems to be crucial for functionality. Owing to their unique structure, restricted expression profile and involvement in several human diseases, adhesion-GPCRs have long been proposed to have vital dual roles in cellular adhesion and signalling. More recent studies have provided structural, evolutionary, developmental and immunological insights in relation to the adhesion-GPCR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Yona
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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29
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Beaulieu LM, Whitley BR, Wiesner TF, Rehault SM, Palmieri D, Elkahloun AG, Church FC. Breast cancer and metabolic syndrome linked through the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 cycle. Bioessays 2007; 29:1029-38. [PMID: 17876797 PMCID: PMC4046619 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a physiological inhibitor of urokinase (uPA), a serine protease known to promote cell migration and invasion. Intuitively, increased levels of PAI-1 should be beneficial in downregulating uPA activity, particularly in cancer. By contrast, in vivo, increased levels of PAI-1 are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. This phenomenon is termed the "PAI-1 paradox". Many factors are responsible for the upregulation of PAI-1 in the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesize that there is a breast cancer predisposition to a more aggressive stage when PAI-1 is upregulated as a consequence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). MetS exerts a detrimental effect on the breast tumor microenvironment that supports cancer invasion. People with MetS have an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and hyperinsulinemia. Recently, MetS has also been identified as a risk factor for breast cancer. We hypothesize the existence of the "PAI-1 cycle". Sustained by MetS, adipocytokines alter PAI-1 expression to promote angiogenesis, tumor-cell migration and procoagulant microparticle formation from endothelial cells, which generates thrombin and further propagates PAI-1 synthesis. All of these factors culminate in a chemotherapy-resistant breast tumor microenvironment. The PAI-1 cycle may partly explain the PAI-1 paradox. In this hypothesis paper, we will discuss further how MetS upregulates PAI-1 and how an increased level of PAI-1 can be linked to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Beaulieu
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
| | - Brandi R. Whitley
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
| | - Theodore F. Wiesner
- Departments of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
| | - Sophie M. Rehault
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- NHGRI-NIH Genome Technology Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank C. Church
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035
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30
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Kirchhoff C, Obermann H, Behnen M, Davies B. Role of epididymal receptor HE6 in the regulation of sperm microenvironment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 250:43-8. [PMID: 16413110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HE6 (GPR64) is a highly conserved, tissue-specific heptahelical receptor of the human epididymis. The seven transmembrane (TM7) domains are a hallmark of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which have a proven history of being excellent therapeutic targets. Of all currently marketed drugs, >30% are modulators of specific heptahelical receptors, emphasizing the potential of HE6 as a target for pharmaceutical intervention. Targeted mutation of the mouse HE6 counterpart resulted in male infertility, further emphasizing its role as a candidate target for male contraception. However, the precise function of HE6, together with its potential ligand(s), and signal transduction pathways have remained largely unknown. On the basis of shared sequence motifs within the TM7 region, HE6 has been grouped into the B class of GPCRs. Within this class, HE6 belongs to the 'large N-termini' family-B seven-transmembrane (LNB-TM7) receptors, also termed the adhesion-GPCRs. Members of this subgroup are 'orphan' receptors, and they all seem to be cleaved within a conserved GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) domain. The biological significance of the two-subunit architecture is still unknown. Clues to the function of HE6 within the epithelium of male excurrent ducts may come from its co-localisation with the apical actin cytoskeleton and from the down-regulation in "knockout" male mice of various proteins specific to the initial segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kirchhoff
- IHF Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, Hamburg, Germany.
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31
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Carroll S, Al-Rubeai M. The selection of high-producing cell lines using flow cytometry and cell sorting. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1821-9. [PMID: 15500410 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing cell lines is usually time-consuming and labour-intensive. Following transfection, high-producing cells are selected using limiting dilution cloning to prevent non- and low-producing cells from outgrowing high-producing cells, a process that normally takes > 3 months. During this time, the cells have to be screened occasionally to ensure stability of the selected clone. Several new methods for selecting and screening cells using flow cytometry and cell sorting have recently been developed; these include gel microdrop technology, which encapsulates the cells in gelatine beads, and matrix-based secretion assays. This paper reviews these techniques for selecting high-producing cell lines and isolating rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK
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Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Bastone A, Mantovani A. Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23:337-66. [PMID: 15771574 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C reactive protein, the first innate immunity receptor identified, and serum amyloid P component are classic short pentraxins produced in the liver. Long pentraxins, including the prototype PTX3, are expressed in a variety of tissues. Some long pentraxins are expressed in the brain and some are involved in neuronal plasticity and degeneration. PTX3 is produced by a variety of cells and tissues, most notably dendritic cells and macrophages, in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement and inflammatory cytokines. PTX3 acts as a functional ancestor of antibodies, recognizing microbes, activating complement, and facilitating pathogen recognition by phagocytes, hence playing a nonredundant role in resistance against selected pathogens. In addition, PTX3 is essential in female fertility because it acts as a nodal point for the assembly of the cumulus oophorus hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. Thus, the prototypic long pentraxin PTX3 is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition receptor at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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