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Liu N, Pang B, Kang L, Li D, Jiang X, Zhou CM. TUFM in health and disease: exploring its multifaceted roles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424385. [PMID: 38868764 PMCID: PMC11167084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial (TUFM) is well-known for its role in mitochondrial protein translation. Originally discovered in yeast, TUFM demonstrates significant evolutionary conservation from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Dysregulation of TUFM has been associated with mitochondrial disorders. Although early hypothesis suggests that TUFM is localized within mitochondria, recent studies identify its presence in the cytoplasm, with this subcellular distribution being linked to distinct functions of TUFM. Significantly, in addition to its established function in mitochondrial protein quality control, recent research indicates a broader involvement of TUFM in the regulation of programmed cell death processes (e.g., autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis) and its diverse roles in viral infection, cancer, and other disease conditions. This review seeks to offer a current summary of TUFM's biological functions and its complex regulatory mechanisms in human health and disease. Insight into these intricate pathways controlled by TUFM may lead to the potential development of targeted therapies for a range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Pang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Longfei Kang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongyun Li
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuan-min Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Alzamami A, Alturki NA, Khan K, Basharat Z, Mashraqi MM. Screening inhibitors against the Ef-Tu of Fusobacterium nucleatum: a docking, ADMET and PBPK assessment study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10815-x. [PMID: 38457020 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum has recently been associated with an elevated risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial metastasis, chemoresistance, inflammation, metastasis, and DNA damage, along with several other diseases. This study aimed to explore the disruption of protein machinery of F. nucleatum via inhibition of elongation factor thermo unstable (Ef-Tu) protein, through natural products. No study on Ef-Tu inhibition by natural products or in Fusobacterium spp. exists till todate. Ef-Tu is an abundant specialized drug target in bacteria that varies from human Ef-Tu. Elfamycins target Ef-Tu and hence, Enacyloxin IIa was used to generate pharmacophore for virtual screening of three natural product libraries, Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS) (n = 30000 molecules), Tibetan medicinal plant database (n = 54 molecules) and African medicinal plant database (n > 6000 molecules). Peptaibol Septocylindrin B (NPC141050), Hirtusneanoside, and ZINC95486259 were prioritized from these libraries as potential therapeutic candidates. ADMET profiling was done for safety assessment, physiological-based pharmacokinetic modeling in human and mouse for getting insight into drug interaction with body tissues and molecular dynamics was used to assess stability of the best hit NPC141050 (Septocylindrin B). Based on the promising results, we propose further in vitro, in vivo and pharmacokinetic testing on the lead Septocylindrin B, for possible translation into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alzamami
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, 11961, Al-Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Alturki
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Alpha Genomics (Private) Limited, Islamabad, 45710, Pakistan.
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Kumar N, Wani MA, Raje CI, Garg P. Unlocking translational machinery for antitubercular drug development. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:195-198. [PMID: 38195289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Targeting translational factor proteins (TFPs) presents significant promise for the development of innovative antitubercular drugs. Previous insights from antibiotic binding mechanisms and recently solved 3D crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) elongation factor thermo unstable-GDP (EF-Tu-GDP), elongation factor thermo stable-EF-Tu (EF-Ts-EF-Tu), and elongation factor G-GDP (EF-G-GDP) have opened up new avenues for the design and development of potent antituberculosis (anti-TB) therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
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4
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Structural insights of the elongation factor EF-Tu complexes in protein translation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1052. [PMID: 36192483 PMCID: PMC9529903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the second-deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Emerging evidence shows that the elongation factor EF-Tu could be an excellent target for treating Mtb infection. Here, we report the crystal structures of Mtb EF-Tu•EF-Ts and EF-Tu•GDP complexes, showing the molecular basis of EF-Tu's representative recycling and inactive forms in protein translation. Mtb EF-Tu binds with EF-Ts at a 1:1 ratio in solution and crystal packing. Mutation and SAXS analysis show that EF-Ts residues Arg13, Asn82, and His149 are indispensable for the EF-Tu/EF-Ts complex formation. The GDP binding pocket of EF-Tu dramatically changes conformations upon binding with EF-Ts, sharing a similar GDP-exchange mechanism in E. coli and T. ther. Also, the FDA-approved drug Osimertinib inhibits the growth of M. smegmatis, H37Ra, and M. bovis BCG strains by directly binding with EF-Tu. Thus, our work reveals the structural basis of Mtb EF-Tu in polypeptide synthesis and may provide a promising candidate for TB treatment.
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5
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Lu P, Ji X, Xue J, Dong Y, Chen X. Proteomic Analysis Revealed Metabolic Inhibition and Elongation Factor Tu Deamidation by p-Coumaric Acid in Cronobacter sakazakii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888103. [PMID: 35615519 PMCID: PMC9125189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening drugs and compounds to fight against Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii), one of the most common pathogens that can cause fatal necrotizing enterocolitis, septicema and meningitis, is still needed. We found that p-coumaric acid (pCA) has an inhibitory effect on C. sakazakii in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic changes of C. sakazakii BAA-894 exposed to pCA were studied to reveal the antibacterial mechanisms involved. A total of 1,553 proteins were identified in C. sakazakii BAA-894 by label-free proteomics analysis. Fuzzy cluster analysis showed that 33 were up-regulated, and 110 were down-regulated with pCA treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis concluded that pCA caused the change of metabolic state of bacteria and generally in the state of metabolic inhibition. KEGG Enrichment Analysis (KEGG) analysis showed that pCA inhibited energy metabolism and distorted the balance of amino acid metabolism. Posttranslational modification analysis showed that pCA affected the deamidation of three proteins, including Elongation factor Tu, one of the vital proteins in bacteria. Molecular docking suggested the hydrogen bond between the pCA carboxyl group and Elongation factor Tu Asn-64 might contribute to deamidation. Overall, we found that pCA interfered with cellular energy and amino acid metabolism and promoted elongation factor Tu deamidation, suggesting that pCA can be an effective natural substitute to control C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Privalsky TM, Soohoo AM, Wang J, Walsh CT, Wright GD, Gordon EM, Gray NS, Khosla C. Prospects for Antibacterial Discovery and Development. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21127-21142. [PMID: 34860516 PMCID: PMC8855840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is an urgent health crisis that can only be countered through renewed investment in the discovery and development of antibiotics. There is no panacea for the antibacterial resistance crisis; instead, a multifaceted approach is called for. In this Perspective we make the case that, in the face of evolving clinical needs and enabling technologies, numerous validated antibacterial targets and associated lead molecules deserve a second look. At the same time, many worthy targets lack good leads despite harboring druggable active sites. Creative and inspired techniques buoy discovery efforts; while soil screening efforts frequently lead to antibiotic rediscovery, researchers have found success searching for new antibiotic leads by studying underexplored ecological niches or by leveraging the abundance of available data from genome mining efforts. The judicious use of "polypharmacology" (i.e., the ability of a drug to alter the activities of multiple targets) can also provide new opportunities, as can the continued search for inhibitors of resistance enzymes with the capacity to breathe new life into old antibiotics. We conclude by highlighting available pharmacoeconomic models for antibacterial discovery and development while making the case for new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Privalsky
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Alexander M. Soohoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, United States,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 United States
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Eric M. Gordon
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Corresponding Author: Correspondence to
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Spänig S, Eick L, Nuy JK, Beisser D, Ip M, Heider D, Boenigk J. A multi-omics study on quantifying antimicrobial resistance in European freshwater lakes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106821. [PMID: 34403881 PMCID: PMC8364379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surveillance of wastewater for the Covid-19 virus during this unprecedented pandemic and mapped to the distribution and magnitude of the infected in the population near real-time exemplifies the importance of tracking rapidly changing trends of pathogens or public health problems at a large scale. The rising trends of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with multidrug-resistant pathogens from the environmental water have similarly gained much attention in recent years. Wastewater-based epidemiology from water samples has shown that a wide range of AMR-related genes is frequently detected. Albeit sewage is treated before release and thus, the abundance of pathogens should be significantly reduced or even pathogen-free, several studies indicated the contrary. Pathogens are still measurable in the released water, ultimately entering freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes. Furthermore, socio-economic and environmental factors, such as chemical industries and animal farming nearby, impact the presence of AMR. Many bacterial species from the environment are intrinsically resistant and also contribute to the resistome of freshwater lakes. This study collected the most extensive standardized freshwater data set from hundreds of European lakes and conducted a comprehensive multi-omics analysis on antimicrobial resistance from these freshwater lakes. Our research shows that genes encoding for AMR against tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and quinolones were commonly identified, while for some, such as sulfonamides, resistance was less frequently present. We provide an estimation of the characteristic resistance of AMR in European lakes, which can be used as a comprehensive resistome dataset to facilitate and monitor temporal changes in the development of AMR in European freshwater lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spänig
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Eick
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia K Nuy
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Daniela Beisser
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Boenigk
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
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8
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Fritz L, Wienhold S, Hackl S, Bach T. Total Synthesis of Pulvomycin D. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104064. [PMID: 34792826 PMCID: PMC9299864 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route to the pulvomycin class of natural products is presented, which culminated in the first synthesis of a pulvomycin, pulvomycin D. Key elements of the strategy include a pivotal aldol reaction which led to bond formation between the C24‐C40 and the C8‐C23 fragment. The remaining C1‐C7 fragment was attached by a Yamaguchi esterification completing the assembly of the 40 carbon atoms within the main skeleton. Ring closure to the 22‐membered lactone ring was achieved in the final stages of the synthesis by a Heck reaction. The completion of the synthesis required the removal of six silyl protecting groups in combination with olefin formation at C26‐C27 by a Peterson elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fritz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wienhold
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hackl
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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Di Giuseppe F, Carluccio M, Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, De Sanctis P, Di Pietro R, Ciccarelli R, Angelucci S. Proteomic Characterization of Two Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes Isolated from Human Glioblastoma Stem Cell Secretome by Sequential Centrifugal Ultrafiltration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020146. [PMID: 33546239 PMCID: PMC7913340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from tumor cells are actively investigated, since molecules therein contained and likely transferred to neighboring cells, supplying them with oncogenic information/functions, may represent cancer biomarkers and/or druggable targets. Here, we characterized by a proteomic point of view two EV subtypes isolated by sequential centrifugal ultrafiltration technique from culture medium of glioblastoma (GBM)-derived stem-like cells (GSCs) obtained from surgical specimens of human GBM, the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor. Electron microscopy and western blot analysis distinguished them into microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (Exos). Two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by MALDI TOF analysis allowed us to identify, besides a common pool, sets of proteins specific for each EV subtypes with peculiar differences in their molecular/biological functions. Such a diversity was confirmed by identification of some top proteins selected in MVs and Exos. They were mainly chaperone or metabolic enzymes in MVs, whereas, in Exos, molecules are involved in cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration/aggressiveness, and chemotherapy resistance. These proteins, identified by EVs from primary GSCs and not GBM cell lines, could be regarded as new possible prognostic markers/druggable targets of the human tumor, although data need to be confirmed in EVs isolated from a greater GSC number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Di Giuseppe
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marzia Carluccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo De Sanctis
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.S.); (R.D.P.); (R.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871541482
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10
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Yarlagadda V, Medina R, Johnson TA, Koteva KP, Cox G, Thaker MN, Wright GD. Resistance-Guided Discovery of Elfamycin Antibiotic Producers with Antigonococcal Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3163-3173. [PMID: 33164482 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rise of bacterial antibiotic resistance coupled with a diminished antibiotic drug pipeline underlines the importance of developing rational strategies to discover new antimicrobials. Microbially derived natural products are the basis for most of the antibiotic arsenal available to modern medicine. Here, we demonstrate a resistance-based approach to identify producers of elfamycins, an under-explored class of natural product antibiotics that target the essential translation factor EF-Tu. Antibiotic producers carry self-resistance genes to avoid suicide. These genes are often found within the same biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) responsible for making the antibiotic, and we exploited this trait to identify members of the kirromycin class of elfamycin producers. Genome mining of Streptomyces spp. led to the identification of three isolates that harbor kirromycin-resistant EF-Tu (EF-TuKirR) within predicted natural product BGCs. Activity-guided purification on extracts of one of the Streptomyces isolates, which was not known to produce an elfamycin, identified it as a producer of phenelfamycin B, a linear polyketide. Phenelfamycin B demonstrates impressive antibacterial activity (MIC ∼ 1 μg/mL) against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a clinically important Gram negative pathogen. The antigonococcal activity of phenelfamycin was shown to be the result of inhibition of protein biosynthesis by binding to EF-Tu. These results indicate that a resistance-based approach of identifying elfamycin producers is translatable to other antibiotic classes that can identify new and overlooked antibiotics necessary to address the antibiotic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Yarlagadda
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ricardo Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Chemical Bioactive Center, Central University Marta Abreu de las Villas, Santa Clara 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University College of Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kalinka P. Koteva
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maulik N. Thaker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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11
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Heath NL, Rowlands RS, Webster G, Mahenthiralingam E, Beeton ML. Antimicrobial activity of enacyloxin IIa and gladiolin against the urogenital pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma spp. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1546-1551. [PMID: 32966677 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antimicrobial activity of enacyloxin IIa and gladiolin against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma spp. METHODS AND RESULTS The Burkholderia polyketide antibiotics enacyloxin IIa and gladiolin were tested against 14 N. gonorrhoeae and 10 Ureaplasma spp. isolates including multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates WHO V, WHO X and WHO Z as well as macrolide, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin-resistant ureaplasmas. Susceptibility testing of N. gonorrhoeae was carried out by agar dilution, whereas broth micro-dilution and growth kinetic assays were used for Ureaplasma spp. The MIC range for enacyloxin IIa and gladiolin against N. gonorrhoeae was 0·015-0·06 mg l-1 and 1-2 mg l-1 respectively. The presence of resistance to front line antibiotics had no effect on MIC values. The MIC range for enacyloxin IIa against Ureaplasma spp. was 4-32 mg l-1 with a clear dose-dependent effect when observed using a growth kinetic assay. Gladiolin had no antimicrobial activity on Ureaplasma spp. at 32 mg l-1 and limited impact on growth kinetics. CONCLUSIONS Enacyloxin IIa and gladiolin antibiotics have antimicrobial activity against a range of antibiotic susceptible and resistant N. gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the potential for a new class of antimicrobial against pathogens in which limited antibiotics are available. Development of these compounds warrants further investigation in the face of emerging extensively drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Heath
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R S Rowlands
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Webster
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Mahenthiralingam
- Microbiomes, Microbes and Informatics Group, Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M L Beeton
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Cytotoxic potential of Artemisia absinthium extract loaded polymeric nanoparticles against breast cancer cells: Insight into the protein targets. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119583. [PMID: 32603837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery system in the form of herbal based nano-formulations is the new ray of hope for minimizing the side effects related to the anti-cancer drugs as well as conventional drug delivery system. In view of this, the present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of A. absinthium extract loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NVA-AA) against the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and to identify the protein targets for the caused cytotoxicity. The polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were prepared by free radical mechanism and loaded with the whole plant extract. The cytotoxicity of these NVA-AA were evaluated on the breast cancer cell lines via different cytotoxic parameters viz. MTT assay, CFSE proliferation assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle study. The protein targets and the interaction among them were identified by nano-LCMS/MS analysis and STRING online tool respectively, which were further validated by qPCR and BLI. The LCMS/MS analysis suggests that the caused cytotoxicity was due to the alteration of proteins involved in vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, proliferation and metastasis. Further, interactome analysis identified UBA52 in MCF-7 and TIAL1, PPP1CC in MDA MB-231 cells as the central molecule in the vesicular trafficking and apoptosis networking connection.
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13
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Ren C, Yang S, Tian S, Chen H, Jin M, Zhou H. Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 impairs innate immunity by inducing mitophagy. Autophagy 2020; 17:496-511. [PMID: 32013669 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection induces mitophagy, which is essential for the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be selectively targeted by PINK1, which recruits PRKN/PARK2 and leads to subsequent mitochondrial sequestration within autophagosomes. The IAV PB1-F2 protein translocates to mitochondria, accelerates the mitochondrial fragmentation and impairs the innate immunity. However, whether PB1-F2 mediates IAV-induced mitophagy and the relation between mitophagy and PB1-F2-attenuated innate immunity remain obscure. Here, we showed that PB1-F2 translocated to mitochondria by interacting and colocalizing with TUFM (Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial). Further studies revealed that PB1-F2 induced complete mitophagy, which required the interactions of PB1-F2 with both TUFM and MAP1LC3B/LC3B that mediated the autophagosome formation. PB1-F2-induced mitophagy was critical for the MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) degradation and led to its suppression of the type I IFN production. Importantly, the C-terminal LIR motif of PB1-F2 protein was demonstrated to be essential for its mitophagy induction and attenuated innate immunity. In conclusion, PB1-F2-induced mitophagy strongly correlates with impaired cellular innate immunity, revealing it is a potential therapeutic target.Abbreviations: BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3L/Nix: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CQ: chloroquine; DDX58: DExD/H-box helicase 58; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; hpi: hours post infection; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IP: immunoprecipitation; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOI, multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NC: negative control; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RLR: RIG-I-like-receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEV: sendai virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TM: transmembrane; TOMM20/40: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20/40; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuaike Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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14
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Warias M, Grubmüller H, Bock LV. tRNA Dissociation from EF-Tu after GTP Hydrolysis: Primary Steps and Antibiotic Inhibition. Biophys J 2020; 118:151-161. [PMID: 31711607 PMCID: PMC6950810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In each round of ribosomal translation, the translational GTPase elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) delivers a transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosome. After successful decoding, EF-Tu hydrolyzes GTP, which triggers a conformational change that ultimately results in the release of the tRNA from EF-Tu. To identify the primary steps of these conformational changes and how they are prevented by the antibiotic kirromycin, we employed all-atom explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations of the full ribosome-EF-Tu complex. Our results suggest that after GTP hydrolysis and Pi release, the loss of interactions between the nucleotide and the switch 1 loop of EF-Tu allows domain D1 of EF-Tu to rotate relative to domains D2 and D3 and leads to an increased flexibility of the switch 1 loop. This rotation induces a closing of the D1-D3 interface and an opening of the D1-D2 interface. We propose that the opening of the D1-D2 interface, which binds the CCA tail of the tRNA, weakens the crucial EF-Tu-tRNA interactions, which lowers tRNA binding affinity, representing the first step of tRNA release. Kirromycin binds within the D1-D3 interface, sterically blocking its closure, but does not prevent hydrolysis. The resulting increased flexibility of switch 1 explains why it is not resolved in kirromycin-bound structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Warias
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Grubmüller
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars V Bock
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Rudorf S. Efficiency of protein synthesis inhibition depends on tRNA and codon compositions. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006979. [PMID: 31369559 PMCID: PMC6692046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation and maintenance of protein synthesis are vital to all organisms and are thus key targets of attack and defense at the cellular level. Here, we mathematically analyze protein synthesis for its sensitivity to the inhibition of elongation factor EF-Tu and/or ribosomes in dependence of the system’s tRNA and codon compositions. We find that protein synthesis reacts ultrasensitively to a decrease in the elongation factor’s concentration for systems with an imbalance between codon usages and tRNA concentrations. For well-balanced tRNA/codon compositions, protein synthesis is impeded more effectively by the inhibition of ribosomes instead of EF-Tu. Our predictions are supported by re-evaluated experimental data as well as by independent computer simulations. Not only does the described ultrasensitivity render EF-Tu a distinguished target of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics. It may also enable persister cell formation mediated by toxin-antitoxin systems. The strong impact of the tRNA/codon composition provides a basis for tissue-specificities of disorders caused by mutations of human mitochondrial EF-Tu as well as for the potential use of EF-Tu targeting drugs for tissue-specific treatments. We predict and analyze the response of differently composed protein synthesis systems to the inhibition of elongation factor EF-Tu and/or ribosomes. The study reveals a strong interdependency of a protein synthesis system’s composition and its susceptibility to inhibition. This interdependency defines a generic mechanism that provides a common basis for a variety of seemingly unrelated phenomena including, for example, persister cell formation and tissue-specificity of certain mitochondrial diseases. The described mechanism applies to simple artificial translation systems as well as to complex protein synthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Rudorf
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Reddy B, Dubey SK. River Ganges water as reservoir of microbes with antibiotic and metal ion resistance genes: High throughput metagenomic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:443-451. [PMID: 30579213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The large scale usage of antibiotics and trace elements leads to their progressive release in the environment, and ultimately the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal ion resistance genes (MRGs) in bacteria. A high-throughput metagenomic sequencing of the microbial community in water and sediments in the river Ganges harboring resistance genes was performed. The results revealed that the river harbors a broad spectrum of resistance genes with high abundance in sediments. The highly dominant ARGs type was beta-lactam, multidrug/efflux and elfamycin. The ARGs such as (tuf, parY, ileS, mfd) were highly abundant in water and sediments. The MRGs subtype acn was the most abundant metal resistance gene in water and sediments. Majority of ARGs types showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlation with the MRGs types in the river environment suggesting their distribution and transfer to be possibly linked. Taxonomic classification revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the two most abundant phyla in water and sediments. Arcobacter, Terrimicrobium, Acidibacter and Pseudomonas were the most abundant genera. This study suggests that antibiotics and metals are the driving force for the emergence of resistance genes, and their subsequent propagation and accumulation in the environmental bacteria. The present metagenomic investigation highlights significance of such study, and attracts attention for the mitigation of pollutants associated with the propagation of ARGs and MRGs in the river environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Reddy
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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17
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Bhatt R, Chudaev M, Mandecki W, Goldman E. Engineered EF-Tu and tRNA-Based FRET Screening Assay to Find Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis in Bacteria. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:212-221. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Bhatt
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Maxim Chudaev
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Wlodek Mandecki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Emanuel Goldman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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18
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Talavera A, Hendrix J, Versées W, Jurėnas D, Van Nerom K, Vandenberk N, Singh RK, Konijnenberg A, De Gieter S, Castro-Roa D, Barth A, De Greve H, Sobott F, Hofkens J, Zenkin N, Loris R, Garcia-Pino A. Phosphorylation decelerates conformational dynamics in bacterial translation elongation factors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9714. [PMID: 29546243 PMCID: PMC5851678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial protein synthesis is intricately connected to metabolic rate. One of the ways in which bacteria respond to environmental stress is through posttranslational modifications of translation factors. Translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is methylated and phosphorylated in response to nutrient starvation upon entering stationary phase, and its phosphorylation is a crucial step in the pathway toward sporulation. We analyze how phosphorylation leads to inactivation of Escherichia coli EF-Tu. We provide structural and biophysical evidence that phosphorylation of EF-Tu at T382 acts as an efficient switch that turns off protein synthesis by decoupling nucleotide binding from the EF-Tu conformational cycle. Direct modifications of the EF-Tu switch I region or modifications in other regions stabilizing the β-hairpin state of switch I result in an effective allosteric trap that restricts the normal dynamics of EF-Tu and enables the evasion of the control exerted by nucleotides on G proteins. These results highlight stabilization of a phosphorylation-induced conformational trap as an essential mechanism for phosphoregulation of bacterial translation and metabolism. We propose that this mechanism may lead to the multisite phosphorylation state observed during dormancy and stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Talavera
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Wim Versées
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Dukas Jurėnas
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katleen Van Nerom
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandenberk
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Kumar Singh
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Albert Konijnenberg
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
- Biomolecular and Analytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven De Gieter
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Daniel Castro-Roa
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Anders Barth
- Fluorescence Applications in Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular and Analytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Zenkin
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Remy Loris
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Elucidating and engineering thiopeptide biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:119. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Xi HQ, Zhang KC, Li JY, Cui JX, Zhao P, Chen L. Expression and clinicopathologic significance of TUFM and p53 for the normal-adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal epithelia. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:90. [PMID: 28449687 PMCID: PMC5408486 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that most cases of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) develop from adenoma. A previous study demonstrated that mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor (TUFM) might serve as an independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. However, the expression and function of TUFM in the normal-adenoma-cancer sequence have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathologic significance of TUFM and p53 expression for the normal-adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal epithelia and evaluated the roles of TUFM during the progression of colorectal tumors. METHODS Paraffin-embedded specimens from 261 colorectal normal mucosa samples, 157 adenomas, and 104 early carcinomas were analyzed for TUFM and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of TUFM and p53 was significantly increased during the colorectal normal-adenoma-carcinoma sequence (all P < 0.05). The expression of TUFM and p53 was associated with histologic type of adenomas (P = 0.028; P = 0.001) and grade of dysplasia (all P = 0.001). Expression of TUFM was positively correlated with that of p53 (r = 0.319, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Upregulated TUFM expression may play an important role in the transformation from colorectal normal mucosa to carcinoma through adenoma. Combined immunohistochemical detection of TUFM and p53 may be useful for evaluating the biological behavior of colorectal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Po Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China.
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21
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Burkhart BJ, Schwalen CJ, Mann G, Naismith JH, Mitchell DA. YcaO-Dependent Posttranslational Amide Activation: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5389-5456. [PMID: 28256131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With advances in sequencing technology, uncharacterized proteins and domains of unknown function (DUFs) are rapidly accumulating in sequence databases and offer an opportunity to discover new protein chemistry and reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review, the formerly enigmatic YcaO superfamily (DUF181), has been found to catalyze a unique phosphorylation of a ribosomal peptide backbone amide upon attack by different nucleophiles. Established nucleophiles are the side chains of Cys, Ser, and Thr which gives rise to azoline/azole biosynthesis in ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. However, much remains unknown about the potential for YcaO proteins to collaborate with other nucleophiles. Recent work suggests potential in forming thioamides, macroamidines, and possibly additional post-translational modifications. This review covers all knowledge through mid-2016 regarding the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), natural products, functions, mechanisms, and applications of YcaO proteins and outlines likely future research directions for this protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg Mann
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
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22
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New antibiotics from Nature’s chemical inventory. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6227-6252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Créchet JB, Malosse C, Hountondji C. EF-Tu from the enacyloxin producing Frateuria W-315 strain: Structure/activity relationship and antibiotic resistance. Biochimie 2016; 127:59-69. [PMID: 27126073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have demonstrated that the poly(U)-dependent poly(Phe) synthesis activity of elongator factor Tu (EF-Tu) from the enacyloxin producing strain Frateuria sp. W-315 is inhibited by the antibiotic similarly to that of Escherichia coli EF-Tu. The inhibitory effect of enacyloxin observed in a purified system was the same as that obtained with an S30 extract from E. coli or Frateuria sp. W-315, respectively, suggesting that antibiotic resistance of enacyloxin producing Frateuria sp. W-315 is not due neither to EF-Tu nor to other components of the translation machinery but to a still unknown mechanism. The EF-Tu gene, as PCR amplified from Frateuria W-315 genomic DNA and sequenced represented an ORF of 1191 nucleotides corresponding to 396 amino acids. This protein is larger than the product of tufA from E. coli by only two amino acid residues. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of EF-Tu from E. coli with those of Frateuria and Ralstonia solanacearum indicates on average 80% identical amino acid residues and 9.7% conservative replacements between EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu E. coli, on one hand, and 97% identity and 1.7% conservative replacement between EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu Ralstonia solanacearum, on the other hand. These strong primary structure similarities between EF-Tu from different origins are consistent with the fact that this factor is essential for the translation process in all kingdoms of life. Comparison of the effects of antibiotics on EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu E. coli revealed that enacyloxin, kirromycin and pulvomycin exert a stronger stimulation of the GDP dissociation rate on EF-Tu Frateuria, while the effects of the antibiotics on the GDP association rate were comparable for the two EF-Tu species. Different mutants of EF-Tu E. coli were constructed with the help of site directed mutagenesis by changing one or several residues of EF-Tu E. coli by the corresponding residues of EF-Tu Frateuria. The single A45K substitution did not modify the intrinsic GTPase activity of EF-Tu E. coli. In contrast, a 2-3 fold stimulation of the intrinsic GTPase activity was observed with the single A42E, F46Y, Q48E and the double F46Y/Q48E substitution. Finally, up to a 7 fold stimulation was observed with the quadruple substitution (mutant A42E/A45K/F46Y/Q48E.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Malosse
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Unité Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 PARIS Cedex 15 France
| | - Codjo Hountondji
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unité de Recherche UPMC UR6 "Enzymologie de l'ARN", 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Leeds JA. Antibacterials Developed to Target a Single Organism: Mechanisms and Frequencies of Reduced Susceptibility to the Novel Anti-Clostridium difficile Compounds Fidaxomicin and LFF571. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a025445. [PMID: 26834162 PMCID: PMC4743069 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibacterial-associated diarrhea. Clear clinical presentation and rapid diagnostics enable targeted therapy for C. difficile infection (CDI) to start quickly. CDI treatment includes metronidazole and vancomycin (VAN). Despite decades of use for CDI, no clinically meaningful resistance to either agent has emerged. Fidaxomicin (FDX), an RNA polymerase inhibitor, is also approved to treat CDI. Mutants with reduced susceptibility to FDX have been selected in vitro by single and multistep methods. Strains with elevated FDX minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also identified from FDX-treated patients in clinical trials. LFF571 is an exploratory agent that inhibits EF-Tu. In a proof-of-concept study, LFF571 was safe and effective for treating CDI. Spontaneous mutants with reduced susceptibility to LFF571 were selected in vitro in a single step, but not via serial passage. Although there are several agents in development for treatment of CDI, this review summarizes the frequencies and mechanisms of C. difficile mutants displaying reduced susceptibility to FDX or LFF71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Leeds
- Infectious Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608
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25
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Helfrich EJN, Piel J. Biosynthesis of polyketides by trans-AT polyketide synthases. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:231-316. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the biosynthesis of natural products that are generated bytrans-AT polyketide synthases, a family of catalytically versatile enzymes that represents one of the major group of proteins involved in the production of bioactive polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. N. Helfrich
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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26
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
The bacterial ribosome is a complex macromolecular machine that deciphers the genetic code with remarkable fidelity. During the elongation phase of protein synthesis, the ribosome selects aminoacyl-tRNAs as dictated by the canonical base pairing between the anticodon of the tRNA and the codon of the messenger RNA. The ribosome's participation in tRNA selection is active rather than passive, using conformational changes of conserved bases of 16S rRNA to directly monitor the geometry of codon-anticodon base pairing. The tRNA selection process is divided into an initial selection step and a subsequent proofreading step, with the utilization of two sequential steps increasing the discriminating power of the ribosome far beyond that which could be achieved based on the thermodynamics of codon-anticodon base pairing stability. The accuracy of decoding is impaired by a number of antibiotics and can be either increased or decreased by various mutations in either subunit of the ribosome, in elongation factor Tu, and in tRNA. In this chapter we will review our current understanding of various forces that determine the accuracy of decoding by the bacterial ribosome.
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28
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Phenotypic Suppression of Streptomycin Resistance by Mutations in Multiple Components of the Translation Apparatus. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2981-8. [PMID: 26148717 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00219-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The bacterial ribosome and its associated translation factors are frequent targets of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance mutations have been found in a number of these components. Such mutations can potentially interact with one another in unpredictable ways, including the phenotypic suppression of one mutation by another. These phenotypic interactions can provide evidence of long-range functional interactions throughout the ribosome and its functional complexes and potentially give insights into antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In this study, we used genetics and experimental evolution of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus to examine the ability of mutations in various components of the protein synthesis apparatus to suppress the streptomycin resistance phenotypes of mutations in ribosomal protein S12, specifically those located distant from the streptomycin binding site. With genetic selections and strain constructions, we identified suppressor mutations in EF-Tu or in ribosomal protein L11. Using experimental evolution, we identified amino acid substitutions in EF-Tu or in ribosomal proteins S4, S5, L14, or L19, some of which were found to also relieve streptomycin resistance. The wide dispersal of these mutations is consistent with long-range functional interactions among components of the translational machinery and indicates that streptomycin resistance can result from the modulation of long-range conformational signals. IMPORTANCE The thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus has become a model system for high-resolution structural studies of macromolecular complexes, such as the ribosome, while its natural competence for transformation facilitates genetic approaches. Genetic studies of T. thermophilus ribosomes can take advantage of existing high-resolution crystallographic information to allow a structural interpretation of phenotypic interactions among mutations. Using a combination of genetic selections, strain constructions, and experimental evolution, we find that certain mutations in the translation apparatus can suppress the phenotype of certain antibiotic resistance mutations. Suppression of resistance can occur by mutations located distant in the ribosome or in a translation factor. These observations suggest the existence of long-range conformational signals in the translating ribosome, particularly during the decoding of mRNA.
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29
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Thirup SS, Van LB, Nielsen TK, Knudsen CR. Structural outline of the detailed mechanism for elongation factor Ts-mediated guanine nucleotide exchange on elongation factor Tu. J Struct Biol 2015; 191:10-21. [PMID: 26073967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Translation elongation factor EF-Tu belongs to the superfamily of guanine-nucleotide binding proteins, which play key cellular roles as regulatory switches. All G-proteins require activation via exchange of GDP for GTP to carry out their respective tasks. Often, guanine-nucleotide exchange factors are essential to this process. During translation, EF-Tu:GTP transports aminoacylated tRNA to the ribosome. GTP is hydrolyzed during this process, and subsequent reactivation of EF-Tu is catalyzed by EF-Ts. The reaction path of guanine-nucleotide exchange is structurally poorly defined for EF-Tu and EF-Ts. We have determined the crystal structures of the following reaction intermediates: two structures of EF-Tu:GDP:EF-Ts (2.2 and 1.8Å resolution), EF-Tu:PO4:EF-Ts (1.9Å resolution), EF-Tu:GDPNP:EF-Ts (2.2Å resolution) and EF-Tu:GDPNP:pulvomycin:Mg(2+):EF-Ts (3.5Å resolution). These structures provide snapshots throughout the entire exchange reaction and suggest a mechanism for the release of EF-Tu in its GTP conformation. An inferred sequence of events during the exchange reaction is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren S Thirup
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Lan Bich Van
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tine K Nielsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte R Knudsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Börding S, Bach T. An enantioselective synthesis of the C24-C40 fragment of (-)-pulvomycin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4901-3. [PMID: 24691561 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01338g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The C24-C40 fragment of (-)-pulvomycin was prepared in enantiomerically pure form using a concise synthesis method (15 linear steps from D-fucose, 6.8% overall yield) featuring a diastereoselective addition to an aldehyde, a β-selective glycosylation and a Stille cross-coupling as the key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Börding
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are central players in the protein translation machinery and as such are prominent targets for a large number of natural and synthetic antibiotics. This review focuses on the role of tRNAs in bacterial antibiosis. We will discuss examples of antibiotics that target multiple stages in tRNA biology from tRNA biogenesis and modification, mature tRNAs, aminoacylation of tRNA as well as prevention of proper tRNA function by small molecules binding to the ribosome. Finally, the role of deacylated tRNAs in the bacterial “stringent response” mechanism that can lead to bacteria displaying antibiotic persistence phenotypes will be discussed.
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32
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Characterization of a novel plasmid-borne thiopeptide gene cluster in Staphylococcus epidermidis strain 115. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:4344-50. [PMID: 25313391 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02243-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides are small (12- to 17-amino-acid), heavily modified peptides of bacterial origin. This antibiotic family, with more than 100 known members, is characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings and dehydrated residues within a macrocyclic peptide structure. Thiopeptides, including micrococcin P1, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and even protozoa. Micrococcin P1 is known to target the ribosome; however, like those of other thiopeptides, its biosynthesis and mechanisms of self-immunity are poorly characterized. We have discovered an isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis harboring the genes for thiopeptide production and self-protection on a 24-kb plasmid. Here we report the characterization of this plasmid, identify the antimicrobial peptide that it encodes, and provide evidence of a target replacement-mediated mechanism of self-immunity.
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33
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Ross C, Opel V, Scherlach K, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of antifungal and antibacterial polyketides byBurkholderia gladioliin coculture withRhizopus microsporus. Mycoses 2014; 57 Suppl 3:48-55. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ross
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Viktoria Opel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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34
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Kapdi AR, Prajapati D. Regioselective palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions: a powerful synthetic tool. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07895k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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35
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Just-Baringo X, Bruno P, Pitart C, Vila J, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Dissecting the Structure of Thiopeptides: Assessment of Thiazoline and Tail Moieties of Baringolin and Antibacterial Activity Optimization. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4185-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just-Baringo
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Bruno
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pitart
- Center
for International Health Research, CRESIB, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Center
for International Health Research, CRESIB, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School
of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu−Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Thiopeptide antibiotics: retrospective and recent advances. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:317-51. [PMID: 24445304 PMCID: PMC3917276 DOI: 10.3390/md12010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides, or thiazolyl peptides, are a relatively new family of antibiotics that already counts with more than one hundred different entities. Although they are mainly isolated from soil bacteria, during the last decade, new members have been isolated from marine samples. Far from being limited to their innate antibacterial activity, thiopeptides have been found to possess a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antiplasmodial, immunosuppressive, etc. In spite of their ribosomal origin, these highly posttranslationally processed peptides have posed a fascinating synthetic challenge, prompting the development of various methodologies and strategies. Regardless of their limited solubility, intensive investigations are bringing thiopeptide derivatives closer to the clinic, where they are likely to show their veritable therapeutic potential.
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37
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Rückert C, Szczepanowski R, Albersmeier A, Goesmann A, Iftime D, Musiol EM, Blin K, Wohlleben W, Pühler A, Kalinowski J, Weber T. Complete genome sequence of the kirromycin producer Streptomyces collinus Tü 365 consisting of a linear chromosome and two linear plasmids. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:739-40. [PMID: 24140291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces collinus Tü 365 (DSMZ 40733), isolated from Kouroussa (Guinea), is the producer of the elfamycin family antibiotic kirromycin, which inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by interfering with elongation factor EF-Tu. Here, we report on the Streptomyces collinus Tü 365 complete genome sequence of the 8.27 MB chromosome and the two plasmids SCO1 and SCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rückert
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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38
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Fabbretti A, Giuliodori AM. Inhibitors of Bacterial Elongation Factor EF-Tu. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527659685.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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39
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Gross S, Nguyen F, Bierschenk M, Sohmen D, Menzel T, Antes I, Wilson DN, Bach T. Amythiamicin D and related thiopeptides as inhibitors of the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu: modification of the amino acid at carbon atom C2 of ring C dramatically influences activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1954-62. [PMID: 24106106 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three analogues of amythiamicin D, which differ in the substitution pattern at the methine group adjacent to C2 of the thiazole ring C, were prepared by de novo total synthesis. In amythiamicin D, this carbon atom is (S)-isopropyl substituted. Two of the new analogues carry a hydroxymethyl in place of the isopropyl group, one at an S- (compound 3 a) and the other at an R-configured stereogenic center (3 b). The third analogue, 3 c, contains a benzyloxymethyl group at an S-configured stereogenic center. Compounds 3 b and 3 c showed no inhibitory effect toward various bacterial strains, nor did they influence the translation of firefly luciferase. In stark contrast, compound 3 a inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (strains NCTC and Mu50) and Listeria monocytogenes EGD. In the firefly luciferase assay it proved more potent than amythiamicin D, and rescue experiments provided evidence that translation inhibition is due to binding to the bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). The results were rationalized by structural investigations and by molecular dynamics simulations of the free compounds in solution and bound to the EF-Tu binding site. The low affinity of compound 3 b was attributed to the absence of a critical hydrogen bond, which stabilizes the conformation required for binding to EF-Tu. Compound 3 c was shown not to comply with the binding properties of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gross
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
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40
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Grøftehauge MK, Therkelsen MØ, Taaning R, Skrydstrup T, Morth JP, Nissen P. Identifying ligand-binding hot spots in proteins using brominated fragments. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1060-5. [PMID: 23989163 PMCID: PMC3758163 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113018551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-quality crystals of Thermus thermophilus EF-Tu in the GTP-bound conformation at 1.7-2.7 Å resolution were used to test 18 small organic molecules, all brominated for confident identification in the anomalous difference maps. From this relatively small collection, it was possible to identify a small molecule bound in the functionally important tRNA CCA-end binding pocket. The antibiotic GE2270 A is known to interact with the same pocket in EF-Tu and to disrupt the association with tRNA. Bromide could be located from peaks in the anomalous map in data truncated to very low resolution without refining the structure. Considering the speed with which diffraction data can be collected today, it is proposed that it is worthwhile to collect the extra data from fragment screens while crystals are at hand to increase the knowledge of biological function and drug binding in an experimental structural context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Ø. Therkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rolf Taaning
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J. Preben Morth
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Forskningsparken, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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41
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Felder S, Dreisigacker S, Kehraus S, Neu E, Bierbaum G, Wright PR, Menche D, Schäberle TF, König GM. Salimabromide: Unexpected Chemistry from the Obligate Marine Myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina. Chemistry 2013; 19:9319-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Burnett BJ, Altman RB, Ferrao R, Alejo JL, Kaur N, Kanji J, Blanchard SC. Elongation factor Ts directly facilitates the formation and disassembly of the Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu·GTP·aminoacyl-tRNA ternary complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13917-28. [PMID: 23539628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) enters the ribosome in a ternary complex with the G-protein elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. RESULTS EF-Tu·GTP·aa-tRNA ternary complex formation and decay rates are accelerated in the presence of the nucleotide exchange factor elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts). CONCLUSION EF-Ts directly facilitates the formation and disassociation of ternary complex. SIGNIFICANCE This system demonstrates a novel function of EF-Ts. Aminoacyl-tRNA enters the translating ribosome in a ternary complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. Here, we describe bulk steady state and pre-steady state fluorescence methods that enabled us to quantitatively explore the kinetic features of Escherichia coli ternary complex formation and decay. The data obtained suggest that both processes are controlled by a nucleotide-dependent, rate-determining conformational change in EF-Tu. Unexpectedly, we found that this conformational change is accelerated by elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts), the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor for EF-Tu. Notably, EF-Ts attenuates the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP and destabilizes ternary complex in the presence of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs. These results suggest that EF-Ts serves an unanticipated role in the cell of actively regulating the abundance and stability of ternary complex in a manner that contributes to rapid and faithful protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burnett
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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43
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Zhang Q, Liu W. Biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics and their pathway engineering. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:218-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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44
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Bowers AA, Acker MG, Young TS, Walsh CT. Generation of thiocillin ring size variants by prepeptide gene replacement and in vivo processing by Bacillus cereus. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10313-6. [PMID: 22686940 DOI: 10.1021/ja302820x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thiocillins from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 are natural products from the broader class of thiazolyl peptides. Their biosynthesis proceeds via extensive post-translational modification of a ribosomally encoded precursor peptide. This post-translational tailoring involves a key step formal cycloaddition between two distal serine residues. In the wild-type structure, this cycloaddition forms a major macrocycle circumscribed by 26-atoms (shortest path). Results presented herein demonstrate the promiscuity of this last step by means of a set of "competition" experiments. Cyclization proceeds in many cases to provide altered ring sizes, giving access to several variant rings sizes that have not previously been observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Bowers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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45
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Kavaliauskas D, Nissen P, Knudsen CR. The busiest of all ribosomal assistants: elongation factor Tu. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2642-51. [PMID: 22409271 DOI: 10.1021/bi300077s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During translation, the nucleic acid language employed by genes is translated into the amino acid language used by proteins. The translator is the ribosome, while the dictionary employed is known as the genetic code. The genetic information is presented to the ribosome in the form of a mRNA, and tRNAs connect the two languages. Translation takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. After a protein has been synthesized, the components of the translation apparatus are recycled. During each phase of translation, the ribosome collaborates with specific translation factors, which secure a proper balance between speed and fidelity. Notably, initiation, termination, and ribosomal recycling occur only once per protein produced during normal translation, while the elongation step is repeated a large number of times, corresponding to the number of amino acids constituting the protein of interest. In bacteria, elongation factor Tu plays a central role during the selection of the correct amino acids throughout the elongation phase of translation. Elongation factor Tu is the main subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Kavaliauskas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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46
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Xu C, Wang J, Li J, Fang R. Expression of elongation factor (EF)-Tu is correlated with prognosis of gastric adenocarcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6645-55. [PMID: 22072909 PMCID: PMC3211000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expressions of mitochondria elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) have been observed in certain types of cancers, including gastric cancer cell lines, but the impact of the alterations in gastric adenocarcinoma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of EF-Tu in gastric adenocarcinoma and to assess its clinical significance. A total of 104 paired resected gastric adenocarcinoma and corresponding normal specimens were collected in this study. EF-Tu expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation of EF-Tu expression and patients’ clinicopathological parameters was statically evaluated and the prognostic significance of EF-Tu expression was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Forty-nine out of 104 (47.1%) gastric adenocarcinoma specimens showed high expression of EF-Tu, while the remaining 55 specimens showed weak or negative expression of EF-Tu. In contrast, EF-Tu high expression was detected in 62.5% (65 of 104) normal tissues. Down-regulation of EF-Tu was associated with serosal invasion (P = 0.042) and node involvement (P = 0.005), and down-regulation of EF-Tu was correlated with poor overall survival (P = 0.020). In curative resection (R0) patients, there were also significant differences (P = 0.043). In the multivariate analysis, the EF-Tu expression remained a significant independent prognostic factor (P = 0.038). Our results indicate that EF-Tu is expressed in both gastric adenocarcinoma and corresponding normal tissues. Down-regulation of EF-Tu expression is associated with advanced disease stage and EF-Tu expression maybe served as an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-571-86006912; Fax: +86-571-86044817
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Chunan County First Hospital, Chunan, Zhejiang, 311700, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China; E-Mail: (J.L.)
| | - Rengui Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Chunan County First Hospital, Chunan, Zhejiang, 311700, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (R.F.)
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Martucci NM, Lamberti A, Arcari P, Masullo M. The eubacterial protein synthesis inhibitor pulvomycin interacts with archaeal elongation factor 1α from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochimie 2011; 94:503-9. [PMID: 21924318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pulvomycin on the biochemical and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the archaeal elongation factor 1α from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsEF-1α), the functional analog of eubacterial EF-Tu, was investigated. The antibiotic was able to reduce in vitro the rate of protein synthesis however, the concentration of pulvomycin leading to 50% inhibition (173 μM) was two order of magnitude higher but one order lower than that required in eubacteria and eukarya, respectively. The effect of the antibiotic on the partial reactions catalysed by SsEF-1α indicated that pulvomycin was able to decrease the affinity of the elongation factor toward aa-tRNA only in the presence of GTP, to an extent similar to that measured in the presence of GDP. Moreover, the antibiotic produced an increase of the intrinsic GTPase catalysed by SsEF-1α, but not that of its engineered forms. Finally, pulvomycin induced a variation in fluorescence spectrum of the aromatic region of the elongation factor and its truncated forms. These spectroscopic results suggested that a conformational change of the elongation factor takes place upon interaction with the antibiotic. This finding was confirmed by the protection against chemical denaturation of SsEF-1α, observed in the presence of pulvomycin. However, a stabilising effect of the antibiotic directly on the protein in the complex could takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Martucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, I-88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
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In vitro and in vivo activities of novel, semisynthetic thiopeptide inhibitors of bacterial elongation factor Tu. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5277-83. [PMID: 21825297 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00582-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified aminothiazole derivatives of GE2270 A. These novel semisynthetic congeners, like GE2270 A, target the essential bacterial protein elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). Medicinal chemistry optimization of lead molecules led to the identification of preclinical development candidates 1 and 2. These cycloalklycarboxylic acid derivatives show activity against difficult to treat Gram-positive pathogens and demonstrate increased aqueous solubility compared to GE2270 A. We describe here the in vitro and in vivo activities of compounds 1 and 2 compared to marketed antibiotics. Compounds 1 and 2 were potent against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (MIC(90) ≤ 0.25 μg/ml) but weaker against the streptococci (MIC(90) ≥ 4 μg/ml). Like GE2270 A, the derivatives inhibited bacterial protein synthesis and selected for spontaneous loss of susceptibility via mutations in the tuf gene, encoding EF-Tu. The mutants were not cross-resistant to other antibiotic classes. In a mouse systemic infection model, compounds 1 and 2 protected mice from lethal S. aureus infections with 50% effective doses (ED(50)) of 5.2 and 4.3 mg/kg, respectively. Similarly, compounds 1 and 2 protected mice from lethal systemic E. faecalis infections with ED(50) of 0.56 and 0.23 mg/kg, respectively. In summary, compounds 1 and 2 are active in vitro and in vivo activity against difficult-to-treat Gram-positive bacterial infections and represent a promising new class of antibacterials for use in human therapy.
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LaMarche MJ, Leeds JA, Dzink-Fox J, Mullin S, Patane MA, Rann EM, Tiamfook S. 4-Aminothiazolyl analogs of GE2270 A: Design, synthesis and evaluation of imidazole analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Enacyloxins Are Products of an Unusual Hybrid Modular Polyketide Synthase Encoded by a Cryptic Burkholderia ambifaria Genomic Island. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:665-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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