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Zhong C, Jiang WJ, Yao Y, Li Z, Li Y, Wang S, Wang X, Zhu W, Wu S, Wang J, Fan S, Ma S, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhao W, Zhao L, Feng Y, Li Z, Guo R, Yu L, Pei F, Hu J, Feng X, Yang Z, Yang Z, Yang X, Hou Y, Zhang D, Xu D, Sheng R, Li Y, Liu L, Wu HJ, Huang J, Fei T. CRISPR screens reveal convergent targeting strategies against evolutionarily distinct chemoresistance in cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5502. [PMID: 38951519 PMCID: PMC11217446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy has been a major hurdle that limits therapeutic benefits for many types of cancer. Here we systematically identify genetic drivers underlying chemoresistance by performing 30 genome-scale CRISPR knockout screens for seven chemotherapeutic agents in multiple cancer cells. Chemoresistance genes vary between conditions primarily due to distinct genetic background and mechanism of action of drugs, manifesting heterogeneous and multiplexed routes towards chemoresistance. By focusing on oxaliplatin and irinotecan resistance in colorectal cancer, we unravel that evolutionarily distinct chemoresistance can share consensus vulnerabilities identified by 26 second-round CRISPR screens with druggable gene library. We further pinpoint PLK4 as a therapeutic target to overcome oxaliplatin resistance in various models via genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition, highlighting a single-agent strategy to antagonize evolutionarily distinct chemoresistance. Our study not only provides resources and insights into the molecular basis of chemoresistance, but also proposes potential biomarkers and therapeutic strategies against such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunge Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, 528311, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yingjia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Zexu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Shuangshuang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Shixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yeshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ruifang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Fengyun Pei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Clinical Research Center, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjia Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinqiu Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dake Xu
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ren Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yihao Li
- BeiGene Institute, BeiGene (Shanghai) Research & Development Co., Ltd, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Hua-Jun Wu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Clinical Research Center, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Teng Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110819, China.
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, 528311, China.
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Sedky NK, Fawzy IM, Hassan A, Mahdy NK, Attia RT, Shamma SN, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SE, Mokhtar FA, Fahmy SA. Innovative microwave-assisted biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles loaded with platinum(ii) based complex for halting colon cancer: cellular, molecular, and computational investigations. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4005-4024. [PMID: 38288146 PMCID: PMC10823359 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we biosynthesized copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs) utilizing the essential oils extracted from Boswellia carterii oleogum resin, which served as a bioreductant and capping agent with the help of microwave energy. Afterwards, the platinum(ii) based anticancer drug, carboplatin (Cr), was loaded onto the CuO NPs, exploiting the electrostatic interactions forming Cr@CuO NPs. The produced biogenic NPs were then characterized using zeta potential (ZP), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. In addition, the entrapment efficiency and release profile of the loaded Cr were evaluated. Thereafter, SRB assay was performed, where Cr@CuO NPs demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) with an IC50 of 5.17 μg mL-1, which was about 1.6 and 2.2 folds more than that of Cr and CuO NPs. Moreover, the greenly synthesized nanoparticles (Cr@CuO NPs) displayed a satisfactory selectivity index (SI = 6.82), which was far better than the free Cr treatment (SI = 2.23). Regarding the apoptosis assay, the advent of Cr@CuO NPs resulted in an immense increase in the cellular population percentage of HCT-116 cells undergoing both early (16.02%) and late apoptosis (35.66%), significantly surpassing free Cr and CuO NPs. A study of HCT-116 cell cycle kinetics revealed the powerful ability of Cr@CuO NPs to trap cells in the Sub-G1 and G2 phases and impede the G2/M transition. RT-qPCR was utilized for molecular investigations of the pro-apoptotic (Bax and p53) and antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2). The novel Cr@CuO NPs treatment rose above single Cr or CuO NPs therapy in stimulating the p53-Bax mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. The cellular and molecular biology investigations presented substantial proof of the potentiated anticancer activity of Cr@CuO NPs and the extra benefits that could be obtained from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada K Sedky
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation R5 New Garden City, New Administrative Capital Cairo Egypt
| | - Iten M Fawzy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil Mahdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Kasr El-Aini Street 11562 Cairo Egypt
| | - Reem T Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Samir N Shamma
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department Abha 9004 Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin Elbehairi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department Abha 9004 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma A Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University El Saleheya El Gadida Sharkia 44813 Egypt
| | - Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation R5 New Garden City, New Capital Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 1222613344
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Jothi S, Parumasivam T, Mohtar N. <em>Eurycoma longifolia</em>: an overview on the pharmacological properties for the treatment of common cancer. J Public Health Afr 2023. [PMID: 37492537 PMCID: PMC10365645 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia plant, the so called Tongkat Ali in Malaysia, is a well grown prominent tree in all Southeast Asia. It is well known among traditional medicine practitioners as a curative plant for many diseases and health conditions. The major quassinoid from the plant is eurycomanone, which exhibits many prominent effects on various cancer cell lines. Numerous studies have shown that eurycomanone inhibits cancerous cell growth and encourages cell death both in vitro and in vivo test. Even though analyses of safety and toxicity have been conducted, there is still a substantial knowledge barrier when it comes to providing a scientific foundation for the molecular mechanism as well as intervention strategy in the living people cancer cell. In a way to offer adequate baseline data for future investigations based on molecular mechanism and intervention, the present work seeks to review the researches conducted to date on this herbal plant.
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Mireștean CC, Iancu RI, Iancu DPT. p53 Modulates Radiosensitivity in Head and Neck Cancers-From Classic to Future Horizons. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123052. [PMID: 36553058 PMCID: PMC9777383 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53, initially considered a tumor suppressor, has been the subject of research related to cancer treatment resistance in the last 30 years. The unfavorable response to multimodal therapy and the higher recurrence rate, despite an aggressive approach, make HNSCC a research topic of interest for improving therapeutic outcomes, even if it is only the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. New advances in molecular biology and genetics include the involvement of miRNA in the control of the p53 pathway, the understanding of mechanisms such as gain/loss of function, and the development of different methods to restore p53 function, especially for HPV-negative cases. The different ratio between mutant p53 status in the primary tumor and distant metastasis originating HNSCC may serve to select the best therapeutic target for activating an abscopal effect by radiotherapy as a "booster" of the immune system. P53 may also be a key player in choosing radiotherapy fractionation regimens. Targeting any pathway involving p53, including tumor metabolism, in particular the Warburg effect, could modulate the radiosensitivity and chemo-sensitivity of head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camil Ciprian Mireștean
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Railways Clinical Hospital Iasi, 700506 Iași, Romania
| | - Roxana Irina Iancu
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, “St. Spiridon” Emergency Universitary Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-232-301-603
| | - Dragoș Petru Teodor Iancu
- Oncology and Radiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iași, Romania
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Ren H, Chen Y, Ao Z, Cheng Q, Yang X, Tao H, Zhao L, Shen A, Li P, Fu Q. PDE4D binds and interacts with YAP to cooperatively promote HCC progression. Cancer Lett 2022; 541:215749. [PMID: 35597479 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The role of cAMP in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is controversial and the biological function of cAMP-hydrolysing enzyme phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in HCC remains unclear. In this study, we observed markedly higher PDE4D expression in HCC patients with poor survival. PDE4D bound to yes-associated protein (YAP), and PDE4D expression positively correlated with YAP expression in HCC. Overexpression of PDE4D increased YAP dephosphorylation and activity and promoted HCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo, which was attenuated by the YAP inhibitor verteporfin. In contrast, silencing PDE4D reduced YAP expression and HCC cell growth. Notably, forced expression of YAP promoted PDE4D and YAP target gene expression and cell growth, which were abrogated by the PDE4D inhibitor roflumilast. Mechanistically, silencing of YAP caused PDE4D downregulation and HCC cell apoptosis via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Roflumilast activated cAMP-PKA signaling and induced cAMP-PKA-dependent YAP phosphorylation at serine 127, resulting in YAP degradation and suppression of HCC growth, which were reversed by the PKA inhibitor PKI. Additionally, transfection of the YAP-S127A mutant reversed roflumilast-mediated suppression of YAP and cell growth. Taken together, our findings indicate that PDE4D binds to and interacts with YAP to promote HCC progression. Targeting the PDE4D-YAP interaction with roflumilast may be an effective strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Ao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wenchang People's Hospital, Hainan, China; Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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ERK: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. ERK-Dependent Apoptosis as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102509. [PMID: 34685488 PMCID: PMC8533760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell proliferation, and its deregulated activity is a hallmark of many cancers. Therefore, components and regulators of the ERK pathway are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and inhibitors of this pathway, including some MEK and BRAF inhibitors, are already being used in the clinic. Notably, ERK1/2 kinases also have pro-apoptotic functions under certain conditions and enhanced ERK1/2 signaling can cause tumor cell death. Although the repertoire of the compounds which mediate ERK activation and apoptosis is expanding, and various anti-cancer compounds induce ERK activation while exerting their anti-proliferative effects, the mechanisms underlying ERK1/2-mediated cell death are still vague. Recent studies highlight the importance of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in determining the pro- versus anti-apoptotic function of ERK in cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent major findings in understanding the role of ERK in apoptosis, focusing on the major compounds mediating ERK-dependent apoptosis. Studies that further define the molecular targets of these compounds relevant to cell death will be essential to harnessing these compounds for developing effective cancer treatments.
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Pharmaceutical immunoglobulin G impairs anti-carcinoma activity of oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1411-1420. [PMID: 33558709 PMCID: PMC8039037 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence proves that intravenous human immunoglobulin G (IgG) can impair cancer cell viability. However, no study evaluated whether IgG application benefits cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutics. METHODS Influence of pharmaceutical-grade human IgG on the viability of a series of patient-derived colon cancer cell lines with and without chemotherapeutic intervention was determined. Cell death was analysed flow cytometrically. In addition, the influence of oxaliplatin and IgG on the ERK1/2-signalling pathway was evaluated by western blots. RESULTS We evaluated the effects of pharmaceutical IgG, such as PRIVIGEN® IgG and Tonglu® IgG, in combination with chemotherapeutics. We did not observe any significant effects of IgG on tumour cell viability directly; however, human IgG significantly impaired the anti-tumoral effects of oxaliplatin. Primary cancer cell lines express IgG receptors and accumulate human IgG intracellularly. Moreover, while oxaliplatin induced the activation of ERK1/2, the pharmaceutical IgG inhibited ERK1/2 activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that pharmaceutical IgG, such as PRIVIGEN® IgG and Tonglu® IgG, can impair the anti-carcinoma activity of oxaliplatin. These data strongly suggest that therapeutic IgG as co-medication might have harmful side effects in cancer patients. The clinical significance of these preclinical observations absolutely advises further preclinical, as well as epidemiological and clinical research.
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Zhou H, Feng B, Abudoureyimu M, Lai Y, Lin X, Tian C, Huang G, Chu X, Wang R. The functional role of long non-coding RNAs and their underlying mechanisms in drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer. Life Sci 2020; 261:118362. [PMID: 32871184 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed solid cancer and the main origin of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current strategies to treat advanced NSCLC are based on a combined approach of targeted therapy and chemotherapy. But most patients will eventually get resistance to either chemotherapy or targeted therapy, leading to the poor prognosis. The mechanism of NSCLC drug resistance is inconclusive and is affected by multiple factors. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) longer than 200 nucleotides. Recent studies show that lncRNAs are involved in many cellular physiological activities, including drug resistance of NSCLC. It is of great clinical significance to understand the specific mechanisms and the role of lncRNAs in it. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we focus on the functional roles and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in acquired drug resistance of NSCLC. LncRNAs have potential values as novel prognostic biomarkers and even therapeutic targets in the clinical management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mubalake Abudoureyimu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongting Lai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing School of Clinical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guichun Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing School of Clinical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Lu Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng G. Dual effects of active ERK in cancer: A potential target for enhancing radiosensitivity. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:993-1000. [PMID: 32724338 PMCID: PMC7377092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important cancer treatment approach. However, radioresistance eventually occurs, resulting in poor outcomes in patients with cancer. Radioresistance is associated with multiple signaling pathways, particularly pro-survival signaling pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is an important signaling pathway that initiates several cellular processes and is regulated by various stimuli, including IR. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the pro-survival effects of active ERK, activation of ERK has also been associated with cell death, indicating that radiosensitization may occur by ERK stimulation. In this context, the present review describes the associations between ERK signaling, cancer and IR, and discusses the association between ERK and its pro-survival function in cancer cells, including stimuli, molecular mechanisms, clinical use of inhibitors and underlying limitations. Additionally, the present review introduces the view that active ERK may induce cell death, and describes the potential factors associated with this process. This review describes the various outcomes induced by active ERK to prompt future studies to aim to enhance radiosensitivity in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Baocai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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10
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Antitumorigenic Effects of Inhibiting Ephrin Receptor Kinase Signaling by GLPG1790 against Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro and In Vivo. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:9342732. [PMID: 32184826 PMCID: PMC7063197 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9342732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptors (Eph) promote the onset and sustain the progression of cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC), in which the A2 subtype of Eph receptor expression has been shown to correlate with a poor prognosis and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target. Herein, we investigated, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of treatment with GLPG1790, a potent pan-Eph inhibitor. The small molecule has selective activity against the EphA2 isoform in human HCT116 and HCT15 CRC cell lines expressing a constitutively active form of RAS concurrently with a wild-type or mutant form of p53, respectively. GLPG1790 reduced EPHA2 phosphorylation/activation and induced G1/S cell-cycle growth arrest by downregulating the expression of cyclin E and PCNA, while upregulating p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Cip/Kip. The inhibition of ephrin signaling induced quiescence in HCT15 and senescence in HCT116 cells. While investigating the role of CRC-related, pro-oncogenic p53 and RAS pathways, we found that GLPG1790 upregulated p53 expression and that silencing p53 or inhibiting RAS (human rat sarcoma)/ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling restrained the ability of GLPG1790 to induce senescence in HCT116 cells. On the other hand, HCT15 silencing of p53 predisposed cells to GLPG1790-induced senescence, whilst no effects of ERK inhibition were observed. Finally, GLPG1790 hindered the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduced the migratory capacities of CRC, and affected tumor formation in xenograft models in vivo more efficiently using HCT116 than HCT15 for xenografts. Taken together, our data suggest the therapeutic potential of GLPG1790 as a signal transduction-based therapeutic strategy in to treat CRC.
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11
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Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Clove Buds-Treated MCF-7 Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010139. [PMID: 31947708 PMCID: PMC7022383 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, several spices have been studied for their potential in the prevention and treatment of cancer. It is documented that spices have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. The main mechanisms of spices action included apoptosis induction, proliferation, migration and invasion of tumour inhibition, and sensitization of tumours to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this study, the ability of clove buds extract (CBE) to induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and stress/survival/apoptotic pathways modulation were analysed in MCF-7 cells. We demonstrated that CBE treatment induced intrinsic caspase-dependent cell death associated with increased oxidative stress mediated by oxygen and nitrogen radicals. We showed also the CBE-mediated release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors, signalling of oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage with modulation of cell antioxidant SOD (superoxide dismutase) system, and modulation activity of the Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK and Erk 1/2 pathways.
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12
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Zhang H, Chen R, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhu X, Chen J. Lobaplatin-Induced Apoptosis Requires p53-Mediated p38MAPK Activation Through ROS Generation in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:538. [PMID: 31428569 PMCID: PMC6689983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is recommended as the first-line treatment regimen for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lobaplatin (LBP), a third-generation platinum anti-neoplastic agent, has shown an improved efficacy. This study is aimed to investigate the mechanisms of LBP-induced apoptosis in the A549 p53 wild-type cell line. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometry (FCM), Western blot, xenograft tumor models, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and RNA interference were used in this study. Our results showed that the proliferation of A549 cells could be inhibited by LBP. At lower concentrations, LBP triggered cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in A549 cells. LBP could also induce apoptosis of A549 cells. LBP also increased the expression of PARP and Bax and the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and reduced Bcl-2 expression. In vivo experiment confirmed that LBP could inhibit tumor growth in the A549 xenograft models and induce apoptosis. Apoptosis of A549 cells was decreased after transfected with p53 shRNA or treated with reactive oxygen species inhibitor NAC and p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, suggesting that the p53/ROS/p38MAPK pathway appeared to mediate the LBP-induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Our data demonstrate that LBP could be a promising candidate for the treatment of NSCLC with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Yancheng, China
| | - Runzhe Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyong Wang
- Anhui Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Yancheng, China
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13
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Neves SP, de Carvalho NC, da Silva MM, Rodrigues ACBC, Bomfim LM, Dias RB, Sales CBS, Rocha CAG, Soares MBP, Batista AA, Bezerra DP. Ruthenium Complexes Containing Heterocyclic Thioamidates Trigger Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis Through MAPK Signaling in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:562. [PMID: 31338323 PMCID: PMC6629894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, ruthenium complexes containing heterocyclic thioamidates [Ru(mmi)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (1), [Ru(tzdt)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (2), [Ru(dmp)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (3) and [Ru(mpca)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (4) were investigated for their cellular and molecular effects in cancer cell lines. Complexes 1 and 2 were the most potent of the four compounds against a panel of different cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and showed potent cytotoxicity in a 3D model of multicellular spheroids that formed from human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. In addition, both complexes were able to bind to DNA in a calf thymus DNA model. Compared to the controls, a reduction in cell proliferation, phosphatidylserine externalization, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were observed in HepG2 cells that were treated with these complexes. Additionally, coincubation with a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK) reduced the levels of apoptosis that were induced by these compounds compared to those in the negative controls, indicating that cell death through apoptosis occurred via a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, these complexes also induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and coincubation with an MEK inhibitor (U0126), which is known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, but not JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, reduced the complexes-induced apoptosis compared to that in the negative controls, indicating that the induction of apoptotic cell death occurred through ERK1/2 signaling in HepG2 cells. On the other hand, no increase in oxidative stress was observed in HepG2 cells treated with the complexes, and the complexes-induced apoptosis was not reduced with coincubation with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or a p53 inhibitor compared to that in the negative controls, indicating that apoptosis occurred via oxidative stress- and p53-independent pathways. Finally, these complexes also reduced the growth of HepG2 cells that were engrafted in C.B-17 SCID mice compared to that in the negative controls. These results indicated that these complexes are novel anticancer drug candidates for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Neves
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Monize M da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa M Bomfim
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caroline B S Sales
- Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Milena B P Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
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14
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TRPC3 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis Resistance of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells through the TRPC3/RASA4/MAPK Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040558. [PMID: 31003514 PMCID: PMC6520729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective molecular-based therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Canonical transient receptor potential isoform 3 (TRPC3) was previously shown to be upregulated in breast cancer biopsy tissues when compared to normal breast tissues. However, the biological role of TRPC3 in breast cancer still remains to be elucidated. In this study, subcellular fractionation followed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry showed that TRPC3 was over-expressed on the plasma membrane of TNBC line MDA-MB-231 when compared to an estrogen receptor-positive cell line MCF-7. TRPC3 blocker Pyr3 and dominant negative of TRPC3 attenuated proliferation, induced apoptosis and sensitized cell death to chemotherapeutic agents in MDA-MB-231 as measured by proliferation assays. Interestingly, Ras GTPase-activating protein 4 (RASA4), a Ca2+-promoted Ras-MAPK pathway suppressor, was found to be located on the plasma membrane of MDA-MB-231. Blocking TRPC3 decreased the amount of RASA4 located on the plasma membrane, with concomitant activation of MAPK pathways. Our results suggest that, in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells, Ca2+ influx through TRPC3 channel sustains the presence of RASA4 on the plasma membrane where it inhibits the Ras-MAPK pathway, leading to proliferation and apoptosis resistance. Our study reveals the novel TRPC3-RASA4-MAPK signaling cascade in TNBC cells and suggests that TRPC3 may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
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15
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Chen JC, Huang C, Lee IN, Wu YP, Tang CH. Amphiregulin enhances cell migration and resistance to doxorubicin in chondrosarcoma cells through the MAPK pathway. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1816-1824. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology; National Chiayi University; Chiayi City Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Earth and Life Sciences; University of Taipei; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology; National Chiayi University; Chiayi City Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Medical and Health Science; Asia University; Taichung Taiwan
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16
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Weng WH, Leung WH, Pang YJ, Kuo LW, Hsu HH. EPA significantly improves anti-EGFR targeted therapy by regulating miR-378 expression in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6188-6194. [PMID: 30333883 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that colorectal cancer (CRC) cells containing mutations of the genes KRAS and BRAF are predominate mechanisms causing resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, and commonly exhibit a lower expression of microRNA-378 (miR-378) when compared with the wild type. In the present study, the aim was to determine the possible mechanism which associates miR-378 with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and to determine the efficiency of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA) in its ability to restore sensitivity towards cetuximab, an EGFR inhibitor. The results demonstrated that a combined treatment of 40 µM EPA with 0.2 µM cetuximab can significantly suppress the cell growth in KRAS-mutant and control wild-type cells. Furthermore, the higher phosphorylated protein level of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was notable in KRAS EPA-treated cells (P=0.006-0.047) and resulted in significantly increased cell death; however, inconsistent results were indicated in EPA-treated BRAF-mutant cells, compared with the original cells (without treatment). KRAS-mutant and wild-type Caco-2 cells treated with EPA exhibited increased cetuximab response rates, but these response rates were reduced in the BRAF-mutant cells. In conclusion, upregulation of miR-378 induced by EPA may result in the significant restoration of sensitivity to cetuximab in the KRAS-mutant cells. The present data will contribute to a notable potential therapeutic solution for future clinical CRC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wai-Hung Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yeu Jye Pang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Hospital, Margate CT9 4AN, UK
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsi-Hsien Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan, R.O.C
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17
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Kielbik M, Krzyzanowski D, Pawlik B, Klink M. Cisplatin-induced ERK1/2 activity promotes G1 to S phase progression which leads to chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19847-19860. [PMID: 29731988 PMCID: PMC5929431 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between ERK1/2 activity and cisplatin cytotoxicity, in association with the cell cycle, in ovarian cancer cell lines resistant (A2780cis; SK-OV-3) and sensitive (A2780) to cisplatin was determined. We observed that cisplatin, at a low concentration enhanced the activation of ERK1/2 in A2780 cells and increased their accumulation in the S phase, resulting in low cytotoxicity. A high concentration of drug induced dephosphorylation and degradation of ERK1/2 and was extremely toxic, accumulating most of to these cells in the sub-G1 phase. The PD98059, pharmacological inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation, increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin applied at a low concentration to A2780 cells (decreased ERK1/2 activity), causing shift of cell accumulation from the S to G1 phase. Surprisingly, PD98059 enhanced cell viability when a chemotherapeutic was used at high concentration, intensifying phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and reversing cell cycle arrest in sub-G1 to promote the G1 and S phases. A2780cis cells demonstrated resistance to cisplatin with high ERK1/2 activity and accumulation of cells in the G1 and S phases. PD98059 sensitized resistant cells to drug toxicity during the first 24 hours of treatment, with blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation and prevented progression from the G1 to S phase. SK-OV-3 resistant cells characterized with extremely high basal phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which wasn't changed after exposure to cisplatin. Administration of PD98059 didn't change the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in these cells. In conclusion, ERK1/2, activated by cisplatin, participates in the cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phase, enhancing cells’ survival and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Bartlomiej Pawlik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Castellanos-Esparza YC, Wu S, Huang L, Buquet C, Shen R, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, García Latorre EA, Boyer O, Varin R, Jiménez-Zamudio LA, Janin A, Vannier JP, Li H, Lu H. Synergistic promoting effects of pentoxifylline and simvastatin on the apoptosis of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1246-1254. [PMID: 29436616 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), a xanthine family molecule and simvastatin (SIM), an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent, have recently been considered as sensitizers to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The present in vitro study evaluated their antitumor synergistic effects on MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells characterized by the triple‑negative phenotype (TNP). The anti-proliferative effects of these two agents were evaluated by MTT and clonogenic assays. Cell cycle progression was examined using propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was investigated by Annexin V labeling, and by examining caspase 3 activity and DNA fragmentation. Autophagic vesicles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were monitored by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate molecular targets. Our results revealed that when used alone, PTX and SIM exerted antitumor effects. Nevertheless, used in combination, the inhibition of cell proliferation was synergistically superior (80% vs 42%) than that observed following treatment with each agent alone after 48 h. PTX alone (0.5 mM) induced both apoptosis (25%) and autophagy (25%); however, when used in combination with SIM (0.5 µM), the balance between these processes was disrupted and the cells underwent apoptosis (>65%) as opposed to autophagy (<13%). This imbalance was associated with an increase in ERK1/2 and AKT activation, but not with an increase in mTOR phosphorylation, and with the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. In addition, in the cells treated with both agents, almost 78% of the cells were arrested at the G0/G1 phase and lost their colony-forming ability (38±5%) compared to the cells treated with PTX alone (115±5%). On the whole, these results suggest that the induction of autophagy may be a protective mechanism preventing MDA‑MB‑231 cancer cell death. The combined use of PTX and SIM may drive dormant autophagic cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and thus this may be a novel treatment strategy for breast cancer characterized by the TNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Cristina Castellanos-Esparza
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Shuang Wu
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Limin Huang
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Buquet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Rong Shen
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Berenice Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ethel Awilda García Latorre
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Olivier Boyer
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Remi Varin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Luis Antonio Jiménez-Zamudio
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Anne Janin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vannier
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Hong Li
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - He Lu
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
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19
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de Carvalho NC, Neves SP, Dias RB, Valverde LDF, Sales CBS, Rocha CAG, Soares MBP, Dos Santos ER, Oliveira RMM, Carlos RM, Nogueira PCL, Bezerra DP. A novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin induces S-phase arrest and causes ERK1/2-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells through a p53-independent pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:79. [PMID: 29362398 PMCID: PMC5833756 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based compounds have gained great interest due to their potent cytotoxicity in cancer cells; however, much of their potential applications remain unexplored. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin (RCX) and the investigation of its cellular and molecular action in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. We found that RCX exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in a panel of cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and in a 3D model of multicellular cancer spheroids formed from HepG2 cells. This compound is detected at a high concentration in the cell nuclei, induces DNA intercalation and inhibits DNA synthesis, arresting the cell cycle in the S-phase, which is followed by the activation of the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes related to cell cycle control, apoptosis and the MAPK pathway. In addition, RCX induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and pretreatment with U-0126, an MEK inhibitor known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, prevented RCX-induced apoptosis. In contrast, pretreatment with a p53 inhibitor (cyclic pifithrin-α) did not prevent RCX-induced apoptosis, indicating the activation of a p53-independent apoptosis pathway. RCX also presented a potent in vivo antitumor effect in C.B-17 SCID mice engrafted with HepG2 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that RCX is a novel anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanashara C de Carvalho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Sara P Neves
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de F Valverde
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Caroline B S Sales
- Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-902, Brazil
| | - Clarissa A G Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.,Center of Biotechnology and Cell therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, 41253-190, Brazil
| | - Edjane R Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13561-901, Brazil
| | - Regina M M Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13561-901, Brazil
| | - Rose M Carlos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13561-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.
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20
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A selective cyclin-dependent kinase 4, 6 dual inhibitor, Ribociclib (LEE011) inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in aggressive thyroid cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:131-140. [PMID: 29306020 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The RB-E2F1 pathway is an important mechanism of cell-cycle control, and deregulation of this pathway is one of the key factors contributing to tumorigenesis. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Cyclin D have been known to increase in aggressive thyroid cancer. However, there has been no study to investigate effects of a selective CDK 4/6 inhibitor, Ribociclib (LEE011), in thyroid cancer. Performing Western blotting, we found that RB phosphorylation and the expression of Cyclin D are significantly higher in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines as well as anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell lines, compared with normal thyroid cell line and follicular thyroid cancer cell line. LEE011 dose-dependently inhibited RB phosphorylation and also decreased the expressions of its target genes such as FOXM1, Cyclin A1, and Myc in ATC. Furthermore, LEE011 induced cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase and cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation in ATC. Consistently, oral administration of LEE011 to ATC xenograft models strongly inhibited tumor growth with decreased expressions of pRB, pAKT and Ki-67, and also significantly increased tumor cell apoptosis. Taken together, our data support the rationale for clinical development of the CDK4/6 inhibitor as a therapy for patients with aggressive thyroid cancer.
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Kumari R, Chouhan S, Singh S, Chhipa RR, Ajay AK, Bhat MK. Constitutively activated ERK sensitizes cancer cells to doxorubicin: Involvement of p53-EGFR-ERK pathway. J Biosci 2017; 42:31-41. [PMID: 28229963 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene p53 is mutated in approximately 50% of the human cancers. p53 is involved in genotoxic stress-induced cellular responses. The role of EGFR and ERK in DNA-damage-induced apoptosis is well known. We investigated the involvement of activation of ERK signalling as a consequence of non-functional p53, in sensitivity of cells to doxorubicin. We performed cell survival assays in cancer cell lines with varying p53 status: MCF-7 (wild-type p53, WTp53), MDA MB-468 (mutant p53, MUTp53), H1299 (absence of p53, NULLp53) and an isogenic cell line MCF-7As (WTp53 abrogated). Our results indicate that enhanced chemosensitivity of cells lacking wild-type p53 function is because of elevated levels of EGFR which activates ERK. Additionally, we noted that independent of p53 status, pERK contributes to doxorubicin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Kumari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
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22
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Daniele S, Barresi E, Zappelli E, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Da Settimo F, Taliani S, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. Long lasting MDM2/Translocator protein modulator: a new strategy for irreversible apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7866-84. [PMID: 26761214 PMCID: PMC4884960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multi-target drugs and irreversible modulators of deregulated signalling proteins is the major challenge for improving glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Reversible single-target drugs are not sufficient to sustain a therapeutic effect over time and may favour the activation of alternative signalling pathways and the onset of resistance phenomena. Thus, a multi-target compound that has a long-lasting mechanism of action might have a greater and longer life span of anti-proliferative activity. Recently, a dual-target indol-3ylglyoxyldipeptide derivative, designed to bind to the Translocator Protein (TSPO) and reactivate p53 function via dissociation from its physiological inhibitor, murine double minute 2 (MDM2), has been developed as a potent GBM pro-apoptotic agent. In this study, this derivative was chemically modified to irreversibly bind MDM2 and TSPO. The new compound elicited a TSPO-mediated mitochondrial membrane dissipation and restored p53 activity, triggering a long-lasting apoptosis of GBM cells. These effects were sustained over time, involved a stable activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases and were specifically observed in cancer cells, in which these protein kinases are deregulated. Dual-targeting and irreversible binding properties combined in the same molecule may represent a useful strategy to overcome the time-limited effects elicited by classical chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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23
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24
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Kwon S, Jeon JS, Ahn C, Sung JS, Choi I. Rapamycin regulates the proliferation of Huh7, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, by up-regulating p53 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:74-9. [PMID: 27616194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR used extensively as an immunosuppressant, has been expanded recently to cancer therapy, because the mTOR signal is known to be up-regulated in various cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In spite of extensive efforts to employ mTOR inhibitors as anti-HCC therapy, they have not yet been approved by the FDA. Because of the heterogeneity and complexity of molecular signaling in HCC, suitable biomarkers should be identified or discovered to improve clinical efficacy of mTOR-specific inhibitors to HCC cells. In this study, the effect of rapamycin was investigated on two different HCC cell lines, Huh7 cells and HepG2 cells. Rapamycin was found to inhibit the proliferation of Huh7 cells but not of HepG2 cells. Moreover, it was found that rapamycin can up-regulate p53 at the protein level, but not affect its transcript. To understand the critical role of p53 in the rapamycin effect, knock-down experiments were performed using small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin on Huh7 cells clearly disappeared after blocking p53 production with siRNA, which indicates that p53 is a critical factor in the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin in HCC cells. The over-expression system of p53 was also employed to mimic the effect of rapamycin and found that cell proliferation was clearly down-regulated by p53 over-expression. Finally, we found that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signal was regulated by p53 whose expression was induced by rapamycin. Overall, this study demonstrates that rapamycin inhibited the proliferation of Huh7 cells by up-regulating the expression of p53 and down-regulating the ERK1/2 signal, indicating that p53 is a useful biomarker for anti-cancer therapy using the specific inhibitor of mTOR signal, rapamycin, against hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Jeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Deryabin PI, Borodkina AV, Nikolsky NN, Burova EB. The relationship between p53/p21/Rb and MAPK signaling pathways in human endometrium-derived stem cells under oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x16030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Affolter A, Muller MF, Sommer K, Stenzinger A, Zaoui K, Lorenz K, Wolf T, Sharma S, Wolf J, Perner S, Weber KJ, Freier K, Plinkert PK, Hess J, Weichert W. Targeting irradiation-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vitro and in an ex vivo model for human head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E2049-61. [PMID: 26918677 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite new radiotherapeutic strategies, radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major problem. Preclinical model systems are needed to identify resistance mechanisms in this heterogeneous entity. METHODS We elucidated the interplay among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-inhibition, radiation, and p53 mutations in vitro and in a novel ex vivo model derived from vital human HNSCC samples. HNSCC cell lines (p53WT/mut) were treated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)-inhibitor PD-0325901 and subsequently irradiated. Radiosensitization was functionally assessed and evaluated in the ex vivo model. RESULTS We observed a pronounced irradiation-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in 2 cell lines, which was independent of their p53 mutation status and associated with PD-0325901-related radiosensitization in a clonogenic assay. Heterogeneity in irradiation-induced ERK phosphorylation and in radiosensitization after MEK-inhibition was also reflected in the ex vivo model. CONCLUSION We provide experimental evidence for radiosensitizing effects of PD-0325901 in HNSCC. The ex vivo culture technology might offer a promising tool for individualized drug efficacy testing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2049-E2061, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Affolter
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie-France Muller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Karim Zaoui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Lorenz
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janina Wolf
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Luebeck and Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Kolja Freier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter K Plinkert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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27
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Autophagic Cell Death by Poncirus trifoliata Rafin., a Traditional Oriental Medicine, in Human Oral Cancer HSC-4 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26221173 PMCID: PMC4499625 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poncirus trifoliata Rafin. has long been used as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agent to treat gastrointestinal disorders and pulmonary diseases such as indigestion, constipation, chest fullness, chest pain, bronchitis, and sputum in Korea. P. trifoliata extract has recently been reported to possess anticancer properties; however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, its antiproliferative effects and possible mechanisms were investigated in HSC-4 cells. The methanol extract of P. trifoliata (MEPT) significantly decreased the proliferation of HSC-4 cells (inhibitory concentration (IC)50 = 142.7 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. While there were no significant changes observed upon cell cycle analysis and ANNEXIN V and 7-AAD double staining in the MEPT-treated groups, the intensity of acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) staining and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC) 3-II protein expression increased in response to MEPT treatment. Furthermore, 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) effectively blocked the MEPT-induced cytotoxicity of HSC-4 cells and triggered the activation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that MEPT is a potent autophagy agonist in oral cancer cells with antitumor therapeutic potential that acts through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
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28
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Rahman FU, Ali A, Guo R, Wang WK, Wang H, Li ZT, Lin Y, Zhang DW. Efficient one-pot synthesis of trans-Pt(ii)(salicylaldimine)(4-picoline)Cl complexes: effective agents for enhanced expression of p53 tumor suppressor genes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:9872-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One-pot synthesizedtrans-Pt(ii)(salicylaldimine)(4-picoline)Cl complexes showed promisingin vitrocytotoxicity in MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Wei-Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yuejian Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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29
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Xia G, Xin N, Liu W, Yao H, Hou Y, Qi J. Inhibitory effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on cell apoptosis and senescence is potentially mediated by the p53 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1237-41. [PMID: 24549741 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) fruit or extract has been regarded as a superior-grade Chinese medicine, used to modulate body immunity and for anti-aging purposes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. In the present study, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), considered a major contributor of L. barbarum effects, were used to elucidate its mechanism of action by phenotypic and senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assays, evaluation of survival rates in vivo and expression profiling of genes related to the p53 signaling pathway in a zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were continuously exposed to various concentrations of LBPs (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/ml) for 3 days. The results of fluorescent acridine orange and SA-β-gal staining indicated that cell apoptosis and senescence mainly occur in the head at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) and 72 hpf. In addition, resistance to replicative senescence was observed at low doses of LBPs, especially at the 3.0 mg/ml concentration. Furthermore, the expression of genes that relate to aging, such as p53, p21 and Bax, was decreased, while that of Mdm2 and TERT genes was increased after treatment with LBPs. The results demonstrated that the effects of LBPs on cell apoptosis and aging might be mediated by the p53-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Xia
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Nian Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Yao
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
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30
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Lee M, Young Kim S, Kim J, Kim HS, Kim SM, Kim EJ. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 inhibition and sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in camptothecin-induced human colon cancer cell death. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:1007-15. [PMID: 24005240 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecins are commonly used chemotherapeutics; in some models, they enhance signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through effects on upstream kinases. To evaluate the impact of camptothecin (CPT) on MAPKs in human colon cancer, we studied HCT116 and CaCo2 colon cancer cells. We found that HCT116 cells highly express mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP1), which selectively inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas MKP1 levels were undetectable in CaCo2 cells. CPT did not affect ERK activity in CaCo2 cells, but did induce a striking increase in ERK activity in HCT116 cells in association with a corresponding decrease in MKP1. The reduction in MKP1 expression occurred at a posttranscriptional level and was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132, whereas that CPT-induced downregulation of MKP1 was not due to proteasome-mediated degradation. Treatment of HCT116 cells with CPT induced a sustained activation of nuclear ERK, which was required for CPT-induced apoptosis. P38 and JNK activity were unaffected by CPT, suggesting that the effects of CPT are mediated specifically by ERK. These results suggest that targeting dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases in colon cancer cells may be a viable strategy for optimizing camptothecin-based therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect; Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences; Seoul, Korea
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31
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Dorofeeva NA, Nikitina LS, Glazova MV, Kirillova OD, Chernigovskaya EV. p53 Inactivation leads to enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase biosynthesis in brain dopaminergic neurons. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Androutsopoulos VP, Spandidos DA. The flavonoids diosmetin and luteolin exert synergistic cytostatic effects in human hepatoma HepG2 cells via CYP1A-catalyzed metabolism, activation of JNK and ERK and P53/P21 up-regulation. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Cu(II) complexes of glyco-imino-aromatic conjugates in DNA binding, plasmid cleavage and cell cytotoxicity. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-012-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Lim SC, Duong HQ, Parajuli KR, Han SI. Pro-apoptotic role of the MEK/ERK pathway in ursodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in SNU601 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1429-34. [PMID: 22824956 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been regarded as a suppressor of gastrointestinal cancer, but the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects are not fully understood. Previously, we reported the antitumor effect of UDCA by demonstrating that UDCA induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Bile acids are known to activate the ERK pathway and ERK is a representative oncogenic kinase in cancer cells. Here, we investigated the role of ERK in UDCA-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis. We found that UDCA enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2. The prevention of MEK by the pharmacologic inhibitors PD98059 and U0126, resulted in decreased UDCA-induced apoptosis as shown by the reduction of apoptotic body formation, caspase-8 activity, and caspase-3, -6 and PARP cleavage, indicating that ERK exerts pro-apoptotic activity upon exposure to UDCA. In addition, U0126 reduced UDCA-triggered TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5) expression. In gene silencing studies, we observed that RNA interference of ERK2 decreased apoptosis and reduced DR5 overexpression. Lipid raft disrupting agent, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, blunted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, indicating that ERK activation is regulated in a lipid raft-dependent manner. On the other hand, tumor-promoting bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), also phosphorylated ERK in SNU601 cells. However, the DCA-triggered ERK pathway exerted anti-apoptotic function in the cells. Suppression of the ERK pathway enhanced DCA-induced apoptosis, and ERK activation was observed to be lipid raft-independently controlled. These results indicated that UDCA and DCA may cause differential responses in gastric cancer cells through the ERK signaling molecule. Thus, ERK activation may be a possible mechanism by which UDCA and DCA represent differential activities in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Lim
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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35
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Sancho-Martínez SM, Prieto-García L, Prieto M, López-Novoa JM, López-Hernández FJ. Subcellular targets of cisplatin cytotoxicity: An integrated view. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:35-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Yang SH, Liao PH, Pan YF, Chen SL, Chou SS, Chou MY. The novel p53-dependent metastatic and apoptotic pathway induced by vitexin in human oral cancer OC2 cells. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1154-61. [PMID: 22976055 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vitexin, identified as apigenin-8-C-D-glucopyranoside, a natural flavonoid compound found in certain herbs such as hawthorn herb, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic and antitumor properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible existence of p53-dependent pathway underlying vitexin-induced metastasis and apoptosis in human oral cancer cells, OC2 cells. Vitexin decreased cell viability significantly. Meanwhile, the expression of tumor suppressor p53 and a small group of its downstream genes, p21(WAF1) and Bax, were upregulated. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) knockdown of the signaling of p53 led vitexin to lose its antitumor effect and inhibited the expression of p53 downstream genes, p2(WAF1) and Bax. Vitexin had anti-metastatic potential accompanied with increasing plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) accumulation and decreasing matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Our present study evidenced, by using p53 inhibitor PFT-α, PAI-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ are downstream genes of p53 in vitexin-induced signaling. MAPK inhibitor PD98059 decreased the OC2 cells viability significantly. The expression of p53 and its downstream genes p21(WAF1) and Bax were enhanced by blocking the activation of p42/p44 MAPK in response to treatment with vitexin. Moreover, p42/p44 MAPK played a negative role in p53-dependent metastasis and apoptosis. We give evidence for the first time that the novel p53-dependent metastatic and apoptotic pathway induced by vitexin in human oral cancer OC2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Huang Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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37
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Shen L, Du G. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide stimulates proliferation of MCF-7 cells by the ERK pathway. Life Sci 2012; 91:353-7. [PMID: 22921303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on MCF-7 cells. MAIN METHODS MCF-7 cells were treated with 0, 10, 30, 100, and 300 μg/ml LBP for 24 h. The cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. MEK inhibitor, U1206 also was added in MCF-7 cells to deal with LBP (300 μg/ml) for different times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24 h). Western blotting was used to indicate changes in the levels of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and phosphorylation-ERK (p-ERK) to compare the relationship between ERK activity and LBP. The expressions of p53, p-p53 and p21 were observed by western blotting to analyze the relationship between p53 and ERK which was under the treatment of LBP. KEY FINDINGS The MCF-7 cell cycle was arrested in S phase with the treatment of LBP. The LBP can also activate ERK, which may be associated with p53 pathway. There was a dose-dependent increase in the relation between the degree of ERK activation and LBP. SIGNIFICANCE LBP induces the anti-proliferation of MCF-7 cells by activating ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Ye YC, Shi QF, Chai K, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Activation of ERK-p53 and ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 are involved in autophagic cell death induced by the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 in human lung cancer A549 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:423-32. [PMID: 22466960 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11181fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SU11274, a small molecule inhibitor of c-Met, was reported to induce apoptosis in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, SU11274-mediated autophagy in NSCLC cells has rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating SU11274-induced autophagy in NSCLC A549 cells. Here we reported that SU11274-induced autophagy was accompanied with an increase in the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and up-regulation of Beclin-1 expression. Subsequently, we also found that small interfering RNA against c-Met induced A549 cell autophagy while promotion of c-Met by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) suppressed A549 cell autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed SU11274-induced cell death, suggesting that SU11274-induced autophagy caused cell death. Further study showed that ERK and p53 were activated after SU11274 treatment. Interruption of ERK and p53 activities decreased SU11274-induced autophagy, and blocking of ERK by the specific inhibitor PD98059 suppressed SU11274-induced p53 activation. Moreover, ERK activation upregulated Beclin-1 expression through induction of Bcl-2 phosphorylation, but p53 did not induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, inhibition of c-Met induced autophagic cell death, which was associated with ERK-p53 activation and ERK-mediated Bcl-2 phosphorylation in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Ajay AK, Meena AS, Bhat MK. Human papillomavirus 18 E6 inhibits phosphorylation of p53 expressed in HeLa cells. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:2. [PMID: 22244155 PMCID: PMC3285035 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In HPV infected cells p53 function is abrogated by E6 and even ectopically expressed p53 is unable to perform tumor suppressor functions. In addition to facilitating its degradation, E6 may also inhibit p53 transactivity, though the mechanisms are still poorly understood. It has been reported that inhibition of p300, an acetyltransferase responsible for p53 acetylation is inactivated by E6. Activation of overexpressed p53 to cause cell growth inhibition is facilitated by its phosphorylation. Previously, we reported that non-genotoxically overexpressed p53 in HeLa cells needs to be phosphorylated to perform its cell growth inhibitory functions. Since over expressed p53 by itself was not activated, we hypothesized an inhibitory role for E6. Results Majority of reports proposes E6 mediated degradation of p53 as a possible reason for its inactivation. However, results presented here for the first time demonstrate that overexpressed p53 is not directly associated with E6 and therefore free, yet it is not functionally active in HPV positive cells. Also, the stability of overexpressed p53 does not seem to be an issue because inhibition of proteasomal degradation did not increase the half-life of overexpressed p53, which is more than endogenous p53. However, inhibition of proteasomal degradation prevents the degradation of endogenous p53. These findings suggest that overexpressed p53 and endogenous p53 are differentially subjected to proteasomal degradation and the reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. Our studies demonstrate that p53 over expression has no effect on anchorage independent cell-growth and E6 nullifies its cell growth inhibitory effect. E6 overexpression abrogates OA induced p53 occupancy on the p21 promoter and cell death as well. E6 did not decrease p53 protein but phospho-p53 level was significantly reduced. Conclusion We report for the first time that E6 de-activates p53 by inhibiting its phosphorylation. This prevents p53 binding to p21 promoter and thereby restraining its cell-growth inhibitory functions. Our study provides new evidence indicating that viral protein E6 inhibits p53 transactivity by mechanism independent of degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra K Ajay
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune - 411007, India.
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Sharma A, Bhat MK. Enhancement of carboplatin- and quercetin-induced cell death by roscovitine is Akt dependent and p53 independent in hepatoma cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 10:NP4-14. [PMID: 21994207 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411423922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide and has an annual occurrence of one million new cases. Novel therapeutic strategies of increased efficacy in the treatment of HCC-bearing patients would certainly be helpful. Hence, the authors explored the effect of combination treatment of roscovitine with chemotherapeutic drugs or quercetin (Qctn) in hepatoma cells, HepG2 and Hep3B. METHODS Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, cell growth assay, and nuclear morphological changes by DAPI staining. The altered expression of signaling proteins and apoptotic molecules was established by Western blotting. RESULTS Roscovitine pretreatment considerably enhanced the drugs and Qctn-induced cell death in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. The exploratory studies revealed that augmented cell killing in HepG2 and Hep3B was mediated via Akt pathway and was independent of p53. pAkt was found to be significantly downregulated in combination treatment of roscovitine with carboplatin or Qctn. Corresponding to reduced expression of pAkt, the downstream molecules Bcl-2 and proactive forms of caspase 9 and caspase 3 were also downregulated indicating apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The present study reports for the first time, in hepatoma cells, the potentiation of carboplatin- and Qctn-induced cell death by the cell cycle inhibitor roscovitine. Roscovitine can thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs or Qctn for treatment of HCC.
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Li MM, Wu LY, Zhao T, Wu KW, Xiong L, Zhu LL, Fan M. The protective role of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) against acute hypobaric hypoxia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:529-37. [PMID: 21494793 PMCID: PMC3156263 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that pretreatment with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) led to protection against hypoxic injury via a p-ERK-mediated pathway in vitro. Whether the protection of 5-HMF against hypoxia is effective in vivo is unknown. The present study is aimed to verify the role of 5-HMF in acute hypobaric hypoxia using Kunming mice as an in vivo model and further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Mice pretreated with or without 5-HMF for 1 h were exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxic condition for 6 h and then the survival time, the survival rate, the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), the histological analysis in hippocampus and cortex, and the phosphorylation level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38) were investigated. The results showed that 5-HMF significantly increased the survival time and the survival rate of mice. Accordingly, pretreatment with 5-HMF markedly attenuated acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced permeability of BBB (P < 0.01). In addition, the cellular damage extent of the hippocampus and the cortex induced by hypoxia for 6 h was also attenuated by pretreatment with 5-HMF, especially in the hippocampus CA1 region. Furthermore, the activation of ERK rather than JNK and p38 was involved in the protection of 5-HMF against acute hypobaric hypoxia. In summary, 5-HMF enhanced the survival capability of mice and decreased acute hypoxic damage to the brain, which may be associated with the effects on BBB and p-ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Neuro-Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ying Wu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui-Wu Wu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Neuro-Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
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Kumar A, Chinta JP, Ajay AK, Bhat MK, Rao CP. Synthesis, characterization, plasmid cleavage and cytotoxicity of cancer cells by a copper(II) complex of anthracenyl-terpyridine. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10865-72. [PMID: 21709916 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-organic compounds are interesting to study for their antitumor activity and related applications. This paper deals with the syntheses, characterization, structure determination of a copper complex of anthracenyl terpyridine (1) and its plasmid cleavage and cytotoxicity towards different cancer cell lines. The complex binds CT-DNA through partial intercalation mode. The plasmid cleavage studies carried out using pBR322 and pUC18 resulted in the formation of all the three forms of the plasmid DNA. Plasmid cleavage studies carried out with a non-redoxable Zn(2+) complex (2) supported the role of the redox activity of copper in 1. The complex 1 showed remarkable antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines, viz., cervical (HeLa, SiHa, CaSki), breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2) and lung (H1299). A considerable lowering was observed in the IC(50) values of HPV-infected (viz., HeLa, SiHa, CaSki) vs. non-HPV-infected cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, H1299). Antiproliferative activity of 1 was found to be much higher than the carboplatin when treated with the same cell lines. Incubation of the cells with 1 results in granular structures only with the HPV-infected cells and not with others as studied by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. The lower IC(50) value observed in case of 1 with HPV-infected cell lines may be correlated with the involvement of HPV oncoprotein. The role of HPV has been further augmented by transfecting the MCF-7 cells (originally not possessing HPV copy) with e6 oncoprotein cDNA. To our knowledge this is the first copper complex that causes cell death by interacting with HPV oncoprotein followed by exhibition of remarkable antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
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Spooner R, Yilmaz Ö. The role of reactive-oxygen-species in microbial persistence and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:334-52. [PMID: 21339989 PMCID: PMC3039955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of chronic infections caused by opportunistic pathogens are of keen interest to both researchers and health professionals globally. Typically, chronic infectious disease can be characterized by an elevation in immune response, a process that can often lead to further destruction. Reactive-Oxygen-Species (ROS) have been strongly implicated in the aforementioned detrimental response by host that results in self-damage. Unlike excessive ROS production resulting in robust cellular death typically induced by acute infection or inflammation, lower levels of ROS produced by host cells are increasingly recognized to play a critical physiological role for regulating a variety of homeostatic cellular functions including growth, apoptosis, immune response, and microbial colonization. Sources of cellular ROS stimulation can include “danger-signal-molecules” such as extracellular ATP (eATP) released by stressed, infected, or dying cells. Particularly, eATP-P2X7 receptor mediated ROS production has been lately found to be a key modulator for controlling chronic infection and inflammation. There is growing evidence that persistent microbes can alter host cell ROS production and modulate eATP-induced ROS for maintaining long-term carriage. Though these processes have yet to be fully understood, exploring potential positive traits of these “injurious” molecules could illuminate how opportunistic pathogens maintain persistence through physiological regulation of ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-8003
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Sharma A, Meena AS, Bhat MK. Hyperthermia-associated carboplatin resistance: differential role of p53, HSF1 and Hsp70 in hepatoma cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1186-93. [PMID: 20180806 PMCID: PMC11159963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to substantial technical improvements, clinical application of heat as a co-adjuvant in cancer treatment is acquiring new interest. The effect of hyperthermia on hepatoma cell lines Hep3B (p53 defective) and HepG2 (p53 wild type) when investigated led to an interesting observation that Hep3B cells are more susceptible to heat stress than HepG2 cells. In addition, heat-induced carboplatin resistance was observed in HepG2 cells only. To investigate the reasons, heat shock response was explored and it was observed that heat stress augmented heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression levels in HepG2 and not in Hep3B cells. Furthermore, in HepG2 cells, induced Hsp70 is regulated by both p53 and heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) wherein HSF1 levels are modulated by p53. The data implies that Hep3B are more susceptible to death upon heat stress than HepG2 cells because of non-induction of Hsp70. In addition, it was observed that inhibition of heat-induced p53/HSF1 diminishes Hsp70 levels, thereby restoring the sensitivity of heat-stressed HepG2 cells to carboplatin-triggered cell death. Collectively, the present study establishes interplay of p53, HSF1, and Hsp70 upon heat stress in HepG2 cells and also defines novel strategies to overcome constraints of utility of hyperthermia in cancer therapy through p53/HSF1-targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Akt inhibitor enhances apoptotic effect of carboplatin on human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 632:7-13. [PMID: 20096282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carboplatin and Akt inhibitor have been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the combined effect of Akt inhibitor on the apoptotic effect of carboplatin in epithelial ovarian cancer cells remains uncertain. In the respect of the induction of cell death signaling pathways, we assessed the combined effect of Akt inhibitor on the carboplatin toxicity in the human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3. Carboplatin and Akt inhibitor induced nuclear damage, decreased Bid and Bcl-2 protein levels, induced cytochrome c release, activated caspase-3 and increased tumor suppressor p53 levels. Carboplatin increased in Bax levels, whereas Akt inhibitor decreased Bax levels. Akt inhibitor enhanced the carboplatin-induced apoptosis-related protein activation and cell death. Combination of carboplatin and Akt inhibitor-induced cell viability loss was reduced by selective inhibitors of caspase-8, -9 and -3. The results suggest that Akt inhibitor may enhance a carboplatin toxicity against ovarian carcinoma cell lines by increasing activation of the caspase-8 and Bid pathway as well as activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, leading to mitochondrial cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase-3 activation. Combination of carboplatin and Akt inhibitor may provide a therapeutic benefit against ovarian adenocarcinoma.
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Signalling pathways in prostate carcinogenesis: potentials for molecular-targeted therapy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 117:209-28. [PMID: 19663810 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer represents a major health issue and its incidence is rising globally. In developed countries, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of death from cancer in men. Androgen deprivation reduces tumour activity in approx. 80% of patients with advanced disease, but most tumours relapse within 2 years to an incurable hormone-resistant state. Even for patients with early disease at the time of diagnosis, a proportion of patients will unfortunately develop relapsed disease following radical therapy. Treatment options for patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer are very limited and, even with toxic therapy, such as docetaxel, the life expectancy is only improved by a median of 2 months. Advances in molecular oncology have identified key signalling pathways that are considered to be driving events in prostate carcinogenesis. The activation of multiple signalling pathways increases further the possibility of cross-talk among 'linear' signalling cascades. Hence signalling networks that may incorporate distinct pathways in prostate cancer, particularly in hormone-resistant disease, are increasingly appreciated in drug development programmes. With the development of potent small-molecule inhibitors capable of specifically suppressing the activities of individual 'linear' cascades, it may be that, by combining these agents as guided by the molecular signature of prostate cancer, a more efficient therapeutic regime may be developed. Therefore the present review focuses on evidence of abnormal signalling in prostate cancer and the potential of these targets in drug development, and incorporates key findings of relevant clinical trials to date.
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Tsuda M, Toyomitsu E, Kometani M, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Inoue K. Mechanisms underlying fibronectin-induced up-regulation of P2X4R expression in microglia: distinct roles of PI3K-Akt and MEK-ERK signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3251-9. [PMID: 19298529 PMCID: PMC4516482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system that become activated and produce pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic factors upon activation of various cell-surface receptors. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is a sub-type of the purinergic ion-channel receptors expressed in microglia. P2X4R expression is up-regulated under inflammatory or neurodegenerative conditions, and this up-regulation is implicated in disease pathology. However, the molecular mechanism underlying up-regulation of P2X4R in microglia remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes P2X4R expression in microglia in response to fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein that has previously been shown to stimulate P2X4R expression. We found that in fibronectin-stimulated microglia, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK kinase, MEK)–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascades occurred divergently downstream of Src-family kinases (SFKs). Pharmacological interference of PI3K–Akt signalling inhibited fibronectin-induced P2X4R gene expression. Activation of PI3K–Akt signalling resulted in a decrease in the protein level of the transcription factor p53 via mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an effect that was prevented by MG-132, an inhibitor of the proteasome. In microglia pre-treated with MG-132, fibronectin failed to up-regulate P2X4R expression. Conversely, an inhibitor of p53 caused increased expression of P2X4R, implying a negative regulatory role of p53. On the other hand, inhibiting MEK–ERK signalling activated by fibronectin suppressed an increase in P2X4R protein but interestingly did not affect the level of P2X4R mRNA. We also found that fibronectin stimulation resulted in the activation of the translational factor eIF4E via MAPK-interacting protein kinase-1 (MNK1) in an MEK–ERK signalling-dependent manner, and an MNK1 inhibitor attenuated the increase in P2X4R protein. Together, these results suggest that the PI3K–Akt and MEK–ERK signalling cascades have distinct roles in the up-regulation of P2X4R expression in microglia at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Murase D, Hachiya A, Amano Y, Ohuchi A, Kitahara T, Takema Y. The essential role of p53 in hyperpigmentation of the skin via regulation of paracrine melanogenic cytokine receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4343-53. [PMID: 19098008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation of the skin is characterized by increases in melanin synthesis and deposition. Although considered a significant psychosocial distress, little is known about the detailed mechanisms of hyperpigmentation. Recently, the tumor suppressor protein p53 has been demonstrated to promote ultraviolet B-induced skin pigmentation by stimulating the transcription of a melanogenic cytokine, POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), in keratinocytes. Given that p53 can be activated by various kinds of diverse stresses, including sun exposure, inflammation, and aging, this finding led us to examine the involvement of p53 in cytokine receptor signaling, which might result in skin hyperpigmentation. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed the increased expression and phosphorylation of p53 in the epidermis of hyperpigmented spots, accompanied by the higher expression of melanogenic cytokines, including stem cell factor, endothelin-1, and POMC. The involvement of p53 in hyperpigmentation was also indicated by the significantly higher expression of p53 transcriptional targets in the epidermis of hyperpigmented spots. Treatment of human keratinocytes and melanocytes with known p53 activators or inhibitors, including pifithrin-alpha (PFT), demonstrated significant increases or decreases, respectively, in the expression of melanogenic factors, including cytokines and their receptors. Additionally, PFT administration abolished stem cell factor-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in human melanocytes. Furthermore, when organ-cultured hyperpigmented spots, in vitro human skin substitutes, and mouse skin were treated with PFT or p53 small interfering RNA, the expression of melanogenic cytokines and their receptors was significantly decreased, as were levels of tyrosinase and melanogenesis. Taken together, these data reveal the essential role of p53 in hyperpigmentation of the skin via the regulation of paracrine-cytokine signaling, both in keratinocytes and in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murase
- Kao Biological Science Laboratories, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Yang R, Piperdi S, Gorlick R. Activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway mediates apoptosis induced by chelerythrine in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6396-404. [PMID: 18927278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chelerythrine, a widely used broad-range protein kinase C inhibitor, induces apoptosis in many cell types. In this study, the mechanism of chelerythrine-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Signaling pathways activated by chelerythrine in osteosarcoma were detected by Western blots. Impacts of RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK MAPK on apoptosis and cell survival were studied using genetic approaches and pharmacologic pathway-specific inhibitors. RESULTS Osteosarcoma cells underwent apoptosis rapidly after treatment with chelerythrine. Three parallel MAPKs pathways, including the ERKs, c-Jun NH(2) kinases, and p38, were activated by chelerythrine in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. For the ERKs, the activation was evident at the earliest time point tested (2 minutes) and sustained for >4 hours. Introduction of a dominant-negative H-RAS mutant (17N) partially attenuated ERK activation and delayed the onset of apoptosis induced by chelerythrine. The ERK activation and apoptotic effects of chelerythrine were greatly abrogated by the pharmaceutical inhibitors of MEK, but not by those of c-Jun NH(2) kinase or p38. Moreover, osteosarcoma cells were sensitized to chelerythrine by transient transfection with wild-type MEK1 or constitutively active MEK1 and became resistant with dominant-negative MEK1. Other protein kinase C inhibitors, including GF109203X or Gö6976, did not cause ERK activation or apoptosis in the same timeframe tested. CONCLUSION In osteosarcoma, chelerythrine-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. These findings suggest that activating the ERK MAPK, as opposed to inhibiting it, may be a therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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Gamma-secretase inhibition combined with platinum compounds enhances cell death in a large subset of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2008; 6:8. [PMID: 18950493 PMCID: PMC2584637 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notch signalling is essential for the development and maintenance of the colonic epithelium. Its inhibition induces a differentiation phenotype in vivo and reduces adenomas in APCmin mice. Whether Notch signals are also required in colorectal cancer (CRC) has remained elusive. Therefore, 64 CRC cell lines were analysed for the occurrence of proteolytically processed, active Notch. Results 63 CRC lines contained a fragment with approximately the size of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which is required for signalling. Subsequent analyses with an antibody that specifically recognises the free Val1744 residue generated by γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of Notch1 showed that a subset of CRC cells lacks this specific Val1744-NICD. Surprisingly, inhibition of Val1744-NICD signalling with different γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) did not lead to substantial effects on CRC cell line growth or survival. However, transient activation of Erk upon GSI treatment was detected. Since cisplatin relies on Erk activation for bioactivity in some cells, platinum compounds were tested together with GSI and enhanced cell killing in a subset of Val1744-NICD-positive CRC cell lines was detected. Erk inhibition ablated this combination effect. Conclusion We conclude that γ-secretase inhibition results in activation of the MAP kinases Erk1/2 and, when used in conjunction, enhances cell death induced by platinum compounds in a large subset of colorectal cancer cell lines. Furthermore the activation of Erk appears to be of particular importance in mediating the enhanced effect seen, as its inhibition abrogates the observed phenomenon. These findings do not only highlight the importance of signalling pathway crosstalk but they may also suggest a new avenue of combination therapy for some colorectal cancers.
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