1
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Balazs I, Stadlbauer V. Circulating neutrophil anti-pathogen dysfunction in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100871. [PMID: 37822786 PMCID: PMC10562928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the largest population of leucocytes and are among the first cells of the innate immune system to fight against intruding pathogens. In patients with cirrhosis, neutrophils exhibit altered functionality, including changes in phagocytic ability, bacterial killing, chemotaxis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species production and NET (neutrophil extracellular trap) formation. This results in their inability to mount an adequate antibacterial response and protect the individual from infection. Prognosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis are greatly influenced by the development of infectious complications. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis are currently a growing problem worldwide; therefore, alternative methods for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in cirrhosis are urgently needed. The prevention and treatment of neutrophil dysfunction could be a potential way to protect patients from bacterial infections. However, the reasons for changes in neutrophil function in cirrhosis are still not completely understood, which limits the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. Both cellular and serum factors have been proposed to contribute to the functional impairment of neutrophils. Herein, we review the current knowledge on features and proposed causes of neutrophil dysfunction in cirrhosis, with a focus on current knowledge gaps and limitations, as well as opportunities for future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balazs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
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2
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Molitoris BA, Wagner MC. Is Albumin Toxic to the Kidney?: It Depends. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:1222-1224. [PMID: 36942999 PMCID: PMC10564333 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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3
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Castro-Narro G, Moctezuma-Velázquez C, Male-Velázquez R, Trejo-Estrada R, Bosques FJ, Moreno-Alcántar R, Rodríguez-Hernández H, Bautista-Santos A, Córtez-Hernández C, Cerda-Reyes E, Pérez-Escobar J, Aldana-Ledesma JM, Aguirre-Valadez J, Ruiz-Velasco JAV, Contreras-Omaña R, Miranda-Zazueta G, Reyes-Bastidas MDR, Meza-Cardona JM, Chávez-Tapia N, Fernández-Pérez NJ, García-Jiménez ES, Torre A. Position statement on the use of albumin in liver cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100708. [PMID: 35550187 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterised by a prolonged asymptomatic period in which the inflammation persists, increasing as the disease progresses. Characteristic of this is the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidant molecules which are determining factors in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. In the early development of cirrhosis, splanchnic arterial vasodilation, activation of vasoconstrictor systems (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) and the sympathetic nervous system (noradrenaline) bring about bacterial translocation and systemic dissemination via portal circulation of bacterial products, and molecular patterns associated with damage, which exacerbate the systemic inflammation present in the patient with cirrhosis. Albumin is a molecule that undergoes structural and functional changes as liver damage progresses, affecting its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, oncotic and endothelial stabilising properties. Our knowledge of the properties of albumin reveals a molecule with multiple treatment options in patients with cirrhosis, from the compensated then decompensated phases to multiple organ dysfunction. Its recognised uses in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunction, acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome are fully validated, and a treatment option has opened up in decompensated cirrhosis and in acute-on-chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Castro-Narro
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" ["Salvador Zubirán" National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition], Mexico City, Mexico; Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Moctezuma-Velázquez
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" ["Salvador Zubirán" National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition], Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rene Male-Velázquez
- Instituto de la Salud Digestiva y Hepática [Institute of Gastrointestinal and Liver Health], Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rosalba Moreno-Alcántar
- Centro Médico de Alta Especialidad Siglo XXI [21st Century High Speciality Medical Centre], Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Aleida Bautista-Santos
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre ["20 November" National Medical Centre], Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eira Cerda-Reyes
- Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juanita Pérez-Escobar
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" ["Salvador Zubirán" National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition], Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Raúl Contreras-Omaña
- Centro de Estudio e Investigación en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Toxicológicas (CEIHET) [Centre for Study and Research in Hepatic and Toxicological Diseases], Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Godolfino Miranda-Zazueta
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" ["Salvador Zubirán" National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition], Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Torre
- Metabolic Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" ["Salvador Zubirán" National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition], Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Avenues for post-translational protein modification prevention and therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 86:101083. [PMID: 35227517 PMCID: PMC9378364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (nPTMs) of proteins have emerged as novel risk factors for the genesis and progression of various diseases. We now have a variety of experimental and established therapeutic strategies to target harmful nPTMs and potentially improve clinical outcomes. Protein carbamylation and glycation are two common and representative nPTMs that have gained considerable attention lately as favorable therapeutic targets with emerging clinical evidence. Protein carbamylation is associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a heterogeneous group of molecules produced in a series of glycation reactions, have been linked to various diabetic complications. Therefore, reducing the burden of protein carbamylation and AGEs is an appealing and promising therapeutic approach. This review chapter summarizes potential anti-nPTM therapy options in CKD, CVD, and diabetes along with clinical implications. Using two prime examples-protein carbamylation and AGEs-we discuss the varied preventative and therapeutic options to mitigate these pathologic nPTMs in detail. We provide in-depth case studies on carbamylation in the setting of kidney disease and AGEs in metabolic disorders, with an emphasis on the relevance to reducing adverse clinical outcomes such as CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Overall, whether specific efforts to lower carbamylation and AGE burden will yield definitive clinical improvement in humans remains largely to be seen. However, the scientific rationale for such pursuits is demonstrated herein.
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5
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Carbamylated Proteins in Renal Disease: Aggravating Factors or Just Biomarkers? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010574. [PMID: 35008998 PMCID: PMC8745352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic post-translational modification resulting from the reaction between cyanate, a urea by-product, and proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that carbamylation modifies protein structures and functions, triggering unfavourable molecular and cellular responses. An enhanced formation of carbamylation-derived products (CDPs) is observed in pathological contexts, especially during chronic kidney disease (CKD), because of increased blood urea. Significantly, studies have reported a positive correlation between serum CDPs and the evolutive state of renal failure. Further, serum concentrations of carbamylated proteins are characterized as strong predictors of mortality in end-stage renal disease patients. Over time, it is likely that these modified compounds become aggravating factors and promote long-term complications, including cardiovascular disorders and inflammation or immune system dysfunctions. These poor clinical outcomes have led researchers to consider strategies to prevent or slow down CDP formation. Even if growing evidence suggests the involvement of carbamylation in the pathophysiology of CKD, the real relevance of carbamylation is still unclear: is it a causal phenomenon, a metabolic consequence or just a biological feature? In this review, we discuss how carbamylation, a consequence of renal function decline, may become a causal phenomenon of kidney disease progression and how CDPs may be used as biomarkers.
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6
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Mori F, Natali L, Danesi R, Nannizzi S, Farina C. Post-translational modifications and antioxidant properties of different therapeutic human serum albumins. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:927-935. [PMID: 33971232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is widely used for the treatment of diverse clinical conditions to restore plasma volume, manage burns and treat hypoproteinemia.Although the HSA preparations should ideally preserve its functionality, the structural integrity and antioxidant properties of HSA may be compromised as a result of the manufacturing process. The present study examined seven commercially available HSA preparations for clinical use to investigate their post-translational modifications (PTMs) and antioxidant activity, including DPPH radical-scavenging, peroxyl radical antioxidant and metal binding activities, by means of mass spectrometry and Ellman's assay. The results confirmed that most of the PTMs of HSA and especially the oxidation of the free thiol residue varied between the different commercial albumins and the percentage of these PTMs were higher than those of physiological HSA. Moreover, HSA-DA isoform was increased at the end of the stability time and new oxidative modifications occurred in these samples. In conclusion, the bioprocesses for production of commercial albumins are responsible of their wide heterogeneity, being the ethanol fractionation and their storage conditions the more critical phases. Nonetheless, the Kedrion albumin shows a high content of free thiol and a lower concentration of PTMs than other commercial albumins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mori
- Kedrion S.p.A., Research and Innovation Department, Via di Fondovalle, Loc., Bolognana 55027, Gallicano (LU), Italy.
| | - Letizia Natali
- Kedrion S.p.A., Research and Innovation Department, Via di Fondovalle, Loc., Bolognana 55027, Gallicano (LU), Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- University of Pisa, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Roma 55, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Nannizzi
- Kedrion S.p.A., Research and Innovation Department, Via di Fondovalle, Loc., Bolognana 55027, Gallicano (LU), Italy
| | - Claudio Farina
- Kedrion S.p.A., Research and Innovation Department, Via di Fondovalle, Loc., Bolognana 55027, Gallicano (LU), Italy
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7
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Gillard RM, Brimble MA. Benzannulated spiroketal natural products: isolation, biological activity, biosynthesis, and total synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8272-8307. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A review discussing the isolation, biological activity, biosynthesis, and total synthesis of naturally occurring benzannulated spiroketals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Gillard
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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8
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Badar A, Arif Z, Islam SN, Alam K. Physicochemical characterization of carbamylated human serum albumin: an in vitro study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36508-36516. [PMID: 35539070 PMCID: PMC9075166 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbamylation is an ubiquitous process in which cyanate (OCN−) reacts with the N-terminal amino or ε-amino moiety and generates α-carbamyl amino acids and ε-carbamyl-lysine (homocitrulline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Badar
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Zarina Arif
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Shireen Naaz Islam
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
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9
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Abstract
Protein carbamylation is a nonenzymatic posttranslational protein modification that can be driven, in part, by exposure to urea's dissociation product, cyanate. In humans, when kidney function is impaired and urea accumulates, systemic protein carbamylation levels increase. Additional mediators of protein carbamylation have been identified including inflammation, diet, smoking, circulating free amino acid levels, and environmental exposures. Carbamylation reactions on proteins are capable of irreversibly changing protein charge, structure, and function, resulting in pathologic molecular and cellular responses. Carbamylation has been mechanistically linked to the biochemical pathways implicated in atherosclerosis, dysfunctional erythropoiesis, kidney fibrosis, autoimmunity, and other pathological domains highly relevant to patients with chronic kidney disease. In this review, we describe the biochemical impact of carbamylation on human proteins, the mechanistic role carbamylation can have on clinical outcomes in kidney disease, the clinical association studies of carbamylation in chronic kidney disease, including patients on dialysis, and the promise of therapies aimed at reducing carbamylation burden in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Long
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xavier Vela Parada
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Abstract
Decompensated liver cirrhosis has a dismal prognosis, with an overall survival of 2-4 years, which is worse than for many oncological diseases. Albumin is an important tool in the management of patients with cirrhosis, since it decreases for less than half the risk for post-paracentesis cardiocirculatory dysfunction and mortality associated with spontaneous bacterial infection, as well as, it triplicates the response to terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Recently, research on albumin has been a hot topic, with important new insights such as the characterization of the pleiotropic effects of albumin (which surpass its oncotic properties) and the concept of effective albumin concentration. In fact, patients with liver cirrhosis present posttranslational modifications on albumin that compromises its function. Those modified albumin forms were proved to have prognostic value and its knowledge may change the paradigm of albumin treatment. In this review, we critically summarize the latest evidence on the potential benefits of albumin in patients with end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Carvalho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Jaisson S, Pietrement C, Gillery P. Protein Carbamylation: Chemistry, Pathophysiological Involvement, and Biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 84:1-38. [PMID: 29478512 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbamylation refers to a nonenzymatic modification, which consists in the binding of isocyanic acid on protein functional groups. This reaction is responsible for the alteration in structural and functional properties of proteins, which participate in their molecular aging. Protein molecular aging is now considered a molecular substratum for the development of chronic and inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, or rheumatoid arthritis. As a consequence, carbamylation-derived products have been proposed as interesting biomarkers in various pathological contexts and appropriate analytical methods have been developed for their quantification in biological fluids. The purpose of this review is (i) to describe the biochemical bases of the carbamylation reaction, (ii) to explain how it contributes to protein molecular aging, (iii) to provide evidence of its involvement in aging and chronic diseases, and (iv) to list the available biomarkers of carbamylation process and the related analytical methods.
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12
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Delanghe S, Biesen WV, Velde NVD, Eloot S, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Binding of bromocresol green and bromocresol purple to albumin in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 56:436-440. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Colorimetric albumin assays based on binding to bromocresol purple (BCP) and bromocresol green (BCG) yield different results in chronic kidney disease. Altered dye binding of carbamylated albumin has been suggested as a cause. In the present study, a detailed analysis was carried out in which uremic toxins, acute phase proteins and Kt/V, a parameter describing hemodialysis efficiency, were compared with colorimetrically assayed (BCP and BCG) serum albumin.
Methods:
Albumin was assayed using immunonephelometry on a BN II nephelometer and colorimetrically based on, respectively, BCP and BCG on a Modular P analyzer. Uremic toxins were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein) and plasma protein α2-macroglobulin were assayed nephelometrically. In parallel, Kt/V was calculated.
Results:
Sixty-two serum specimens originating from hemodialysis patients were analyzed. Among the uremic toxins investigated, total para-cresyl sulfate (PCS) showed a significant positive correlation with the BCP/BCG ratio. The serum α1-acid glycoprotein concentration correlated negatively with the BCP/BCG ratio. The BCP/BCG ratio showed also a negative correlation with Kt/V.
Conclusions:
In renal insufficiency, the BCP/BCG ratio of serum albumin is affected by multiple factors: next to carbamylation, uremic toxins (total PCS) and α1-acid glycoprotein also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Delanghe
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Sunny Eloot
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Anneleen Pletinck
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Eva Schepers
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Joris R. Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
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13
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Delanghe S, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert R, Van Biesen W, Speeckaert MM. Mechanisms and consequences of carbamoylation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:580-593. [PMID: 28757635 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbamoylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification that binds isocyanic acid, which can be derived from the dissociation of urea or from the myeloperoxidase-mediated catabolism of thiocyanate, to the free amino groups of a multitude of proteins. Although the term 'carbamoylation' is usually replaced by the term "carbamylation" in the literature, carbamylation refers to a different chemical reaction (the reversible interaction of CO2 with α and ε-amino groups of proteins). Depending on the altered molecule (for example, collagen, erythropoietin, haemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein), carbamoylation can have different pathophysiological effects. Carbamoylated proteins have been linked to atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, immune system dysfunction (such as inhibition of the classical complement pathway, inhibition of complement-dependent rituximab cytotoxicity, reduced oxidative neutrophil burst, and the formation of anti-carbamoylated protein antibodies) and renal fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss the carbamoylation process and evaluate the available biomarkers of carbamoylation (for example, homocitrulline, the percentage of carbamoylated albumin, carbamoylated haemoglobin, and carbamoylated low-density lipoprotein). We also discuss the relationship between carbamoylation and the occurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and assess the effects of strategies to lower the carbamoylation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Delanghe
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reinhart Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Delanghe S, Moerman A, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G, Van Biesen W, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Quantification of carbamylated albumin in serum based on capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2135-2140. [PMID: 28556931 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbamylation, a nonenzymatic posttranslational modification promoted during uremia, is linked to a poor prognosis. In the present study, carbamylation of serum albumin was assayed using the symmetry factor on a capillary electrophoresis instrument (Helena V8). The symmetry factor has been defined as the distance from the center line of the peak to the back slope, divided by the distance from the center line of the peak to the front slope, with all measurements made at 10% of the maximum peak height. Serum albumin, creatinine, and urea concentrations were assayed using routine methods, whereas uremic toxins were determined using HPLC. In vitro carbamylation induced a marked albumin peak asymmetry. Reference values for the albumin symmetry factor were 0.69-0.92. In kidney patients, albumin peak asymmetry corresponded to the chronic kidney disease stage (p < 0.0001). The symmetry factor correlated well with serum urea (r = -0.5595, p < 0.0001) and creatinine (r = -0.5986, p < 0.0001) concentrations. Several protein-bound uremic toxins showed a significant negative correlation with the symmetry factor. Morphology of the albumin fraction was not affected by presence of glycated albumin and protein-bound antibiotics. In conclusion, the presented method provides a simple, practical way for monitoring protein carbamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Delanghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alena Moerman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Pletinck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eva Schepers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology division, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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15
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Kalim S, Trottier CA, Wenger JB, Wibecan J, Ahmed R, Ankers E, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani R, Berg AH. Longitudinal Changes in Protein Carbamylation and Mortality Risk after Initiation of Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:1809-1816. [PMID: 27445162 PMCID: PMC5053789 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02390316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Carbamylation describes a post-translational protein modification associated with adverse outcomes in ESRD, but the risk implications of changes in carbamylation over time are not well understood. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We investigated the 1-year natural history of protein carbamylation in patients initiating maintenance hemodialysis and determined the prognostic value of longitudinal carbamylation changes in relation to mortality. In a nested patient-control study, we measured serial carbamylated albumin concentrations in select participants from a large incident dialysis cohort followed from 2004 to 2005 (n=10,044); 122 individuals who survived at least 90 days but died within 1 year of initiating hemodialysis (patients) were randomly selected along with 244 individuals who survived for at least 1 year (controls; matched for demographics). Carbamylated albumin concentration was measured using plasma collected at dialysis initiation and every subsequent 90-day period until 1 year or death. RESULTS Baseline carbamylated albumin concentration was similar between controls and patients (mean±SD; 18.9±0.7 and 19.8±1.1 mmol/mol, respectively; P=0.94). From dialysis initiation to day 90, carbamylated albumin concentration markedly fell in all patients, with controls -9.9±0.8 mmol/mol (P<0.001) and patients -10.0±1.2 mmol/mol (P<0.001). Adjusted repeated measures analysis of carbamylated albumin concentration from dialysis initiation to 1 year or death showed that the mean change (95% confidence interval) in carbamylated albumin concentration from baseline to final measure differed significantly between groups (-9.3; 95% confidence interval, -10.8 to -7.7 for controls and -6.3; 95% confidence interval, -7.7 to -2.8 for patients; P<0.01). There were no such between-group differences in blood urea levels, Kt/V, or normalized protein catabolic rate. Mortality prediction assessed using c statistics showed that carbamylated albumin concentration, when modeled continuously as the difference from baseline to final, improved a fully adjusted model from 0.76 to 0.87 (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Protein carbamylation decreased with dialysis initiation, and a greater reduction over time was associated with a lower risk for mortality. Carbamylation changes were able to predict individuals' mortality risk beyond traditional variables, including markers of dialysis adequacy and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahir Kalim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Caitlin A. Trottier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Julia B. Wenger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Josh Wibecan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Rayhnuma Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Elizabeth Ankers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research and
| | - Ravi Thadhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Anders H. Berg
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gorisse L, Jaisson S, Pietrement C, Gillery P. [Protein carbamylation: when protein and chronologic ageings meet]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:684-6. [PMID: 27615169 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163208008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Gorisse
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7369, Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7369, Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France - CHU de Reims, Pôle de biologie médicale et pathologie, Laboratoire de biologie et de recherche pédiatriques, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Christine Pietrement
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7369, Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France - CHU de Reims, American memorial hospital, Unité de néphrologie pédiatrique, 47, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gillery
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS UMR 7369, Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France - CHU de Reims, Pôle de biologie médicale et pathologie, Laboratoire de biologie et de recherche pédiatriques, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
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17
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Gajjala PR, Fliser D, Speer T, Jankowski V, Jankowski J. Emerging role of post-translational modifications in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1814-1824. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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18
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Bergum B, Koro C, Delaleu N, Solheim M, Hellvard A, Binder V, Jonsson R, Valim V, Hammenfors DS, Jonsson MV, Mydel P. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins are present in primary Sjögren's syndrome and are associated with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1494-500. [PMID: 26350884 PMCID: PMC4975850 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Herein, we investigate the presence and prognostic value of autoantibodies against carbamylated proteins (anti-CarP) in the serum of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Patients and methods Serum levels of anti-CarP antibodies were measured in Norwegian patients with pSS (n=78) and corresponding controls (n=74) using ELISA and analysed in relation with exocrine gland function, degree of salivary gland inflammation, signs of ectopic germinal centre (GC) formation and immunological markers. For univariate comparisons, the Mann–Whitney U test and χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used. Correlations were assessed with Spearman's rank testing. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the effect of anti-CarP positivity on clinical manifestations. Results Of the patients with pSS, 27% were positive for anti-CarP IgG antibodies. Levels of anti-CarP correlated positively with total IgG, IgM, rheumatoid factor and β2-microglobulin. Importantly, after adjusting for confounding factors, patients positive for anti-CarP had significantly higher focus score. Furthermore, positive anti-CarP status coincided with 9.2-fold higher odds of having developed GC-like structures in the minor salivary glands. As a patient group considered having worse disease outcome, individuals with ectopic GC-like structures also presented with significantly higher levels of anti-CarP antibodies. Conclusions Presence of anti-CarP in patients with pSS is strongly associated with increased focal lymphocytic infiltration, formation of ectopic GC-like structures in minor salivary glands, and diminished salivary gland function. Even taking into consideration our relatively small cohort we believe that anti-CarP antibodies offer new possibilities for identifying patients with more active disease and at risk of developing additional comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brith Bergum
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catalin Koro
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magne Solheim
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Veronika Binder
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Valeria Valim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre of Health Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Hammenfors
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Malin V Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical Dentistry, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Gillery P, Jaisson S, Gorisse L, Pietrement C. [Role of protein carbamylation in chronic kidney disease complications]. Nephrol Ther 2015; 11:129-34. [PMID: 25794932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylation corresponds to the non-enzymatic binding of isocyanic acid, mainly derived from urea decomposition, on amino groups of proteins, and participates in their molecular aging. This process is increased during chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of hyperuremia, and in other pathologies like atherosclerosis, where isocyanic may be formed from thiocyanate by myeloperoxidase in atheroma plates. Carbamylation triggers structural and functional modifications of proteins, thus impairing their biological roles and their interactions with cells. Much experimental evidence in vitro has shown the potential deleterious effects of carbamylated proteins on cell and tissue functions. Carbamylation-derived products (CDPs), and especially their major component homocitrulline, accumulate in organism in long half-life proteins, and may participate in the development of different complications of CKD, especially cardiovascular diseases, renal fibrosis, or nutritional and metabolic troubles. Recent clinical studies have confirmed the link between serum protein carbamylation and morbi-mortality in patients suffering from CKD or undergoing hemodialysis. Some CDPs could be used as biomarkers in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gillery
- Laboratoire de biologie et de recherche pédiatriques, hôpital Maison Blanche, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims cedex, France; Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UMR CNRS/URCA n(o) 7369, faculté de médecine, université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France.
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- Laboratoire de biologie et de recherche pédiatriques, hôpital Maison Blanche, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims cedex, France; Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UMR CNRS/URCA n(o) 7369, faculté de médecine, université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France
| | - Laëtitia Gorisse
- Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UMR CNRS/URCA n(o) 7369, faculté de médecine, université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France
| | - Christine Pietrement
- Laboratoire de biochimie médicale et biologie moléculaire, UMR CNRS/URCA n(o) 7369, faculté de médecine, université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims cedex, France; Service de néphrologie-rhumatologie pédiatriques, American Memorial Hospital, CHU de Reims, 47, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims cedex, France
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20
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Kalim S, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani RI, Berg AH. Protein carbamylation in kidney disease: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:793-803. [PMID: 25037561 PMCID: PMC4209336 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylation describes a nonenzymatic posttranslational protein modification mediated by cyanate, a dissociation product of urea. When kidney function declines and urea accumulates, the burden of carbamylation naturally increases. Free amino acids may protect proteins from carbamylation, and protein carbamylation has been shown to increase in uremic patients with amino acid deficiencies. Carbamylation reactions are capable of altering the structure and functional properties of certain proteins and have been implicated directly in the underlying mechanisms of various disease conditions. A broad range of studies has demonstrated how the irreversible binding of urea-derived cyanate to proteins in the human body causes inappropriate cellular responses leading to adverse outcomes such as accelerated atherosclerosis and inflammation. Given carbamylation's relationship to urea and the evidence that it contributes to disease pathogenesis, measurements of carbamylated proteins may serve as useful quantitative biomarkers of time-averaged urea concentrations while also offering risk assessment in patients with kidney disease. Moreover, the link between carbamylated proteins and disease pathophysiology creates an enticing therapeutic target for reducing the rate of carbamylation. This article reviews the biochemistry of the carbamylation reaction, its role in specific diseases, and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these findings based on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahir Kalim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Ravi I Thadhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anders H Berg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
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21
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Koro C, Bielecka E, Dahl-Knudsen A, Enghild JJ, Scavenius C, Brun JG, Binder V, Hellvard A, Bergum B, Jonsson R, Potempa J, Blom AM, Mydel P. Carbamylation of immunoglobulin abrogates activation of the classical complement pathway. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3403-12. [PMID: 25130613 PMCID: PMC4232992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins significantly affect their structure and function. The carbamylation of positively charged lysine residues to form neutral homoitrulline occurs primarily under inflammatory conditions through myeloperoxidase-dependent cyanate (CNO-) formation. We analyzed the pattern of human IgG1 carbamylation under inflammatory conditions and the effects that this modification has on the ability of antibodies to trigger complement activation via the classical pathway. We found that the lysine residues of IgG1 are rapidly modified after brief exposure to CNO- . Interestingly, modifications were not random, but instead limited to only few lysines within the hinge area and the N-terminal fragment of the CH2 domain. A complement activation assay combined with mass spectrometry analysis revealed a highly significant inverse correlation between carbamylation of several key lysine residues within the hinge region and N-terminus of the CH2 domain and the proper binding of C1q to human IgG1 followed by subsequent complement activation. This severely hindered complement-dependent cytotoxicity of therapeutic IgG1 . The reaction can apparently occur in vivo, as we found carbamylated antibodies in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Taken together, our data suggest that carbamylation has a profound impact on the complement-activating ability of IgG1 and reveals a pivotal role for previously uncharacterized lysine residues in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Koro
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Kok MB, Tegelaers FP, van Dam B, van Rijn JL, van Pelt J. Carbamylation of albumin is a cause for discrepancies between albumin assays. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 434:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ryan BJ, Nissim A, Winyard PG. Oxidative post-translational modifications and their involvement in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Redox Biol 2014; 2:715-24. [PMID: 24955328 PMCID: PMC4062766 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inflammation results in the production of numerous reactive oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine species, in addition to the products of lipid and sugar oxidation. Some of these products are capable of chemically modifying amino acids. This in turn results in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Increasing evidence demonstrates that such oxidative post-translational modifications result in the generation of neo-epitopes capable of eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we focus on how free radicals and related chemical species generated in inflammatory environments modulate the antigenicity of self-proteins, resulting in immune responses which involve the generation of autoantibodies against key autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. As examples, we will focus on Ro-60 and C1q in systemic lupus erythematosus, along with type-II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. This review also covers some of the emerging literature which demonstrates that neo-epitopes generated by oxidation are conserved, as exemplified by the evolutionarily conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss how these observations relate to the pathogenesis of both human autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis. The potential for these neo-epitopes and the immune responses against them to act as biomarkers or therapeutic targets is also discussed. Oxidants can generate stable post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins. Oxidative PTMs are recognised in evolutionarily-conserved innate immune responses. These PTMs can represent neo-epitopes that break tolerance in autoimmune disease. Antibodies targeting these PTMs in diseases e.g. RA and SLE, can be biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Ryan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
- Corresponding author.
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24
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The Clinical Significance of Posttranslational Modification of Autoantigens. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 47:73-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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O'Brien AJ, Fullerton JN, Massey KA, Auld G, Sewell G, James S, Newson J, Karra E, Winstanley A, Alazawi W, Garcia-Martinez R, Cordoba J, Nicolaou A, Gilroy DW. Immunosuppression in acutely decompensated cirrhosis is mediated by prostaglandin E2. Nat Med 2014; 20:518-23. [PMID: 24728410 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Patients with cirrhosis display an increased predisposition to and mortality from infection due to multimodal defects in the innate immune system; however, the causative mechanism has remained elusive. We present evidence that the cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) drives cirrhosis-associated immunosuppression. We observed elevated circulating concentrations (more than seven times as high as in healthy volunteers) of PGE2 in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Plasma from these and patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) suppressed macrophage proinflammatory cytokine secretion and bacterial killing in vitro in a PGE2-dependent manner via the prostanoid type E receptor-2 (EP2), effects not seen with plasma from patients with stable cirrhosis (Child-Pugh score grade A). Albumin, which reduces PGE2 bioavailability, was decreased in the serum of patients with acute decompensation or ESLD (<30 mg/dl) and appears to have a role in modulating PGE2-mediated immune dysfunction. In vivo administration of human albumin solution to these patients significantly improved the plasma-induced impairment of macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro. Two mouse models of liver injury (bile duct ligation and carbon tetrachloride) also exhibited elevated PGE2, reduced circulating albumin concentrations and EP2-mediated immunosuppression. Treatment with COX inhibitors or albumin restored immune competence and survival following infection with group B Streptococcus. Taken together, human albumin solution infusions may be used to reduce circulating PGE2 levels, attenuating immune suppression and reducing the risk of infection in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis or ESLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J O'Brien
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - James N Fullerton
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karen A Massey
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Grace Auld
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Sewell
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah James
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justine Newson
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Effie Karra
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Winstanley
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - William Alazawi
- Liver Unit, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rita Garcia-Martinez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Cordoba
- Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Autoantibodies to posttranslational modifications in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:492873. [PMID: 24782594 PMCID: PMC3981057 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies have been associated with human pathologies for a long time, particularly with autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Rheumatoid factor (RF) is known since the late 1930s to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The discovery of anticitrullinated protein antibodies in the last century has changed this and other posttranslational modifications (PTM) relevant to RA have since been described. Such PTM introduce neoepitopes in proteins that can generate novel autoantibody specificities. The recent recognition of these novel specificities in RA provides a unique opportunity to understand human B-cell development in vivo. In this paper, we will review the three of the main classes of PTMs already associated with RA: citrullination, carbamylation, and oxidation. With the advancement of research methodologies it should be expected that other autoantibodies against PTM proteins could be discovered in patients with autoimmune diseases. Many of such autoantibodies may provide significant biomarker potential.
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27
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Garcia-Martinez R, Caraceni P, Bernardi M, Gines P, Arroyo V, Jalan R. Albumin: pathophysiologic basis of its role in the treatment of cirrhosis and its complications. Hepatology 2013; 58:1836-46. [PMID: 23423799 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of human serum albumin as a plasma expander in the 1940s, considerable research has allowed a better understanding of its biochemical properties and potential clinical benefits. Albumin has a complex structure, which is responsible for a variety of biological functions. In disease, the albumin molecule is susceptible to modifications that may alter its biological activity. During the last decades, different methods to measure albumin function have been developed. Recent studies have shown that not only albumin concentration but also albumin function is reduced in liver failure. This observation led to the concept of effective albumin concentration, which represents the fact that plasma albumin concentration does not reflect its function. Indeed, in liver disease albumin function is several times less than its concentration. In patients with cirrhosis, albumin infusion reduces mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and improves outcome following large volume paracentesis. In combination with vasoconstrictors, albumin is useful in the management of patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Its role is being investigated in a large number of indications, which rely on its volume and nonvolume expansion functions such as stroke, severe sepsis, Alzheimer's disease, malaria, burns, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. This review explores the above concepts, reviews the available evidence for the use of albumin in liver diseases, defines therapeutic limitations, and explores the challenges that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Garcia-Martinez
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Shi J, van Veelen PA, Mahler M, Janssen GMC, Drijfhout JW, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Trouw LA. Carbamylation and antibodies against carbamylated proteins in autoimmunity and other pathologies. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 13:225-30. [PMID: 24176675 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification in which cyanate binds to molecules containing primary amine or thiol groups and forms carbamyl groups. Cyanate is in equilibrium with urea in body fluid and increased carbamylation was first reported in patients with increased urea levels such as patients suffering renal diseases. Next, increased carbamylation related to inflammation has also been described in other conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Recently, a new consequence of carbamylation has been observed: induction of an autoantibody response. We identified anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and in patients having 'pre-RA' symptoms, arthralgia. The presence of anti-CarP antibodies in arthralgia patients is associated with an increased risk of developing RA. The presence of anti-CarP antibodies in RA patients is associated with more severe joint damage in RA patients who do not have anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. It is currently unknown to what extent carbamylation and/or the formation of anti-CarP antibodies contributes to the disease processes of chronic diseases such as renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases and RA. This review summarizes the current knowledge on carbamylation and the formation of anti-CarP antibodies and discusses their possibly important implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Berg AH, Drechsler C, Wenger J, Buccafusca R, Hod T, Kalim S, Ramma W, Parikh SM, Steen H, Friedman DJ, Danziger J, Wanner C, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Carbamylation of serum albumin as a risk factor for mortality in patients with kidney failure. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:175ra29. [PMID: 23467560 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urea, the toxic end product of protein catabolism, is elevated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), although it is unclear whether or how it contributes to disease. Urea can promote the carbamylation of proteins on multiple lysine side chains, including human albumin, which has a predominant carbamylation site on Lys(549). The proportion of serum albumin carbamylated on Lys(549) (%C-Alb) correlated with time-averaged blood urea concentrations and was twice as high in ESRD patients than in non-uremic subjects (0.90% versus 0.42%). Baseline %C-Alb was higher in ESRD subjects who died within 1 year than in those who survived longer than 1 year (1.01% versus 0.77%) and was associated with an increased risk of death within 1 year (hazard ratio, 3.76). These findings were validated in an independent cohort of diabetic ESRD subjects (hazard ratio, 3.73). Decreased concentrations of serum amino acids correlated with higher %C-Alb in ESRD patients, and mice with diet-induced amino acid deficiencies exhibited greater susceptibility to albumin carbamylation than did chow-fed mice. In vitro studies showed that amino acids such as cysteine, histidine, arginine, and lysine, as well as other nucleophiles such as taurine, inhibited cyanate-induced C-Alb formation at physiologic pH and temperature. Together, these results suggest that chronically elevated urea promotes carbamylation of proteins in ESRD and that serum amino acid concentrations may modulate this protein modification. In summary, we have identified serum %C-Alb as a risk factor for mortality in patients with ESRD and propose that this risk factor may be modifiable with supplemental amino acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders H Berg
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Carbamoylated free amino acids in uremia: HOCl generates volatile protein modifying and cytotoxic oxidant species from N-carbamoyl-threonine but not threonine. Biochimie 2012; 94:2441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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CHOI HYEJUNG, LEE KYOUNGJAE, HWANG EUNAH, MUN KYOCHEOL, HA EUNYOUNG. Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein attenuates glucose uptake via a nitric oxide-mediated pathway in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:1342-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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Farquharson D, Butcher JP, Culshaw S. Periodontitis, Porphyromonas, and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:112-20. [PMID: 22274780 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate a link between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). In vitro and in vivo studies have sought to dissect potential mechanisms by which PD may contribute to initiation and progression of RA. However, these are both multifactorial, chronic diseases, and their complex etiologies and pathogenesis themselves remain incompletely understood. Could there really be an etiological link or does this simply represent a statistical coincidence muddied by common risk factors? This review seeks to provide background on these two diseases in the context of recent discoveries suggesting that their pathogenesis may be related. In particular, the process of citrullination, a post-translational protein modification, has been highlighted as a process common to both diseases. The evidence for a relationship between the diseases is explored and its potential mechanisms discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Farquharson
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
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El-Gamal D, Holzer M, Gauster M, Schicho R, Binder V, Konya V, Wadsack C, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A, Marsche G. Cyanate is a novel inducer of endothelial icam-1 expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:129-37. [PMID: 21838543 PMCID: PMC3222099 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent work has shown that humans are significantly exposed to isocyanic acid/cyanate, which is generated when coal, biomass, or tobacco is burned. In vivo, cyanate is formed by the phagocyte protein myeloperoxidase and by breakdown of urea. Carbamylation of proteins through cyanate has been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular risk and is thought to promote vascular dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS Here, we show that cyanate induces intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression with subsequently enhanced neutrophil adhesion in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Cyanate triggers ICAM-1 expression through a mechanism depending on activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Endothelial ICAM-1 expression was not induced when low-molecular-weight substances were removed from cell culture medium, thus ruling out a role of carbamylated (lipo)proteins in ICAM-1 induction. In mice, oral administration of cyanate induced marked endothelial ICAM-1 expression in the aorta. Moreover, in patients with end-stage renal disease, the extent of plasma protein carbamylation (a marker for cyanate exposure) significantly correlated with plasma levels of soluble ICAM-1. INNOVATION Here, we demonstrate for the first time that cyanate, rather than carbamylated lipoproteins, induces vascular ICAM-1 expression in vivo. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data raise the possibility that cyanate amplifies vascular inflammation, linking inflammation, smoking, and uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El-Gamal
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Binder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Jaisson S, Pietrement C, Gillery P. Carbamylation-derived products: bioactive compounds and potential biomarkers in chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1499-505. [PMID: 21768218 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.163188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbamylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins resulting from the nonenzymatic reaction between isocyanic acid and specific free functional groups. This reaction alters protein structural and functional properties and thus contributes to molecular ageing. Many studies have shown the involvement of carbamylated proteins in diseases, especially in chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis. CONTENT In this review we describe the biochemical basis of the carbamylation process and its role in protein molecular ageing. We summarize the current evidence of protein carbamylation involvement in disease, identify available biomarkers of the carbamylation process and their related analytical methods, and discuss the practical relevance of these biomarkers. SUMMARY Carbamylation-induced protein alterations are involved in the progression of various diseases, because carbamylation-derived products (CDPs) are bioactive compounds that trigger specific and inappropriate cellular responses. For instance, carbamylation may promote hormone and enzyme inactivation, and carbamylated proteins, as diverse as collagen or LDLs, induce characteristic biochemical events of atherosclerosis progression. CDPs are potential biomarkers to monitor diseases characterized by an increased rate of carbamylation (e.g., chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis). Different methods (e.g., liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and immunoassays) to measure specific carbamylated proteins or general markers of carbamylation, such as protein-bound homocitrulline, have been described. Their use in clinical practice must still be validated by appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Jaisson
- Laboratory of Pediatric Biology and Research, American Memorial Hospital, University Hospital of Reims,France.
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35
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Schreier SM, Steinkellner H, Jirovetz L, Hermann M, Exner M, Gmeiner BMK, Kapiotis S, Laggner H. S-carbamoylation impairs the oxidant scavenging activity of cysteine: its possible impact on increased LDL modification in uraemia. Biochimie 2011; 93:772-7. [PMID: 21277933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylation is the non-enzymatic reaction of cyanate with amino-, hydroxy- or thiol groups. In vivo, amino group modification (N-carbamoylation) resulting in altered function of proteins/amino acids has been observed in patients suffering from uraemia due to urea-derived cyanate. Uraemia has been linked to impaired antioxidant defense. As thiol-compounds like cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine and GSH have oxidant scavenging properties one may speculate that thiol-group carbamoylation (S-carbamoylation) may impair their protective activity. Here we report on the effect of S-carbamoylation on the ABTS free radical and HOCl scavenging property of cysteine as well on its ability to protect LDL from atherogenic modification induced by AAPH generated peroxylradicals or HOCl. The results show that S-carbamoylation impaired the ABTS free radical and HOCl scavenging property of the thiol-compounds tested. The ability of the thiols to protect LDL from lipid oxidation and apolipoprotein modification was strongly diminished by S-carbamoylation. The data indicate that S-carbamoylation could impair the free radical and HOCl scavenging of thiol-amino acids reducing their protective property against LDL atherogenic modification by these oxidant species. As S-carbamoylation is most effective at pH 7 to 5 in vivo thiol-carbamoylation may especially occur at sites of acidic extracellular pH as in hypoxic/inflammatory macrophage rich areas like the atherosclerotic plaque where increased LDL oxidation has been found and may contribute to the higher oxidative stress in uraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Schreier
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Department of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Turunen S, Koivula MK, Risteli L, Risteli J. Anticitrulline antibodies can be caused by homocitrulline-containing proteins in rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3345-52. [PMID: 20617522 DOI: 10.1002/art.27644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the possible roles of protein-bound homocitrulline in causing an antibody response to citrulline and as a confounding factor in citrulline detection assays. METHODS Native, carbamoylated, and citrullinated albumins were used for testing the specificity of commercial antibodies against modified citrulline by Western blot. Rabbits were immunized with human albumin and/or bone type I collagen, both of which were treated with cyanate to produce homocitrulline, or with citrullinated synthetic telopeptide of type I collagen. These antisera were tested for binding to cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (CCP-2), mutated citrullinated vimentin, and type I or II collagen telopeptides containing either citrulline or homocitrulline. RESULTS Commercial antibodies that had been considered to be specific for chemically modified citrulline were found to recognize both homocitrulline- and citrulline-containing albumins. The rabbits immunized with proteins containing homocitrulline produced high-affinity antibodies against CCP-2 and, to a lesser extent, against mutated citrullinated vimentin. The antisera also bound homocitrulline-containing collagen telopeptides and, less strongly, citrulline-containing telopeptides. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that homocitrulline, which is a structural analog of citrulline (longer by 1 carbon, and readily formed in the body), can be involved in raising citrulline-recognizing antibodies in experimental animals and can cause false-positive reactions in assays for citrulline.
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37
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Mydel P, Wang Z, Brisslert M, Hellvard A, Dahlberg LE, Hazen SL, Bokarewa M. Carbamylation-dependent activation of T cells: a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6882-90. [PMID: 20488785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of proteins has the potential to generate neoepitopes that may subsequently trigger immune responses. The carbamylation of lysine residues to form homocitrulline may be a key mechanism triggering inflammatory responses. We evaluated the role of carbamylation in triggering immune responses and report a new role for this process in the induction of arthritis. Immunization of mice with homocitrulline-containing peptides induced chemotaxis, T cell activation, and Ab production. The mice also developed erosive arthritis following intra-articular injection of peptides derived from homocitrulline and citrulline. Adoptive transfer of T and B cells from homocitrulline-immunized mice into normal recipients induced arthritis, whereas systemic injection of homocitrulline-specific Abs or intra-articular injection of homocitrulline-Ab/citrulline-peptide mixture did not. Thus, the T cell response to homocitrulline-derived peptides, as well as the subsequent production of anti-homocitrulline Abs, is critical for the induction of autoimmune reactions against citrulline-derived peptides and provides a novel mechanism for the pathogenesis of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mydel
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Guedes S, Vitorino R, Domingues R, Amado F, Domingues P. Oxidation of bovine serum albumin: identification of oxidation products and structural modifications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2307-2315. [PMID: 19575405 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Albumin is an important plasma antioxidant protein, contributing to protecting mechanisms of cellular and regulatory long-lived proteins. The metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) of proteins plays an important role during oxidative stress. In this study, we examine the oxidative modification of albumin using an MCO in vitro system. Mass spectrometry, combined with off-line nano-liquid chromatography, was used to identify modifications in amino acid residues. We have found 106 different residues oxidatively damaged, being the main oxidized residues lysines, cysteines, arginines, prolines, histidines and tyrosines. Besides protein hydroxyl derivatives and oxygen additions, we detected other modifications such as deamidations, carbamylations and specific amino acid oxidative modifications. The oxidative damage preferentially affects particular subdomains of the protein at different time-points. Results suggest the oxidative damage occurs first in exposed regions near cysteine disulfide bridges with residues like methionine, tryptophan, lysine, arginine, tyrosine and proline appearing as oxidatively modified. The damage extended afterwards with further oxidation of cysteine residues involved in disulfide bridges and other residues like histidine, phenylalanine and aspartic acid. The time-course evaluation also shows the number of oxidized residues does not increase linearly, suggesting that oxidative unfolding of albumin occurs through a step-ladder mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Guedes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Qi J, Lu JJ, Liu JH, Yu BY. Flavonoid and a Rare Benzophenone Glycoside from the Leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:134-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ji-Hua Liu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education
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Jaisson S, Sartelet H, Perreau C, Blanchevoye C, Garnotel R, Gillery P. Involvement of lysine 1047 in type I collagen-mediated activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. FEBS J 2008; 275:3226-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Jaisson S, Garnotel R, Gillery P. New evidence to support the clinical and biological relevance of the protein carbamylation process in human pathophysiology. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:1070-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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