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Albogami S. The Potential Inhibitory Role of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Proliferation, Migration, and Gene Expression in HepG2 and HT29 Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2393-2408. [PMID: 36975525 PMCID: PMC10046977 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies of the liver and colon are the most prevalent forms of digestive system cancer globally. Chemotherapy, one of the most significant treatments, has severe side effects. Chemoprevention using natural or synthetic medications can potentially reduce cancer severity. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an acetylated derivative of carnitine essential for intermediate metabolism in most tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ALC on the proliferation, migration, and gene expression of human liver (HepG2) and colorectal (HT29) adenocarcinoma cell lines. The cell viability and half maximal inhibitory concentration of both cancer cell lines were determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Wound healing after treatment was assessed using a migration assay. Morphological changes were imaged using brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. Post treatment, apoptotic DNA was detected using a DNA fragmentation assay. The relative mRNA expressions of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated using RT-PCR. The results showed that ALC treatment affects the wound-healing ability of HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. Changes in nuclear morphology were detected under fluorescent microscopy. ALC also downregulates the expression levels of MMP9 and VEGF in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. Our results indicate that the anticancer action of ALC is likely mediated by a decrease in adhesion, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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The Association of Serum L-Carnitine Concentrations with the Risk of Cancer in Chinese Adults with Hypertension. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234999. [PMID: 36501029 PMCID: PMC9738465 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of serum L-carnitine (LC) concentrations on cancer risk remains unclear. This study aims to explore the association between serum LC and the risk of incident cancer. METHODS This is a case-control study, including 574 patients with incident cancer and 574 controls matched in a 1:1 ratio by age, sex, and residence, nested within the China H-Type Hypertension Registry Study (CHHRS). Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of serum LC and incident cancer risk. RESULTS When LC was assessed as quartiles, compared with patients with low LC (Q1), patients in the highest quartile (Q4) had a 33% (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.99), 52% (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.99), and 39% (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.99) decreased risk of overall, digestive system, and non-digestive system cancer in the adjusted models, respectively. In subgroup analyses, an inverse association of LC with cancer risk was observed in individuals who were overweight (obese), who never drink, who never smoke, and who were female. In the mediation analysis, serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations did not mediate the reversed association of LC with cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that serum LC concentrations had a protective impact on overall, digestive system, and non-digestive system cancer risk.
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Cao Y, Shi J, Song L, Xu J, Lu H, Sun J, Hou J, Chen J, Wu W, Gong L. Multi-Omics Integration Analysis Identifies Lipid Disorder of a Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Mouse Model Improved by Zexie–Baizhu Decoction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:858795. [PMID: 35795562 PMCID: PMC9251488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.858795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly epidemic metabolic disease with complex pathogenesis. Multi-target therapy may be an effective strategy for NAFLD treatment, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characterized by multi-ingredients and multi-targets has unique advantages in long-term clinical practice. Zexie–Baizhu (ZXBZ) decoction is a Chinese classical formula to treat body fluid disorders initially. Although many bioactive monomers from Zexie and Baizhu had been discovered to improve lipid disorders, limited research studies were focused on the aqueous decoction of ZXBZ, the original clinical formulation. In the current study, we identified 94% chemical composition of ZXBZ decoction and first discovered its hepaprotective effect in a gubra-amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Based on metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, we speculated that lipid and glucose metabolisms might be regulated by ZXBZ decoction, which was further confirmed by improved dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ZXBZ groups. Consistently with cross-omics analysis, we discovered ZXBZ decoction could influence two energy sensors, Sirt1 and AMPK, and subsequently affect related proteins involved in lipid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. In conclusion, ZXBZ decoction regulated energy sensors, consequently impeded lipogenesis, and promoted fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to alleviate lipid disorders and protect the liver in NAFLD models, which suggested ZXBZ decoction might be a promising treatment for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingying Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjiu Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Henglei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Likun Gong, ; Wanying Wu, ; Jing Chen, ; Jinjun Hou,
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Likun Gong, ; Wanying Wu, ; Jing Chen, ; Jinjun Hou,
| | - Wanying Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Likun Gong, ; Wanying Wu, ; Jing Chen, ; Jinjun Hou,
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Likun Gong, ; Wanying Wu, ; Jing Chen, ; Jinjun Hou,
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Zhang J, Powell C, Meruvu S, Sonkar R, Choudhury M. Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuated benzyl butyl phthalate induced metabolic aberration and a hepatic metabolomic analysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114883. [PMID: 34971587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) has recently been implicated as an obesogen. Our recent study demonstrated that BBP can exacerbate high fat diet (HFD) induced diabesity in male mice. Here, we explored if pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a natural antioxidant andphytochemical, can attenuate metabolic aberrations induced by HFD or HFD-BBPcombination. C57Bl/6 male and female mice were fed either a chow diet (CD) or HFD with or without BBP (3 mg/kg body weight/day)and/or PQQ (20 mg/kg/day)for 16 weeks. The mice's body and tissue weight, fasting blood glucose, glucose and insulin tolerance test, and liver metabolites level weremeasured. In HFD-fed male mice, PQQ significantly attenuated the increased body weight, liver weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin intolerance under BBP exposure.Even though female mice did show some reversal of metabolic characteristics by PQQ, the response was not similar nor consistent with the male population. Amongthe 14 hepatic metabolites that were significantly altered by HFD compared to CD, only three major metabolites (acetyl-L-carnitine, DL-stachytine, and propionylcarnitine) were decreased. These three were shown to have more reduction under BBP exposure in the presence of HFD whereas with addition of PQQ, these metabolites were restored. Pathway analysis and literature search revealed that these metabolites were negatively associated with obesity and were involved in several pathways including beta-oxidation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Overall,this finding indicated the potential use of PQQ to restore thewide range of aberrant metabolic effectinduced by an obesogen in the presence of a western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Catherine Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Sunitha Meruvu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Ravi Sonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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Caulerpa okamurae extract attenuates inflammatory interaction, regulates glucose metabolism and increases insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:253-264. [PMID: 32088151 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether Caulerpa okamurae ethanolic extract (COE) could inhibit obesity-mediated inflammation, improve glucose metabolism and increase insulin sensitivity, using in vitro cell models of RAW 264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS We cocultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes in direct contact with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the presence or absence of 250 µg/mL of COE. We investigated various markers of inflammation, glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in these models using Griess reagent to measure nitric oxide (NO) production, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose to measure glucose uptake, Western blot analysis to quantify protein expression and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate mRNA expression. RESULTS We found that COE (250 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages by downregulating NO production, nitric oxide synthase 2 expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB. COE also showed similar anti-inflammatory activity in coculture, along with decreased TNF-α, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein mRNA expression. In addition, COE also improved glucose uptake in coculture by upregulating glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) and adiponectin and reducing serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1). In the TNF-α-induced insulin resistance model of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, COE significantly improved both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, accompanied by phosphorylation of IRS1 at tyrosine 632, phospho-5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser9) as well as upregulation of GLUT-4. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that COE has potential to treat or prevent obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
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Baci D, Bruno A, Cascini C, Gallazzi M, Mortara L, Sessa F, Pelosi G, Albini A, Noonan DM. Acetyl-L-Carnitine downregulates invasion (CXCR4/CXCL12, MMP-9) and angiogenesis (VEGF, CXCL8) pathways in prostate cancer cells: rationale for prevention and interception strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:464. [PMID: 31718684 PMCID: PMC6852951 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in males worldwide. Exacerbated inflammation and angiogenesis have been largely demonstrated to contribute to PCa progression. Diverse naturally occurring compounds and dietary supplements are endowed with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities, representing valid compounds to target the aberrant cytokine/chemokine production governing PCa progression and angiogenesis, in a chemopreventive setting. Using mass spectrometry analysis on serum samples of prostate cancer patients, we have previously found higher levels of carnitines in non-cancer individuals, suggesting a protective role. Here we investigated the ability of Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) to interfere with key functional properties of prostate cancer progression and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and identified target molecules modulated by ALCAR. Methods The chemopreventive/angiopreventive activities ALCAR were investigated in vitro on four different prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, LNCaP, 22Rv1) and a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cell line. The effects of ALCAR on the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were investigated by flow cytometry (FC). Functional analysis of cell adhesion, migration and invasion (Boyden chambers) were performed. ALCAR modulation of surface antigen receptor (chemokines) and intracellular cytokine production was assessed by FC. The release of pro-angiogenic factors was detected by a multiplex immunoassay. The effects of ALCAR on PCa cell growth in vivo was investigated using tumour xenografts. Results We found that ALCAR reduces cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, hinders the production of pro inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and of chemokines CCL2, CXCL12 and receptor CXCR4 involved in the chemotactic axis and impairs the adhesion, migration and invasion capabilities of PCa and BPH cells in vitro. ALCAR exerts angiopreventive activities on PCa by reducing production/release of pro angiogenic factors (VEGF, CXCL8, CCL2, angiogenin) and metalloprotease MMP-9. Exposure of endothelial cells to conditioned media from PCa cells, pre-treated with ALCAR, inhibited the expression of CXCR4, CXCR1, CXCR2 and CCR2 compared to those from untreated cells. Oral administration (drinking water) of ALCAR to mice xenografted with two different PCa cell lines, resulted in reduced tumour cell growth in vivo. Conclusions Our results highlight the capability of ALCAR to down-modulate growth, adhesion, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, by reducing the production of several crucial chemokines, cytokines and MMP9. ALCAR is a widely diffused dietary supplements and our findings provide a rational for studying ALCAR as a possible molecule for chemoprevention approaches in subjects at high risk to develop prostate cancer. We propose ALCAR as a new possible “repurposed agent’ for cancer prevention and interception, similar to aspirin, metformin or beta-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Building U8, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Cascini
- Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Building U8, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy. .,Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Science and Technology Pole (PST), IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Dadrass A, Mohamadzadeh Salamat K, Hamidi K, Azizbeigi K. Anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D and resistance training in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:323-331. [PMID: 31890657 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D and resistance training in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency. Design This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial.Trial registration code: IRCT20190204042621N1. Participants Forty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-65 (from a total of 52 volunteers in Ardabil diabetes clinic) were randomly assigned to either the vitamin D supplementation with resistance training group (VD + RT: n = 12), the resistance training group (RT: n = 12), the vitamin D supplementation group (VD: n = 12), or the control group (CON: n = 12). Intervention The subjects in VD group took vitamin D supplements at 50000 IU per 2 weeks for 3 months; the subjects in RT group exercised 3 times per week for 12 weeks; and the subjects in VD + RT group participated in both treatments. Subjects in CON group were asked to maintain normal daily life pattern for the duration of the study. Measurements Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined at pre and post-test and the data were compared among the four groups and between two tests (4 × 2) using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results IL-6 decreased significantly (P = 0.001) in all groups (VD + RT = % -71.73, RT = % -65.85, VD = % -61.70). TNF-α decreased significantly (P = 0.001) in VD + RT (% -44.90) and RT (% -40) groups. CRP showed no significant change in any group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Results demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation in addition to resistance training had positive effects on some inflammatory markers in T2D and vitamin D deficient men. Vitamin D supplementation was especially effective when it was complemented with exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dadrass
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pasdaran st, Sanandaj, 6616947443 Iran
| | - Khalid Mohamadzadeh Salamat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pasdaran st, Sanandaj, 6616947443 Iran
| | | | - Kamal Azizbeigi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pasdaran st, Sanandaj, 6616947443 Iran
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l -Carnitine ameliorates the oxidative stress response to angiotensin II by modulating NADPH oxidase through a reduction in protein kinase c activity and NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. Food Chem 2017; 228:356-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ki J, Mukherjee A, Rangasamy S, Purushothaman B, Song JM. Insulin-mimetic and anti-inflammatory potential of a vanadyl-Schiff base complex for its application against diabetes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-mimetic and anti-inflammatory potential of vanadium oxo complex (VOTP) enhances the GLUT4 translocation by inducing the phosphorylation of tyrosine moiety in insulin receptor substrate (IRS1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Ki
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Joon Myong Song
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- South Korea
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Louden ED, Luzzo KM, Jimenez PT, Chi T, Chi M, Moley KH. TallyHO obese female mice experience poor reproductive outcomes and abnormal blastocyst metabolism that is reversed by metformin. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:31-9. [PMID: 25472042 DOI: 10.1071/rd14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women experience worse reproductive outcomes than normal weight women, specifically infertility, pregnancy loss, fetal malformations and developmental delay of offspring. The aim of the present study was to use a genetic mouse model of obesity to recapitulate the human reproductive phenotype and further examine potential mechanisms and therapies. New inbred, polygenic Type 2 diabetic TallyHO mice and age-matched control C57BL/6 mice were superovulated to obtain morula or blastocyst stage embryos that were cultured in human tubal fluid (HTF) medium. Deoxyglucose uptake was determined for individual insulin-stimulated blastocysts. Apoptosis was detected by confocal microscopy using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay and Topro-3 nuclear dye. Embryos were scored for TUNEL-positive as a percentage of total nuclei. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and adiponectin expression were analysed by western immunoblot and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. Lipid accumulation was assayed by BODIPY. Comparisons were made between TallyHO morulae cultured to blastocyst embryos in either HTF medium or HTF medium with 25 μg mL(-1) metformin. TallyHO mice developed whole body abnormal insulin tolerance, had decreased litter sizes and increased non-esterified fatty acid levels. Blastocysts from TallyHO mice exhibited increased apoptosis, decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased AMPK. A possible cause for the insulin resistance and abnormal AMPK phosphorylation was the increased TNF-α expression and lipid accumulation, as detected by BODIPY, in TallyHO blastocysts and decreased adiponectin. Culturing TallyHO morulae with the AMPK activator metformin led to a reversal of all the abnormal findings, including increased AMPK phosphorylation, improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and normalisation of lipid accumulation. Women with obesity and insulin resistance experience poor pregnancy outcomes. Previously we have shown in mouse models of insulin resistance that AMPK activity is decreased and that activators of AMPK reverse poor embryo outcomes. Here, we show for the first time using a genetically altered obese model, not a diet-induced model, that metformin reverses many of the adverse effects of obesity at the level of the blastocyst. Expanding on this we determine that activation of AMPK via metformin reduces lipid droplet accumulation, presumably by eliminating the inhibitory effects of TNF-α, resulting in normalisation of fatty acid oxidation and HADH2 (hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit) activity. Metformin exposure in vitro was able to partially reverse these effects, at the level of the blastocyst, and may thus be effective in preventing the adverse effects of obesity on pregnancy and reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Louden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kerri M Luzzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patricia T Jimenez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tiffany Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maggie Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelle H Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8064, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sirtuin3 Dysfunction Is the Key Determinant of Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance by Angiotensin II. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127172. [PMID: 25993470 PMCID: PMC4437781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II promotes insulin resistance. The mechanism underlying this abnormality, however, is still poorly defined. In a different setting, skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin signaling are regulated by Sirtuin3. Objective Here, we investigate whether angiotensin II-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is associated with Sirtuin3 dysregulation and whether pharmacological manipulation of Sirtuin3 confers protection. Study Design Parental and GLUT4-myc L6 rat skeletal muscle cells exposed to angiotensin II are used as in vitro models of insulin resistance. GLUT4 translocation, glucose uptake, intracellular molecular signals such as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, Sirtuin3 protein expression and activity, along with its downstream targets and upstream regulators, are analyzed both in the absence and presence of acetyl-L-carnitine. The role of Sirtuin3 in GLUT4 translocation and intracellular molecular signaling is also studied in Sirtuin3-silenced as well as over-expressing cells. Results Angiotensin II promotes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells via mitochondrial oxidative stress, resulting in a two-fold increase in superoxide generation. In this context, reactive oxygen species open the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and significantly lower Sirtuin3 levels and activity impairing the cell antioxidant defense. Angiotensin II-induced Sirtuin3 dysfunction leads to the impairment of AMP-activated protein kinase/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase signaling. Acetyl-L-carnitine, by lowering angiotensin II-induced mitochondrial superoxide formation, prevents Sirtuin3 dysfunction. This phenomenon implies the restoration of manganese superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Acetyl-L-carnitine protection is abrogated by specific Sirtuin3 siRNA. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that angiotensin II-induced insulin resistance fosters mitochondrial superoxide generation, in turn leading to Sirtuin3 dysfunction. The present results also highlight Sirtuin3 as a therapeutic target for the insulin-sensitizing effects of acetyl-L-carnitine.
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Suwa M, Nakano H, Radak Z, Kumagai S. A comparison of chronic AICAR treatment-induced metabolic adaptations in red and white muscles of rats. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:121-30. [PMID: 25388945 PMCID: PMC10717678 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The signaling molecule 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase plays a pivotal role in metabolic adaptations. Treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofranoside (AICAR) promotes the expression of metabolic regulators and components involved in glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells. Our aim was to determine whether AICAR-induced changes in metabolic regulators and components were more prominent in white or red muscle. Rats were treated with AICAR (1 mg/g body weight/day) for 14 days, resulting in increased expression levels of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), glucose transporter 4 proteins, and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. These changes were more prominent in white rather than red gastrocnemius muscle or were only observed in the white gastrocnemius. Our results suggest that AICAR induces the expression of metabolic regulators and components, especially in type II (B) fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suwa
- Faculty of Life Design, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 6 Futatsusawa, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8588, Japan,
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Kim SH, Huh CS, Choi ID, Jeong JW, Ku HK, Ra JH, Kim TY, Kim GB, Sim JH, Ahn YT. The anti-diabetic activity of Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 in vitro and in vivo. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:834-45. [PMID: 24925305 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 on insulin resistance induced using tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells and on the KK-A(Y) mouse noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. METHODS AND RESULTS The treatment using HY8101 improved the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 via the insulin signalling pathways AKT and IRS-1(Tyr) in TNF-α-treated L6 cells. HY8101 increased the mRNA levels of GLUT4 and several insulin sensitivity-related genes (PPAR-γ) in TNF-α-treated L6 cells. In KK-A(Y) mice, HY8101 decreased fasting insulin and blood glucose and significantly improved insulin tolerance. HY8101 improved diabetes-induced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels and increased the muscle glycogen content. We observed concurrent transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle tissue and the liver. In the skeletal muscle tissue, the glycogen synthesis-related gene pp-1 and GLUT4 were up-regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. In the liver, the hepatic gluconeogenesis-regulated genes (PCK1 and G6PC) were down-regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 can be used to moderate glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in mice and in cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 might have potential as a probiotic candidate for alleviating metabolic syndromes such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Kim
- R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Korea
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Ferreira MR, Camberos MDC, Selenscig D, Martucci LC, Chicco A, Lombardo YB, Cresto JC. Changes in hepatic lipogenic and oxidative enzymes and glucose homeostasis induced by an acetyl-l-carnitine and nicotinamide treatment in dyslipidaemic insulin-resistant rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:205-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Biochemistry; Litoral University; Santa Fe; Argentina
| | - Maria del C Camberos
- Endocrinology Research Centre (CEDIE); Ricardo Gutierrez Hospital; Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Dante Selenscig
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Biochemistry; Litoral University; Santa Fe; Argentina
| | - Lucía C Martucci
- Endocrinology Research Centre (CEDIE); Ricardo Gutierrez Hospital; Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Adriana Chicco
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Biochemistry; Litoral University; Santa Fe; Argentina
| | - Yolanda B Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Biochemistry; Litoral University; Santa Fe; Argentina
| | - Juan C Cresto
- Endocrinology Research Centre (CEDIE); Ricardo Gutierrez Hospital; Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Nobuhara M, Saotome M, Watanabe T, Urushida T, Katoh H, Satoh H, Funaki M, Hayashi H. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by saturated fatty acid loading induces myocardial insulin-resistance in differentiated H9c2 myocytes: a novel ex vivo myocardial insulin-resistance model. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:955-66. [PMID: 23416068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is often accompanied with metabolic disorders and insufficient energy production. Some previous studies have suggested an elevated serum free fatty acid (FA) due to chronic adrenergic stimulation induces myocardial insulin-resistance, which further impairs myocardial energy production. Because little is known about the pathogenesis of FA-induced cardiac insulin-resistance, we established an ex vivo cardiac insulin-resistant model and investigated the relationship between insulin-resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. The ex vivo insulin-resistant myocytes, which was produced by treating differentiated H9c2 myocytes with palmitate (saturated FA; 0.2mM) for 24h, exhibited insulin-signaling deficiency and attenuated 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) uptake. When myocytes were pretreated with Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride (TMPyP, a ROS scavenger; 200 μM), the insulin-signaling deficiency by palmitate was restored, whereas the attenuated 2-DG uptake was remained. In contrast to TMPyP, the pretreatment with perhexiline (a mitochondrial FA uptake inhibitor; 2 μM) restored the insulin-signaling deficiency and the attenuated 2-DG uptake by palmitate. Perhexiline restored the depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the reduced intracellular ATP by palmitate, and thereby improved the impaired GLUT4 recruitment to plasma membrane after insulin, whereas TMPyP failed to do so. These results suggested that the mitochondrial dysfunction by saturated FA loading and consequent intracellular energy shortage induced myocardial insulin-resistance in our ex vivo insulin-resistant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Nobuhara
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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He N, Kim N, Yoon S. Somatic mutation patterns and compound response in cancers. BMB Rep 2013; 46:97-102. [PMID: 23433112 PMCID: PMC4133857 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.2.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of various cancer cell lines can recapitulate known tumor-associated mutations and genetically define cancer subsets. This approach also enables comparative surveys of associations between cancer mutations and drug responses. Here, we analyzed the effects of ~40,000 compounds on cancer cell lines that showed diverse mutation-dependent sensitivity profiles. Over 1,000 compounds exhibited unique sensitivity on cell lines with specific mutational genotypes, and these compounds were clustered into six different classes of mutation-oriented sensitivity. The present analysis provides new insights into the relationship between somatic mutations and selectivity response of chemicals, and these results should have applications related to predicting and optimizing therapeutic windows for anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sukjoon Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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Zhao M, Zhang ZF, Ding Y, Wang JB, Li Y. Astragalus polysaccharide improves palmitate-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting PTP1B and NF-κB in C2C12 myotubes. Molecules 2012; 17:7083-92. [PMID: 22728372 PMCID: PMC6268810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Palmitate-reduced glucose uptake was restored by APS. APS prevented palmitate-induced C2C12 myotubes from impaired insulin signaling by inhibiting Ser307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increasing Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, the increases in protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) protein level and NF-κB activation associated with palmitate treatment were also prevented by APS. However the treatment with APS didn’t change AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in palmitate-induced myotubes. The results of the present study suggest that Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes by inhibiting expression of PTP1B and regulating NF-κB but not AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Li
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel./Fax:+86-10-8280-1177
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Lawler JM, Hindle A. Living in a box or call of the wild? Revisiting lifetime inactivity and sarcopenia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2529-41. [PMID: 21539480 PMCID: PMC3176342 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The accepted effects of aging in mammalian skeletal muscle are progressive atrophy and weakening, or sarcopenia. Canonical hallmarks of aging in skeletal muscle include a reduction in muscle fiber cross-sectional area, a loss in muscle fibers through apoptosis and denervation, and infiltration of connective tissue or fibrosis. Emerging thought suggests that pro-inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress may contribute to sarcopenia. CRITICAL ISSUES Unfortunately, most of the mammalian models used to examine and understand sarcopenia are confounded by the pervasive influence of prolonged physical inactivity. Further, the potential for underlying metabolic disorder and chronic disease (e.g., type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease) may accelerate skeletal muscle wasting. Because physical inactivity may share elevated pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and insufficient stress response (insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], heat-shock protein 25 [HSP25], NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 [SIRT-3], and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1[PGC-1α]) signaling with aging and chronic disease, it is critical to distinguish true aging from chronic inactivity or underlying disease. Conversely, the efficacy of exercise and caloric restrictive interventions against sarcopenia in aging populations appears highly effective when (a) conducted across the lifespan, or (b) at higher intensities when commenced in middle age or later. RECENT ADVANCES While the prospective mechanisms by which exercise or daily activity provide have not been elucidated, upregulation of HSPs, PGC-1α, and IGF-1 may ameliorate inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, and sarcopenia. Limited data indicate that the aging phenotype exhibited by mammals living in their natural habitat (Weddell seal and shrews) express limited apoptosis and fiber atrophy, whereas significant collagen accumulation remains. In addition, aging shrews displayed a remarkable ability to upregulate antioxidant enzymes (copper, zinc isoform of superoxide dismutase, manganese isoform of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is possible that in healthy populations requiring daily activity to thrive, fibrosis and weakness, more than atrophy, may be the predominant phenotype of muscle aging until senescence. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which lifetime inactivity contributes to sarcopenia and chronic disease will be critical in managing the quality of life and health costs associated with our aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843–4243, USA.
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Lehmann R, Zhao X, Weigert C, Simon P, Fehrenbach E, Fritsche J, Machann J, Schick F, Wang J, Hoene M, Schleicher ED, Häring HU, Xu G, Niess AM. Medium chain acylcarnitines dominate the metabolite pattern in humans under moderate intensity exercise and support lipid oxidation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11519. [PMID: 20634953 PMCID: PMC2902514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise is an extreme physiological challenge for skeletal muscle energy metabolism and has notable health benefits. We aimed to identify and characterize metabolites, which are components of the regulatory network mediating the beneficial metabolic adaptation to exercise. Methodology and Principal Findings First, we investigated plasma from healthy human subjects who completed two independent running studies under moderate, predominantly aerobic conditions. Samples obtained prior to and immediately after running and then 3 and 24 h into the recovery phase were analyzed by a non-targeted (NT-) metabolomics approach applying liquid chromatography-qTOF-mass spectrometry. Under these conditions medium and long chain acylcarnitines were found to be the most discriminant plasma biomarkers of moderately intense exercise. Immediately after a 60 min (at 93% VIAT) or a 120 min run (at 70% VIAT) a pronounced, transient increase dominated by octanoyl-, decanoyl-, and dodecanoyl-carnitine was observed. The release of acylcarnitines as intermediates of partial β-oxidation was verified in skeletal muscle cell culture experiments by probing 13C-palmitate metabolism. Further investigations in primary human myotubes and mouse muscle tissue revealed that octanoyl-, decanoyl-, and dodecanoyl-carnitine were able to support the oxidation of palmitate, proving more effective than L-carnitine. Conclusions Medium chain acylcarnitines were identified and characterized by a functional metabolomics approach as the dominating biomarkers during a moderately intense exercise bout possessing the power to support fat oxidation. This physiological production and efflux of acylcarnitines might exert beneficial biological functions in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lehmann
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RL); (GX)
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elvira Fehrenbach
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Machann
- Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erwin D. Schleicher
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (GX)
| | - Andreas M. Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Cassano P, Flück M, Giovanna Sciancalepore A, Pesce V, Calvani M, Hoppeler H, Cantatore P, Gadaleta MN. Muscle unloading potentiates the effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on the slow oxidative muscle phenotype. Biofactors 2010; 36:70-7. [PMID: 20091799 DOI: 10.1002/biof.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) supplementation to 3-month-old rats in normal-loading and unloading conditions has been here investigated by a combined morphological, biochemical and transcriptional approach to test whether ALCAR might cause a remodeling of the metabolic/contractile phenotype of soleus muscle. Morphological assessment demonstrated an increase of type I oxidative fiber content and cross-sectional area in ALCAR-treated animals both in normal-loading and in unloading conditions. ALCAR prevented loss of mitochondrial mass in unloaded animals whereas no ALCAR-dependent increase of mitochondrial mass occurred in normal-loaded muscle. Validated microarray analysis delineated an ALCAR-induced maintenance of a slow-oxidative expression program only in unloaded soleus muscle. Indeed, the muscle adjustment of the expression profile of factors underlying mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, protein turnover, fiber type differentiation and an adaptation of voltage-gated ion channel expression was distinguishable with respect to the loading status. This selectivity may suggest a key role of muscle loading status in the manifestation of ALCAR effects. The results extend to a broader level of biological informations the previous notion on ALCAR positive effect in rat soleus muscle during unloading and point to a role of ALCAR for the maintenance of its slow-oxidative fiber character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Cassano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology "Ernesto Quagliariello", University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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