1
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Hao M, Jiang H, Zhao Y, Li C, Jiang J. Identification of potential biomarkers for aging diagnosis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the aged donors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:87. [PMID: 38520027 PMCID: PMC10960456 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical application of human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of refractory diseases has achieved remarkable results. However, there is a need for a systematic evaluation of the quality and safety of MSCs sourced from donors. In this study, we sought to assess one potential factor that might impact quality, namely the age of the donor. METHODS We downloaded two data sets from each of two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), GSE39035 and GSE97311 databases, namely samples form young (< 65 years of age) and old (> 65) donor groups. Through, bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation to these retrieved data, we found that MSCs derived from aged donors can lead to differential expression of gene profiles compared with those from young donors, and potentially affect the function of MSCs, and may even induce malignant tumors. RESULTS We identified a total of 337 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including two upregulated and eight downregulated genes from the databases of both GSE39035 and GSE97311. We further identified 13 hub genes. Six of them, TBX15, IGF1, GATA2, PITX2, SNAI1 and VCAN, were highly expressed in many human malignancies in Human Protein Atlas database. In the MSCs in vitro senescent cell model, qPCR analysis validated that all six hub genes were highly expressed in senescent MSCs. Our findings confirm that aged donors of MSCs have a significant effect on gene expression profiles. The MSCs from old donors have the potential to cause a variety of malignancies. These TBX15, IGF1, GATA2, PITX2, SNAI1, VCAN genes could be used as potential biomarkers to diagnosis aging state of donor MSCs, and evaluate whether MSCs derived from an aged donor could be used for therapy in the clinic. Our findings provide a diagnostic basis for the clinical use of MSCs to treat a variety of diseases. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our findings not only provide guidance for the safe and standardized use of MSCs in the clinic for the treatment of various diseases, but also provide insights into the use of cell regeneration approaches to reverse aging and support rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- Life Spring AKY Pharmaceuticals, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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2
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Bieberich E. Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-Glycans in N-Glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:65-93. [PMID: 36255672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Many membrane-resident and secreted proteins, including growth factors and their receptors are N-glycosylated. The initial N-glycan structure is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a branched structure on a lipid anchor (dolicholpyrophosphate) and then co-translationally, "en bloc" transferred and linked via N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine within a specific N-glycosylation acceptor sequence of the nascent recipient protein. In the ER and then the Golgi apparatus, the N-linked glycan structure is modified by hydrolytic removal of sugar residues ("trimming") followed by re-glycosylation with additional sugar residues ("processing") such as galactose, fucose or sialic acid to form complex N-glycoproteins. While the sequence of the reactions leading to biosynthesis, "en bloc" transfer and processing of N-glycans is well investigated, it is still not completely understood how N-glycans affect the biological fate and function of N-glycoproteins. This review will discuss the biology of N-glycoprotein synthesis, processing and function with specific reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of the immune and nervous system, as well as infectious diseases such as Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Santilli F, Fabrizi J, Pulcini F, Santacroce C, Sorice M, Delle Monache S, Mattei V. Gangliosides and Their Role in Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123112. [PMID: 36551867 PMCID: PMC9775755 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides (GGs) are a glycolipid class present on Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) surfaces with a critical appearance role in stem cell differentiation, even though their mechanistic role in signaling and differentiation remains largely unknown. This review aims to carry out a critical analysis of the predictive role of gangliosides as specific markers of the cellular state of undifferentiated and differentiated MSCs, towards the osteogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, and adipogenic lineage. For this reason, we analyzed the role of GGs during multilineage differentiation processes of several types of MSCs such as Umbilical Cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs), Bone Marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs), Dental Pulp derived MSCs (DPSCs), and Adipose derived MSCs (ADSCs). Moreover, we examined the possible role of GGs as specific cell surface markers to identify or isolate specific stem cell isotypes and their potential use as additional markers for quality control of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santilli
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Angelo Maria Ricci 35A, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Jessica Fabrizi
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Angelo Maria Ricci 35A, 02100 Rieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fanny Pulcini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Costantino Santacroce
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Angelo Maria Ricci 35A, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Angelo Maria Ricci 35A, 02100 Rieti, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.M.); (V.M.)
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4
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Glycoconjugate journal special issue on: the glycobiology of Parkinson's disease. Glycoconj J 2021; 39:55-74. [PMID: 34757539 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 10 million aging people worldwide. This condition is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra (SNpc) and by aggregation of proteins, commonly α-synuclein (SNCA). The formation of Lewy bodies that encapsulate aggregated proteins in lipid vesicles is a hallmark of PD. Glycosylation of proteins and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis. SNCA has many posttranslational modifications and interacts with components of membranes that affect aggregation. The large membrane lipid dolichol accumulates in the brain upon age and has a significant effect on membrane structure. The replacement of dopamine and dopaminergic neurons are at the forefront of therapeutic development. This review examines the role of membrane lipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins and dopamine in the aggregation of SNCA and development of PD. We discuss the SNCA-dopamine-neuromelanin-dolichol axis and the role of membranes in neuronal stem cells that could be a regenerative therapy for PD patients.
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5
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Szlasa W, Zendran I, Zalesińska A, Tarek M, Kulbacka J. Lipid composition of the cancer cell membrane. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:321-342. [PMID: 32715369 PMCID: PMC7520422 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell possesses numerous adaptations to resist the immune system response and chemotherapy. One of the most significant properties of the neoplastic cells is the altered lipid metabolism, and consequently, the abnormal cell membrane composition. Like in the case of phosphatidylcholine, these changes result in the modulation of certain enzymes and accumulation of energetic material, which could be used for a higher proliferation rate. The changes are so prominent, that some lipids, such as phosphatidylserines, could even be considered as the cancer biomarkers. Additionally, some changes of biophysical properties of cell membranes lead to the higher resistance to chemotherapy, and finally to the disturbances in signalling pathways. Namely, the increased levels of certain lipids, like for instance phosphatidylserine, lead to the attenuation of the immune system response. Also, changes in lipid saturation prevent the cells from demanding conditions of the microenvironment. Particularly interesting is the significance of cell membrane cholesterol content in the modulation of metastasis. This review paper discusses the roles of each lipid type in cancer physiology. The review combined theoretical data with clinical studies to show novel therapeutic options concerning the modulation of cell membranes in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iga Zendran
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Mounir Tarek
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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6
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Zhang Y, Lin CM, Zheng XL, Abuduxikuer K. A novel NFIA gene nonsense mutation in a Chinese patient with macrocephaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, developmental delay, and dysmorphic features. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1492. [PMID: 32926563 PMCID: PMC7667355 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NFIA gene (OMIM*600727) has been shown to be associated with a syndrome of central nervous system malformations (corpus callosum and ventriculomegaly) with or without urinary tract defects(BRMUTD) (OMIM#613735) with a low incidence. METHODS AND RESULTS: We presented the clinical data of a 3-month-old Chinese infant with clinical features such as thin corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, development delay, and dysmorphic features (macrocephaly, hypertelorism, slightly pointed chin, broad forehead, and large ears). Genomic DNA was extracted for Trio Whole Exome Sequencing. Preliminary genetic tests revealed one de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation c.220 C>T (p.Arg74Ter) of the NFIA gene (NM_005595). CONCLUSION Genetic DNA sequencing is a crucial method for diagnosing BRMUTD. This approach enriches the genotype and spectrum of BRMUTD syndrome and the outcome of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Cai Mei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Lan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Fujian, China
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7
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Toward Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis in a Compartmented Flow Microreactor System. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Zhang T, de Waard AA, Wuhrer M, Spaapen RM. The Role of Glycosphingolipids in Immune Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:90. [PMID: 30761148 PMCID: PMC6361815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) exhibit a variety of functions in cellular differentiation and interaction. Also, they are known to play a role as receptors in pathogen invasion. A less well-explored feature is the role of GSLs in immune cell function which is the subject of this review article. Here we summarize knowledge on GSL expression patterns in different immune cells. We review the changes in GSL expression during immune cell development and differentiation, maturation, and activation. Furthermore, we review how immune cell GSLs impact membrane organization, molecular signaling, and trans-interactions in cellular cross-talk. Another aspect covered is the role of GSLs as targets of antibody-based immunity in cancer. We expect that recent advances in analytical and genome editing technologies will help in the coming years to further our knowledge on the role of GSLs as modulators of immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonius A de Waard
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Zhang W, Krafft PR, Wang T, Zhang JH, Li L, Tang J. Pathophysiology of Ganglioside GM1 in Ischemic Stroke: Ganglioside GM1: A Critical Review. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:657-661. [PMID: 30666888 PMCID: PMC6686431 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718822782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM1 is a member of the ganglioside family which has been used in many countries and is thought of as a promising alternative treatment for preventing several neurological diseases, including cerebral ischemic injury. The therapeutic effects of GM1 have been proved both in neonates and in adults following ischemic brain damage; however, its clinical efficacy in patients with ischemic stroke is still uncertain. This review examines the recent knowledge of the neuroprotective properties of GM1 in ischemic stroke, collected in the past two decades. We conclude that GM1 may have potential for stroke treatment, although we need to be cautious in respect of its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R Krafft
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Tianlong Wang
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - John H Zhang
- 4 Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA.,5 Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Li Li
- 6 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, People's Republic of China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiping Tang
- 4 Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA.,Both the authors contributed equally to this work
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10
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Jain P, Nattakom M, Holowka D, Wang DH, Thomas Brenna J, Ku AT, Nguyen H, Ibrahim SF, Tumbar T. Runx1 Role in Epithelial and Cancer Cell Proliferation Implicates Lipid Metabolism and Scd1 and Soat1 Activity. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1603-1616. [PMID: 29938858 PMCID: PMC6202256 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of lipid metabolism in epithelial stem cell (SC) function and carcinogenesis is poorly understood. The transcription factor Runx1 is known to regulate proliferation in mouse epithelial hair follicle (HF) SCs in vivo and in several mouse and human epithelial cancers. We found a novel subset of in vivo Runx1 HFSC target genes related to lipid metabolism and demonstrated changes in distinct classes of lipids driven by Runx1. Inhibition of lipid-enzymes Scd1 and Soat1 activity synergistically reduces proliferation of mouse skin epithelial cells and of human skin and oral squamous cell carcinoma cultured lines. Varying Runx1 levels induces changes in skin monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleate, a product of Scd1) as shown by our lipidome analysis. Furthermore, varying Runx1 levels, the inhibition of Scd1, or the addition of Scd1-product oleate, individually affects the plasma membrane organization (or fluidity) in mouse keratinocytes. These factors also affect the strength of signal transduction through the membranes for Wnt, a pathway that promotes epithelial (cancer) cell proliferation and HFSC activation. Our working model is that HFSC factor Runx1 modulates the fatty acid production, which affects membrane organization, facilitating signal transduction for rapid proliferation of normal and cancer epithelial cells. Stem Cells 2018;36:1603-1616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary Nattakom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David Holowka
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dong Hao Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Tsu Ku
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sherrif F Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicines & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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11
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Shelke GB, Lih YH, Liao YJ, Liang CW, Kuo TM, Ko YC, Luo SY. Synthesis and Bioassay of Neurogenically Potent Gangliosides DSG-A, Hp-s1 and Their Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1264-1268. [PMID: 29558805 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search of a potent candidate for neurotherapy, we designed and synthesized various analogues of ganglioside Hp-s1. The modification includes the change in hydrophobicity by varying the carbon chain length, altering the number of hydrogen bonds, and replacing the anomeric atom. The chemical synthesis was carried out by using various methods and discussed in details. The neuritogenic activities of these analogues are confirmed in a human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. A higher activity of ganglioside Hp-s1 analogue on IL-17A transcript upregulation than ganglioside Hp-s1 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B. Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lih
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Kuo
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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12
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Abstract
This review begins by attempting to recount some of the pioneering discoveries that first identified the presence of gangliosides in the nervous system, their structures and topography. This is presented as prelude to the current emphasis on physiological function, about which much has been learned but still remains to be elucidated. These areas include ganglioside roles in nervous system development including stem cell biology, membranes and organelles within neurons and glia, ion transport mechanisms, receptor modulation including neurotrophic factor receptors, and importantly the pathophysiological role of ganglioside aberrations in neurodegenerative disorders. This relates to their potential as therapeutic agents, especially in those conditions characterized by deficiency of one or more specific gangliosides. Finally we attempt to speculate on future directions ganglioside research is likely to take so as to capitalize on the impressive progress to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ledeen
- Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Gusheng Wu
- Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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13
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Liu Q, Lyu Z, Yu Y, Zhao ZA, Hu S, Yuan L, Chen G, Chen H. Synthetic Glycopolymers for Highly Efficient Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Neurons: Lipo- or Not? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11518-11527. [PMID: 28287262 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To realize the potential application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, it is a prerequisite to develop an effective strategy for the neural differentiation of ESCs so as to obtain adequate amount of neurons. Considering the efficacy of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and their disadvantages (e.g., structure heterogeneity and impurity), GAG-mimicking glycopolymers (designed polymers containing functional units similar to natural GAG) with or without phospholipid groups were synthesized in the present work and their ability to promote neural differentiation of mouse ESCs (mESCs) was investigated. It was found that the lipid-anchored GAG-mimicking glycopolymers (lipo-pSGF) retained on the membrane of mESCs rather than being internalized by cells after 1 h of incubation. Besides, lipo-pSGF showed better activity in promoting neural differentiation. The expression of the neural-specific maker β3-tubulin in lipo-pSGF-treated cells was ∼3.8- and ∼1.9-fold higher compared to natural heparin- and pSGF-treated cells at day 14. The likely mechanism involved in lipo-pSGF-mediated neural differentiation was further investigated by analyzing its effect on fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway which is important for neural differentiation of ESCs. Lipo-pSGF was found to efficiently bind FGF2 and enhance the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, thus promoting neural differentiation. These findings demonstrated that engineering of cell surface glycan using our synthetic lipo-glycopolymer is a highly efficient approach for neural differentiation of ESCs and this strategy can be applied for the regulation of other cellular activities mediated by cell membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - You Yu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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14
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Yagi H, Kato K. Functional roles of glycoconjugates in the maintenance of stemness and differentiation process of neural stem cells. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:757-763. [PMID: 27350557 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess a high proliferative potential and capacity for self-renewal with retention of multipotency to differentiate into brain-forming cells. NSCs have gained a considerable attention because of their potential application in treatment strategies on the basis of transplantation for neurodegenerative disorders and nerve injuries. Although several signaling pathways have been reportedly involved in the fate determination process of NSCs, the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of neural cell stemness and differentiation process remain largely unknown. Glycoconjugates expressed in the NSC niche in the brain offer markers of NSCs; moreover, they serve as cell regulators, which are actively involved in the modulation of signal transduction. The glycans function on NCS surfaces by recruiting growth factor receptors to specific microdomains as components of glycolipids, thereby mediating the ligand-receptor interactions both indirectly and directly as components of proteoglycans and interacting with specific lectin-type receptors as components of ligand glycoproteins. In this review, we outline current knowledge of the possible functional mechanisms of glycoconjugates to determine cell fates, which are associated with their expression pattern and structural characteristic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan. .,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
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15
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Safina D, Schlitt F, Romeo R, Pflanzner T, Pietrzik CU, Narayanaswami V, Edenhofer F, Faissner A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is a novel modulator of radial glia stem cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Glia 2016; 64:1363-80. [PMID: 27258849 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The LDL family of receptors and its member low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) have classically been associated with a modulation of lipoprotein metabolism. Current studies, however, indicate diverse functions for this receptor in various aspects of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. LRP1 is essential for normal neuronal function in the adult CNS, whereas the role of LRP1 in development remained unclear. Previously, we have observed an upregulation of LewisX (LeX) glycosylated LRP1 in the stem cells of the developing cortex and demonstrated its importance for oligodendrocyte differentiation. In the current study, we show that LeX-glycosylated LRP1 is also expressed in the stem cell compartment of the developing spinal cord and has broader functions in the developing CNS. We have investigated the basic properties of LRP1 conditional knockout on the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from the cortex and the spinal cord, created by means of Cre-loxp-mediated recombination in vitro. The functional status of LRP1-deficient cells has been studied using proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis assays. LRP1 deficient NSPCs from both CNS regions demonstrated altered differentiation profiles. Their differentiation capacity toward oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), mature oligodendrocytes and neurons was reduced. In contrast, astrocyte differentiation was promoted. Moreover, LRP1 deletion had a negative effect on NSPCs proliferation and survival. Our observations suggest that LRP1 facilitates NSPCs differentiation via interaction with apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Upon ApoE4 stimulation wild type NSPCs generated more oligodendrocytes, but LRP1 knockout cells showed no response. The effect of ApoE seems to be independent of cholesterol uptake, but is rather mediated by downstream MAPK and Akt activation. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2016;64:1363-1380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Safina
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Frederik Schlitt
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Ramona Romeo
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pflanzner
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55099, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55099, Germany
| | - Vasanthy Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, 90840
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, Wuerzburg, D-97070, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
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16
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Protection against Experimental Stroke by Ganglioside GM1 Is Associated with the Inhibition of Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144219. [PMID: 26751695 PMCID: PMC4709082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM1, which is particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS), is closely associated with the protection against several CNS disorders. However, controversial findings have been reported on the role of GM1 following ischemic stroke. In the present study, using a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we investigated whether GM1 can protect against ischemic brain injury and whether it targets the autophagy pathway. GM1 was delivered to Sprague-Dawley male rats at 3 doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection soon after reperfusion and then once daily for 2 days. The same volume of saline was given as a control. Tat–Beclin-1, a specific autophagy inducer, was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 24 and 48 hours post-MCAO. Infarction volume, mortality and neurological function were assessed at 72 hours after ischemic insult. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were performed to determine the expression of autophagy-related proteins P62, LC3 and Beclin-1 in the penumbra area. No significant changes in mortality and physiological variables (heart rate, blood glucose levels and arterial blood gases) were observed between the different groups. However, MCAO resulted in enhanced conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II, P62 degradation, high levels of Beclin-1, a large area infarction (26.3±3.6%) and serious neurobehavioral deficits. GM1 (50 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the autophagy activation, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and infarction volume (from 26.3% to 19.5%) without causing significant adverse side effects. However, this biological function could be abolished by Tat–Beclin-1. In conclusion: GM1 demonstrated safe and robust neuroprotective effects that are associated with the inhibition of autophagy following experimental stroke.
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Caughlin S, Hepburn JD, Park DH, Jurcic K, Yeung KKC, Cechetto DF, Whitehead SN. Increased Expression of Simple Ganglioside Species GM2 and GM3 Detected by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry in a Combined Rat Model of Aβ Toxicity and Stroke. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130364. [PMID: 26086081 PMCID: PMC4473074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging brain is often characterized by the presence of multiple comorbidities resulting in synergistic damaging effects in the brain as demonstrated through the interaction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke. Gangliosides, a family of membrane lipids enriched in the central nervous system, may have a mechanistic role in mediating the brain's response to injury as their expression is altered in a number of disease and injury states. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) was used to study the expression of A-series ganglioside species GD1a, GM1, GM2, and GM3 to determine alteration of their expression profiles in the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity in addition to ischemic injury. To model a stroke, rats received a unilateral striatal injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) (stroke alone group). To model Aβ toxicity, rats received intracerebralventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the toxic 25-35 fragment of the Aβ peptide (Aβ alone group). To model the combination of Aβ toxicity with stroke, rats received both the unilateral ET-1 injection and the bilateral icv injections of Aβ25-35 (combined Aβ/ET-1 group). By 3 d, a significant increase in the simple ganglioside species GM2 was observed in the ischemic brain region of rats who received a stroke (ET-1), with or without Aβ. By 21 d, GM2 levels only remained elevated in the combined Aβ/ET-1 group. GM3 levels however demonstrated a different pattern of expression. By 3 d GM3 was elevated in the ischemic brain region only in the combined Aβ/ET-1 group. By 21 d, GM3 was elevated in the ischemic brain region in both stroke alone and Aβ/ET-1 groups. Overall, results indicate that the accumulation of simple ganglioside species GM2 and GM3 may be indicative of a mechanism of interaction between AD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caughlin
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D. Hepburn
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Dae Hee Park
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kristina Jurcic
- Dept. Chemistry and Dept. Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ken K.-C. Yeung
- Dept. Chemistry and Dept. Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David F. Cechetto
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Shawn N. Whitehead
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Dept. Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Usuki S, O'Brien D, Rivner MH, Yu RK. A new approach to ELISA-based anti-glycolipid antibody evaluation of highly adhesive serum samples. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:52-63. [PMID: 24861939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a standard immunoassay used in measuring antibody reactivity (expressed as titers) for glycosphingolipids (GSLs) such as gangliosides and sulfoglycolipids in the sera of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), variants of GBS, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). In the present study, anti-GSL antibodies were evaluated using a new formula of affinity parametric complex (APC), calculated from limiting-dilution serum assay data, followed by affinity parametric complex criterion (APCC). Using assay results based on APCC, we analyzed serum samples categorized into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), CIDP, CIDP with myasthenia gravis (MG), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We were able to determine the affinity strength of antibodies otherwise hidden in the non-specific background activity in highly adhesive serum samples. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-immuno-overlay method assured us that this new method is an accurate and reliable way for evaluating anti-GSL antibodies using ELISA serum sample data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Usuki
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dawn O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Michael H Rivner
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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19
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Bieberich E. Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-glycans in N-glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:47-70. [PMID: 25151374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane-resident and secrected proteins, including growth factors and their receptors, are N-glycosylated. The initial N-glycan structure is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a branched structure on a lipid anchor (dolichol pyrophosphate) and then co-translationally, "en bloc" transferred and linked via N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine within a specific N-glycosylation acceptor sequence of the nascent recipient protein. In the ER and then the Golgi apparatus, the N-linked glycan structure is modified by hydrolytic removal of sugar residues ("trimming") followed by re-glycosylation with additional sugar residues ("processing") such as galactose, fucose, or sialic acid to form complex N-glycoproteins. While the sequence of the reactions leading to biosynthesis, "en bloc" transfer and processing of N-glycans is well investigated, it is still not completely understood how N-glycans affect the biological fate and function of N-glycoproteins. This review discusses the biology of N-glycoprotein synthesis, processing, and function with specific reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA,
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20
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Clemens G, Flower KR, Henderson AP, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Jimenez-Hernandez M, Ball F, Bassan P, Cinque G, Gardner P. The action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and synthetic retinoid analogues (EC19 and EC23) on human pluripotent stem cells differentiation investigated using single cell infrared microspectroscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:677-92. [PMID: 23364809 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is widely used to direct the differentiation of cultured stem cells. When exposed to the pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell line, TERA2.cl.SP12, ATRA induces ectoderm differentiation and the formation of neuronal cell types. We have previously generated synthetic analogues of retinoic acid (EC23 and EC19) which also induce the differentiation of EC cells. Even though EC23 and EC19 have similar chemical structures, they have differing biochemical effects in terms of EC cell differentiation. EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in a manner similar to ATRA, whereas EC19 directs the cells to form epithelial-like derivatives. Previous MALDI-TOF MS analysis examined the response of TERA2.cl.SP12 cells after exposure to ATRA, EC23 and EC19 and further demonstrated the similarly in the effect of ATRA and EC23 activity whilst responses to EC19 were very different. In this study, we show that Fourier Transform Infrared Micro-Spectroscopy (FT-IRMS) coupled with appropriate scatter correction and multivariate analysis can be used as an effective tool to further investigate the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and monitor the alternative affects different retinoid compounds have on the induction of differentiation. FT-IRMS detected differences between cell populations as early as 3 days of compound treatment. Populations of cells treated with different retinoid compounds could easily be distinguished from one another during the early stages of cell differentiation. These data demonstrate that FT-IRMS technology can be used as a sensitive screening technique to monitor the status of the stem cell phenotype and progression of differentiation along alternative pathways in response to different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Clemens
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester University, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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21
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Liu YY, Hill RA, Li YT. Ceramide glycosylation catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase and cancer drug resistance. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 117:59-89. [PMID: 23290777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394274-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, catalyzes the first reaction of ceramide glycosylation in sphingolipid metabolism. This glycosylation by GCS is a critical step regulating the modulation of cellular activities by controlling ceramide and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). An increase of ceramide in response to stresses, such as chemotherapy, drives cells to proliferation arrest and apoptosis or autophagy; however, ceramide glycosylation promptly eliminates ceramide and consequently, these induced processes, thus protecting cancer cells. Further, persistently enhanced ceramide glycosylation can increase GSLs, participating in selecting cancer cells to drug resistance. GCS is overexpressed in diverse drug-resistant cancer cells and in tumors of breast, colon, and leukemia that display poor response to chemotherapy. As ceramide glycosylation by GCS is a rate-limiting step in GSL synthesis, inhibition of GCS sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs and eradicates cancer stem cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that uncoupling ceramide glycosylation can modulate gene expression, decreasing MDR1 through the cSrc/β-catenin pathway and restoring p53 expression via RNA splicing. These studies not only expand our knowledge in understanding how ceramide glycosylation affects cancer cells but also provide novel therapeutic approaches for targeting refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Liu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
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22
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Lauria I, van Üüm J, Mjumjunov-Crncevic E, Walrafen D, Spitta L, Thiele C, Lang T. GLTP mediated non-vesicular GM1 transport between native membranes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59871. [PMID: 23555818 PMCID: PMC3610762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are emerging as key players in lipid homeostasis by mediating non-vesicular transport steps between two membrane surfaces. Little is known about the driving force that governs the direction of transport in cells. Using the soluble LTP glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP), we examined GM1 (monosialotetrahexosyl-ganglioside) transfer to native membrane surfaces. With artificial GM1 donor liposomes, GLTP can be used to increase glycolipid levels over natural levels in either side of the membrane leaflet, i.e., external or cytosolic. In a system with native donor- and acceptor-membranes, we find that GLTP balances highly variable GM1 concentrations in a population of membranes from one cell type, and in addition, transfers lipids between membranes from different cell types. Glycolipid transport is highly efficient, independent of cofactors, solely driven by the chemical potential of GM1 and not discriminating between the extra- and intracellular membrane leaflet. We conclude that GLTP mediated non-vesicular lipid trafficking between native membranes is driven by simple thermodynamic principles and that for intracellular transport less than 1 µM GLTP would be required in the cytosol. Furthermore, the data demonstrates the suitability of GLTP as a tool for artificially increasing glycolipid levels in cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lauria
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan van Üüm
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esmina Mjumjunov-Crncevic
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Walrafen
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Spitta
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Lipids, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bauwens A, Betz J, Meisen I, Kemper B, Karch H, Müthing J. Facing glycosphingolipid-Shiga toxin interaction: dire straits for endothelial cells of the human vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:425-57. [PMID: 22766973 PMCID: PMC11113656 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The two major Shiga toxin (Stx) types, Stx1 and Stx2, produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in particular injure renal and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells after transfer from the human intestine into the circulation. Stxs are AB(5) toxins composed of an enzymatically active A subunit and the pentameric B subunit, which preferentially binds to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer/CD77). This review summarizes the current knowledge on Stx-caused cellular injury and the structural diversity of Stx receptors as well as the initial molecular interaction of Stxs with the human endothelium of different vascular beds. The varying lipoforms of Stx receptors and their spatial organization in lipid rafts suggest a central role in different modes of receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular destiny of the toxins. The design and development of tailored Stx neutralizers targeting the oligosaccharide-toxin recognition event has become a very real prospect to ameliorate or prevent life-threatening renal and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauwens
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josefine Betz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Kilpinen L, Tigistu-Sahle F, Oja S, Greco D, Parmar A, Saavalainen P, Nikkilä J, Korhonen M, Lehenkari P, Käkelä R, Laitinen S. Aging bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells have altered membrane glycerophospholipid composition and functionality. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:622-635. [PMID: 23271708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSC) are increasingly used in advanced cellular therapies. The clinical use of hMSCs demands sequential cell expansions. As it is well established that membrane glycerophospholipids (GPL) provide precursors for signaling lipids that modulate cellular functions, we studied the effect of the donor's age and cell doublings on the GPL profile of human bone marrow MSC (hBMSC). The hBMSCs, which were harvested from five young and five old adults, showed clear compositional changes during expansion seen at the level of lipid classes, lipid species, and acyl chains. The ratio of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylserine increased toward the late-passage samples. Furthermore, 20:4n-6-containing species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine accumulated while the species containing monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) decreased during passaging. Additionally, in the total FA pool of the cells, 20:4n-6 increased, which happened at the expense of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs, especially 22:6n-3. The GPL and FA correlated with the decreased immunosuppressive capacity of hBMSCs during expansion. Our observations were further supported by alterations in the gene expression levels of several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and immunomodulation. The results show that extensive expansion of hBMSCs harmfully modulates membrane GPLs, affecting lipid signaling and eventually impairing functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Kilpinen
- Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Bieberich E. It's a lipid's world: bioactive lipid metabolism and signaling in neural stem cell differentiation. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1208-29. [PMID: 22246226 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are often considered membrane components whose function is to embed proteins into cell membranes. In the last two decades, studies on brain lipids have unequivocally demonstrated that many lipids have critical cell signaling functions; they are called "bioactive lipids". Pioneering work in Dr. Robert Ledeen's laboratory has shown that two bioactive brain sphingolipids, sphingomyelin and the ganglioside GM1 are major signaling lipids in the nuclear envelope. In addition to derivatives of the sphingolipid ceramide, the bioactive lipids discussed here belong to the classes of terpenoids and steroids, eicosanoids, and lysophospholipids. These lipids act mainly through two mechanisms: (1) direct interaction between the bioactive lipid and a specific protein binding partner such as a lipid receptor, protein kinase or phosphatase, ion exchanger, or other cell signaling protein; and (2) formation of lipid microdomains or rafts that regulate the activity of a group of raft-associated cell signaling proteins. In recent years, a third mechanism has emerged, which invokes lipid second messengers as a regulator for the energy and redox balance of differentiating neural stem cells (NSCs). Interestingly, developmental niches such as the stem cell niche for adult NSC differentiation may also be metabolic compartments that respond to a distinct combination of bioactive lipids. The biological function of these lipids as regulators of NSC differentiation will be reviewed and their application in stem cell therapy discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Cells with certain attributes of very immature astroglial cells and their radial precursors can act as stem and/or progenitor cells during developmental and persistent neurogenesis. Neural stem/progenitor cells both express and are affected by a variety of developmentally regulated macromolecules and growth factors, and such signaling or recognition molecules are being uncovered through extensive genomic and proteomic studies, as well as tested using in vitro/in vivo cell growth bioassays. Glycosylated molecules are appreciated as distinct signaling molecules during morphogenesis in a variety of tissues and organs, with glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans) serving as mediators for the interactions of cells with each other and their substrates, to confer growth and differentiation cues to precursor cells in search of identity. Neurogenic astrocytes and associated glycoconjugates, especially extracellular matrix molecules, are discussed in the context of neurogenesis and stem/progenitor cell growth, fate choice, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Steindler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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28
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Whitehead SN, Chan KHN, Gangaraju S, Slinn J, Li J, Hou ST. Imaging mass spectrometry detection of gangliosides species in the mouse brain following transient focal cerebral ischemia and long-term recovery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20808. [PMID: 21687673 PMCID: PMC3110773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, a member of the glycosphingolipid family, are heterogeneously expressed in biological membranes and are particularly enriched within the central nervous system. Gangliosides consist of mono- or poly-sialylated oligosaccharide chains of variable lengths attached to a ceramide unit and are found to be intimately involved in brain disease development. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial profile of ganglioside species using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging (IMS) following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion injury in the mouse. IMS is a powerful method to not only discriminate gangliosides by their oligosaccharide components, but also by their carbon length within their sphingosine base. Mice were subjected to a 30 min unilateral MCAO followed by long-term survival (up to 28 days of reperfusion). Brain sections were sprayed with the matrix 5-Chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, scanned and analyzed for a series of ganglioside molecules using an Applied Biosystems 4800 MALDI TOF/TOF. Traditional histological and immunofluorescence techniques were performed to assess brain tissue damage and verification of the expression of gangliosides of interest. Results revealed a unique anatomical profile of GM1, GD1 and GT1b (d18∶1, d20∶1 as well as other members of the glycosphingolipid family). There was marked variability in the ratio of expression between ipsilateral and contralateral cortices for the various detected ganglioside species following MCAO-reperfusion injury. Most interestingly, MCAO resulted in the transient induction of both GM2 and GM3 signals within the ipsilateral hemisphere; at the border of the infarcted tissue. Taken together, the data suggest that brain region specific expression of gangliosides, particularly with respect to hydrocarbon length, may play a role in neuronal responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N. Whitehead
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (SNW); (STH)
| | - Kenneth H. N. Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheng T. Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (SNW); (STH)
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Abstract
NSCs (neural stem cells) are undifferentiated neural cells endowed with a high potential for proliferation and a capacity for self-renewal with retention of multipotency to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. It has been recently reported that GD3, a b-series ganglioside, is a marker molecule for identifying and isolating mouse NSCs. However, the expression of gangliosides in human NSCs is largely unknown. In the present study, we analysed the expression of gangliosides, GD2 and GD3, in human NSCs that were isolated from human brains at gestational week 17 in the form of neurospheres, which are floating clonal aggregates formed by NSCs in vitro. Employing immunocytochemistry, we found that human NSCs were strongly reactive to anti-GD2 antibody and relatively weakly reactive to anti-GD3 antibody. Treatment of these cells with an organic solvent such as 100% methanol, which selectively removes glycolipids from plasma membrane, abolished the immunoreactivity with those antibodies, indicating that the reactivity was due to GD2 and GD3, but not to GD2-/GD3-like glycoproteins or proteoglycans. The immunoreactivity of human NSCs to antibody against SSEA-1 (stage-specific embryonic antigen-1), a well-known carbohydrate antigen of NSCs, was not decreased by the treatment with 100% methanol, indicating that SSEA-1 is mainly carried by glycoproteins and/or proteoglycans in human NSCs. Our study suggests that GD2 and GD3 can be marker gangliosides for identifying human NSCs.
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30
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Kaneko J, Kinoshita MO, Machida T, Shinoda Y, Nagatsuka Y, Hirabayashi Y. Phosphatidylglucoside: a novel marker for adult neural stem cells. J Neurochem 2011; 116:840-4. [PMID: 21306383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of a novel glycophospholipid, phosphatidylglucoside (PtdGlc), in adult mouse brains. Immunohistochemical analysis with DIM21 antibody, a monoclonal anti-PtdGlc antibody, revealed robust PtdGlc staining in the two primary neurogenic regions of the adult rodent brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) lining the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Intriguingly, the staining pattern of PtdGlc appeared to overlap that of glial fibrillary acidic protein, an adult neural stem cell marker in these regions. Further immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PtdGlc expression on the cell membranes of adult SVZ neural stem cells significantly overlapped with other proposed adult neural stem cell markers. Moreover, PtdGlc(+) cells isolated from adult mouse SVZs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting with anti-PtdGlc antibody efficiently generated neurospheres in cell culture. These cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro, directly demonstrating that PtdGlc-expressing cells possessed multipotency. Our data suggest that PtdGlc could be a useful adult stem cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kaneko
- Laboratory for Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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31
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Yu RK, Tsai YT, Ariga T, Yanagisawa M. Structures, biosynthesis, and functions of gangliosides--an overview. J Oleo Sci 2011; 60:537-544. [PMID: 21937853 PMCID: PMC3684167 DOI: 10.5650/jos.60.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that are most abundant in the nervous system. Heterogeneity and diversity of the structures in their carbohydrate chains are characteristic hallmarks of these lipids; so far, 188 gangliosides with different carbohydrate structures have been identified in vertebrates. The molecular structural complexity increases manifold if one considers heterogeneity in the lipophilic components. The expression levels and patterns of brain gangliosides are known to change drastically during development. In cells, gangliosides are primarily, but not exclusively, localized in the outer leaflets of plasma membranes and are integral components of cell surface microdomains with sphingomyelin and cholesterol from which they participate in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and signal transduction. In this brief review, we discuss the structures, metabolism and functions of gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Agusta 30912, USA.
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32
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Patwardhan GA, Liu YY. Sphingolipids and expression regulation of genes in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:104-14. [PMID: 20970453 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids including glycosphingolipids have myriad effects on cell functions and affect cancer in aspects of tumorigenesis, metastasis and tumor response to treatments. Bioactive ones like ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate and globotriaosylceramide initiate and process cellular signaling to alter cell behaviors immediately responding to oncogenic stress or treatment challenges. Recent studies pinpoint that sphingolipid-mediated gene expression has long and profound impacts on cancer cells, and these play crucial roles in tumor progression and in treatment outcome. More than 10 sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids selectively mediate expressions of approximately 50 genes including c-myc, p21, c-fos, telomerase reverse transcriptase, caspase-9, Bcl-x, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinases, integrins, Oct-4, glucosylceramide synthase and multidrug-resistant gene 1. By diverse functions of these genes, sphingolipids enduringly affect cellular processes of mitosis, apoptosis, migration, stemness of cancer stem cells and cellular resistance to therapies. Mechanistic studies indicate that sphingolipids regulate particular gene expression by modulating phosphorylation and acetylation of proteins that serve as transcription factors (β-catenin, Sp1), repressor of transcription (histone H3), and regulators (SRp30a) in RNA splicing. Disclosing molecular mechanisms by which sphingolipids selectively regulate particular gene expression, instead of other relevant ones, requires understanding of the exact roles of individual lipid instead of a group, the signaling pathways that are implicated in and interaction with proteins or other lipids in details. These studies not only expand our knowledge of sphingolipids, but can also suggest novel targets for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri A Patwardhan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
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