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van Opbergen CJM, Bagwan N, Maurya SR, Kim JC, Smith AN, Blackwell DJ, Johnston JN, Knollmann BC, Cerrone M, Lundby A, Delmar M. Exercise Causes Arrhythmogenic Remodeling of Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Plakophilin-2-Deficient Hearts. Circulation 2022; 145:1480-1496. [PMID: 35491884 PMCID: PMC9086182 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training, and catecholaminergic stimulation, increase the incidence of arrhythmic events in patients affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy correlated with plakophilin-2 (PKP2) mutations. Separate data show that reduced abundance of PKP2 leads to dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) homeostasis. Here, we study the relation between excercise, catecholaminergic stimulation, Ca2+i homeostasis, and arrhythmogenesis in PKP2-deficient murine hearts. METHODS Experiments were performed in myocytes from a cardiomyocyte-specific, tamoxifen-activated, PKP2 knockout murine line (PKP2cKO). For training, mice underwent 75 minutes of treadmill running once per day, 5 days each week for 6 weeks. We used multiple approaches including imaging, high-resolution mass spectrometry, electrocardiography, and pharmacological challenges to study the functional properties of cells/hearts in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In myocytes from PKP2cKO animals, training increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous ryanodine receptor (ryanodine receptor 2)-mediated Ca2+ release events (sparks), and changed the time course of sarcomeric shortening. Phosphoproteomics analysis revealed that training led to hyperphosphorylation of phospholamban in residues 16 and 17, suggesting a catecholaminergic component. Isoproterenol-induced increase in Ca2+i transient amplitude showed a differential response to β-adrenergic blockade that depended on the purported ability of the blockers to reach intracellular receptors. Additional experiments showed significant reduction of isoproterenol-induced Ca2+i sparks and ventricular arrhythmias in PKP2cKO hearts exposed to an experimental blocker of ryanodine receptor 2 channels. CONCLUSIONS Exercise disproportionately affects Ca2+i homeostasis in PKP2-deficient hearts in a manner facilitated by stimulation of intracellular β-adrenergic receptors and hyperphosphorylation of phospholamban. These cellular changes create a proarrhythmogenic state that can be mitigated by ryanodine receptor 2 blockade. Our data unveil an arrhythmogenic mechanism for exercise-induced or catecholaminergic life-threatening arrhythmias in the setting of PKP2 deficit. We suggest that membrane-permeable β-blockers are potentially more efficient for patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, highlight the potential for ryanodine receptor 2 channel blockers as treatment for the control of heart rhythm in the population at risk, and propose that PKP2-dependent and phospholamban-dependent arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-related arrhythmias have a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal JM van Opbergen
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Navratan Bagwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svetlana R Maurya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joon-Chul Kim
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abigail N Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Blackwell
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Björn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marina Cerrone
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Lundby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ren W, Li Y, Chen X, Hu S, Cheng W, Cao Y, Gao J, Chen X, Xiong D, Li H, Wang P. RYR2 mutation in non-small cell lung cancer prolongs survival via down-regulation of DKK1 and up-regulation of GS1-115G20.1: A weighted gene Co-expression network analysis and risk prognostic models. IET Syst Biol 2021; 16:43-58. [PMID: 34877784 PMCID: PMC8965387 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RYR2 mutation is clinically frequent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with its function being elusive. We downloaded lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma samples from the TCGA database, split the samples into RYR2 mutant group (n = 337) and RYR2 wild group (n = 634), and established Kaplan-Meier curves. The results showed that RYR2 mutant group lived longer than the wild group (p = 0.027). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) yielded prognosis-related genes. Five mRNAs and 10 lncRNAs were selected to build survival prognostic models with other clinical features. The AUCs of 2 models are 0.622 and 0.565 for predicting survival at 3 years. Among these genes, the AUCs of DKK1 and GS1-115G20.1 expression levels were 0.607 and 0.560, respectively, which predicted the 3-year survival rate of NSCLC sufferers. GSEA identified an association of high DKK1 expression with TP53, MTOR, and VEGF expression. Several target miRNAs interacting with GS1-115G20.1 were observed to show the relationship with the phenotype, treatment, and survival of NSCLC. NSCLC patients with RYR2 mutation may obtain better prognosis by down-regulating DKK1 and up-regulating GS1-115G20.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yongwu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,First Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanli Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Da Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hongrong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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3
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Connell P, Word TA, Wehrens XHT. Targeting pathological leak of ryanodine receptors: preclinical progress and the potential impact on treatments for cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:25-36. [PMID: 31869254 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1708326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiate systolic Ca2+ transients within cardiomyocytes. Proper functioning of RyR2 is therefore crucial to the timing and force generated by cardiomyocytes within a healthy heart. Improper intracellular Ca2+ handing secondary to RyR2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of cardiac pathologies including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), atrial fibrillation (AF), and heart failure (HF). Thus, RyR2 and its associated accessory proteins provide promising drug targets to scientists developing therapeutics for a variety of cardiac pathologies.Areas covered: In this article, we review the role of RyR2 in a variety of cardiac pathologies. We performed a literature search utilizing PubMed and MEDLINE as well as reviewed registries of trials from clinicaltrials.gov from 2010 to 2019 for novel therapeutic approaches that address the cellular mechanisms underlying CPVT, AF, and HF by specifically targeting defective RyR2 channels.Expert opinion: The negative impact of cardiac dysfunction on human health and medical economics are major motivating factors for establishing new and effective therapeutic approaches. Focusing on directly impacting the molecular mechanisms underlying defective Ca2+ handling by RyR2 in HF and arrhythmia has great potential to be translated into novel and innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tarah A Word
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Medicine (Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
There has been a significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which calcium (Ca2+) ions mediate various types of cardiac arrhythmias. A growing list of inherited gene defects can cause potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital long QT syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, acquired deficits of multiple Ca2+-handling proteins can contribute to the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in patients with various types of heart disease. In this review article, we will first review the key role of Ca2+ in normal cardiac function-in particular, excitation-contraction coupling and normal electric rhythms. The functional involvement of Ca2+ in distinct arrhythmia mechanisms will be discussed, followed by various inherited arrhythmia syndromes caused by mutations in Ca2+-handling proteins. Finally, we will discuss how changes in the expression of regulation of Ca2+ channels and transporters can cause acquired arrhythmias, and how these mechanisms might be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Landstrom
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.)
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.).
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5
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Preininger MK, Jha R, Maxwell JT, Wu Q, Singh M, Wang B, Dalal A, Mceachin ZT, Rossoll W, Hales CM, Fischbach PS, Wagner MB, Xu C. A human pluripotent stem cell model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia recapitulates patient-specific drug responses. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:927-39. [PMID: 27491078 PMCID: PMC5047684 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although β-blockers can be used to eliminate stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), this treatment is unsuccessful in ∼25% of cases. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) generated from these patients have potential for use in investigating the phenomenon, but it remains unknown whether they can recapitulate patient-specific drug responses to β-blockers. This study assessed whether the inadequacy of β-blocker therapy in an individual can be observed in vitro using patient-derived CPVT iPSC-CMs. An individual with CPVT harboring a novel mutation in the type 2 cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) was identified whose persistent ventricular arrhythmias during β-blockade with nadolol were abolished during flecainide treatment. iPSC-CMs generated from this patient and two control individuals expressed comparable levels of excitation-contraction genes, but assessment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) leak and load relationship revealed intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was altered in the CPVT iPSC-CMs. β-adrenergic stimulation potentiated spontaneous Ca(2+) waves and unduly frequent, large and prolonged Ca(2+) sparks in CPVT compared with control iPSC-CMs, validating the disease phenotype. Pursuant to the patient's in vivo responses, nadolol treatment during β-adrenergic stimulation achieved negligible reduction of Ca(2+) wave frequency and failed to rescue Ca(2+) spark defects in CPVT iPSC-CMs. In contrast, flecainide reduced both frequency and amplitude of Ca(2+) waves and restored the frequency, width and duration of Ca(2+) sparks to baseline levels. By recapitulating the improved response of an individual with CPVT to flecainide compared with β-blocker therapy in vitro, these data provide new evidence that iPSC-CMs can capture basic components of patient-specific drug responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/drug therapy
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Catecholamines/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Lineage/drug effects
- Electrophysiological Phenomena/drug effects
- Female
- Flecainide/pharmacology
- Flecainide/therapeutic use
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Pedigree
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/drug therapy
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/pathology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela K Preininger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qingling Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Monalisa Singh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aarti Dalal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zachary T Mceachin
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peter S Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary B Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Bannister ML, Thomas NL, Sikkel MB, Mukherjee S, Maxwell C, MacLeod KT, George CH, Williams AJ. The mechanism of flecainide action in CPVT does not involve a direct effect on RyR2. Circ Res 2015; 116:1324-35. [PMID: 25648700 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Flecainide, a class 1c antiarrhythmic, has emerged as an effective therapy in preventing arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) refractory to β-adrenergic receptor blockade. It has been proposed that the clinical efficacy of flecainide in CPVT is because of the combined actions of direct blockade of ryanodine receptors (RyR2) and Na(+) channel inhibition. However, there is presently no direct evidence to support the notion that flecainide blocks RyR2 Ca(2+) flux in the physiologically relevant (luminal-to-cytoplasmic) direction. The mechanism of flecainide action remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To examine, in detail, the effect of flecainide on the human RyR2 channel and to establish whether the direct blockade of physiologically relevant RyR2 ion flow by the drug contributes to its therapeutic efficacy in the clinical management of CPVT. METHODS AND RESULTS Using single-channel analysis, we show that, even at supraphysiological concentrations, flecainide did not inhibit the physiologically relevant, luminal-to-cytosolic flux of cations through the channel. Moreover, flecainide did not alter RyR2 channel gating and had negligible effect on the mechanisms responsible for the sarcoplasmic reticulum charge-compensating counter current. Using permeabilized cardiac myocytes to eliminate any contribution of plasmalemmal Na(+) channels to the observed actions of the drug at the cellular level, flecainide did not inhibit RyR2-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. CONCLUSIONS The principal action of flecainide in CPVT is not via a direct interaction with RyR2. Our data support a model of flecainide action in which Na(+)-dependent modulation of intracellular Ca(2+) handling attenuates RyR2 dysfunction in CPVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Bannister
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - N Lowri Thomas
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Markus B Sikkel
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Saptarshi Mukherjee
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Chloe Maxwell
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Kenneth T MacLeod
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Christopher H George
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.)
| | - Alan J Williams
- From the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom (M.L.B., N.L.T., S.M., C.M., C.H.G., A.J.W.); and Myocardial Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (M.B.S., K.T.M.).
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7
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Walpoth BN, Erman B. Regulation of ryanodine receptor RyR2 by protein-protein interactions: prediction of a PKA binding site on the N-terminal domain of RyR2 and its relation to disease causing mutations. F1000Res 2015; 4:29. [PMID: 25901278 PMCID: PMC4392826 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5858.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are the key processes responsible for signaling and function in complex networks. Determining the correct binding partners and predicting the ligand binding sites in the absence of experimental data require predictive models. Hybrid models that combine quantitative atomistic calculations with statistical thermodynamics formulations are valuable tools for bioinformatics predictions. We present a hybrid prediction and analysis model for determining putative binding partners and interpreting the resulting correlations in the yet functionally uncharacterized interactions of the ryanodine RyR2 N-terminal domain. Using extensive docking calculations and libraries of hexameric peptides generated from regulator proteins of the RyR2 channel, we show that the residues 318-323 of protein kinase A, PKA, have a very high affinity for the N-terminal of RyR2. Using a coarse grained Elastic Net Model, we show that the binding site lies at the end of a pathway of evolutionarily conserved residues in RyR2. The two disease causing mutations are also on this path. The program for the prediction of the energetically responsive residues by the Elastic Net Model is freely available on request from the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Nazan Walpoth
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University of Bern, Inselspital, Cardiology, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Burak Erman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Instanbul, 34450 S, Turkey
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8
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Fukuda M, Yamamoto T, Nishimura S, Kato T, Murakami W, Hino A, Ono M, Tateishi H, Oda T, Okuda S, Kobayashi S, Koseki N, Kyushiki H, Yano M. Enhanced binding of calmodulin to RyR2 corrects arrhythmogenic channel disorder in CPVT-associated myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Locatelli F, Pozzi M, Avantaggiato P, Lanfranchi M, Tufarulo L, Amorelli V, Rizzi G, Radice S, Galbiati S, Clementi E, Strazzer S. Pharyngeal spasticity due to dantrolene. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 39:449-51. [PMID: 24725261 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Dantrolene can be combined with baclofen to better treat spasticity, but may cause muscular weakness and dysphagia. We instead describe a pharyngeal spasm due to dantrolene. CASE SUMMARY A 12-year-old male received dantrolene 3 mg/kg/day in adjunct to baclofen 2 mg/kg/day, to improve spasticity. After 5 days of full-dose dantrolene, his dysphagia worsened and he developed pharyngeal spasm. Dantrolene was suspected for an adverse reaction and removed. The patient subsequently improved. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Causality analysis determined a probable relationship between dantrolene and pharyngeal spasm. This may be due to direct muscle contraction by dantrolene, an effect seen previously in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Locatelli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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10
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Ding L, Abebe T, Beyene J, Wilke RA, Goldberg A, Woo JG, Martin LJ, Rothenberg ME, Rao M, Hershey GKK, Chakraborty R, Mersha TB. Rank-based genome-wide analysis reveals the association of ryanodine receptor-2 gene variants with childhood asthma among human populations. Hum Genomics 2013; 7:16. [PMID: 23829686 PMCID: PMC3708719 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard approach to determine unique or shared genetic factors across populations is to identify risk alleles in one population and investigate replication in others. However, since populations differ in DNA sequence information, allele frequencies, effect sizes, and linkage disequilibrium patterns, SNP association using a uniform stringent threshold on p values may not be reproducible across populations. Here, we developed rank-based methods to investigate shared or population-specific loci and pathways for childhood asthma across individuals of diverse ancestry. We performed genome-wide association studies on 859,790 SNPs genotyped in 527 affected offspring trios of European, African, and Hispanic ancestry using publically available asthma database in the Genotypes and Phenotypes database. RESULTS Rank-based analyses showed that there are shared genetic factors for asthma across populations, more at the gene and pathway levels than at the SNP level. Although the top 1,000 SNPs were not shared, 11 genes (RYR2, PDE4D, CSMD1, CDH13, ROBO2, RBFOX1, PTPRD, NPAS3, PDE1C, SEMA5A, and CTNNA2) mapped by these SNPs were shared across populations. Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2, a statin response-related gene) showed the strongest association in European (p value=2.55×10(-7)) and was replicated in African (2.57×10(-4)) and Hispanic (1.18 × 10(-3)) Americans. Imputation analyses based on the 1000 Genomes Project uncovered additional RYR2 variants associated with asthma. Network and functional ontology analyses revealed that RYR2 is an integral part of dermatological or allergic disorder biological networks, specifically in the functional classes involving inflammatory, eosinophilic, and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSION Our rank-based genome-wide analysis revealed for the first time an association of RYR2 variants with asthma and replicated previously discovered PDE4D asthma gene across human populations. The replication of top-ranked asthma genes across populations suggests that such loci are less likely to be false positives and could indicate true associations. Variants that are associated with asthma across populations could be used to identify individuals who are at high risk for asthma regardless of genetic ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tilahun Abebe
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Program in Population Genomics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 3211, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Russell A Wilke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arnon Goldberg
- Sapir Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Jessica G Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marepalli Rao
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ranajit Chakraborty
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, Center for Computational Genomics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Tesfaye B Mersha
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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11
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Mukherjee S, Thomas NL, Williams AJ. A mechanistic description of gating of the human cardiac ryanodine receptor in a regulated minimal environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 140:139-58. [PMID: 22802361 PMCID: PMC3409104 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle contraction, triggered by the action potential, is mediated by the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptor (RyR)2 channels. In situ, RyR2 gating is modulated by numerous physiological and pharmacological agents, and altered RyR2 function underlies the occurrence of arrhythmias in both inherited and acquired diseases. To understand fully the mechanisms underpinning the regulation of RyR2 in the normal heart and how these systems are altered in pathological conditions, we must first gain a detailed knowledge of the fundamental processes of RyR2 gating. In this investigation, we provide key novel mechanistic insights into the physical reality of RyR2 gating revealed by new experimental and analytical approaches. We have examined in detail the single-channel gating kinetics of the purified human RyR2 when activated by cytosolic Ca2+ in a stringently regulated environment where the modulatory influence of factors external to the channel were minimized. The resulting gating schemes are based on an accurate description of single-channel kinetics using hidden Markov model analysis and reveal several novel aspects of RyR2 gating behavior: (a) constitutive gating is observed as unliganded opening events; (b) binding of Ca2+ to the channel stabilizes it in different open states; (c) RyR2 exists in two preopening closed conformations in equilibrium, one of which binds Ca2+ more readily than the other; (d) the gating of RyR2 when bound to Ca2+ can be described by a kinetic scheme incorporating bursts; and (e) analysis of flicker closing events within bursts reveals gating activity that is not influenced by ligand binding. The gating schemes generated in this investigation provide a framework for future studies in which the mechanisms of action of key physiological regulatory factors, disease-linked mutations, and potential therapeutic compounds can be described precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Mukherjee
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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12
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Asghari P, Scriven DRL, Hoskins J, Fameli N, van Breemen C, Moore EDW. The structure and functioning of the couplon in the mammalian cardiomyocyte. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S31-S38. [PMID: 22057630 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The couplons of the cardiomyocyte form nanospaces within the cell that place the L-type calcium channel (Ca(v)1.2), situated on the plasmalemma, in opposition to the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), situated on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These two molecules, which form the basis of excitation-contraction coupling, are separated by a very limited space, which allows a few Ca(2+) ions passing through Ca(v)1.2 to activate the RyR2 at concentration levels that would be deleterious to the whole cell. The limited space also allows Ca(2+) inactivation of Ca(v)1.2. We have found that not all couplons are the same and that their properties are likely determined by their molecular partners which, in turn, determine their excitability. In particular, there are a class of couplons that lie outside the RyR2-Ca(v)1.2 dyad; in this case, the RyR2 is close to caveolin-3 rather than Ca(v)1.2. These extra-dyadic couplons are probably controlled by the multitude of molecules associated with caveolin-3 and may modulate contractile force under situations such as stress. It has long been assumed that like the skeletal muscle, the RyR2 in the couplon are arranged in a structured array with the RyR2 interacting with each other via domain 6 of the RyR2 molecule. This arrangement was thought to provide local control of RyR2 excitability. Using 3D electron tomography of the couplon, we show that the RyR2 in the couplon do not form an ordered pattern, but are scattered throughout it. Relatively few are in a checkerboard pattern--many RyR2 sit edge-to-edge, a configuration which might preclude their controlling each other's excitability. The discovery of this structure makes many models of cardiac couplon function moot and is a current avenue of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asghari
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Jung CB, Moretti A, Mederos y Schnitzler M, Iop L, Storch U, Bellin M, Dorn T, Ruppenthal S, Pfeiffer S, Goedel A, Dirschinger RJ, Seyfarth M, Lam JT, Sinnecker D, Gudermann T, Lipp P, Laugwitz KL. Dantrolene rescues arrhythmogenic RYR2 defect in a patient-specific stem cell model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:180-91. [PMID: 22174035 PMCID: PMC3376852 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated release of calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through cardiac ryanodine receptor (RYR2) channels is essential for cardiomyocyte function. In catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), an inherited disease characterized by stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias in young patients with structurally normal hearts, autosomal dominant mutations in RYR2 or recessive mutations in calsequestrin lead to aberrant diastolic Ca2+ release from the SR causing arrhythmogenic delayed after depolarizations (DADs). Here, we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a CPVT patient carrying a novel RYR2 S406L mutation. In patient iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, catecholaminergic stress led to elevated diastolic Ca2+ concentrations, a reduced SR Ca2+ content and an increased susceptibility to DADs and arrhythmia as compared to control myocytes. This was due to increased frequency and duration of elementary Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks). Dantrolene, a drug effective on malignant hyperthermia, restored normal Ca2+ spark properties and rescued the arrhythmogenic phenotype. This suggests defective inter-domain interactions within the RYR2 channel as the pathomechanism of the S406L mutation. Our work provides a new in vitro model to study the pathogenesis of human cardiac arrhythmias and develop novel therapies for CPVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Jung
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, I. Medizinische Klinik, Kardiologie, München, Germany
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14
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Thomas NL, Williams AJ. Pharmacology of ryanodine receptors and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wmts.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Techniques and Methodologies to Study the Ryanodine Receptor at the Molecular, Subcellular and Cellular Level. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:183-215. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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The structural biology of ryanodine receptors. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:712-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Suetomi T, Yano M, Uchinoumi H, Fukuda M, Hino A, Ono M, Xu X, Tateishi H, Okuda S, Doi M, Kobayashi S, Ikeda Y, Yamamoto T, Ikemoto N, Matsuzaki M. Mutation-linked defective interdomain interactions within ryanodine receptor cause aberrant Ca²⁺release leading to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2011; 124:682-94. [PMID: 21768539 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.023259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanism by which catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is induced by single amino acid mutations within the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated mutation-induced conformational defects of RyR2 using a knockin mouse model expressing the human catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-associated RyR2 mutant (S2246L; serine to leucine mutation at the residue 2246). METHODS AND RESULTS All knockin mice we examined produced ventricular tachycardia after exercise on a treadmill. cAMP-dependent increase in the frequency of Ca²⁺ sparks was more pronounced in saponin-permeabilized knockin cardiomyocytes than in wild-type cardiomyocytes. Site-directed fluorescent labeling and quartz microbalance assays of the specific binding of DP2246 (a peptide corresponding to the 2232 to 2266 region: the 2246 domain) showed that DP2246 binds with the K201-binding sequence of RyR2 (1741 to 2270). Introduction of S2246L mutation into the DP2246 increased the affinity of peptide binding. Fluorescence quench assays of interdomain interactions within RyR2 showed that tight interaction of the 2246 domain/K201-binding domain is coupled with domain unzipping of the N-terminal (1 to 600)/central (2000 to 2500) domain pair in an allosteric manner. Dantrolene corrected the mutation-caused domain unzipping of the domain switch and stopped the exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS The catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-linked mutation of RyR2, S2246L, causes an abnormally tight local subdomain-subdomain interaction within the central domain involving the mutation site, which induces defective interaction between the N-terminal and central domains. This results in an erroneous activation of Ca²⁺ channel in a diastolic state reflecting on the increased Ca²⁺ spark frequency, which then leads to lethal arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suetomi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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18
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Stutzmann GE, Mattson MP. Endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) handling in excitable cells in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:700-27. [PMID: 21737534 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a morphologically and functionally diverse organelle capable of integrating multiple extracellular and internal signals and generating adaptive cellular responses. It plays fundamental roles in protein synthesis and folding and in cellular responses to metabolic and proteotoxic stress. In addition, the ER stores and releases Ca(2+) in sophisticated scenarios that regulate a range of processes in excitable cells throughout the body, including muscle contraction and relaxation, endocrine regulation of metabolism, learning and memory, and cell death. One or more Ca(2+) ATPases and two types of ER membrane Ca(2+) channels (inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors) are the major proteins involved in ER Ca(2+) uptake and release, respectively. There are also direct and indirect interactions of ER Ca(2+) stores with plasma membrane and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-regulating systems. Pharmacological agents that selectively modify ER Ca(2+) release or uptake have enabled studies that revealed many different physiological roles for ER Ca(2+) signaling. Several inherited diseases are caused by mutations in ER Ca(2+)-regulating proteins, and perturbed ER Ca(2+) homeostasis is implicated in a range of acquired disorders. Preclinical investigations suggest a therapeutic potential for use of agents that target ER Ca(2+) handling systems of excitable cells in disorders ranging from cardiac arrhythmias and skeletal muscle myopathies to Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Stutzmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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19
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Kraja AT, Hunt SC, Rao DC, Dávila-Román VG, Arnett DK, Province MA. Genetics of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and their interconnected pathways: lessons from large studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:46-54. [PMID: 21128019 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP), hypertension (HT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are common complex phenotypes, which are affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors. This article describes recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have reported causative variants for BP/HT and CVD/heart traits and analyzes the overlapping associated gene polymorphisms. It also examines potential replication of findings from the HyperGEN data on African Americans and whites. Several genes involved in BP/HT regulation also appear to be involved in CVD. A better picture is emerging, with overlapping hot-spot regions and with interconnected pathways between BP/HT and CVD. A systemic approach to full understanding of BP/HT and CVD development and their progression to disease may lead to the identification of gene targets and pathways for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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