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Li L, Xu C, Guo Y, Wang H. Screening potential treatments for mpox from Traditional Chinese Medicine by using a data-driven approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35116. [PMID: 37713907 PMCID: PMC10508546 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (MPX) has escalated into a public health emergency of international concern, necessitating urgent prophylactic and therapeutic measures. The primary goal of this investigation was to systematically extract Wan Quan's expertise in treating smallpox, as documented in Exclusive Methods for Treating Pox (Dou Zhen Xin Fa in Chinese), with the aim of identifying potential prescriptions, herbs, and components for alternative MPX therapies or drugs. This research utilized data mining to identify high-frequency Chinese Medicines (CMs), high-frequency CM-pairs, and CM compatibility rules. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation were employed to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms of the core CM-pair. 119 prescriptions were extracted from Exclusive Methods for Treating Pox. We identified 25 high-frequency CMs and 23 high-frequency CM pairs among these prescriptions. Combined association rule mining analysis, Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Renshen (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), Danggui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Shengma (Cimicifuga foetida L.), and Zicao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc.) were selected as the core CM-pair for further investigation. Network pharmacology analysis yielded 131 active components and 348 candidate targets for the core CM-pair. Quercetin and celabenzine were chosen as ligands for molecular docking. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the core CM-pair could interact with targets involved in immune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Moreover, key mpox virus targets, F8-A22-E4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme and profilin-like protein A42R, were docked well with the selected core components. And molecular dynamic simulation indicated that the component (quercetin) could stably bind to the target (profilin-like protein A42R). Our findings identified potential prescriptions, herbs, and components that can offer potential therapies or drugs for addressing the MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinling Guo
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haozhong Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Alizadeh AA, Rasouli S, Jamshidi Kandjani O, Hemmati S, Dastmalchi S. Expression, Purification and Characterization of Functional Teduglutide Using GST Fusion System in Prokaryotic Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:592-600. [PMID: 37646058 PMCID: PMC10460804 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Teduglutide is the first and only FDA-approved drug for long-term treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). The current study aimed to present an approach for production of teduglutide using recombinant DNA technology. Methods The coding gene for teduglutide was cloned into pGEX-2T vector, where coding sequence for factor Xa cleavage site was added between GST and teduglutide coding genes. The GST-teduglutide protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain and affinity purified using glutathione sepharose affinity column. Results On-column proteolytic activity of factor Xa followed by size exclusion chromatography resulted in the pure teduglutide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry showed that the produced teduglutide folds into mainly α-helical structure (>50%), as expected. In mass spectroscopy analysis, the fragments of teduglutide resulted by cyanogen bromide cleavage as well as those expected theoretically due to mass fragmentation were identified. The functionality of the produced peptide was evaluated by measuring its proliferative effect on Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells, and the results indicated that produced teduglutide induces cell proliferation by 19±0.30 and 33±7.82 % at 1.21 and 3.64 µM concentrations, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Conclusion Teduglutide was successfully expressed and purified and its functionality and structural integrity were confirmed by in vitro experiments. We believe that the experimental-scale method presented in the current study can be useful for pilot-scale and also industrial-scale production of teduglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Rasouli
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Salar Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Po.Box: 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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3
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Gadgaard S, Windeløv JA, Schiellerup SP, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Long-acting agonists of human and rodent GLP-2 receptors for studies of the physiology and pharmacological potential of the GLP-2 system. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114383. [PMID: 36780786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted postprandially from enteroendocrine Lcells and has anabolic action on gut and bone. Short-acting teduglutide is the only approved GLP-2 analog for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome (SBS). To improve the therapeutic effect, we created a series of lipidated GLP-2R agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Six GLP-2 analogs were studied in vitro for cAMP accumulation, β-arrestin 1 and 2 recruitment, affinity, and internalization. The trophic actions on intestine and bone were examined in vivo in rodents. KEY RESULTS Lipidations at lysines introduced at position 12, 16, and 20 of hGLP-2(1-33) were well-tolerated with less than 2.2-fold impaired potency and full efficacy at the hGLP-2R in cAMP accumulation. In contrast, N- and C-terminal (His1 and Lys30) lipidations impaired potency by 4.2- and 45-fold and lowered efficacy to 77% and 85% of hGLP-2, respectively. All variants were similarly active on the rat and mouse GLP-2Rs and the three most active variants displayed increased selectivity for hGLP-2R over hGLP-1R activation, compared to native hGLP-2. Impact on arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization followed that of Gαs-coupling, except for lipidation in position 20, where internalization was more impaired, suggesting desensitization protection. A highly active variant (C16 at position 20) with low internalization and a half-life of 9.5 h in rats showed improved gut and bone tropism with increased weight of small intestine in mice and decreased CTX levels in rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION We present novel hGLP-2 agonists suitable for in vivo studies of the GLP-2 system to uncover its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Gadgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Bainan Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sine P Schiellerup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gabe MBN, von Voss L, Hunt JE, Gadgaard S, Gasbjerg LS, Holst JJ, Kissow H, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Biased GLP-2 agonist with strong G protein-coupling but impaired arrestin recruitment and receptor desensitization enhances intestinal growth in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36683195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted postprandially by enteroendocrine L-cells and stimulates growth of the gut and bone. One GLP-2 analogue is approved for short bowel syndrome (SBS). To improve therapeutic efficacy, we developed biased GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) agonists through N-terminal modifications. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Variants with Ala and Trp substitutions of the first seven positions of GLP-2(1-33) were studied in vitro for affinity, G protein activation (cAMP accumulation), recruitment of β-arrestin 1 and 2, and internalization of the human and mouse GLP-2R. The intestinotrophic actions of the most efficacious (cAMP) biased variant were examined in mice. KEY RESULTS Ala substitutions had more profound effects than Trp substitutions. For both, alterations at positions 1, 3 and 6 most severely impaired activity. β-arrestin recruitment was more affected than cAMP accumulation. Among Ala substitutions, [H1A], [D3A] and [F6A] impaired potency (EC50 ) for cAMP-accumulation >20-fold and efficacy (Emax ) to 48%-87%, and were unable to recruit arrestins. The Trp substitutions, [A2W], [D3W] and [G4W] were partial agonists (Emax of 46%-59%) with 1.7-12-fold decreased potencies in cAMP and diminished β-arrestin recruitment. The biased variants, [F6A], [F6W] and [S7W] induced less GLP-2R internalization compared with GLP-2, which induced internalization in a partly arrestin-independent manner. In mice, [S7W] enhanced gut trophic actions with increased weight of the small intestine, increased villus height and crypt depth compared with GLP-2. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS G protein-biased GLP-2R agonists with diminished receptor desensitization have superior intestinotrophic effects and may represent improved treatment of intestinal insufficiency including SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buur Nordskov Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liv von Voss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarina Gadgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laerke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Su J, Sun T, Wang Y, Shen Y. Conformational Dynamics of Glucagon-like Peptide-2 with Different Electric Field. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132722. [PMID: 35808767 PMCID: PMC9269336 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to study the influence of electric field on Glucagon-like Peptide-2 (GLP-2). Different electric field strengths (0 V/nm ≤ E ≤ 1 V/nm) were mainly carried out on GLP-2. The structural changes in GLP-2 were analyzed by the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration (Rg), Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), Secondary Structure and the number of hydrogen bonds. The stable α—helix structure of GLP-2 was unwound and transformed into an unstable Turn and Coil structure since the stability of the GLP-2 protein structure was reduced under the electric field. Our results show that the degree of unwinding of the GLP-2 structure was not linearly related to the electric field intensity. E = 0.5 V/nm was a special point where the degree of unwinding of the GLP-2 structure reached the maximum at this electric field strength. Under a weak electric field, E < 0.5 V/nm, the secondary structure of GLP-2 becomes loose, and the entropy of the chain increases. When E reaches a certain value (E > 0.5 V/nm), the electric force of the charged residues reaches equilibrium, along the z-direction. Considering the confinement of moving along another direction, the residue is less free. Thus, entropy decreases and enthalpy increases, which enhance the interaction of adjacent residues. It is of benefit to recover hydrogen bonds in the middle region of the protein. These investigations, about the effect of an electric field on the structure of GLP-2, can provide some theoretical basis for the biological function of GLP-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tingting Sun
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-571-8507-0705 (T.S. & Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-571-8507-0705 (T.S. & Y.W.)
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Gabe MBN, Skov-Jeppesen K, Gasbjerg LS, Schiellerup SP, Martinussen C, Gadgaard S, Boer GA, Oeke J, Torz LJ, Veedfald S, Svane MS, Bojsen-Møller KN, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. GIP and GLP-2 together improve bone turnover in humans supporting GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists as future osteoporosis treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106058. [PMID: 34995796 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are key regulators of postprandial bone turnover in humans. We hypothesized that GIP and GLP-2 co-administration would provide stronger effect on bone turnover than administration of the hormones separately, and tested this using subcutaneous injections of GIP and GLP-2 alone or in combination in humans. Guided by these findings, we designed series of GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists as template for new osteoporosis treatment. The clinical experiment was a randomized cross-over design including 10 healthy men administered subcutaneous injections of GIP and GLP-2 alone or in combination. The GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists were characterized in terms of binding and activation profiles on human and rodent GIP and GLP-2 receptors, and their pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were improved by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 protection and site-directed lipidation. Co-administration of GIP and GLP-2 in humans resulted in an additive reduction in bone resorption superior to each hormone individually. The GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists, designed by combining regions of importance for cognate receptor activation, obtained similar efficacies as the two native hormones and nanomolar potencies on both human receptors. The PK-improved co-agonists maintained receptor activity along with their prolonged half-lives. Finally, we found that the GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists optimized toward the human receptors for bone remodeling are not feasible for use in rodent models. The successful development of potent and efficacious GIPR-GLP-2R co-agonists, combined with the improved effect on bone metabolism in humans by co-administration, support these co-agonists as a future osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buur Nordskov Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine Pasch Schiellerup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sarina Gadgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geke Aline Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannika Oeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lola Julia Torz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gadgaard S, van der Velden WJC, Schiellerup SP, Hunt JE, Gabe MBN, Windeløv JA, Boer GA, Kissow H, Ørskov C, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Novel agonist- and antagonist-based radioligands for the GLP-2 receptor - useful tools for studies of basic GLP-2R pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1998-2015. [PMID: 34855984 PMCID: PMC9303331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) is a pro‐glucagon‐derived hormone secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells with actions on gut and bones. GLP‐2(1–33) is cleaved by DPP‐4, forming GLP‐2(3–33), having low intrinsic activity and competitive antagonism properties at GLP‐2 receptors. We created radioligands based on these two molecules. Experimental approach The methionine in position 10 of GLP‐2(1–33) and GLP‐2(3–33) was substituted with tyrosine (M10Y) enabling oxidative iodination, creating [125I]‐hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) and [125I]‐hGLP‐2(3–33,M10Y). Both were characterized by competition binding, on‐and‐off‐rate determination and receptor activation. Receptor expression was determined by target‐tissue autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Key results Both M10Y‐substituted peptides induced cAMP production via the GLP‐2 receptor comparable to the wildtype peptides. GLP‐2(3–33,M10Y) maintained the antagonistic properties of GLP‐2(3–33). However, hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) had lower arrestin recruitment than hGLP‐2(1–33). High affinities for the hGLP‐2 receptor were observed using [125I]‐hGLP‐2(1–33,M10Y) and [125I]‐hGLP‐2(3–33,M10Y) with KD values of 59.3 and 40.6 nM. The latter (with antagonistic properties) had higher Bmax and faster on and off rates compared to the former (full agonist). Both bound the hGLP‐1 receptor with low affinity (Ki of 130 and 330 nM, respectively). Autoradiography in wildtype mice revealed strong labelling of subepithelial myofibroblasts, confirmed by immunohistochemistry using a GLP‐2 receptor specific antibody that in turn was confirmed in GLP‐2 receptor knock‐out mice. Conclusion and implications Two new radioligands with different binding kinetics, one a full agonist and the other a weak partial agonist with antagonistic properties were developed and subepithelial myofibroblasts identified as a major site for GLP‐2 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Gadgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Bainan Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Present address: Department of Computational & Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sine P Schiellerup
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Hunt
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria B N Gabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geke Aline Boer
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Timmons PB, Hewage CM. Conformation and membrane interaction studies of the potent antimicrobial and anticancer peptide palustrin-Ca. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22468. [PMID: 34789753 PMCID: PMC8599514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Palustrin-Ca (GFLDIIKDTGKEFAVKILNNLKCKLAGGCPP) is a host defence peptide with potent antimicrobial and anticancer activities, first isolated from the skin of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus. The peptide is 31 amino acid residues long, cationic and amphipathic. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterise its three-dimensional structure in a 50/50% water/2,2,2-trifluoroethanol-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{26}$$\end{document}26, and a cyclic disulfide-bridged domain at the C-terminal end of the peptide sequence, between residues 23 and 29. A molecular dynamics simulation was employed to model the peptide’s interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, a widely used bacterial membrane-mimicking environment. Throughout the simulation, the peptide was found to maintain its \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{26}$$\end{document}26, while adopting a position parallel to the surface to micelle, which is energetically-favourable due to many hydrophobic and electrostatic contacts with the micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Timmons
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Chandralal M Hewage
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Timmons PB, Hewage CM. Biophysical study of the structure and dynamics of the antimicrobial peptide maximin 1. J Pept Sci 2021; 28:e3370. [PMID: 34569121 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maximin 1 is a cationic, amphipathic antimicrobial peptide found in the skin secretions and brains of the Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. The 27 amino acid residue-long peptide is biologically interesting as it possesses a variety of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumour and spermicidal activities. Its three-dimensional structural model was obtained in a 50/50% water/2,2,2-trifluoroethanol-d3 mixture using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Maximin 1 was found to adopt an α-helical structure from residue Ile2 to Ala26 . The peptide is amphipathic, showing a clear separation between polar and non-polar residues. The interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, a widely-used bacterial membrane-mimicking environment, were modelled using molecular dynamics simulations. The peptide maintains an α-helical conformation, occasionally displaying a flexibility around the Gly9 and Gly16 residues, which is likely responsible for the peptide's low haemolytic activity. It is found to preferentially adopt a position parallel to the micellar surface, establishing a number of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with the micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Timmons
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science,UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Chandralal M Hewage
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science,UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Wolff M, Gast K, Evers A, Kurz M, Pfeiffer-Marek S, Schüler A, Seckler R, Thalhammer A. A Conserved Hydrophobic Moiety and Helix-Helix Interactions Drive the Self-Assembly of the Incretin Analog Exendin-4. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091305. [PMID: 34572518 PMCID: PMC8472270 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 is a pharmaceutical peptide used in the control of insulin secretion. Structural information on exendin-4 and related peptides especially on the level of quaternary structure is scarce. We present the first published association equilibria of exendin-4 directly measured by static and dynamic light scattering. We show that exendin-4 oligomerization is pH dependent and that these oligomers are of low compactness. We relate our experimental results to a structural hypothesis to describe molecular details of exendin-4 oligomers. Discussion of the validity of this hypothesis is based on NMR, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, and light scattering data on exendin-4 and a set of exendin-4 derived peptides. The essential forces driving oligomerization of exendin-4 are helix–helix interactions and interactions of a conserved hydrophobic moiety. Our structural hypothesis suggests that key interactions of exendin-4 monomers in the experimentally supported trimer take place between a defined helical segment and a hydrophobic triangle constituted by the Phe22 residues of the three monomeric subunits. Our data rationalize that Val19 might function as an anchor in the N-terminus of the interacting helix-region and that Trp25 is partially shielded in the oligomer by C-terminal amino acids of the same monomer. Our structural hypothesis suggests that the Trp25 residues do not interact with each other, but with C-terminal Pro residues of their own monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wolff
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; (M.W.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Klaus Gast
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; (M.W.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Andreas Evers
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.E.); (M.K.); (S.P.-M.)
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.E.); (M.K.); (S.P.-M.)
| | | | - Anja Schüler
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; (M.W.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Seckler
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; (M.W.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Anja Thalhammer
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; (M.W.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lokhande KB, Banerjee T, Swamy KV, Ghosh P, Deshpande M. An in silico scientific basis for LL-37 as a therapeutic for Covid-19. Proteins 2021; 90:1029-1043. [PMID: 34333809 PMCID: PMC8441666 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A multi‐pronged approach with help in all forms possible is essential to completely overcome the Covid‐19 pandemic. There is a requirement to research as many new and different types of approaches as possible to cater to the entire world population, complementing the vaccines with promising results. The need is also because SARS‐CoV‐2 has several unknown or variable facets which get revealed from time to time. In this work, in silico scientific findings are presented, which are indicative of the potential for the use of the LL‐37 human anti‐microbial peptide as a therapeutic against SARS‐CoV‐2. This indication is based on the high structural similarity of LL‐37 to the N‐terminal helix, with which the virus interacts, of the receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2. Moreover, there is positive prediction of binding of LL‐37 to the receptor‐binding domain of SARS‐CoV‐2; this is the first study to have described this interaction. In silico data on the safety of LL‐37 are also reported. As Vitamin D is known to upregulate the expression of LL‐37, the vitamin is a candidate preventive molecule. This work provides the possible basis for an inverse correlation between Vitamin D levels in the body and the severity of or susceptibility to Covid‐19, as widely reported in literature. With the scientific link put forth herein, Vitamin D could be used at an effective, medically prescribed, safe dose as a preventive. The information in this report would be valuable in bolstering the worldwide efforts to eliminate the pandemic as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Bangalore-Mumbai Highway, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Bangalore-Mumbai Highway, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Molecular Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kakumani Venkateswara Swamy
- MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, A Constituent Unit of MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manisha Deshpande
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Bangalore-Mumbai Highway, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Jamshidi Kandjani O, Alizadeh AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dastmalchi S. Expression, purification and molecular dynamics simulation of extracellular domain of glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor linked to teduglutide. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:812-820. [PMID: 34174312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teduglutide is the only drug approved for long-term treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). This drug exerts its pharmacological effects via binding to the GLP-2 receptors (ECD-GLP2R) located in intestinal tissue. The three dimensional (3D) structure of ECD-GLP2R hasn't been determined yet and hence its mode of interaction with agonists/antagonists is not clear. Therefore, it would be of great importance to develop a structural scaffold for investigation of ECD-GLP2R interactions with its binders. For this, the current study aimed to produce fusion protein of ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide. The ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide protein was expressed in bacterial expression system and purified using affinity and size exclusion chromatography techniques. Using circular dichroism the secondary structure content of purified protein was determined which was comparable to that of theoretical calculations. The low structural stability of purified protein (ΔG = 3.64 kJ.mol-1) was elucidated by monitoring its fluorescence emission at the presence of various concentrations of GdnHCl as a denaturant. Finally, a 3D model for ECD-GLP2R-teduglutide protein was generated and validated using molecular dynamics simulation whose information alongside the experimental studies can be useful for providing new insight into the mode of interaction of ECD-GLP2R with its specific ligands in order to design potent and specific GLP2R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Jamshidi Kandjani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Parmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, PO BOX: 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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14
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Vračko M, Basak SC, Sen D, Nandy A. Clustering of Zika Viruses Originating from Different Geographical Regions using Computational Sequence Descriptors. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2021; 17:314-322. [PMID: 31878862 DOI: 10.2174/1573409916666191226110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this report, we consider a data set, which consists of 310 Zika virus genome sequences taken from different continents, Africa, Asia and South America. The sequences, which were compiled from GenBank, were derived from the host cells of different mammalian species (Simiiformes, Aedes opok, Aedes africanus, Aedes luteocephalus, Aedes dalzieli, Aedes aegypti, and Homo sapiens). METHODS For chemometrical treatment, the sequences have been represented by sequence descriptors derived from their graphs or neighborhood matrices. The set was analyzed with three chemometrical methods: Mahalanobis distances, principal component analysis (PCA) and self organizing maps (SOM). A good separation of samples with respect to the region of origin was observed using these three methods. RESULTS Study of 310 Zika virus genome sequences from different continents. To characterize and compare Zika virus sequences from around the world using alignment-free sequence comparison and chemometrical methods. CONCLUSION Mahalanobis distance analysis, self organizing maps, principal components were used to carry out the chemometrical analyses of the Zika sequence data. Genome sequences are clustered with respect to the region of origin (continent, country). Africa samples are well separated from Asian and South American ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Vračko
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Subhash C Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, United States
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashesh Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, India
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15
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Alizadeh AA, Dastmalchi S. Designing Novel Teduglutide Analogues with Improved Binding Affinity: An In Silico Peptide Engineering Approach. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2021; 17:225-234. [PMID: 32065094 DOI: 10.2174/1573409916666200217091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a disabling condition that occurs following the loss of substantial portions of the intestine, leading to inadequate absorption of nutrients and fluids. Teduglutide is the only drug that has been FDA-approved for long-term treatment of SBS. This medicine exerts its biological effects through binding to the GLP-2 receptor. METHODS The current study aimed to use computational mutagenesis approaches to design novel potent analogues of teduglutide. To this end, the constructed teduglutide-GLP2R 3D model was subjected to the alanine scanning mutagenesis where ARG20, PHE22, ILE23, LEU26, ILE27 and LYS30 were identified as the key amino acids involved in ligand-receptor interaction. In order to design potent teduglutide analogues, using MAESTROweb machine learning method, the residues of teduglutide were virtually mutated into all naturally occurring amino acids and the affinity improving mutations were selected for further analysis using PDBePISA methodology which interactively investigates the interactions established at the interfaces of macromolecules. RESULTS The calculations resulted in D15I, D15L, D15M and N24M mutations, which can improve the binding ability of the ligand to the receptor. The final evaluation of identified mutations was performed by molecular dynamics simulations, indicating that D15I and D15M are the most reliable mutations to increase teduglutide affinity towards its receptor. CONCLUSION The findings in the current study may facilitate designing more potent teduglutide analogues leading to the development of novel treatments in short bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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The Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Analog Teduglutide Reversibly Associates to Form Pentamers. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:775-784. [PMID: 31306652 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 and their analog peptide therapeutics are known to reversibly associate to form oligomers. Here we report the association properties of the glucagon-like peptide 2 analog teduglutide at concentrations up to ∼15 mg/mL. Both sedimentation equilibrium (SE-AUC) and sedimentation velocity (SV-AUC) show that teduglutide dissociates completely to monomers below 0.1 mg/mL. SE-AUC shows that the apparent weight-average molar mass increases substantially between 0.1 and 1 mg/mL, reaching a maximum of ∼14.5 kDa (∼3.9-mer) near 2 mg/mL, and then falling at higher concentrations because of strong solution nonideality effects (highly positive second virial coefficient). Circular dichroism spectra over the range from 0.1 to 2 mg/mL show that self-association is accompanied by significant increases in alpha-helix content, and that the associated state has a distinct tertiary structure. The SV-AUC data up to 2.2 mg/mL are fitted fairly well by an ideal rapidly reversible monomer-pentamer association. The SE-AUC modeling included thermodynamic nonideality effects. SE-AUC data up to ∼15 mg/mL imply a monomer-pentamer association at lower concentrations, but the pentamers also appear to weakly associate to form decamers. These results illustrate the importance of directly modeling the solution nonideality effects, which if neglected would lead to an incorrect preferred stoichiometry.
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17
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Yang PY, Zou H, Lee C, Muppidi A, Chao E, Fu Q, Luo X, Wang D, Schultz PG, Shen W. Stapled, Long-Acting Glucagon-like Peptide 2 Analog with Efficacy in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Mouse Colitis Models. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29528634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a hormone that has been shown to stimulate intestinal growth and attenuate intestinal inflammation. Despite being efficacious in a variety of animal models of disease, its therapeutic potential is hampered by the short half-life in vivo. We now describe a highly potent, stapled long-acting GLP-2 analog, peptide 10, that has a more than 10-fold longer half-life than teduglutide and improved intestinotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Huafei Zou
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Candy Lee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Avinash Muppidi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Chao
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Qiangwei Fu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Danling Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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18
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Wiśniewski K, Sueiras-Diaz J, Jiang G, Galyean R, Lu M, Thompson D, Wang YC, Croston G, Posch A, Hargrove DM, Wiśniewska H, Laporte R, Dwyer JJ, Qi S, Srinivasan K, Hartwig J, Ferdyan N, Mares M, Kraus J, Alagarsamy S, Rivière PJM, Schteingart CD. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Glucagon-like Peptide-2 (GLP-2) Analogues with Low Systemic Clearance. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3129-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Wiśniewski
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Javier Sueiras-Diaz
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guangcheng Jiang
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Galyean
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Lu
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dorain Thompson
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yung-Chih Wang
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Glenn Croston
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander Posch
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Diane M. Hargrove
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Régent Laporte
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John J. Dwyer
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steve Qi
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Hartwig
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicky Ferdyan
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Monica Mares
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Kraus
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sudarkodi Alagarsamy
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre J. M. Rivière
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Claudio D. Schteingart
- Ferring
Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento
Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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19
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Moon MJ, Lee YN, Park S, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Hwang JI, Millar RP, Choe H, Seong JY. Ligand binding pocket formed by evolutionarily conserved residues in the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor core domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5696-706. [PMID: 25561730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis through its receptor GLP1R. Due to its multiple beneficial effects, GLP-1 has gained great attention for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of GLP-1 with the heptahelical core domain of GLP1R conferring high affinity ligand binding and ligand-induced receptor activation. Here, using chimeric and point-mutated GLP1R, we determined that the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residue Arg(380) flanked by hydrophobic Leu(379) and Phe(381) in extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) may have an interaction with Asp(9) and Gly(4) of the GLP-1 peptide. The molecular modeling study showed that Ile(196) at transmembrane helix 2, Met(233) at ECL1, and Asn(302) at ECL2 of GLP1R have contacts with His(1) and Thr(7) of GLP-1. This study may shed light on the mechanism underlying high affinity interaction between the ligand and the binding pocket that is formed by these conserved residues in the GLP1R core domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Moon
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Na Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Peter Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Unit, and University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, Scotland, and
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea,
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20
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) is an intestinal incretin that regulates glucose homeostasis through stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and inhibits appetite by acting on the brain. Thus, it is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Studies using synteny and reconstructed ancestral chromosomes suggest that families for GLP1 and its receptor (GLP1R) have emerged through two rounds (2R) of whole genome duplication and local gene duplications before and after 2R. Exon duplications have also contributed to the expansion of the peptide family members. Specific changes in the amino acid sequence following exon/gene/genome duplications have established distinct yet related peptide and receptor families. These specific changes also confer selective interactions between GLP1 and GLP1R. In this review, we present a possible macro (genome level)- and micro (gene/exon level)-evolution mechanisms of GLP1 and GLP1R, which allows them to acquire selective interactions between this ligand-receptor pair. This information may provide critical insight for the development of potent therapeutic agents targeting GLP1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Moon
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rong Park
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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21
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Rovó P, Farkas V, Stráner P, Szabó M, Jermendy Á, Hegyi O, Tóth GK, Perczel A. Rational Design of α-Helix-Stabilized Exendin-4 Analogues. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3540-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rovó
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Stráner
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jermendy
- 1st
Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Hegyi
- Department
of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department
of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Guizzetti L, McGirr R, Dhanvantari S. Two dipolar α-helices within hormone-encoding regions of proglucagon are sorting signals to the regulated secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14968-80. [PMID: 24727476 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.563684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proglucagon is expressed in pancreatic α cells, intestinal L cells, and some hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. Tissue-specific processing of proglucagon yields three major peptide hormones as follows: glucagon in the α cells and glucagon-like peptides (GLP)-1 and -2 in the L cells and neurons. Efficient sorting and packaging into the secretory granules of the regulated secretory pathway in each cell type are required for nutrient-regulated secretion of these proglucagon-derived peptides. Our previous work suggested that proglucagon is directed into granules by intrinsic sorting signals after initial processing to glicentin and major proglucagon fragment (McGirr, R., Guizzetti, L., and Dhanvantari, S. (2013) J. Endocrinol. 217, 229-240), leading to the hypothesis that sorting signals may be present in multiple domains. In the present study, we show that the α-helices within glucagon and GLP-1, but not GLP-2, act as sorting signals by efficiently directing a heterologous secretory protein to the regulated secretory pathway. Biophysical characterization of these peptides revealed that glucagon and GLP-1 each encode a nonamphipathic, dipolar α-helix, whereas the helix in GLP-2 is not dipolar. Surprisingly, glicentin and major proglucagon fragment were sorted with different efficiencies, thus providing evidence that proglucagon is first sorted to granules prior to processing. In contrast to many other prohormones in which sorting is directed by ordered prodomains, the sorting determinants of proglucagon lie within the ordered hormone domains of glucagon and GLP-1, illustrating that each prohormone has its own sorting "signature."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca McGirr
- the Metabolism/Diabetes and Imaging Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- From the Departments of Medical Biophysics, the Metabolism/Diabetes and Imaging Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada Pathology, and Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 and
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Pal K, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structure and mechanism for recognition of peptide hormones by Class B G-protein-coupled receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:300-11. [PMID: 22266723 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are receptors for peptide hormones that include glucagon, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. These receptors are involved in a wide spectrum of physiological activities, from metabolic regulation and stress control to development and maintenance of the skeletal system. As such, they are important drug targets for the treatment of diabetes, osteoporosis, and stress related disorders. Class B GPCRs are organized into two modular domains: an extracellular domain (ECD) and a helical bundle that contains seven transmembrane helices (TM domain). The ECD is responsible for the high affinity and specificity of hormone binding, and the TM domain is required for receptor activation and signal coupling to downstream G-proteins. Although the structure of the full-length receptor remains unknown, the ECD structures have been well characterized for a number of Class B GPCRs, revealing a common fold for ligand recognition. This review summarizes the general structural principles that guide hormone binding by Class B ECDs and their implications in the design of peptide hormone analogs for therapeutic purposes.
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Moon MJ, Park S, Kim DK, Cho EB, Hwang JI, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Structural and molecular conservation of glucagon-like Peptide-1 and its receptor confers selective ligand-receptor interaction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:141. [PMID: 23181056 PMCID: PMC3500760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a major player in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts on pancreatic beta cells to stimulate insulin secretion and on the brain to inhibit appetite. Thus, it may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of GLP-1, molecular interaction with the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) is not well understood. Particularly, the specific amino acid residues within the transmembrane helices and extracellular loops of the receptor that may confer ligand-induced receptor activation have been poorly investigated. Amino acid sequence comparisons of GLP-1 and GLP1R with their orthologs and paralogs in vertebrates, combined with biochemical approaches, are useful to determine which amino acid residues in the peptide and the receptor confer selective ligand-receptor interaction. This article reviews how the molecular evolution of GLP-1 and GLP1R contributes to the selective interaction between this ligand-receptor pair, providing critical clues for the development of potent agonists for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Moon
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bee Cho
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Young Seong, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea. e-mail:
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Ng SYL, Lee LTO, Chow BKC. Receptor oligomerization: from early evidence to current understanding in class B GPCRs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:175. [PMID: 23316183 PMCID: PMC3539651 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimerization or oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to modulate receptor functions in terms of ontogeny, ligand-oriented regulation, pharmacological diversity, signal transduction, and internalization. Class B GPCRs are receptors to a family of hormones including secretin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and parathyroid hormone, among others. The functional implications of receptor dimerization have extensively been studied in class A GPCRs, while less is known regarding its function in class B GPCRs. This article reviews receptor oligomerization in terms of the early evidence and current understanding particularly of class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Billy K. C. Chow
- *Correspondence: Billy K. C. Chow, Endocrinology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. e-mail:
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