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Matera A, Dulak K, Werner H, Sordon S, Huszcza E, Popłoński J. Investigation on production and reaction conditions of sucrose synthase based glucosylation cascade towards flavonoid modification. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107287. [PMID: 38503024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-based glycosylation is of great interest in the context of natural products decoration. Yet, its industrial application is hindered by optimisation difficulties and hard-to-standardise productivities. In this study, five sugar nucleotide-dependent glucosyltransferases from different origins (bacterial, plant and fungal) were coupled with soy sucrose synthase (GmSuSy) to create a set of diverse cascade biocatalysts for flavonoid glucosylation, which evaluation brought new insights into the field. Investigations into co-expression conditions and reaction settings enabled to define optimal induction temperature (25 °C) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) concentration (0.5 mM) for all tested pairs of enzymes. Moreover, the influence of pH and substrate concentration on the monoglucosylated product distribution was detected and analysed. The utilisation of crude protein extracts as a cost-effective source of catalysts unveiled their glycosidase activity against flavonoid glucosides, resulting in decreased productivity, which, to our knowledge, has not previously been discussed in such a context. Additionally, examination of the commercially available EziG immobilisation resins showed that selection of suitable carrier for solid catalyst production can be problematic and not only enzyme's but also reagent's properties have to be considered. Flavonoids, due to their complexation and hydrophobic properties, can adsorb on different types of surfaces, including divalent metal ions required for IMAC based immobilisation, necessitating detailed examination of the resins while the catalysis design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matera
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Dulak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hanna Werner
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sandra Sordon
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Taylor KI, Ho JS, Trial HO, Carter AW, Kiessling LL. Assessing Squarates as Amine-Reactive Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25056-25060. [PMID: 37938802 PMCID: PMC10935565 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Probes that covalently label protein targets facilitate the identification of ligand-binding sites. Lysine residues are prevalent in the proteome, making them attractive substrates for covalent probes. However, identifying electrophiles that undergo amine-specific, regioselective reactions with binding site lysine residues is challenging. Squarates can engage in two sequential conjugate addition-elimination reactions with amines. Nitrogen donation reduces the second reaction rate, making the mono squaramide a mild electrophile. We postulated that this mild electrophilicity would demand a longer residence time near the amine, affording higher selectivity for binding site lysines. Therefore, we compared the kinetics of squarate and monosquaramide amine substitution to alternative amine bioconjugation handles. The data revealed that N-hydroxy succinimidyl esters react 4 orders of magnitude faster, consistent with their labeling promiscuity. Squarate reactivity can be tuned by a substitution pattern. Electron-withdrawing groups on the vinylogous ester or amide increase reaction rates. Dithionosquarates react more rapidly than squarates, while vinylogous thioester analogs, dithiosquarates, react more slowly. We assessed squarate selectively using the UDP-sugar processing enzyme GlfT2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which possesses 21 surface-exposed lysines. The reaction predominately modified one lysine proximal to a binding site to afford covalent inhibition. These findings demonstrate the selectivity of squaric esters and squaramides, which is a critical feature for affinity-based chemoproteomic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Jordan S. Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Hallie O. Trial
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Alan W. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
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3
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Trobo-Maseda L, Romero-Fernandez M, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martin J. Glycosylation of polyphenolic compounds: Design of a self-sufficient biocatalyst by co-immobilization of a glycosyltransferase, a sucrose synthase and the cofactor UDP. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126009. [PMID: 37536414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases catalyze the regioselective glycosylation of polyphenolic compounds, increasing their solubility without altering their antioxidant properties. Leloir-type glycosyltransferases require UDP-glucose as a cofactor to glycosylate a hydroxyl of the polyphenol, which is expensive and unstable. To simplify these processes for industrial implementation, the preparation of self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalysts is needed. In this study, a glycosyltransferase and a sucrose synthase (as an UDP-regenerating enzyme) were co-immobilized onto porous agarose-based supports coated with polycationic polymers: polyethylenimine and polyallylamine. In addition, the UDP cofactor was strongly ionically adsorbed and co-immobilized with the enzymes, eliminating the need to add it separately. Thus, the optimal self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalyst was able to catalyze the glycosylation of three polyphenolic compounds (piceid, phloretin and quercetin) with in situ regeneration of the UDP-glucose, allowing multiple consecutive reaction cycles without the addition of exogenous cofactor. A TTN value of 50 (theoretical maximum) was obtained in the reaction of piceid glycosylation, after 5 reaction cycles, using the self-sufficient biocatalyst based on an improved sucrose synthase variant. This result was 5-fold higher than the obtained using soluble cofactor and the co-immobilized enzymes, and much higher than those reported in the literature for similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Trobo-Maseda
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Romero-Fernandez
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Chen K, Lin L, Ma R, Ding J, Pan H, Tao Y, Li Y, Jia H. Identification of sucrose synthase from Micractinium conductrix to favor biocatalytic glycosylation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1220208. [PMID: 37649634 PMCID: PMC10465243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a unique glycosyltransferase (GT) for developing cost-effective glycosylation processes. Up to now, some SuSys derived from plants and bacteria have been used to recycle uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose in the reactions catalyzed by Leloir GTs. In this study, after sequence mining and experimental verification, a SuSy from Micractinium conductrix (McSuSy), a single-cell green alga, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and its enzymatic properties were characterized. In the direction of sucrose cleavage, the specific activity of the recombinant McSuSy is 9.39 U/mg at 37°C and pH 7.0, and the optimum temperature and pH were 60°C and pH 7.0, respectively. Its nucleotide preference for uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) was similar to plant SuSys, and the enzyme activity remained relatively high when the DMSO concentration below 25%. The mutation of the predicted N-terminal phosphorylation site (S31D) significantly stimulated the activity of McSuSy. When the mutant S31D of McSuSy was applied by coupling the engineered Stevia glycosyltransferase UGT76G1 in a one-pot two-enzyme reaction at 10% DMSO, 50 g/L rebaudioside E was transformed into 51.06 g/L rebaudioside M in 57 h by means of batch feeding, with a yield of 76.48%. This work may reveal the lower eukaryotes as a promising resource for SuSys of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Guo F, Liu M, Liu H, Li C, Feng X. Direct Yeast Surface Codisplay of Sequential Enzymes with Complementary Anchor Motifs: Enabling Enhanced Glycosylation of Natural Products. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:460-470. [PMID: 36649530 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Yeast surface display is an appealing technique for constructing multienzyme cascades. This technique is commonly achieved using a scaffold for the ordered arrangement of various enzymes. However, this method is typically complicated because scaffold use may engender extra metabolic burden on the cell host. Here, we established a direct yeast surface codisplay strategy by employing two complementary anchor motifs, Agα1 and Pir1. These motifs allow for the codisplay of sequential uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase (UGT) and sucrose synthase (SUS) on the surface of Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffii) for the glycosylation of natural products. We manipulated the displayed stoichiometry, amount, and assembly order of UGT and SUS by coupling them with anchor motifs. Furthermore, their effect on enzyme activity was thoroughly investigated. The surface-codisplayed strain UGT-Pir-SUS-Agα exhibited greater thermostability than the single-displayed strains and their free counterparts. Moreover, the strain UGT-Pir-SUS-Agα was successfully applied to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) glycosylation to produce GA-3-O-Glc, with sucrose being the sugar donor in this process. This generated 7.5- to 20- and 5.3-fold higher GA-3-O-Glc concentration compared with the free counterparts (enzyme mass loading of 20-fold in excess) and mixed single-displayed strains of UGT-Agα and SUS-Pir, respectively. This increase was due to the improved biochemical properties and substrate channeling effect of strain UGT-Pir-SUS-Agα. This controllable direct surface codisplay strategy, based on complementary anchor motifs, is readily extendable to other enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China.,Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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Dauda WP, Shanmugam V, Tyagi A, Solanke AU, Kumar V, Krishnan SG, Bashyal BM, Aggarwal R. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterisation of Cytokinin-O-Glucosyltransferase (CGT) Genes of Rice Specific to Potential Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070917. [PMID: 35406897 PMCID: PMC9002877 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin glucosyltransferases (CGTs) are key enzymes of plants for regulating the level and function of cytokinins. In a genomic identification of rice CGTs, 41 genes with the plant secondary product glycosyltransferases (PSPG) motif of 44-amino-acid consensus sequence characteristic of plant uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were identified. In-silico physicochemical characterisation revealed that, though the CGTs belong to the same subfamily, they display varying molecular weights, ranging from 19.6 kDa to 59.7 kDa. The proteins were primarily acidic (87.8%) and hydrophilic (58.6%) and were observed to be distributed in the plastids (16), plasma membrane (13), mitochondria (5), and cytosol (4). Phylogenetic analysis of the CGTs revealed that their evolutionary relatedness ranged from 70-100%, and they aligned themselves into two major clusters. In a comprehensive analysis of the available transcriptomics data of rice samples representing different growth stages only the CGT, Os04g25440.1 was significantly expressed at the vegetative stage, whereas 16 other genes were highly expressed only at the reproductive growth stage. On the contrary, six genes, LOC_Os07g30610.1, LOC_Os04g25440.1, LOC_Os07g30620.1, LOC_Os04g25490.1, LOC_Os04g37820.1, and LOC_Os04g25800.1, were significantly upregulated in rice plants inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani (RS), Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and Mor (Magnaporthe oryzae). In a qRT-PCR analysis of rice sheath tissue susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani, Mor, and Xoo pathogens, compared to the sterile distilled water control, at 24 h post-infection only two genes displayed significant upregulation in response to all the three pathogens: LOC_Os07g30620.1 and LOC_Os04g25820.1. On the other hand, the expression of genes LOC_Os07g30610.1, LOC_Os04g25440, LOC_Os04g25490, and LOC_Os04g25800 were observed to be pathogen-specific. These genes were identified as the candidate-responsive CGT genes and could serve as potential susceptibility genes for facilitating pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadzani Palnam Dauda
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
- Crop Science Unit, Department of Agronomy, Federal University, Gashua 1005, Nigeria
| | - Veerubommu Shanmugam
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aditya Tyagi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Amolkumar U. Solanke
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.U.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Vishesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.U.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Subbaiyan Gopala Krishnan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (W.P.D.); (A.T.); (S.G.K.); (B.M.B.); (R.A.)
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Beerens K, Gevaert O, Desmet T. GDP-Mannose 3,5-Epimerase: A View on Structure, Mechanism, and Industrial Potential. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:784142. [PMID: 35087867 PMCID: PMC8787198 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase (GM35E, GME) belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein superfamily and catalyses the conversion of GDP-d-mannose towards GDP-l-galactose. Although the overall reaction seems relatively simple (a double epimerization), the enzyme needs to orchestrate a complex set of chemical reactions, with no less than 6 catalysis steps (oxidation, 2x deprotonation, 2x protonation and reduction), to perform the double epimerization of GDP-mannose to GDP-l-galactose. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin C in plants and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in bacteria. In this review, we provide a clear overview of these interesting epimerases, including the latest findings such as the recently characterized bacterial and thermostable GM35E representative and its mechanism revision but also focus on their industrial potential in rare sugar synthesis and glycorandomization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Desmet
- *Correspondence: Koen Beerens, ; Tom Desmet,
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Ali MY, Chang Q, Yan Q, Qian Z, Guo X, Thow K, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Glucosides by Coupling of Microbial Glycosyltransferase to Plant Sucrose Synthase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:645079. [PMID: 34169062 PMCID: PMC8218813 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.645079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a principal bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have been widely used to catalyze glycosylation of diverse nature products for the development of potential therapeutic compounds. In this study, we have characterized a UGT109A3 from Bacillus subtilis, which can glycosylate both the free C3 hydroxyl and C30 carboxyl groups of GA to yield a unique 3, 30-O-β-D-diglucoside-GA. By coupling the microbial UGT109A3 to plant sucrose synthase (SUS), GA-diglucoside could be biosynthesized in an efficient and economical way. With a fed-batch glycosylation, a large scale of GA-diglucoside (6.26 mM, 4.98 g/L in 8 h) could be enzymatically transformed from GA. The obtained GA-diglucoside showed a significant water solubility improvement of around 3.4 × 103 fold compared with that of the parent GA (29 μM). Moreover, it also exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line according to MTT assay, having an IC50 at 160 μM. This study not only establishes efficient platform for producing GA-glucosides, but is also valuable for developing further the biosynthesis of other complex glycosylated natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yassin Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quande Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kieran Thow
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Ali MY, Chang Q, Su Y, Wu J, Yan Q, Yin L, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Ordered Coimmobilization of Multimeric Enzyme Arrays with Enhanced Biocatalytic Cascade Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3027-3034. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yassin Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuerong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Quande Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Hu Y, Xue J, Min J, Qin L, Zhang J, Dai L. Biocatalytic synthesis of ginsenoside Rh2 using Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase-catalyzed coupled reactions. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:107-112. [PMID: 31926981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2, a rare protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type triterpene saponin isolated from Panax ginseng, exhibits notable anticancer and immune-system-enhancing activities. Glycosylation catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glucosyltransferase (UGT) is the final biosynthetic step of ginsenoside Rh2. In this study, UGT73C5 isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana was demonstrated to selectively transfer a glucosyl moiety to the C3 hydroxyl group of PPD to synthesize ginsenoside Rh2. UGT73C5 was coupled with sucrose synthase (SuSy) from A. thaliana to regenerate costly uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) from cheap sucrose and catalytic amounts of uridine diphosphate (UDP). The UGT73C5/SuSy ratio, temperature, pH, cofactor UDP, and PPD concentrations for UGT73C5-SuSy coupled reactions were optimized. Through the stepwise addition of PPD, the maximal ginsenoside Rh2 production was 3.2 mg mL-1, which was the highest yield reported to date. These promising results provided an efficient and cost-effective approach to semisynthesize the highly valuable ginsenoside Rh2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lujiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Juankun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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11
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Zhang L, Gao Y, Liu X, Guo F, Ma C, Liang J, Feng X, Li C. Mining of Sucrose Synthases from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Their Application in the Construction of an Efficient UDP-Recycling System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11694-11702. [PMID: 31558015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS) plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism in plants. The SUS genes in licorice remain unknown. To reveal the sucrose metabolic pathway in licorice, all the 12 putative SUS genes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were systematically identified by genome mining, and two novel SUSs (GuSUS1 and GuSUS2) were isolated and characterized for the first time. Furthermore, we found that the flexible N-terminus was responsible for the low stability of plant SUSs, and deletion of redundant N-terminus improved the stability of GuSUS1 and GuSUS2. The half-life of both GuSUS1 and GuSUS2 mutants was increased by 2-fold. Finally, the GuSUS1 mutant was coupled with UGT73C11 for the glycosylation of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) with uridine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt hydrate (UDP) in situ recycling, and GA conversion was increased by 7-fold. Our study not only identified the SUS genes in licorice but also provided a stable SUS mutant for the construction of an efficient UDP-recycling system for GA glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Fang Guo
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Congxuan Ma
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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12
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Thapa SB, Pandey RP, Bashyal P, Yamaguchi T, Sohng JK. Cascade biocatalysis systems for bioactive naringenin glucosides and quercetin rhamnoside production from sucrose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7953-7969. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Synergistic Catalysis of Glycosyltransferase and Sucrose Synthase to Produce Isoquercitrin Through Glycosylation of Quercetin. Chem Nat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-019-02712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ding F, Liu F, Shao W, Chu J, Wu B, He B. Efficient Synthesis of Crocins from Crocetin by a Microbial Glycosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis 168. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11701-11708. [PMID: 30350978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crocins are the most important active ingredient found in Crocus sativus, a well-known "plant gold". The glycosyltransferase-catalyzed glycosylation of crocetin is the last step of biosynthesizing crocins and contributes to their structural diversity. Crocin biosynthesis is now hampered by the lack of efficient glycosyltransferases with activity toward crocetin. In this study, two microbial glycosyltransferases (Bs-GT and Bc-GTA) were successfully mined based on the comprehensive analysis of the PSPG motif and the N-terminal motif of the target plant-derived UGT75L6 and Cs-GT2. Bs-GT from Bacillus subtilis 168, an enzyme with a higher activity of glycosylation toward crocetin than that of Bc-GTA, was characterized. The efficient synthesis of crocins from crocetin catalyzed by microbial GT (Bs-GT) was first reported with a high molecular conversion rate of 81.9%, resulting in the production of 476.8 mg/L of crocins. The glycosylation of crocetin on its carboxyl groups by Bs-GT specifically produced crocin-5 and crocin-3, the important rare crocins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wenming Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Jianlin Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , 30 Puzhunan Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Bingfang He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30 Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
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15
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Mutational analyses for product specificity of YjiC towards α-mangostin mono-glucoside. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 118:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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17
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Nidetzky B, Gutmann A, Zhong C. Leloir Glycosyltransferases as Biocatalysts for Chemical Production. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Zhang L, Ren J, Shi P, Lu D, Zhao C, Su Y, Zhang L, Huang J. The Immunological Regulation Roles of Porcine β-1, 4 Galactosyltransferase V (B4GALT5) in PRRSV Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:48. [PMID: 29546034 PMCID: PMC5837993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B4GALT5, also known as β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase V, is one of the members of β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase gene (B4GALT) family, which was concerned with embryonic development, tumor generation, other malignant diseases. In this study, we firstly cloned porcine B4GALT (pB4GALT5) from porcine alveolar macrophages, and predicted the structural domain and function of seven porcine β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase (I–VII) based on transcriptome analysis of PRRSV infected cells. Additionally, the upregulated porcine B4GALT5 expression was detected from PRRSV infected porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells. The PRRSV proliferation were slightly inhibited in overexpression of pB4GALT5 transfected cells, the interaction of B4GALT5 and GP5 of PRRSV was firstly be detected by Co-IP, and the co-location between B4GALT5 and GP5 were also observed in golgi membranes by confocal microscopy. A significant increasing mRNA transcription, including inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α) and some cell surface glycosylated protein involved in antigen present (MHC-I/II), cell adhesion and migration (chemokine MCP-1 and receptor CCR2; LFA-1, ICAM-1) were upregulated in B4GALT5 overexpressed PRRSV infected cells. Our results demonstrated that the regulation of pB4GALT5 plays an important roles in PRRSV proliferation and modification function in viral infection cells. And these results will make achievements by supporting the research of latent mechanisms of β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase V in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengxue Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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19
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Schmölzer K, Lemmerer M, Nidetzky B. Glycosyltransferase cascades made fit for chemical production: Integrated biocatalytic process for the natural polyphenol C-glucoside nothofagin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:545-556. [PMID: 29131308 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase cascades are promising tools of biocatalysis for natural product glycosylation, but their suitability for actual production remains to be shown. Here, we demonstrate at a scale of 100 g isolated product the integrated biocatalytic production of nothofagin, the natural 3'-C-β-D-glucoside of the polyphenol phloretin. A parallel reaction cascade involving coupled C-glucosyltransferase and sucrose synthase was optimized for the one-pot glucosylation of phloretin from sucrose via an UDP/UDP-glucose shuttle. Inclusion complexation with the highly water soluble 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin pushed the phloretin solubility to its upper practical limit (∼120 mM) and so removed the main bottleneck on an efficient synthesis of nothofagin. The biotransformation thus intensified had excellent performance metrics of 97% yield and ∼50 gproduct /L at a space-time yield of 3 g/L/hr. The UDP-glucose was regenerated up to ∼220 times. A scalable downstream process for efficient recovery of nothofagin (≥95% purity; ≥65% yield) was developed. A tailored anion-exchange chromatography at pH 8.5 was used for capture and initial purification of the product. Recycling of the 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin would also be possible at this step. Product precipitation at a lowered pH of 6.0 and re-dissolution in acetone effectively replaced desalting by size exclusion chromatography in the final step of nothofagin purification. This study therefore, reveals the potential for process intensification in the glycosylation of polyphenol acceptors by glycosyltransferase cascades. It demonstrates that, with up- and downstream processing carefully optimized and suitably interconnected, a powerful biocatalytic technology becomes available for the production of an important class of glycosides difficult to prepare otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Gutmann A, Lepak A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Glycosyltransferase cascades for natural product glycosylation: Use of plant instead of bacterial sucrose synthases improves the UDP-glucose recycling from sucrose and UDP. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28429856 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural product glycosylations by Leloir glycosyltransferases (GTs) require expensive nucleotide-activated sugars as substrates. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) converts sucrose and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) into UDP-glucose. Coupling of SuSy and GT reactions in one-pot cascade transformations creates a UDP cycle, which regenerates the UDP-glucose continuously and so makes it an expedient donor for glucoside production. Here we compare SuSys with divergent kinetic characteristics for UDP-glucose recycling in the synthesis of the natural C-glucoside nothofagin. Development of a fast reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC method, quantifying all relevant reactants from the coupled conversion in a single run, was key to dissect the main factors of recycling efficiency. Limitations due to high KM , both for UDP and sucrose, were revealed for the bacterial SuSy from Acidithiobacillus caldus. The L637M-T640V double mutant of this SuSy with a 60-fold reduced KM for UDP substantially improved UDP-glucose recycling. The SuSy from Glycine max (soybean) was nevertheless the most active enzyme at the UDP (≤ 0.5 mM) and sucrose (≤ 1 M) concentrations used. It was also unexpectedly stable at up to 50°C where spontaneous decomposition of UDP-glucose started to become problematic. The herein gained in-depth understanding of requirements for UDP-glucose regeneration supports development of efficient GT-SuSy cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Lepak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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21
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Diricks M, Gutmann A, Debacker S, Dewitte G, Nidetzky B, Desmet T. Sequence determinants of nucleotide binding in Sucrose Synthase: improving the affinity of a bacterial Sucrose Synthase for UDP by introducing plant residues. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:141-148. [PMID: 27590052 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose Synthase (SuSy) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) into NDP-glucose and fructose. Biochemical characterization of several plant and bacterial SuSys has revealed that the eukaryotic enzymes preferentially use UDP whereas prokaryotic SuSys prefer ADP as acceptor. In this study, SuSy from the bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus, which has a higher affinity for ADP as reflected by the 25-fold lower Km value compared to UDP, was used as a test case to scrutinize the effect of introducing plant residues at positions in a putative nucleotide binding motif surrounding the nucleobase ring of NDP. All eight single to sextuple mutants had similar activities as the wild-type enzyme but significantly reduced Km values for UDP (up to 60 times). In addition, we recognized that substrate inhibition by UDP is introduced by a methionine at position 637. The affinity for ADP also increased for all but one variant, although the improvement was much smaller compared to UDP. Further characterization of a double mutant also revealed more than 2-fold reduction in Km values for CDP and GDP. This demonstrates the general impact of the motif on nucleotide binding. Furthermore, this research also led to the establishment of a bacterial SuSy variant that is suitable for the recycling of UDP during glycosylation reactions. The latter was successfully demonstrated by combining this variant with a glycosyltransferase in a one-pot reaction for the production of the C-glucoside nothofagin, a health-promoting flavonoid naturally found in rooibos (tea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Diricks
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Debacker
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Dewitte
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Dewitte G, Walmagh M, Diricks M, Lepak A, Gutmann A, Nidetzky B, Desmet T. Screening of recombinant glycosyltransferases reveals the broad acceptor specificity of stevia UGT-76G1. J Biotechnol 2016; 233:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Shin JY, Pandey RP, Jung HY, Chu LL, Park YI, Sohng JK. In vitro single-vessel enzymatic synthesis of novel Resvera-A glucosides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 424:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Synthetic analog of anticancer drug daunorubicin from daunorubicinone using one-pot enzymatic UDP-recycling glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Li LN, Kong JQ. Transcriptome-wide identification of sucrose synthase genes in Ornithogalum caudatum. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27611j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-wide discovery and functional identification of a sucrose synthase family was presented. Importantly, OcSus1 and OcSus2 were first verified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of glucose-containing polysaccharides inO. caudatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Li
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
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26
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Bungaruang L, Gutmann A, Nidetzky B. β-Cyclodextrin Improves Solubility and EnzymaticC-Glucosylation of the Flavonoid Phloretin. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Schmölzer K, Gutmann A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Sucrose synthase: A unique glycosyltransferase for biocatalytic glycosylation process development. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:88-111. [PMID: 26657050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a glycosyltransferase (GT) long known from plants and more recently discovered in bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a glucosyl moiety between fructose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) (sucrose+NDP↔NDP-glucose+fructose). The equilibrium for sucrose conversion is pH dependent, and pH values between 5.5 and 7.5 promote NDP-glucose formation. The conversion of a bulk chemical to high-priced NDP-glucose in a one-step reaction provides the key aspect for industrial interest. NDP-sugars are important as such and as key intermediates for glycosylation reactions by highly selective Leloir GTs. SuSy has gained renewed interest as industrially attractive biocatalyst, due to substantial scientific progresses achieved in the last few years. These include biochemical characterization of bacterial SuSys, overproduction of recombinant SuSys, structural information useful for design of tailor-made catalysts, and development of one-pot SuSy-GT cascade reactions for production of several relevant glycosides. These advances could pave the way for the application of Leloir GTs to be used in cost-effective processes. This review provides a framework for application requirements, focusing on catalytic properties, heterologous enzyme production and reaction engineering. The potential of SuSy biocatalysis will be presented based on various biotechnological applications: NDP-sugar synthesis; sucrose analog synthesis; glycoside synthesis by SuSy-GT cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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28
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Wang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Li Y, Yan M, Chen K, Hao N, Xu L. Efficient enzymatic production of rebaudioside A from stevioside. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:67-73. [PMID: 26264414 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1072457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the chief diterpene glycosides present in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Rebaudioside A imparts a desirable sweet taste, while stevioside produces a residual bitter aftertaste. Enzymatic synthesis of rebaudioside A from stevioside can increase the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside in steviol glycoside products, providing a conceivable strategy to improve the organoleptic properties of steviol glycoside products. Here, we demonstrate the efficient conversion of stevioside to rebaudioside A by coupling the activities of recombinant UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT76G1 from S. rebaudiana and sucrose synthase AtSUS1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The conversion occurred via regeneration of UDP-glucose by AtSUS1. UDP was applicable as the initial material instead of UDP-glucose for UDP-glucose recycling. The amount of UDP could be greatly reduced in the reaction mixture. Rebaudioside A yield in 30 h with 2.4 mM stevioside, 7.2 mM sucrose, and 0.006 mM UDP was 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Li
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yangyang Li
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ming Yan
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kequan Chen
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ning Hao
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lin Xu
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
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29
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Lepak A, Gutmann A, Kulmer ST, Nidetzky B. Creating a Water-Soluble Resveratrol-Based Antioxidant by Site-Selective Enzymatic Glucosylation. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1870-1874. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Mizukami H. Sugar Chain Construction of Functional Natural Products Using Plant Glucosyltransferases. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:867-82. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mizukami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Diricks M, De Bruyn F, Van Daele P, Walmagh M, Desmet T. Identification of sucrose synthase in nonphotosynthetic bacteria and characterization of the recombinant enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8465-74. [PMID: 25846332 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate into fructose and nucleotide (NDP)-glucose. To date, only SuSy's from plants and cyanobacteria, both photosynthetic organisms, have been characterized. Here, four prokaryotic SuSy enzymes from the nonphotosynthetic organisms Nitrosomonas Europaea (SuSyNe), Acidithiobacillus caldus (SuSyAc), Denitrovibrio acetiphilus (SusyDa), and Melioribacter roseus (SuSyMr) were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and thoroughly characterized. The purified enzymes were found to display high-temperature optima (up to 80 °C), high activities (up to 125 U/mg), and high thermostability (up to 15 min at 60 °C). Furthermore, SuSyAc, SuSyNe, and SuSyDa showed a clear preference for ADP as nucleotide, as opposed to plant SuSy's which prefer UDP. A structural and mutational analysis was performed to elucidate the difference in NDP preference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic SuSy's. Finally, the physiological relevance of this enzyme specificity is discussed in the context of metabolic pathways and genomic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Van Daele
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Walmagh
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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De Bruyn F, Maertens J, Beauprez J, Soetaert W, De Mey M. Biotechnological advances in UDP-sugar based glycosylation of small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:288-302. [PMID: 25698505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small molecules like specialized (secondary) metabolites has a profound impact on their solubility, stability or bioactivity, making glycosides attractive compounds as food additives, therapeutics or nutraceuticals. The subsequently growing market demand has fuelled the development of various biotechnological processes, which can be divided in the in vitro (using enzymes) or in vivo (using whole cells) production of glycosides. In this context, uridine glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of various small molecules, hereby using uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars as activated glycosyldonors. This review gives an extensive overview of the recently developed in vivo production processes using UGTs and discusses the major routes towards UDP-sugar formation. Furthermore, the use of interconverting enzymes and glycorandomization is highlighted for the production of unusual or new-to-nature glycosides. Finally, the technological challenges and future trends in UDP-sugar based glycosylation are critically evaluated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Maertens
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Beauprez
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Dhakal D, Le TT, Pandey RP, Jha AK, Gurung R, Parajuli P, Pokhrel AR, Yoo JC, Sohng JK. Enhanced production of nargenicin A(1) and generation of novel glycosylated derivatives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2934-49. [PMID: 25577346 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nargenicin A1, an antibacterial polyketide macrolide produced by Nocardia sp. CS682, was enhanced by increasing the pool of precursors using different sources. Furthermore, by using engineered strain Nocardia sp. ACC18 and supplementation of glucose and glycerol, enhancement was ~7.1 fold in comparison to Nocardia sp. CS682 without supplementation of any precursors. The overproduced compound was validated by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The novel glycosylated derivatives of purified nargenicin A1 were generated by efficient one-pot reaction systems in which the syntheses of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-α-D-glucose and UDP-α-D-2-deoxyglucose were modified and combined with glycosyltransferase (GT) from Bacillus licheniformis. Nargenicin A1 11-O-β- D-glucopyranoside, nargenicin A1 18-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, nargenicin A111 18-O-β-D- diglucopyranoside, and nargenicin 11-O-β-D-2-deoxyglucopyranoside were generated. Nargenicin A1 11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was structurally elucidated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) conjugated with high-resolution quantitative time-of-flight-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-QTOF ESI-MS/MS), supported by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies, whereas other nargenicin A1 glycosides were characterized by UPLC-PDA and HR-QTOF ESI-MS/MS analyses. The overall conversion studies indicated that the one-pot synthesis system is a highly efficient strategy for production of glycosylated derivatives of compounds like macrolides as well. Furthermore, assessment of solubility indicated that there was enhanced solubility in the case of glycoside, although a substantial increase in activity was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Dhakal
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam, 336-708, Korea
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Xie K, Chen R, Li J, Wang R, Chen D, Dou X, Dai J. Exploring the catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase from Carthamus tinctorius. Org Lett 2014; 16:4874-7. [PMID: 25191837 DOI: 10.1021/ol502380p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase (UGT73AE1) from Carthamus tinctorius was explored. UGT73AE1 showed the capability to glucosylate a total of 19 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-, S-, and N-glycosides, making it the first reported trifunctional plant glycosyltransferase. The catalytic reversibility and regioselectivity were observed and modeled in a one-pot reaction transferring a glucose moiety from icariin to emodin. These findings demonstrate the potential versatility of UGT73AE1 in the glycosylation of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Le TT, Pandey RP, Gurung RB, Dhakal D, Sohng JK. Efficient enzymatic systems for synthesis of novel α-mangostin glycosides exhibiting antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8527-38. [PMID: 25038930 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two enzymatic systems were developed for the efficient synthesis of glycoside products of α-mangostin, a natural xanthonoid exhibiting anti-oxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In these systems, one-pot reactions for the synthesis of UDP-α-D-glucose and UDP-α-D-2-deoxyglucose were modified and combined with a glycosyltransferase (GT) from Bacillus licheniformis DSM-13 to afford C-3 and C-6 position modified glucose and 2-deoxyglucose conjugated novel α-mangostin derivatives. α-Mangostin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α-mangostin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α-mangostin 3,6-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α-mangostin 3-O-β-D-2-deoxyglucopyranoside, α-mangostin 6-O-β-D-2-deoxyglucopyranoside, and α-mangostin 3,6-di-O-β-D-2-deoxyglucopyranoside were successfully produced in practical quantities and characterized by high-resolution quadruple time-of-flight electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HR-QTOF ESI/MS), (1)H and (13)C NMR analyses. In excess of the substrate, the maximum productions of three α-mangostin glucopyranosides (4.8 mg/mL, 86.5 % overall conversion of α-mangostin) and three α-mangostin 2-deoxyglucopyronosides (4.0 mg/mL, 79 % overall conversion of α-mangostin) were achieved at 4-h incubation period. All the α-mangostin glycosides exhibited improved water solubility, and their antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus was drastically enhanced by the glucosylation at C-3 position. In this study, diverse glycosylated α-mangostin were produced in significant quantities by using inexpensive starting materials and recycling co-factors within a reaction vessel without use of expensive NDP-sugars in the glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoi Thi Le
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 336-708, Republic of Korea
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Bungaruang L, Gutmann A, Nidetzky B. Leloir Glycosyltransferases and Natural Product Glycosylation: Biocatalytic Synthesis of the C-Glucoside Nothofagin, a Major Antioxidant of Redbush Herbal Tea. Adv Synth Catal 2013; 355:2757-2763. [PMID: 24415961 PMCID: PMC3883091 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nothofagin is a major antioxidant of redbush herbal tea and represents a class of bioactive flavonoid-like C-glycosidic natural products. We developed an efficient enzymatic synthesis of nothofagin based on a one-pot coupled glycosyltransferase-catalyzed transformation that involves perfectly selective 3'-C-β-d-glucosylation of naturally abundant phloretin and applies sucrose as expedient glucosyl donor. C-Glucosyltransferase from Oryza sativa (rice) was used for phloretin C-glucosylation from uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose, which was supplied continuously in situ through conversion of sucrose and UDP catalyzed by sucrose synthase from Glycine max (soybean). In an evaluation of thermodynamic, kinetic, and stability parameters of the coupled enzymatic reactions, poor water solubility of the phloretin acceptor substrate was revealed as a major bottleneck of conversion efficiency. Using periodic feed of phloretin controlled by reaction progress, nothofagin concentrations (45 mM; 20 g l-1) were obtained that vastly exceed the phloretin solubility limit (5-10 mM). The intermediate UDP-glucose was produced from catalytic amounts of UDP (1.0 mM) and was thus recycled 45 times in the process. Benchmarked against comparable glycosyltransferase-catalyzed transformations (e.g., on quercetin), the synthesis of nothofagin has achieved intensification in glycosidic product formation by up to three orders of magnitude (μM→mM range). It thus makes a strong case for the application of Leloir glycosyltransferases in biocatalytic syntheses of glycosylated natural products as fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bungaruang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone:(+43)-316-873-8400
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone:(+43)-316-873-8400
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone:(+43)-316-873-8400
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Gurung RB, Kim EH, Oh TJ, Sohng JK. Enzymatic synthesis of apigenin glucosides by glucosyltransferase (YjiC) from Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13. Mol Cells 2013; 36:355-61. [PMID: 24170092 PMCID: PMC3887987 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a member of the flavone subclass of flavonoids, has long been considered to have various biological activities. Its glucosides, in particular, have been reported to have higher water solubility, increased chemical stability, and enhanced biological activities. Here, the synthesis of apigenin glucosides by the in vitro glucosylation reaction was successfully performed using a UDP-glucosyltransferase YjiC, from Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13. The glucosylation has been confirmed at the phenolic groups of C-4' and C-7 positions ensuing apigenin 4'-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside and apigenin 4',7-O-diglucoside as the products leaving the C-5 position unglucosylated. The position of glucosylation and the chemical structures of glucosides were elucidated by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The parameters such as pH, UDP glucose concentration and time of incubation were also analyzed during this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rit Bahadur Gurung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
| | | | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
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