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Poleboyina SM, Poleboyina PK, Pawar SC, Guntuku G. Homology Modeling, Screening, and Identification of Potential FOXO6 Inhibitors Curtail Gastric Cancer Progression: an In Silico Drug Repurposing Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7708-7737. [PMID: 37086375 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the world's second leading cause of cancer-related fatalities, with the epidemiology changing over the previous several decades. FOXOs are the O subfamily of the forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor family, which consists of four members: FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. FOXO6 mRNA and protein levels are increased in gastric cancer tissues. FOXO6 forced overexpression enhances gastric cancer cell growth, while knockdown decreases proliferation. In our study, the GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier, KEGG, and STRING databases were used to determine FOXO6 mRNA expression, overall survival ratio, interactive pathways, and top 10 associated proteins in gastric cancer respectively. Due to the lack of a solved structure for FOXO6, homology modeling was performed to obtain a 3D structure model, and we used anti-cancer drugs and small molecules to target FOXO6 for identifying a potential selective FOXO6 inhibitor. The chemical composition of the proteins and ligands has a significant impact on docking procedure performance. With this in mind, a critical evaluation of the performance of three regularly used docking routines was carried out: MVD, AutoDock Vina in PyRx, and ArgusLab. The binding affinities, docking scores, and intermolecular interactions were used as assessment criteria. In the study, the porfimer sodium showed excellent binding affinity to the FOXO6 protein. The major three docking software packages were used to analyze the scoring/H-bonding energy and intermolecular interactions. Based on the results, we concluded that FOXO6 was upregulated in gastric cancer and the ligand porfimer sodium emerges as a promising potential FOXO6 inhibitor to curtail gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Malleswari Poleboyina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Poleboyina
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Smita C Pawar
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
| | - Girijasankar Guntuku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India.
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Vlasac IM, Christensen BC, Salas LA. Normal gastric tissue Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with epigenetic age acceleration, increased mitotic tick rate, tissue cell composition, and Natural Killer cell methylation alterations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546926. [PMID: 37425894 PMCID: PMC10327075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Gastric adenocarcinomas are a leading cause of global mortality, associated with chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori. The mechanisms by which infection with H. pylori contributes to carcinogenesis are not well understood. Recent studies from subjects with and without gastric cancer have identified significant DNA methylation alterations in normal gastric mucosa associated with H. pylori infection and gastric cancer risk. Here we further investigated DNA methylation alterations in normal gastric mucosa in gastric cancer cases (n = 42) and control subjects (n = 42) with H. pylori infection data. We assessed tissue cell type composition, DNA methylation alterations within cell populations, epigenetic aging, and repetitive element methylation. Results In normal gastric mucosa of both gastric cancer cases and control subjects, we observed increased epigenetic age acceleration associated with H. pylori infection. We also observed an increased mitotic tick rate associated with H. pylori infection in both gastric cancer cases and controls. Significant differences in immune cell populations associated with H. pylori infection in normal tissue from cancer cases and controls were identified using DNA methylation cell type deconvolution. We also found natural killer cell-specific methylation alterations in normal mucosa from gastric cancer patients with H. pylori infection. Conclusions Our findings from normal gastric mucosa provide insight into underlying cellular composition and epigenetic aspects of H. pylori associated gastric cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma M. Vlasac
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Lucas A. Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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3
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The FOXO family of transcription factors: key molecular players in gastric cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:997-1015. [PMID: 35680690 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death with an oncological origin. Despite its decline in incidence and mortality in recent years, GC remains a global public problem that seriously threatens patients' health and lives. The forkhead box O proteins (FOXOs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors (TFs) with crucial roles in cell fate decisions. In mammals, the FOXO family consists of four members FOXO1, 3a, 4, and 6. FOXOs play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes, such as development, metabolism, and stem cell maintenance, by regulating the expression of their target genes in space and time. An accumulating amount of evidence has shown that the dysregulation of FOXOs is involved in GC progression by affecting multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, cell cycle progression, carcinogenesis, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms of FOXO family expression and activity and elucidate its roles in GC progression. Moreover, we also highlight the clinical implications of FOXOs in GC treatment.
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Si J, Ding X, Deng Z, Li P, Zhang B, Lan G, Huang B, Liang J, Wang Z, Si Y. A Four-Gene Signature Model Improves the Prediction of Distant Metastasis in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Retrospective, Three-Center Observational Study. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221080972. [PMID: 35262435 PMCID: PMC8918749 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Similar to that in other malignant tumors, distant metastasis is one of the most important causes of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the genetic hallmarks and networks that regulate the distant metastasis of NPC are not fully understood. Methods: In this study, we performed high-throughput screening of mRNA expression profiles in 92 NPC samples collected from 3hospitals and detected the mRNA expression levels of 31,503 genes in these samples. Gene functional enrichment analyses were performed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was applied to select prognostic genes and a Cox proportional hazards regression model including these genes was constructed to predict prognosis. The Kaplan-Meier curve and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were plotted to assess the performance of this model. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportion hazard model to test the independence of prognostic effect of gene model and other clinical features. Results: A total of 1837 differentially expressed genes between patients with and without distant metastasis were identified in the training cohort, including 869 upregulated genes and 968 downregulated genes. Six gene sets, including the Wnt/β catenin signaling pathway, hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, mitotic spindle, apical surface, and estrogen response late, were enriched in patients with distant metastasis. A four-gene signature model was constructed in the training cohort, and according to the time-dependent ROC curve, this model had certain accuracy in predicting distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in both the training and validation cohorts. Conclusion: We developed a four-gene signature model that can evaluate the distant metastasis risk of NPC patients and may also provide novel therapeutic targets for NPC treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Si
- Xuan Wu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiuyong Ding
- Xuan Wu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuoxia Deng
- 477292The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, PR China
| | - Pu Li
- Xuan Wu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Benjian Zhang
- 477292The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, PR China
| | - Guiping Lan
- 477292The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- 477292The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, PR China
| | - Jinhui Liang
- 477401Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Xuan Wu Hospital, 71044Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Si
- 477292The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, PR China
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Teeli AS, Łuczyńska K, Haque E, Gayas MA, Winiarczyk D, Taniguchi H. Disruption of Tumor Suppressors HNF4α/HNF1α Causes Tumorigenesis in Liver. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215357. [PMID: 34771521 PMCID: PMC8582545 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1α) are transcription factors that influence the development and maintenance of homeostasis in a variety of tissues, including the liver. As such, disruptions in their transcriptional networks can herald a number of pathologies, such as tumorigenesis. Largely considered tumor suppressants in liver cancer, these transcription factors regulate key events of inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metabolic reprogramming, and the differentiation status of the cell. High-throughput analysis of cancer cell genomes has identified a number of hotspot mutations in HNF1α and HNF4α in liver cancer. Such results also showcase HNF1α and HNF4α as important therapeutic targets helping us step into the era of personalized medicine. In this review, we update current findings on the roles of HNF1α and HNF4α in liver cancer development and progression. It covers the molecular mechanisms of HNF1α and HNF4α dysregulation and also highlights the potential of HNF4α as a therapeutic target in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Salam Teeli
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (A.S.T.); (K.Ł.); (E.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Kamila Łuczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (A.S.T.); (K.Ł.); (E.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Effi Haque
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (A.S.T.); (K.Ł.); (E.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Mohmmad Abrar Gayas
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Jammu 19000, India;
| | - Dawid Winiarczyk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (A.S.T.); (K.Ł.); (E.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (A.S.T.); (K.Ł.); (E.H.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen YH, Li CL, Chen WJ, Liu J, Wu HT. Diverse roles of FOXO family members in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1367-1382. [PMID: 34721771 PMCID: PMC8529928 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although progress has been made in diagnosis, surgical resection, systemic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, patients with GC still have a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate in patients with advanced GC is less than 5%. The FOXO subfamily, of the forkhead box family of transcription factors, consists of four members, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. This subfamily plays an important role in many cellular processes, such as cell cycle, cell growth, apoptosis, autophagy, stress resistance, protection from aggregate toxicity, DNA repair, tumor suppression, and metabolism, in both normal tissue and malignant tumors. Various studies support a role for FOXOs as tumor suppressors based on their ability to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis, and promote apoptosis, yet several other studies have shown that FOXOs might also promote tumor progression in certain circumstances. To elucidate the diverse roles of FOXOs in GC, this article systematically reviews the cellular functions of FOXOs in GC to determine potential therapeutic targets and treatment strategies for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun-Lan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang H, Liu H, Zhao L, Luo S, Akinyemiju T, Hwang S, Yue Y, Wei Q. Association of genetic variants of FBXO32 and FOXO6 in the FOXO pathway with breast cancer risk. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:661-670. [PMID: 34197655 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factors play a pivotal role in regulating a variety of biological processes, including organismal development, cell signaling, cell metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that genetic variants in FOXO pathway genes are associated with breast cancer (BC) risk. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a large meta-analysis using 14 published genome-wide association study (GWAS) data sets in the Discovery, Biology, and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE) study. We assessed associations between 5214 (365 genotyped in DRIVE and 4849 imputed) common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 55 FOXO pathway genes and BC risk. After multiple comparison corrections by the Bayesian false-discovery probability method, we found five SNPs to be significantly associated with BC risk. In stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, principal components, and previously published SNPs in the same data set, three independent SNPs (i.e., FBXO32 rs10093411 A>G, FOXO6 rs61229336 C>T, and FBXO32 rs62521280 C>T) remained to be significantly associated with BC risk (p = 0.0008, 0.0011, and 0.0017, respectively). Additional expression quantitative trait loci analysis revealed that the FBXO32 rs62521280 T allele was associated with decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in breast tissue, while the FOXO6 rs61229336 T allele was found to be associated with decreased mRNA expression levels in the whole blood cells. Once replicated by other investigators, these genetic variants may serve as new biomarkers for BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Wang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tomi Akinyemiju
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Li N, Zhao Z, Liu P, Zheng Y, Cai S, Sun Y, Wang B. Upregulation of deubiquitinase USP7 by transcription factor FOXO6 promotes EC progression via targeting the JMJD3/CLU axis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 20:583-595. [PMID: 33768140 PMCID: PMC7972937 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is recognized as one of the most frequently occurring malignancies worldwide, and its high morbidity rate motivates efforts to identify potential therapeutic targets. Notably, forkhead box (FOX) family genes are highlighted as possible biomarkers for diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of various malignancies, including EC. Our present study was performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of FOXO6 on the development of EC. We observed a significant upregulation of FOXO6 in EC tissues, contributing to the migration and proliferation in EC cells through gain- and loss-of-function assays. FOXO6 directly interacted with the ubiquitin-specific processing protease 7 (USP7) gene promoter and enhanced its transcriptional activity, which resulted in suppressed cancer cell apoptosis as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR. USP7 enhanced the ubiquitination of Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (JMJD3), elevated JMJD3-promoted growth of EC cells, and transcriptionally activated clusterin (CLU) expression at the promoter region via histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methyl (H3K27me3) demethylation, according to immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays. Finally, we verified that FOXO6 mediated effects on the USP7/JMJD3/CLU axis to exert an oncogenic role in vivo, which was blocked by USP7 and JMJD3 inhibitor. Our findings demonstrate an important role of the FOXO6/USP7/JMJD3/CLU pathway in EC progression and thus provide attractive potential therapeutic targets for EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Pengliang Liu
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yin Sun
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Baoming Wang
- Interventional Department, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
- Corresponding author: Baoming Wang, Interventional Department, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, P.R. China.
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Abstract
FOXO proteins are transcription factors that are involved in numerous physiological processes and in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic neurological diseases. For example, FOXO proteins are context-dependent tumour suppressors that are frequently inactivated in human cancers, and FOXO3 is the second most replicated gene associated with extreme human longevity. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of FOXO proteins is a promising approach to developing therapeutics for cancer and for healthy ageing. In this Review, we overview the role of FOXO proteins in health and disease and discuss the pharmacological approaches to modulate FOXO function.
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Farhan M, Silva M, Li S, Yan F, Fang J, Peng T, Hu J, Tsao M, Little P, Zheng W. The role of FOXOs and autophagy in cancer and metastasis-Implications in therapeutic development. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2089-2113. [PMID: 32474970 PMCID: PMC7586888 DOI: 10.1002/med.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation process that plays a crucial role in cell survival and stress reactions as well as in cancer development and metastasis. Autophagy process involves several steps including sequestration, fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and degradation. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular metabolic activity and signaling pathways of cancer growth and metastasis. Recent evidence suggests that FOXO proteins are also involved in autophagy regulation. The relationship among FOXOs, autophagy, and cancer has been drawing attention of many who work in the field. This study summarizes the role of FOXO proteins and autophagy in cancer growth and metastasis and analyzes their potential roles in cancer disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Marta Silva
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Shuai Li
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiankang Fang
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Tangming Peng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Jim Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ming‐Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
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Moon KM, Lee B, Kim DH, Chung HY. FoxO6 inhibits melanogenesis partly by elevating intracellular antioxidant capacity. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101624. [PMID: 32863230 PMCID: PMC7338776 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various transcription factors that play a role in controlling oxidative stress, the role of FoxO proteins in skin aging has recently become of interest. Unlike other FoxOs, FoxO6 remains in the nucleus due to the lack of nuclear export signal, so that it may respond sensitively to intracellular stimuli for the induction of target genes. However, the role of FoxO6 in melanogenesis and its related signaling pathways are unclear. We used UV exposed and intrinsically aged mice that exhibited skin aging. Our data showed that FoxO6 activation was markedly decreased in the skin of aging mice and UVB-exposed hairless mice that exhibited an increase in melanogenesis. The reduced FoxO6 activity was closely associated with the elevation of oxidative stress in the skin of these animal models. To our interest, siRNA-mediated FoxO6 knockdown markedly increased melanin content and related signaling pathways in B16F10 cells even without any stimulation. On the contrary, adenovirus-mediated FoxO6 activation significantly reduced melanin content in UVB-exposed B16F10 cells, which is closely associated with the induction of antioxidant genes including MnSOD and catalase, leading to a decrease in oxidative stress. Furthermore, vitamin C treatment reversed the elevated melanogenesis by the FoxO6 knockdown, indicating that the decreased antioxidant capacity greatly contributes to increased melanogenesis in the FoxO6 knockdown condition. For the upstream of a FoxO6 signaling pathway in melanocytes, FoxO6 phosphorylation by Akt appears to be essential evidenced by the reduction of FoxO6 activity and the increase in melanogenesis by PI3K/AKT inhibitor treatment. Our study suggests that FoxO6 is an antioxidant gene that prevents oxidative stress-induced melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Moon
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Isoflurane preconditioning protects hepatocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation injury by regulating FoxO6. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Cortesi M, Pasini A, Furini S, Giordano E. Identification via Numerical Computation of Transcriptional Determinants of a Cell Phenotype Decision Making. Front Genet 2019; 10:575. [PMID: 31293614 PMCID: PMC6598594 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex cellular processes, such as phenotype decision making, are exceedingly difficult to analyze experimentally, due to the multiple-layer regulation of gene expression and the intercellular variability referred to as biological noise. Moreover, the heterogeneous experimental approaches used to investigate distinct macromolecular species, and their intrinsic differential time-scale dynamics, add further intricacy to the general picture of the physiological phenomenon. In this respect, a computational representation of the cellular functions of interest can be used to extract relevant information, being able to highlight meaningful active markers within the plethora of actors forming an active molecular network. The multiscale power of such an approach can also provide meaningful descriptions for both population and single-cell level events. To validate this paradigm a Boolean and a Markov model were combined to identify, in an objective and user-independent manner, a signature of genes recapitulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition in-vitro. The predictions of the model are in agreement with experimental data and revealed how the expression of specific molecular markers is related to distinct cell behaviors. The presented method strengthens the evidence of a role for computational representation of active molecular networks to gain insight into cellular physiology and as a general approach for integrating in-silico/in-vitro study of complex cell population dynamics to identify their most relevant drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Pasini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Furini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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KIF23 Promotes Gastric Cancer by Stimulating Cell Proliferation. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:9751923. [PMID: 31007778 PMCID: PMC6441499 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9751923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors with low early diagnosis and high metastasis. Despite progress in treatment, to combat this disease, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets is needed. KIF23, which belongs to the KIF family, plays a vital role in various cell processes, such as cytoplasm separation and axon elongation. Nowadays, KIF23 has been found to be highly expressed in multiple tumor tissues and cells, suggesting a potential link between KIF23 and tumorigenesis. Herein, we reported that KIF23 expression was correlated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer and found an association between KIF23 and pTNM stage. An in vitro assay proved that the proliferation of gastric cancer cells was significantly inhibited, which is caused by KIF23 depletion. Additionally, knockdown of KIF23 resulted in a marked inhibition of cell proliferation of gastric cancer in mice, with significant downregulation of Ki67 and PCNA expression. In conclusion, these data indicate that KIF23 is a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.
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15
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Miao Z, Guo X, Tian L. The long noncoding RNA NORAD promotes the growth of gastric cancer cells by sponging miR-608. Gene 2019; 687:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Calcagno DQ, Wisnieski F, Mota ERDS, Maia de Sousa SB, Costa da Silva JM, Leal MF, Gigek CO, Santos LC, Rasmussen LT, Assumpção PP, Burbano RR, Smith MAC. Role of histone acetylation in gastric cancer: implications of dietetic compounds and clinical perspectives. Epigenomics 2019; 11:349-362. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications regulate the structural status of chromatin and thereby influence the transcriptional status of genes. These processes are controlled by the recruitment of different enzymes to a specific genomic site. Furthermore, obtaining an understanding of these mechanisms could help delineate alternative treatment and preventive strategies for cancer. For example, in gastric cancer, cholecalciferol, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, garcinol and sodium butyrate are natural regulators of acetylation and deacetylation enzyme activity that exert chemopreventive and anticancer effects. Here, we review the recent findings on histone acetylation in gastric cancer and discuss the effects of nutrients and bioactive compounds on histone acetylation and their potential role in the prevention and treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Q Calcagno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde/Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Elizangela R da Silva Mota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Stefanie B Maia de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana F Leal
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina O Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Santos
- Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Rasmussen
- Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo P Assumpção
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rommel R Burbano
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marília AC Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Ye H, Duan M. Downregulation of FOXO6 in breast cancer promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and facilitates migration and proliferation of cancer cells. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5145-5156. [PMID: 30464613 PMCID: PMC6215919 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s157661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increasing evidence indicates that members of forkhead transcription factor family (FOXO) play key roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of FOXO6 was not yet known. The aim of our work is to investigate the function of FOXO6 in breast cancer. Methods In the present study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses were used to detect the expression of FOXO6 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Results The results revealed that FOXO6 was downregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, compared with adjacent normal tissues and MCF-10A cells, respectively. Moreover, the expression of FOXO6 was associated with the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) indicator proteins, such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Additionally, our findings suggested that FOXO6 expression was negatively associated with tumor size (p=0.002), pathological grade (p=0.018) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.003). Sirt6 has been found to promote cell proliferation and metastasis in several cancers, and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays indicated FOXO6 transcriptionally regulated Sirt6 expression. Furthermore, various functional experiments, including wound healing assay, transwell invasion assay, colony formation assay and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, revealed that FOXO6 suppressed cell migration, invasion, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Conclusion In conclusion, FOXO6 serves as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, and suppresses EMT through regulation of Sirt6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Galactophore, Linyi Central Hospital of Shandong, Linyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Duan
- Department of Respiratory One, Linyi Central Hospital of Shandong, Linyi, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Li Q, Tang H, Hu F, Qin C. Silencing of FOXO6 inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3853-3860. [PMID: 30321450 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Li
- Department of General Surgery Huaihe Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Hongna Tang
- Department of General Surgery Huaihe Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Fangfang Hu
- Department of General Surgery Huaihe Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Changjiang Qin
- Department of General Surgery Huaihe Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng China
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19
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Rehman A, Kim Y, Kim H, Sim J, Ahn H, Chung MS, Shin SJ, Jang K. FOXO3a expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor disease-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:806-813. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AimsForkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors, consisting of FOXO1, FOXO3a, FOXO4 and FOXO6, are involved in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Recent studies have suggested that FOXOs act as tumour suppressors in a variety of human cancers. This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of FOXOs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).MethodsFOXO protein expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 125 TNBC tissues. Correlations between FOXO protein expression and various clinicopathological parameters, including patients’ survival, were investigated. MDA-MB-468 cell line was used for in vitro cell proliferation and migration assay.ResultsFOXO1 protein expression was not observed in all 125 TNBC tissues. FOXO4 and FOXO6 protein expressions were detected in 11 (8.8%) and 14 (11.2%) TNBC tissues, respectively. Loss of FOXO4 expression was significantly associated with high histological grade (P=0.014, χ2 test), and TNBCs with positive FOXO6 expression correlated with high grade (P=0.020, χ2 test). FOXO3a expression was detected in 40 (32%) TNBC cases and correlated with adverse clinicopathological features, such as lymph node metastasis (P=0.021, χ2 test), perineural invasion (P=0.013, χ2 test) and higher Ki-67 proliferation index (P=0.048, t-test). Additionally, FOXO3a expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (P=0.015, log-rank test). In the in vitro study, siRNA-mediated FOXO3a knockdown in the MDA-MB-468 cell line inhibited cell proliferation and migration.ConclusionAmong FOXO members, FOXO3a may have a potential role in promoting tumour cell migration and proliferation and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
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20
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Wang JH, Tang HS, Li XS, Zhang XL, Yang XZ, Zeng LS, Ruan Q, Huang YH, Liu GJ, Wang J, Cui SZ. Elevated FOXO6 expression correlates with progression and prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31682-31691. [PMID: 28404958 PMCID: PMC5458239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The FOXO6 correlated with tumor progression in a wide range of carcinomas, yet little is known in gastric cancer. The expression of FOXO6 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 192 gastric carcinoma specimens. The correlation between FOXO6 expression with MMP-9, clinicopathological/prognostic value in gastric cancer was examined. FOXO6 overexpression was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and stage of disease. In univariate and multivariate analyses, FOXO6 was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Moreover, FOXO6 over-expression was correlated with poor prognosis in patients subgroups stratified by tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. FOXO6 expression was increased in both prominent serosal invasion group and lymph node metastasis group. In addition, FOXO6 expression was positively correlated with MMP-9 among 192 gastric cancer tissues. Patients with FOXO6 over-expression had poor OS and shorter RFS in low and high invasiveness groups. Furthermore, stratified analysis showed that the TNM stage I patients with high FOXO6 expression had poor prognosis than those with low FOXO6 expression. In conclusion, FOXO6 overexpression promotes tumor aggressiveness and prognosis, and could be a promising target for prognostic prediction in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Liang Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Zi Yang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Si Zeng
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Hong Huang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Gao-Jie Liu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
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21
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Lallemand F, Petitalot A, Vacher S, de Koning L, Taouis K, Lopez BS, Zinn-Justin S, Dalla-Venezia N, Chemlali W, Schnitzler A, Lidereau R, Bieche I, Caputo SM. Involvement of the FOXO6 transcriptional factor in breast carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7464-7475. [PMID: 29484124 PMCID: PMC5800916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, FOXO transcriptional factors form a family of four members (FOXO1, 3, 4, and 6) involved in the modulation proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. The role of the FOXO family in breast cancer remains poorly elucidated. According to the cellular context and the stage of the disease, FOXOs can have opposite effects on carcinogenesis. To study the role of FOXOs in breast carcinogenesis in more detail, we examined their expression in normal tissues, breast cell lines, and a large series of breast tumours of human origin. We found a very low physiological level of FOXO6 expression in normal adult tissues and high levels of expression in foetal brain. FOXO gene expressions fluctuate specifically in breast cancer cells compared to normal cells, suggesting that these genes may have different roles in breast carcinogenesis. For the first time, we have shown that, among the various FOXO genes, only FOXO6 was frequently highly overexpressed in breast cell lines and tumours. We also found that inhibition of the endogenous expression of FOXO6 by a specific siRNA inhibited the growth of the human breast cell lines MDA-MB-468 and HCC-38. FACS and Western blot analysis showed that inhibition of endogenous expression of FOXO6 induced accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, but not apoptosis. These results tend to demonstrate that the overexpression of the human FOXO6 gene that we highlighted in the breast tumors stimulates breast carcinogenesis by activating breast cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lallemand
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ambre Petitalot
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Service de génétique, unité de génétique constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Karim Taouis
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- CNRS UMR 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, équipe labélisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Laboratoire de biologie structurale et radiobiologie, IBITEC-S (CEA) and I2BC (UMR 9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris South), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicole Dalla-Venezia
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL)/INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Walid Chemlali
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schnitzler
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Rosette Lidereau
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine M Caputo
- Service de génétique, unité de génétique constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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22
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Boström J, Sramkova Z, Salašová A, Johard H, Mahdessian D, Fedr R, Marks C, Medalová J, Souček K, Lundberg E, Linnarsson S, Bryja V, Sekyrova P, Altun M, Andäng M. Comparative cell cycle transcriptomics reveals synchronization of developmental transcription factor networks in cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188772. [PMID: 29228002 PMCID: PMC5724894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle coordinates core functions such as replication and cell division. However, cell-cycle-regulated transcription in the control of non-core functions, such as cell identity maintenance through specific transcription factors (TFs) and signalling pathways remains unclear. Here, we provide a resource consisting of mapped transcriptomes in unsynchronized HeLa and U2OS cancer cells sorted for cell cycle phase by Fucci reporter expression. We developed a novel algorithm for data analysis that enables efficient visualization and data comparisons and identified cell cycle synchronization of Notch signalling and TFs associated with development. Furthermore, the cell cycle synchronizes with the circadian clock, providing a possible link between developmental transcriptional networks and the cell cycle. In conclusion we find that cell cycle synchronized transcriptional patterns are temporally compartmentalized and more complex than previously anticipated, involving genes, which control cell identity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Boström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Sramkova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Salašová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Johard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Mahdessian
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne’s University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carolyn Marks
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiřina Medalová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne’s University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sekyrova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (PS); (MAl); (MAn)
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PS); (MAl); (MAn)
| | - Michael Andäng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (PS); (MAl); (MAn)
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23
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Wang J, Li W, Zhao Y, Kang D, Fu W, Zheng X, Pang X, Du G. Members of FOX family could be drug targets of cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:183-196. [PMID: 28830838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOX families play important roles in biological processes, including metabolism, development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and longevity. Here we are focusing on roles of FOX members in cancers, FOX members and drug resistance, FOX members and stem cells. Finally, FOX members as drug targets of cancer treatment were discussed. Future perspectives of FOXC1 research were described in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - De Kang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China.
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24
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Chen HY, Chen YM, Wu J, Yang FC, Lv Z, Xu XF, Zheng SS. Expression of FOXO6 is Associated With Oxidative Stress Level and Predicts the Prognosis in Hepatocellular Cancer: A Comparative Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3708. [PMID: 27227932 PMCID: PMC4902356 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association of Forkhead box O6 (FOXO6) expression with oxidative stress level and prognosis of hepatocellular cancer (HCC).The case group included tissues of HCC from 128 patients who were hospitalized in Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. The control group included normal liver tissues from 74 patients. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to test expressions of FOXO6, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Dihydroethidium (DHE) was dyed to observe reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Immunohistochemistry was used to test FOXO6 expression. FOXO6 was silenced in HepG2 cells to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. The expressions of ROS, HO-1, GPx, SOD, CAT, p27, and cyclin D1 were also detected to further explore the possible mechanism.The expressions of FOXO6, HO-1, GPx, SOD, and CAT in HCC tissue was significantly higher than those in normal and adjacent HCC tissues (P <0.05). The tumor size, TNM stage, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, the presence or absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), and differentiation degree were related to FOXO6 expression level (all P <0.05). COX analysis showed that high FOXO6 expression, male, positive HBsAg, advanced TNM staging, high expression of AFP, and low degree of differentiation were all risk factors for prognosis in HCC (P <0.05). Compared with the blank group (C group, without transfection) and the negative control (NC) group, the mRNA expressions of ROS, FOXO6, HO-1, SOD, GPx, and CAT were decreased (P <0.05). si-RNA group had significantly decreased proliferation speed during 24 to 72 hours (P <0.05), whereas si-FOXO6 group had remarkably increased G0/G1 staged cells and decreased S-staged cells (P <0.05). The si-FOXO6 group showed notably increased apoptosis rate (P <0.05) and p27 expressions as well as decreased cyclin D1 expressions (P <0.05).FOXO6 was highly expressed in HCC tissue and was related to oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, FOXO6 expression can be used as a biomarker for deterioration and prognosis of liver cancer, which may provide a novel treatment target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yong Chen
- From the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, ZheJiang Province, Hang Zhou 310003,China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (H-YC, Y-MC, J-W, F-CY, Z-L, X-FX, S-SZ)
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Klotz LO, Sánchez-Ramos C, Prieto-Arroyo I, Urbánek P, Steinbrenner H, Monsalve M. Redox regulation of FoxO transcription factors. Redox Biol 2015; 6:51-72. [PMID: 26184557 PMCID: PMC4511623 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the forkhead box, class O (FoxO) family are important regulators of the cellular stress response and promote the cellular antioxidant defense. On one hand, FoxOs stimulate the transcription of genes coding for antioxidant proteins located in different subcellular compartments, such as in mitochondria (i.e. superoxide dismutase-2, peroxiredoxins 3 and 5) and peroxisomes (catalase), as well as for antioxidant proteins found extracellularly in plasma (e.g., selenoprotein P and ceruloplasmin). On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as other stressful stimuli that elicit the formation of ROS, may modulate FoxO activity at multiple levels, including posttranslational modifications of FoxOs (such as phosphorylation and acetylation), interaction with coregulators, alterations in FoxO subcellular localization, protein synthesis and stability. Moreover, transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of the expression of genes coding for FoxOs is sensitive to ROS. Here, we review these aspects of FoxO biology focusing on redox regulation of FoxO signaling, and with emphasis on the interplay between ROS and FoxOs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Of particular interest are the dual role played by FoxOs in cancer development and their key role in whole body nutrient homeostasis, modulating metabolic adaptations and/or disturbances in response to low vs. high nutrient intake. Examples discussed here include calorie restriction and starvation as well as adipogenesis, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Prieto-Arroyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Kang C, Song JJ, Lee J, Kim MY. Epigenetics: An emerging player in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6433-6447. [PMID: 24914365 PMCID: PMC4047329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers, like other diseases, arise from gene mutations and/or altered gene expression, which eventually cause dysregulation of numerous proteins and noncoding RNAs. Changes in gene expression, i.e., upregulation of oncogenes and/or downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, can be generated not only by genetic and environmental factors but also by epigenetic factors, which are inheritable but nongenetic modifications of cellular chromosome components. Identification of the factors that contribute to individual cancers is a prerequisite to a full understanding of cancer mechanisms and the development of customized cancer therapies. The search for genetic and environmental factors has a long history in cancer research, but epigenetic factors only recently began to be associated with cancer formation, progression, and metastasis. Epigenetic alterations of chromatin include DNA methylation and histone modifications, which can affect gene-expression profiles. Recent studies have revealed diverse mechanisms by which chromatin modifiers, including writers, erasers and readers of the aforementioned modifications, contribute to the formation and progression of cancer. Furthermore, functional RNAs, such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, have also been identified as key players in these processes. This review highlights recent findings concerning the epigenetic alterations associated with cancers, especially gastric cancer.
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Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is established as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. Damage of the mucosal barrier due to H. pylori-induced inflammation enhances the carcinogenic effect of other risk factors such as salt intake or tobacco smoking. The genetic disposition of both the bacterial strain and the host can increase the potential towards gastric cancer formation. Genetic variance of the bacterial proteins CagA and VacA is associated with a higher gastric cancer risk, as are polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in host gene coding for interleukins (IL1β, IL8), transcription factors (CDX2, RUNX3) and DNA repair enzymes. Application of high-throughput assays for genome-wide assessment of either genetic structural variance or gene expression patterns may lead to a better understanding of the pathobiological background of these processes, including the underlying signaling pathways. Understanding of the stepwise alterations that take place in the transition from chronic atrophic gastritis, via metaplastic changes, to invasive neoplasia is vital to define the 'point of no return' before which eradication of H. pylori has the potential to prevent gastric cancer. Currently, eradication as preventive strategy is only recommended for high-incidence regions in Asia; large population studies with an adequate follow-up are required to demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Cobalt and nickel stabilize stem cell transcription factor OCT4 through modulating its sumoylation and ubiquitination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86620. [PMID: 24497960 PMCID: PMC3908935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research can lead to the development of treatments for a wide range of ailments including diabetes, heart disease, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord injury, and cancer. OCT4 is a master regulator of self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. OCT4 also plays a crucial role in reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Given known vivo reproductive toxicity of cobalt and nickel metals, we examined the effect of these metals on expression of several stem cell factors in embryonic Tera-1 cells, as well as stem cells. Cobalt and nickel induced a concentration-dependent increase of OCT4 and HIF-1α, but not NANOG or KLF4. OCT4 induced by cobalt and nickel was due primarily to protein stabilization because MG132 stabilized OCT4 in cells treated with either metals and because neither nickel nor cobalt significantly modulated its steady-state mRNA level. OCT4 stabilization by cobalt and nickel was mediated largely through reactive oxygen species (ROS) as co-treatment with ascorbic acid abolished OCT4 increase. Moreover, nickel and cobalt treatment increased sumoylation and mono-ubiquitination of OCT4 and K123 was crucial for mediating these modifications. Combined, our observations suggest that nickel and cobalt may exert their reproductive toxicity through perturbing OCT4 activity in the stem cell compartment.
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Gao FL, Li WS, Liu CL, Zhao GQ. Silencing Bmi-1 enhances the senescence and decreases the metastasis of human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8764-8769. [PMID: 24379598 PMCID: PMC3870526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the impact of Bmi-1 on cell senescence and metastasis of human gastric cancer cell line BGC823.
METHODS: Two pairs of complementary small hairpin RNA (shRNA) oligonucleotides targeting the Bmi-1 gene were designed, synthesized, annealed and cloned into the pRNAT-U6.2 vector. After DNA sequencing to verify the correct insertion of the shRNA sequences, the recombinant plasmids were transfected into BGC823 cells. The expression of Bmi-1 mRNA and protein was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The effects of Bmi-1 knockdown on cell senescence and metastasis were determined by the β-Gal activity assay and Boyden chamber assay, respectively.
RESULTS: The double-stranded oligonucleotide fragments of Bmi-1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) cloned into pRNAT-U6.2 vector conformed to the inserted sequence. RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that the expression levels of Bmi-1 gene mRNA and protein were markedly decreased in transfected BGC823 cells with pRNAT-U6.2-si1104 and pRNAT-U6.2-si1356, especially in transfected BGC823 cells with pRNAT-U6.2-si1104, compared with two control groups (empty vector and blank group). In particular, Bmi-1 protein expression was almost completely abolished in cells transfected with the recombinant vector harboring shRNA targeting the sequence GGAGGAGGTGAATGATAAA (nt1104-1122). Compared with untransfected cells and cells transfected with the empty vector, the mean percentage of senescent cells increased and the number of cells passing through the Matrigel decreased in cells transfected with the recombinant vectors.
CONCLUSION: Silencing Bmi-1 by RNA interference can increase the senescent cell rate and effectively reduce the metastasis of gastric cancer cells.
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HU HONGJUN, ZHANG LIGUO, WANG ZHENHUA, GUO XIXI. FoxO6 inhibits cell proliferation in lung carcinoma through up-regulation of USP7. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:575-80. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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