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Zheng P, Dou Y, Wang Q. Immune response and treatment targets of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: innate and adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206720. [PMID: 37424786 PMCID: PMC10324618 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health risk that threatens human life and health, although the number of vaccinated people has increased. The clinical outcome of HBV infection depends on the complex interplay between viral replication and the host immune response. Innate immunity plays an important role in the early stages of the disease but retains no long-term immune memory. However, HBV evades detection by the host innate immune system through stealth. Therefore, adaptive immunity involving T and B cells is crucial for controlling and clearing HBV infections that lead to liver inflammation and damage. The persistence of HBV leads to immune tolerance owing to immune cell dysfunction, T cell exhaustion, and an increase in suppressor cells and cytokines. Although significant progress has been made in HBV treatment in recent years, the balance between immune tolerance, immune activation, inflammation, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B remains unknown, making a functional cure difficult to achieve. Therefore, this review focuses on the important cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity of chronic hepatitis B that target the host immune system and identifies treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongqing Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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2
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Ostrycharz E, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. New Insights into the Role of the Complement System in Human Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:226. [PMID: 35204727 PMCID: PMC8961555 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. Due to the increasing number of reports on its role in viral diseases, which may have implications for research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this review aims to highlight significant progress in understanding and defining the role of the complement system in four groups of diseases of viral etiology: (1) respiratory diseases; (2) acute liver failure (ALF); (3) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); and (4) vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Some of these diseases already present a serious global health problem, while others are a matter of concern and require the collaboration of relevant national services and scientists with the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
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Zhang BY, Chai DP, Wu YH, Qiu LP, Zhang YY, Ye ZH, Yu XP. Potential Drug Targets Against Hepatitis B Virus Based on Both Virus and Host Factors. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1636-1651. [PMID: 31362671 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190729115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B is a very harmful and epidemic disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). Although an effective anti-HBV vaccine is available, chronic infection poses still a huge health burden in the whole world. The present anti-HBV drugs including nucleoside analogues and interferonalpha have their limitations without exception. There is no effective drug and therapeutic method that can really and truly cure hepatitis B so far. The variability of HBV genome results in that a significant number of patients develop drug resistance during the long-term use of anti-HBV drugs. Hence, it is urgently needed to discover novel targets and develop new drugs against hepatitis B. OBJECTIVE The review aims to provide the theory support for designing of the anti-HBV innovative drugs by offering a summary of the current situation of antiviral potential targets. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Since HBV is obligate intracellular parasite, and as such it depends on host cellular components and functions to replicate itself. The targeting both virus and host might be a novel therapeutic option for hepatitis B. Accordingly, we analyse the advances in the study of the potential drug targets for anti-HBV infection, focusing on targeting virus genome, on targeting host cellular functions and on targeting virus-host proteins interactions, respectively. Meanwhile, the immune targets against chronic hepatitis B are also emphasized. In short, the review provides a summary of antiviral therapeutic strategies to target virus factors, host factors and immune factors for future designing of the innovative drug against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dan-Ping Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yi-Hang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Li-Peng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yong-Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zi-Hong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Yu J, Murthy V, Liu SL. Relating GPI-Anchored Ly6 Proteins uPAR and CD59 to Viral Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E1060. [PMID: 31739586 PMCID: PMC6893729 DOI: 10.3390/v11111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ly6 (lymphocyte antigen-6)/uPAR (urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor) superfamily protein is a group of molecules that share limited sequence homology but conserved three-fingered structures. Despite diverse cellular functions, such as in regulating host immunity, cell adhesion, and migration, the physiological roles of these factors in vivo remain poorly characterized. Notably, increasing research has focused on the interplays between Ly6/uPAR proteins and viral pathogens, the results of which have provided new insight into viral entry and virus-host interactions. While LY6E (lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E), one key member of the Ly6E/uPAR-family proteins, has been extensively studied, other members have not been well characterized. Here, we summarize current knowledge of Ly6/uPAR proteins related to viral infection, with a focus on uPAR and CD59. Our goal is to provide an up-to-date view of the Ly6/uPAR-family proteins and associated virus-host interaction and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyou Yu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.Y.); (V.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vaibhav Murthy
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.Y.); (V.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.Y.); (V.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kopp B, Vignard J, Mirey G, Fessard V, Zalko D, Le Hgarat L, Audebert M. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment of food contaminant mixtures present in the French diet. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:742-754. [PMID: 30230031 DOI: 10.1002/em.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through diet, people are exposed simultaneously to a variety of contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides) that could have combined adverse effects on human health. A previous study identified six main mixtures of food contaminants to which French adult consumers are exposed. These complex mixtures are comprised of 11 to 19 chemicals that have numerous toxic properties. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxic effects of these food contaminants, as single molecules and in mixtures that reflect their occurrence in the French diet, using the γH2AX assay in two human cell lines (HepG2, LS-174 T). Results of detailed analysis of the 49 individual contaminants (including 21 tested in this study) demonstrated a positive genotoxic response to 14 contaminants in HepG2 and 12 in LS-174 T cells. Next, our results indicated that two mixtures out of six triggered significant γH2AX induction after 24 hr of treatment, at concentrations for which individual compounds did not induce any DNA damage, suggesting more than additive interactions between chemicals. γH2AX positive mixtures were then tested for mutagenicity with the innovative in vitro PIG-A assay in HepG2 cells coupled with the soft agar colony formation assay. The two γH2AX positive mixtures led to a significant increase in the frequency of PIG-A GPI-deficient cells and in the number of colonies formed in soft agar. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that two mixtures of contaminants present in the French diet induce genotoxicity and mutagenicity, and that the combined effects of single molecules present in these mixtures are likely not additive, highlighting potential problems for hazard assessment of mixtures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:742-754, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - J Vignard
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - G Mirey
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - V Fessard
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - L Le Hgarat
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - M Audebert
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Li D, He W, Liu X, Zheng S, Qi Y, Li H, Mao F, Liu J, Sun Y, Pan L, Du K, Ye K, Li W, Sui J. A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28949917 PMCID: PMC5614562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. Currently-available therapies are ineffective in curing chronic HBV infection. HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) infect hepatocytes via binding of the preS1 domain of its large envelope protein to sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Here, we developed novel human monoclonal antibodies that block the engagement of preS1 with NTCP and neutralize HBV and HDV with high potency. One antibody, 2H5-A14, functions at picomolar level and exhibited neutralization-activity-mediated prophylactic effects. It also acts therapeutically by eliciting antibody-Fc-dependent immunological effector functions that impose durable suppression of viral infection in HBV-infected mice, resulting in reductions in the levels of the small envelope antigen and viral DNA, with no emergence of escape mutants. Our results illustrate a novel antibody-Fc-dependent approach for HBV treatment and suggest 2H5-A14 as a novel clinical candidate for HBV prevention and treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,PTN Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghe Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Mao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Pan
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pumpens P, Grens E. The true story and advantages of the famous Hepatitis B virus core particles: Outlook 2016. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Upregulation of microRNA-146a by hepatitis B virus X protein contributes to hepatitis development by downregulating complement factor H. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02459-14. [PMID: 25805734 PMCID: PMC4453536 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02459-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic injuries in hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients are caused by immune responses of the host. In our previous study, microRNA-146a (miR-146a), an innate immunity-related miRNA, and complement factor H (CFH), an important negative regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, were differentially expressed in HBV-expressing and HBV-free hepatocytes. Here, the roles of these factors in HBV-related liver inflammation were analyzed in detail. The expression levels of miR-146a and CFH in HBV-expressing hepatocytes were assessed via analyses of hepatocyte cell lines, transgenic mice, adenovirus-infected mice, and HBV-positive human liver samples. The expression level of miR-146a was upregulated in HBV-expressing Huh-7 hepatocytes, HBV-expressing mice, and patients with HBV infection. Further results demonstrated that the HBV X protein (HBx) was responsible for its effects on miR-146a expression through NF-κB-mediated enhancement of miR-146a promoter activity. HBV/HBx also downregulated the expression of CFH mRNA in hepatocyte cell lines and the livers of humans and transgenic mice. Furthermore, overexpression and inhibition of miR-146a in Huh-7 cells downregulated and upregulated CFH mRNA levels, respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-146a downregulated CFH mRNA expression in hepatocytes via 3′-untranslated-region (UTR) pairing. The overall effect of this process in vivo is to promote liver inflammation. These results demonstrate that the HBx–miR-146a–CFH–complement activation regulation pathway might play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. These findings have important implications for understanding the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and developing effective therapeutic interventions. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important pathogen and can cause severe liver diseases, including hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although HBV was found in 1966, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that the HBV X protein (HBx) promoted the expression of miR-146a, an innate immunity-related miRNA, through the NF-κB signal pathway and that increasingly expressed miR-146a downregulated its target complement factor H (CFH), an important negative regulator of the complement alternative pathway, leading to the promotion of liver inflammation. We demonstrated that the HBx–miR-146a–CFH–complement activation regulation pathway is potentially an important mechanism of immunopathogenesis caused by chronic HBV infection. Our data provide a novel molecular mechanism of HBV pathogenesis and thus help to understand the correlations between the complement system, an important part of innate immunity, and HBV-associated disease. These findings will also be important to identify potential therapeutic targets for HBV infection.
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Zhang H, Verkman AS. Longitudinally extensive NMO spinal cord pathology produced by passive transfer of NMO-IgG in mice lacking complement inhibitor CD59. J Autoimmun 2014; 53:67-77. [PMID: 24698947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord pathology with inflammatory, demyelinating lesions spanning three or more vertebral segments is a characteristic feature of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). NMO pathogenesis is thought to involve binding of immunoglobulin G anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibodies (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes, causing complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and secondary inflammation, demyelination and neuron loss. We investigated the involvement of CD59, a glycophosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein on astrocytes that inhibits formation of the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex. CD59 inhibition by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody greatly increased NMO-IgG-dependent CDC in murine astrocyte cultures and ex vivo spinal cord slice cultures. Greatly increased NMO pathology was also found in spinal cord slice cultures from CD59 knockout mice, and in vivo following intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and human complement. Intrathecal injection (at L5-L6) of small amounts of NMO-IgG and human complement in CD59-deficient mice produced robust, longitudinally extensive white matter lesions in lumbar spinal cord. Pathology was most severe at day 2 after injection, showing loss of AQP4 and GFAP, C5b-9 deposition, microglial activation, granulocyte infiltration, and demyelination. Hind limb motor function was remarkably impaired as well. There was partial remyelination and recovery of motor function by day 5. Our results implicate CD59 as an important modulator of the immune response in NMO, and provide a novel animal model of NMO that closely recapitulates human NMO pathology. Up-regulation of CD59 on astrocytes may have therapeutic benefit in NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A S Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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