1
|
Baber H, Aghajani A, Gallimore BH, Bethel C, Hyatt JG, King EFB, Price HP, Maciej-Hulme ML, Sari S, Winter A. Galactokinase-like protein from Leishmania donovani: Biochemical and structural characterization of a recombinant protein. Biochimie 2024; 223:31-40. [PMID: 38579894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the protozoan Leishmania spp. parasites. Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries around the world, and resistance to current anti-leishmanial drugs is rising. Our work has identified and characterised a previously unstudied galactokinase-like protein (GalK) in Leishmania donovani, which catalyses the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of the C-1 hydroxyl group of d-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate. Here, we report the production of the catalytically active recombinant protein in E. coli, determination of its substrate specificity and kinetic constants, as well as analysis of its molecular envelope using in solution X-ray scattering. Our results reveal kinetic parameters in range with other galactokinases with an average apparent Km value of 76 μM for galactose, Vmax and apparent Kcat values with 4.46376 × 10-9 M/s and 0.021 s-1, respectively. Substantial substrate promiscuity was observed, with galactose being the preferred substrate, followed by mannose, fructose and GalNAc. LdGalK has a highly flexible protein structure suggestive of multiple conformational states in solution, which may be the key to its substrate promiscuity. Our data presents novel insights into the galactose salvaging pathway in Leishmania and positions this protein as a potential target for the development of pharmaceuticals seeking to interfere with parasite substrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasana Baber
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Arega Aghajani
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - B Harold Gallimore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Cassandra Bethel
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - James G Hyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Elizabeth F B King
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Helen P Price
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Suat Sari
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anja Winter
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen YH, Cheng WH. Hexosamine biosynthesis and related pathways, protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation: their interconnection and role in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349064. [PMID: 38510444 PMCID: PMC10951099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a fundamental amino sugar moiety, is essential for protein glycosylation, glycolipid, GPI-anchor protein, and cell wall components. Uridine diphosphate-GlcNAc (UDP-GlcNAc), an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Although HBP is highly conserved across organisms, the enzymes involved perform subtly distinct functions among microbes, mammals, and plants. A complete block of HBP normally causes lethality in any life form, reflecting the pivotal role of HBP in the normal growth and development of organisms. Although HBP is mainly composed of four biochemical reactions, HBP is exquisitely regulated to maintain the homeostasis of UDP-GlcNAc content. As HBP utilizes substrates including fructose-6-P, glutamine, acetyl-CoA, and UTP, endogenous nutrient/energy metabolites may be integrated to better suit internal growth and development, and external environmental stimuli. Although the genes encoding HBP enzymes are well characterized in microbes and mammals, they were less understood in higher plants in the past. As the HBP-related genes/enzymes have largely been characterized in higher plants in recent years, in this review we update the latest advances in the functions of the HBP-related genes in higher plants. In addition, HBP's salvage pathway and GlcNAc-mediated two major co- or post-translational modifications, N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation, are also included in this review. Further knowledge on the function of HBP and its product conjugates, and the mechanisms underlying their response to deleterious environments might provide an alternative strategy for agricultural biofortification in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das J, Kumar R, Shah V, Raghavendra KP, Sharma AK. Identification and functional characterisation of N-acetylglucosamine kinase from Helicoverpa armigera divulge its potential role in growth and development via UDP-GlcNAc salvage pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124674. [PMID: 37137348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK), a major enzyme of sugar-kinase/Hsp70/actin superfamily, catalyses the conversion of N-acetylglucosamine to GlcNAc-6-phosphate, the first step leading to the salvage synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine. Here, we present the first report on identification, cloning, recombinant expression and functional characterisation of NAGK from Helicoverpa armigera (HaNAGK). The purified soluble HaNAGK exhibited a molecular mass of ~39 kDa with monomeric conformation. It catalysed the sequential transformation of GlcNAc into UDP-GlcNAc, indicating its role as the initiator of UDP-GlcNAc salvage pathway. HaNAGK exhibited ubiquitous expressions across all the developmental stages and major tissues of H. armigera. The gene was significantly upregulated (80 %; p < 0.01) by the moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and significantly downregulated (89 %; p < 0.001) by the chitin synthesis inhibitor novaluron, indicating its involvement in ecdysis and chitin metabolism. Furthermore, RNAi of HaNAGK caused poor weight gain, deformed insect bodies, aberrant metamorphosis and pronounced wing abnormalities in >55 % of surviving adults, while recording 7.79 ± 1.52 % and 24.25 ± 7.21 % mortality during larval and pupal stages, respectively. Altogether, the present findings suggest that HaNAGK plays a crucial role in the growth and development of H. armigera and thus, could be considered as a compelling gene of interest while formulating novel pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Shah
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - K P Raghavendra
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Lei C, Song Q, Bai L, Cheng B, Qin K, Li X, Ma B, Wang B, Zhou W, Chen X, Li J. Chemoproteomic profiling of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and identification of O-GlcNAc transferases in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:742-753. [PMID: 36577688 PMCID: PMC10037131 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a ubiquitous post-translation modification occurring in both animals and plants. Thousands of proteins along with their O-GlcNAcylation sites have been identified in various animal systems, yet the O-GlcNAcylated proteomes in plants remain poorly understood. Here, we report a large-scale profiling of protein O-GlcNAcylation in a site-specific manner in rice. We first established the metabolic glycan labelling (MGL) strategy with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) in rice seedlings, which enabled incorporation of azides as a bioorthogonal handle into O-GlcNAc. By conjugation of the azide-incorporated O-GlcNAc with alkyne-biotin containing a cleavable linker via click chemistry, O-GlcNAcylated proteins were selectively enriched for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. A total of 1591 unambiguous O-GlcNAcylation sites distributed on 709 O-GlcNAcylated proteins were identified. Additionally, 102 O-GlcNAcylated proteins were identified with their O-GlcNAcylation sites located within serine/threonine-enriched peptides, causing ambiguous site assignment. The identified O-GlcNAcylated proteins are involved in multiple biological processes, such as transcription, translation and plant hormone signalling. Furthermore, we discovered two O-GlcNAc transferases (OsOGTs) in rice. By expressing OsOGTs in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we confirmed their OGT enzymatic activities and used them to validate the identified rice O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Our dataset provides a valuable resource for studying O-GlcNAc biology in rice, and the MGL method should facilitate the identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins in various plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qitao Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ke Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Boyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules CenterPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao D, Liu X, Liu Z, Lu X, Guo W. Identification and functional analysis of two potential RNAi targets for chitin degradation in Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky (Insecta Coleoptera). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105257. [PMID: 36464362 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin metabolism enzymes are safe and desirable targets for pest management. β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK) are involved in chitin degradation. NAG is the main glycosidase that works synergistically with chitinases. NAGK is a key enzyme for the generation of UDP-Nacetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and for the conversion of GlcNAc into GlcNAc 6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P). In this study, NAG and NAGK genes were identified from Holotrichia parallela, a polyphagous soil pest that causes serious damage to crops. The spatiotemporal expression investigated by RT-qPCR indicated that the two genes are expressed in all larval developmental stages. HpNAG is highly expressed in the integument and HpNAGK overexpressed in the midgut. After injection of dsHpNAG and dsHpNAGK, a significant RNAi effect was found after 72 h and larvae stopped growing. The survival rates of larvae were 13.3% and 16.7%, respectively. RNAi of HpNAG and HpNAGK regulated the expression levels of chitin metabolism-related genes, indicating that these two genes could be critical in the chitin metabolism. Furthermore, silencing HpNAG and HpNAGK reduced the thickness of the cuticle, and decreased its content of chitin. The study will lay a foundation for further clarifying the mechanism of chitin metabolism and provide potential targets for the biological control of H. parallela larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation Physiology and Green Production of Hebei Province, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel N-acetylglucosamine kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16991. [PMID: 36216916 PMCID: PMC9550789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a key component of glycans such as glycoprotein and the cell wall. GlcNAc kinase is an enzyme that transfers a phosphate onto GlcNAc to generate GlcNAc-6-phosphate, which can be a precursor for glycan synthesis. GlcNAc kinases have been found in a broad range of organisms, including pathogenic yeast, human and bacteria. However, this enzyme has never been discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryotic model. In this study, the first GlcNAc kinase from S. cerevisiae was identified and named Ngk1. The Km values of Ngk1 for GlcNAc and glucose were 0.11 mM and 71 mM, respectively, suggesting that Ngk1 possesses a high affinity for GlcNAc, unlike hexokinases. Ngk1 showed the GlcNAc phosphorylation activity with various nucleoside triphosphates, namely ATP, CTP, GTP, ITP, and UTP, as phosphoryl donors. Ngk1 is phylogenetically distant from known enzymes, as the amino acid sequence identity with others is only about 20% or less. The physiological role of Ngk1 in S. cerevisiae is also discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Functional Characterization of the GlcNAc Catabolic Pathway in Cryptococcus deneoformans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0043722. [PMID: 35736228 PMCID: PMC9275227 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00437-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino sugar N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is the key constituent of cell wall components and plays an important role in pathogenesis in a wide range of fungi. However, catabolism of GlcNAc has not been studied in basidiomycete fungi. In this study, we identified and characterized a gene cluster essential for GlcNAc utilization in Cryptococcus deneoformans, an environmental human fungal pathogen. The C. deneoformans genome contains a GlcNAc transporter (Ngt1), a GlcNAc kinase (Hxk3), a GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase (Dac1), and a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase (Nag1). Their expression levels were highly induced in cultures containing GlcNAc as the sole carbon source, and the corresponding mutants showed severe growth defects in the presence of GlcNAc. Functional and biochemical analyses revealed that HXK3 encodes a novel GlcNAc kinase. Site-directed mutations of conserved residues of Hxk3 indicated that ATP binding and GlcNAc binding are essential for GlcNAc kinase activities. Taken together, the results from this study provide crucial insights into basidiomycete GlcNAc catabolism. IMPORTANCEN-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is recognized as not only the building block of chitin but also an important signaling molecule in fungi. The catabolic pathway of GlcNAc also plays an important role in vital biological processes in fungi. However, the utilization pathway of GlcNAc in the phylum Basidiomycota, which contains more than 41,000 species, remains unknown. Cryptococcus deneoformans is a representative basidiomycetous pathogen that causes life-threatening meningitis. In this study, we characterized a gene cluster essential for GlcNAc utilization in C. deneoformans and identified a novel GlcNAc kinase. The results of this study provide important insights into basidiomycete GlcNAc catabolism and offer a starting point for revealing its role in pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen YH, Shen HL, Chou SJ, Sato Y, Cheng WH. Interference of Arabidopsis N-Acetylglucosamine-1-P Uridylyltransferase Expression Impairs Protein N-Glycosylation and Induces ABA-Mediated Salt Sensitivity During Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903272. [PMID: 35747876 PMCID: PMC9210984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is the fundamental amino sugar moiety that is essential for protein glycosylation. UDP-GlcNAc, an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Arabidopsis N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferases (GlcNAc1pUTs), encoded by GlcNA.UTs, catalyze the last step in the HBP pathway, but their biochemical and molecular functions are less clear. In this study, the GlcNA.UT1 expression was knocked down by the double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) in the glcna.ut2 null mutant background. The RNAi transgenic plants, which are referred to as iU1, displayed the reduced UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, altered protein N-glycosylation and induced an unfolded protein response under salt-stressed conditions. Moreover, the iU1 transgenic plants displayed sterility and salt hypersensitivity, including delay of both seed germination and early seedling establishment, which is associated with the induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These salt hypersensitive phenotypes can be rescued by exogenous fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, and by introducing an ABA-deficient mutant allele nced3 into iU1 transgenic plants. Transcriptomic analyses further supported the upregulated genes that were involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling networks, and response to salt stress in iU1 plants. Collectively, these data indicated that GlcNAc1pUTs are essential for UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, fertility, and the response of plants to salt stress through ABA signaling pathways during seed germination and early seedling development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flores CL, Ariño J, Gancedo C. The N-Acetylglucosamine Kinase from Yarrowia lipolytica Is a Moonlighting Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313109. [PMID: 34884915 PMCID: PMC8658026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Yarrowia lipolytica, expression of the genes encoding the enzymes of the N-acetylglucosamine (NAGA) utilization pathway (NAG genes) becomes independent of the presence of NAGA in a Ylnag5 mutant lacking NAGA kinase. We addressed the question of whether the altered transcription was due to a lack of kinase activity or to a moonlighting role of this protein. Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase (Nag1) activity was measured as a reporter of NAG genes expression. The NGT1 gene encoding the NAGA transporter was deleted, creating a Ylnag5 ngt1 strain. In glucose cultures of this strain, Nag1 activity was similar to that of the Ylnag5 strain, ruling out the possibility that NAGA derived from cell wall turnover could trigger the derepression. Heterologous NAGA kinases were expressed in a Ylnag5 strain. Among them, the protein from Arabidopsis thaliana did not restore kinase activity but lowered Nag1 activity 4-fold with respect to a control. Expression in the Ylnag5 strain of YlNag5 variants F320S or D214V with low kinase activity caused a repression similar to that of the wild-type protein. Together, these results indicate that YlNag5 behaves as a moonlighting protein. An RNA-seq analysis revealed that the Ylnag5 mutation had a limited transcriptomic effect besides derepression of the NAG genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen-Lisset Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.-L.F.); (J.A.)
| | - Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.-L.F.); (J.A.)
| | - Carlos Gancedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases: Distinct and Essential Enzymes With Overlapping Substrate Specificities, Providing de novo Precursors for Glycosylation Reactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1822. [PMID: 30662444 PMCID: PMC6329318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the key precursors for all glycosylation reactions and are required both for oligo- and polysaccharides synthesis and protein and lipid glycosylation. Among all nucleotide sugars, UDP-sugars are the most important precursors for biomass production in nature (e.g., synthesis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins for cell wall production). Several recent studies have already suggested a potential role for UDP-Glc in plant growth and development, and UDP-Glc has also been suggested as a signaling molecule, in addition to its precursor function. In this review, we will cover primary mechanisms of formation of UDP-sugars, by focusing on UDP-sugar metabolizing pyrophosphorylases. The pyrophosphorylases can be divided into three families: UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase), and UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAGPase), which can be distinguished both by their amino acid sequences and by differences in substrate specificity. Substrate specificities of these enzymes are discussed, along with structure-function relationships, based on their crystal structures and homology modeling. Earlier studies with transgenic plants have revealed that each of the pyrophosphorylases is essential for plant survival, and their loss or a decrease in activity results in reproductive impairment. This constitutes a problem when studying exact in vivo roles of the enzymes using classical reverse genetics approaches. Thus, strategies involving the use of specific inhibitors (reverse chemical genetics) are also discussed. Further characterization of the properties/roles of pyrophosphorylases should address fundamental questions dealing with mechanisms and control of carbohydrate synthesis and may allow to identify targets for manipulation of biomass production in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek A. Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ebert B, Rautengarten C, McFarlane HE, Rupasinghe T, Zeng W, Ford K, Scheller HV, Bacic A, Roessner U, Persson S, Heazlewood JL. A Golgi UDP-GlcNAc transporter delivers substrates for N-linked glycans and sphingolipids. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:792-801. [PMID: 30224661 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation requires activated glycosyl donors in the form of nucleotide sugars to drive processes such as post-translational protein modifications and glycolipid and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Most of these reactions occur in the Golgi, requiring cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars, which need to be actively transferred into the Golgi lumen by nucleotide sugar transporters. We identified a Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana with affinity for UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and assigned it UDP-GlcNAc transporter 1 (UGNT1). Profiles of N-glycopeptides revealed that plants carrying the ugnt1 loss-of-function allele are virtually devoid of complex and hybrid N-glycans. Instead, the N-glycopeptide population from these alleles exhibited high-mannose structures, representing structures prior to the addition of the first GlcNAc in the Golgi. Concomitantly, sphingolipid profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-containing glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) is also reliant on this transporter. By contrast, plants carrying the loss-of-function alleles affecting ROCK1, which has been reported to transport UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, exhibit no changes in N-glycan or GIPC profiles. Our findings reveal that plants contain a single UDP-GlcNAc transporter that delivers an essential substrate for the maturation of N-glycans and the GIPC class of sphingolipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristina Ford
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Netzer F, Herschbach C, Oikawa A, Okazaki Y, Dubbert D, Saito K, Rennenberg H. Seasonal Alterations in Organic Phosphorus Metabolism Drive the Phosphorus Economy of Annual Growth in F. sylvatica Trees on P-Impoverished Soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:723. [PMID: 29928284 PMCID: PMC5998604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important macronutrients limiting plant growth and development, particularly in forest ecosystems such as temperate beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in Central Europe. Efficient tree internal P cycling during annual growth is an important strategy of beech trees to adapt to low soil-P. Organic P (Porg) is thought to play a decisive role in P cycling, but the significance of individual compounds and processes has not been elucidated. To identify processes and metabolites involved in P cycling of beech trees, polar-metabolome and lipidome profiling was performed during annual growth with twig tissues from a sufficient (Conventwald, Con) and a low-soil-P (Tuttlingen, Tut) forest. Autumnal phospholipid degradation in leaves and P export from senescent leaves, accumulation of phospholipids and glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) in the bark, storage of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P) in the wood, and establishing of a phospholipid "start-up capital" in buds constitute main processes involved in P cycling that were enhanced in beech trees on low-P soil of the Tut forest. In spring, mobilization of P from storage pools in the bark contributed to an effective P cycling. Due to the higher phospholipid "start-up capital" in buds of Tut beeches, the P metabolite profile in developing leaves in spring was similar in beech trees of both forests. During summer, leaves of Tut beeches meet their phosphate (Pi) needs by replacing phospholipids by galacto- and sulfolipids. Thus, several processes contribute to adequate Pi supply on P impoverished soil thereby mediating similar growth of beech at low and sufficient soil-P availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - David Dubbert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Netzer F, Mueller CW, Scheerer U, Grüner J, Kögel-Knabner I, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H. Phosphorus nutrition of Populus × canescens reflects adaptation to high P-availability in the soil. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:6-24. [PMID: 29077948 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) constitutes one of five macronutrients essential for plant growth and development due to the central function of phosphate in energy metabolism, inheritance and metabolic control. In many ecosystems, plant available soil-P gets limited by soil aging. Hence, plants have developed adaptation strategies to cope with such limitation by an efficient plant and ecosystem internal P-cycling during annual growth. The natural floodplain habitat of fast-growing Populus × canescens is characterized by high soil-P availability. It was thus expected that the P-nutrition of P. × canescens had adapted to this conditions. Therefore, different P-fractions in different twig tissues were investigated during two annual growth cycles. The P-nutrition of P. × canescens markedly differs from that of European beech grown at low soil-P availability (Netzer F, Schmid C, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H (2017) Phosphorus-nutrition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during annual growth depends on tree age and P-availability in the soil. Environ Exp Bot 137:194-207). This was mainly due to a lack of tree internal P-cycling during annual growth indicated by the absence of P-storage and remobilization in twig bark and wood. Hence, strategies to economize P-nutrition and to prevent P-losses had not developed. This fits with the fast-growth strategy of P. × canescens at unrestricted P-availability. Hence, the P-nutrition strategy of P. × canescens can be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to its natural growth habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten W Mueller
- Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ursula Scheerer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Grüner
- Chair of Forest Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Bertoldstraße 17, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
- Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, College of Science, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu Y, Chen X. Expanding the Scope of Metabolic Glycan Labeling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1286-1296. [PMID: 28383803 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycan labeling (MGL) has gained wide utility and has become a useful tool for probing glycosylation in living systems. For the past three decades, the development and application of MGL have mostly focused on animal glycosylation. Recently, exploiting MGL for studying plant glycosylation has gained interest. Here, we describe a systematic evaluation of MGL for fluorescence imaging of root glycans in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nineteen monosaccharide analogues containing a bioorthogonal group (azide, alkyne, or cyclopropene) were synthesized and evaluated for metabolic incorporation into root glycans. Among these unnatural sugars, 14 (including three new compounds) were evaluated in plants for the first time. Our results showed that five unnatural sugars metabolically labeled root glycans efficiently, and enabled fluorescence imaging by bioorthogonal conjugation with fluorophores. We optimized the experimental procedures for MGL in Arabidopsis. Finally, distinct distribution patterns of the newly synthesized glycans were observed along the root developmental zones, thus indicating regulated biosynthesis of glycans during root development. We envision that MGL will find broad applications in plant glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. Substrate Specificity and Inhibitor Sensitivity of Plant UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1610. [PMID: 28970843 PMCID: PMC5609113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-sugars are essential precursors for glycosylation reactions producing cell wall polysaccharides, sucrose, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. Primary mechanisms of UDP sugar formation involve the action of at least three distinct pyrophosphorylases using UTP and sugar-1-P as substrates. Here, substrate specificities of barley and Arabidopsis (two isozymes) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (UGPase), Arabidopsis UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase) and Arabidopsis UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase2 (UAGPase2) were investigated using a range of sugar-1-phosphates and nucleoside-triphosphates as substrates. Whereas all the enzymes preferentially used UTP as nucleotide donor, they differed in their specificity for sugar-1-P. UGPases had high activity with D-Glc-1-P, but could also react with Fru-1-P and Fru-2-P (Km values over 10 mM). Contrary to an earlier report, their activity with Gal-1-P was extremely low. USPase reacted with a range of sugar-1-phosphates, including D-Glc-1-P, D-Gal-1-P, D-GalA-1-P (Km of 1.3 mM), β-L-Ara-1-P and α-D-Fuc-1-P (Km of 3.4 mM), but not β-L-Fuc-1-P. In contrast, UAGPase2 reacted only with D-GlcNAc-1-P, D-GalNAc-1-P (Km of 1 mM) and, to some extent, D-Glc-1-P (Km of 3.2 mM). Generally, different conformations/substituents at C2, C4, and C5 of the pyranose ring of a sugar were crucial determinants of substrate specificity of a given pyrophosphorylase. Homology models of UDP-sugar binding to UGPase, USPase and UAGPase2 revealed more common amino acids for UDP binding than for sugar binding, reflecting differences in substrate specificity of these proteins. UAGPase2 was inhibited by a salicylate derivative that was earlier shown to affect UGPase and USPase activities, consistent with a common structural architecture of the three pyrophosphorylases. The results are discussed with respect to the role of the pyrophosphorylases in sugar activation for glycosylated end-products.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu Y, Wu J, Chen X. Metabolic Labeling and Imaging of N‐Linked Glycans in
Arabidopsis Thaliana. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie Wu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking University Beijing 100871 China
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu Y, Wu J, Chen X. Metabolic Labeling and Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in Arabidopsis Thaliana. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9301-5. [PMID: 27346875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of glycans has been actively pursued in animal systems for the past decades. However, visualization of plant glycans remains underdeveloped, despite that glycosylation is essential for the life cycle of plants. Metabolic glycan labeling in Arabidopsis thaliana by using N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz) as the chemical reporter is reported. GlcNAz is metabolized through the salvage pathway of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and incorporated into N-linked glycans, and possibly intracellular O-GlcNAc. Click-labeling with fluorescent probes enables visualization of newly synthesized N-linked glycans. N-glycosylation in the root tissue was discovered to possess distinct distribution patterns in different developmental zones, suggesting that N-glycosylation is regulated in a developmental stage-dependent manner. This work shows the utility of metabolic glycan labeling in elucidating the function of N-linked glycosylation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|