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Nie H, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang W, Wang Z, Zheng J. Expression of microbial lipase in filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger: a review. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 38841267 PMCID: PMC11147998 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipase has high economic importance and is widely used in biodiesel, food, detergents, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The rapid development of synthetic biology and system biology has not only paved the way for comprehensively understanding the efficient operation mechanism of Aspergillus niger cell factories but also introduced a new technological system for creating and optimizing high-efficiency A. niger cell factories. In this review, all relevant data on microbial lipase enzyme sources and general properties are gathered and updated. The relationship between A. niger strain morphology and protein production is discussed. The safety of A. niger strain is investigated to ensure product safety. The biotechnologies and factors influencing lipase expression in A. niger are summarized. This review focuses on various strategies to improve lipase expression in A. niger. The summary of these methods and the application of the gene editing technology CRISPR/Cas9 system can further improve the efficiency of constructing the engineered lipase-producing A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Weili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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Marcial-Quino J, Fierro F, Fernández FJ, Montiel-Gonzalez AM, Sierra-Palacios E, Tomasini A. Silencing of Amylomyces rouxii aspartic II protease by siRNA to increase tyrosinase activity. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1415-1425. [PMID: 37993253 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Amylomyces rouxii is a zygomycete that produces extracellular protease and tyrosinase. The tyrosinase activity is negatively regulated by the proteases and, which attempts to purify the tyrosinase (tyr) enzyme that has been hampered by the presence of a protease that co-purified with it. In this work we identified genes encoding aspartic protease II (aspII) and VI of A. rouxii. Using an RNAi strategy based on the generation of a siRNA by transcription from two opposite-orientated promoters, the expression of these two proteases was silenced, showing that this molecular tool is suitable for gene silencing in Amylomyces. The transformant strains showed a significant attenuation of the transcripts (determined by RT-qPCR), with respective inhibition of the protease activity. In the case of aspII, inhibition was in the range of 43-90 % in different transformants, which correlated well with up to a five-fold increase in tyr activity with respect to the wild type and control strains. In contrast, silencing of aspVI caused a 43-65 % decrease in protease activity but had no significant effect on the tyr activity. The results show that aspII has a negative effect on tyr activity, and that the silencing of this protease is important to obtain strains with high levels of tyr activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico
| | - Francisco Fierro
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco José Fernández
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alba Mónica Montiel-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico, 09620, Mexico
| | - Araceli Tomasini
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Wang L, Xie Y, Chang J, Wang J, Liu H, Shi M, Zhong Y. A novel sucrose-inducible expression system and its application for production of biomass-degrading enzymes in Aspergillus niger. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:23. [PMID: 36782304 PMCID: PMC9926565 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi are extensively exploited as important enzyme producers due to the superior secretory capability. However, the complexity of their secretomes greatly impairs the titer and purity of heterologous enzymes. Meanwhile, high-efficient evaluation and production of bulk enzymes, such as biomass-degrading enzymes, necessitate constructing powerful expression systems for bio-refinery applications. RESULTS A novel sucrose-inducible expression system based on the host strain Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611 and the β-fructofuranosidase promoter (PfopA) was constructed. A. niger ATCC 20611 preferentially utilized sucrose for rapid growth and β-fructofuranosidase production. Its secretory background was relatively clean because β-fructofuranosidase, the key enzyme responsible for sucrose utilization, was essentially not secreted into the medium and the extracellular protease activity was low. Furthermore, the PfopA promoter showed a sucrose concentration-dependent induction pattern and was not subject to glucose repression. Moreover, the strength of PfopA was 7.68-fold higher than that of the commonly used glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PgpdA) with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) as a reporter. Thus, A. niger ATCC 20611 coupled with the PfopA promoter was used as an expression system to express a β-glucosidase gene (bgla) from A. niger C112, allowing the production of β-glucosidase at a titer of 17.84 U/mL. The crude β-glucosidase preparation could remarkably improve glucose yield in the saccharification of pretreated corncob residues when added to the cellulase mixture of Trichoderma reesei QM9414. The efficacy of this expression system was further demonstrated by co-expressing the T. reesei-derived chitinase Chi46 and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase Nag1 to obtain an efficient chitin-degrading enzyme cocktail, which could achieve the production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from colloidal chitin with a conversion ratio of 91.83%. Besides, the purity of the above-secreted biomass-degrading enzymes in the crude culture supernatant was over 86%. CONCLUSIONS This PfopA-driven expression system expands the genetic toolbox of A. niger and broadens the application field of the traditional fructo-oligosaccharides-producing strain A. niger ATCC 20611, advancing it to become a high-performing enzyme-producing cell factory. In particular, the sucrose-inducible expression system possessed the capacity to produce biomass-degrading enzymes at a high level and evade endogenous protein interference, providing a potential purification-free enzyme production platform for bio-refinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijia Xie
- Qingdao Academy, Qingdao, 266111 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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Miyazono KI, Kubota K, Takahashi K, Tanokura M. Crystal structure and substrate recognition mechanism of the prolyl endoprotease PEP from Aspergillus niger. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 591:76-81. [PMID: 34999257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that are not only essential for life but also industrially important. Understanding the substrate recognition mechanisms of proteases is important to enhance the use of proteases. The fungus Aspergillus produces a wide variety of proteases, including PEP, which is a prolyl endoprotease from A. niger. Although PEP exhibits amino acid sequence similarity to the serine peptidase family S28 proteins (PRCP and DPP7) that recognize Pro-X bonds in the terminal regions of peptides, PEP recognizes Pro-X bonds not only in peptides but also in proteins. To reveal the structural basis of the prolyl endoprotease activity of PEP, we determined the structure of PEP by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.75 Å. The PEP structure shows that PEP has a wide-open catalytic pocket compared to its homologs. The characteristic catalytic pocket structure of PEP is predicted to be important for the recognition of protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Miyazono
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keiko Kubota
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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6
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Dong Z, Yang S, Lee BH. Bioinformatic mapping of a more precise Aspergillus niger degradome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:693. [PMID: 33436802 PMCID: PMC7804941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger has the ability to produce a large variety of proteases, which are of particular importance for protein digestion, intracellular protein turnover, cell signaling, flavour development, extracellular matrix remodeling and microbial defense. However, the A. niger degradome (the full repertoire of peptidases encoded by the A. niger genome) available is not accurate and comprehensive. Herein, we have utilized annotations of A. niger proteases in AspGD, JGI, and version 12.2 MEROPS database to compile an index of at least 232 putative proteases that are distributed into the 71 families/subfamilies and 26 clans of the 6 known catalytic classes, which represents ~ 1.64% of the 14,165 putative A. niger protein content. The composition of the A. niger degradome comprises ~ 7.3% aspartic, ~ 2.2% glutamic, ~ 6.0% threonine, ~ 17.7% cysteine, ~ 31.0% serine, and ~ 35.8% metallopeptidases. One hundred and two proteases have been reassigned into the above six classes, while the active sites and/or metal-binding residues of 110 proteases were recharacterized. The probable physiological functions and active site architectures of these peptidases were also investigated. This work provides a more precise overview of the complete degradome of A. niger, which will no doubt constitute a valuable resource and starting point for further experimental studies on the biochemical characterization and physiological roles of these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Dong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-Reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid-Line of South-To-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, 473061, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- College of Physical Education, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, People's Republic of China
| | - Byong H Lee
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Li C, Zhou J, Du G, Chen J, Takahashi S, Liu S. Developing Aspergillus niger as a cell factory for food enzyme production. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107630. [PMID: 32919011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger has become one of the most important hosts for food enzyme production due to its unique food safety characteristics and excellent protein secretion systems. A series of food enzymes such as glucoamylase have been commercially produced by A. niger strains, making this species a suitable platform for the engineered of strains with improved enzyme production. However, difficulties in genetic manipulations and shortage of expression strategies limit the progress in this regard. Moreover, several mycotoxins have recently been detected in some A. niger strains, which raises the necessity for a regulatory approval process for food enzyme production. With robust strains, processing engineering strategies are also needed for producing the enzymes on a large scale, which is also challenging for A. niger, since its culture is aerobic, and non-Newtonian fluid properties are developed during submerged culture, making mixing and aeration very energy-intensive. In this article, the progress and challenges of developing A. niger for the production of food enzymes are reviewed, including its genetic manipulations, strategies for more efficient production of food enzymes, and elimination of mycotoxins for product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Wang Q, Zhong C, Xiao H. Genetic Engineering of Filamentous Fungi for Efficient Protein Expression and Secretion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:293. [PMID: 32322579 PMCID: PMC7156587 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are considered as unique cell factories for protein production due to the high efficiency of protein secretion and superior capability of post-translational modifications. In this review, we firstly introduce the secretory pathway in filamentous fungi. We next summarize the current state-of-the-art works regarding how various genetic engineering strategies are applied for enhancing protein expression and secretion in filamentous fungi. Finally, in a future perspective, we discuss the great potential of genome engineering for further improving protein expression and secretion in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Materials and Physical Biology Division, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Materials Synthetic Biology Center, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Enzymatic characteristics of a recombinant protease (rPepD) from Aspergillus niger expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 162:67-71. [PMID: 31181254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger AS3.350 protease gene (pepD) was successfully cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71. The rPepD activity was 331.5 U/ml, and the optimum temperature and pH were 45 °C and 8-9 respectively. In addition, enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by PMSF, EDTA, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions, and stimulated by Ca2+ which selectively bound to the T302 and D323 residues. Mutation in either or both of the residues inhibited rPepD expression, indicating that binding to Ca2+ is necessary for PepD expression and activity. The rPepD showed a wide substrate range, and was particularly selective to those with hydrophobic amino acids. The degree of rPepD-mediated hydrolysis of soy protein isolate, corn flour and gluten meal were 8.7%, 38.1% and 33.6% respectively, which was higher than that by Alcalase, indicating that rPepD has potential applications in the food processing industry.
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10
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A Potential Lock-Type Mechanism for Unconventional Secretion in Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030460. [PMID: 30678160 PMCID: PMC6386918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein export in eukaryotes can either occur via the classical pathway traversing the endomembrane system or exploit alternative routes summarized as unconventional secretion. Besides multiple examples in higher eukaryotes, unconventional secretion has also been described for fungal proteins with diverse functions in important processes such as development or virulence. Accumulating molecular insights into the different export pathways suggest that unconventional secretion in fungal microorganisms does not follow a common scheme but has evolved multiple times independently. In this study, we review the most prominent examples with a focus on the chitinase Cts1 from the corn smut Ustilago maydis. Cts1 participates in cell separation during budding growth. Recent evidence indicates that the enzyme might be actively translocated into the fragmentation zone connecting dividing mother and daughter cells, where it supports cell division by the degradation of remnant chitin. Importantly, a functional fragmentation zone is prerequisite for Cts1 release. We summarize in detail what is currently known about this potential lock-type mechanism of Cts1 secretion and its connection to the complex regulation of fragmentation zone assembly and cell separation.
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Rational design for fungal laccase production in the model host Aspergillus nidulans. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:84-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kamaruddin N, Storms R, Mahadi NM, Illias RM, Bakar FDA, Murad AMA. Reduction of Extracellular Proteases Increased Activity and Stability of Heterologous Protein in $${ Aspergillus}$$ A s p e r g i l l u s $${ niger}$$ n i g e r. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Efficient secretion of three fungal laccases fromSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand their potential for decolorization of textile industry effluent-A comparative study. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:69-80. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates during the simultaneous reduction of oxygen to water. These enzymes, originally found in fungi, plants, and other natural sources, have many industrial and biotechnological applications. They are used in the food, textile, pulp, and paper industries, as well as for bioremediation purposes. Although natural hosts can provide relatively high levels of active laccases after production optimization, heterologous expression can bring, moreover, engineered enzymes with desired properties, such as different substrate specificity or improved stability. Hence, diverse hosts suitable for laccase production are reviewed here, while the greatest emphasis is placed on yeasts which are commonly used for industrial production of various proteins. Different approaches to optimize the laccase expression and activity are also discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Antošová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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15
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Functional and transcriptomic analysis of the key unfolded protein response transcription factor HacA in Aspergillus oryzae. Gene 2016; 593:143-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Landowski CP, Mustalahti E, Wahl R, Croute L, Sivasiddarthan D, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Sommer B, Ostermeier C, Helk B, Saarinen J, Saloheimo M. Enabling low cost biopharmaceuticals: high level interferon alpha-2b production in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:104. [PMID: 27287473 PMCID: PMC4902970 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has tremendous capability to secrete over 100 g/L of proteins and therefore it would make an excellent host system for production of high levels of therapeutic proteins at low cost. We have developed T. reesei strains suitable for production of therapeutic proteins by reducing the secreted protease activity. Protease activity has been the major hindrance to achieving high production levels. We have constructed a series of interferon alpha-2b (IFNα-2b) production strains with 9 protease deletions to gain knowledge for further strain development. RESULTS We have identified two protease deletions that dramatically improved the production levels. Deletion of the subtilisin protease slp7 and the metalloprotease amp2 has enabled production levels of IFNα-2b up to 2.1 and 2.4 g/L, respectively. With addition of soybean trypsin protease inhibitor the level of production improved to 4.5 g/L, with an additional 1.8 g/L still bound to the secretion carrier protein. CONCLUSIONS High levels of IFNα-2b were produced using T. reesei strains with reduced protease secretion. Further strain development can be done to improve the production system by reducing protease activity and improving carrier protein cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eero Mustalahti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
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Burggraaf AM, Punt PJ, Ram AFJ. The unconventional secretion of PepN is independent of a functional autophagy machinery in the filamentous fungusAspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw152. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Landowski CP, Huuskonen A, Wahl R, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Kanerva A, Hänninen AL, Salovuori N, Penttilä M, Natunen J, Ostermeier C, Helk B, Saarinen J, Saloheimo M. Enabling Low Cost Biopharmaceuticals: A Systematic Approach to Delete Proteases from a Well-Known Protein Production Host Trichoderma reesei. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134723. [PMID: 26309247 PMCID: PMC4550459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has tremendous capability to secrete proteins. Therefore, it would be an excellent host for producing high levels of therapeutic proteins at low cost. Developing a filamentous fungus to produce sensitive therapeutic proteins requires that protease secretion is drastically reduced. We have identified 13 major secreted proteases that are related to degradation of therapeutic antibodies, interferon alpha 2b, and insulin like growth factor. The major proteases observed were aspartic, glutamic, subtilisin-like, and trypsin-like proteases. The seven most problematic proteases were sequentially removed from a strain to develop it for producing therapeutic proteins. After this the protease activity in the supernatant was dramatically reduced down to 4% of the original level based upon a casein substrate. When antibody was incubated in the six protease deletion strain supernatant, the heavy chain remained fully intact and no degradation products were observed. Interferon alpha 2b and insulin like growth factor were less stable in the same supernatant, but full length proteins remained when incubated overnight, in contrast to the original strain. As additional benefits, the multiple protease deletions have led to faster strain growth and higher levels of total protein in the culture supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Huuskonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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Budak SO, Zhou M, Brouwer C, Wiebenga A, Benoit I, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP. A genomic survey of proteases in Aspergilli. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:523. [PMID: 24965873 PMCID: PMC4102723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases can hydrolyze peptides in aqueous environments. This property has made proteases the most important industrial enzymes by taking up about 60% of the total enzyme market. Microorganisms are the main sources for industrial protease production due to their high yield and a wide range of biochemical properties. Several Aspergilli have the ability to produce a variety of proteases, but no comprehensive comparative study has been carried out on protease productivity in this genus so far. RESULTS We have performed a combined analysis of comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymology tests on seven Aspergillus species grown on wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. Putative proteases were identified by homology search and Pfam domains. These genes were then clusters based on orthology and extracellular proteases were identified by protein subcellular localization prediction. Proteomics was used to identify the secreted enzymes in the cultures, while protease essays with and without inhibitors were performed to determine the overall protease activity per protease class. All this data was then integrated to compare the protease productivities in Aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS Genomes of Aspergillus species contain a similar proportion of protease encoding genes. According to comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymatic experiments serine proteases make up the largest group in the protease spectrum across the species. In general wheat bran gives higher induction of proteases than sugar beet pulp. Interesting differences of protease activity, extracellular enzyme spectrum composition, protein occurrence and abundance were identified for species. By combining in silico and wet-lab experiments, we present the intriguing variety of protease productivity in Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ozturkoglu Budak
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy Technology, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Brouwer
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Young K, Lim J, Der Bedrosian M, Kung L. Effect of exogenous protease enzymes on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6687-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen XZ, Shen W, Fan Y, Wang ZX. [Genomics and metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi in the post-genomics era]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1067-78. [PMID: 21993281 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are used in a variety of industrial processes including the production of primary metabolites (e.g., organic acid, vitamins, and extracellular enzymes) and secondary metabolites (e.g., antibiotics, alkaloids, and gibberellins). Moreover, filamentous fungi have become preferred cell factories for production of foreign (heterologous) proteins in biotechnology in recent years. Compared to bacterial and yeast hosts, filamentous fungi showed predominant features such as the ability of growing on rather simple and inexpensive substrates, producing and secreting exceptionally large amounts of proteins, post-translational modifications, and GRAS (generally regarded as safe) approval. Therefore, the exploration of filamentous fungi has been attractive recently. This review summarizes the recent development in genomics, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of filamentous fungi, and describes their applications and functions in reconstruction of metabolic network, discovery of novel proteins and genes, investigation of cell physiological and biochemical reactions, and strain breeding. This review also analyzes the bottlenecks of heterologous protein expression in filamentous fungi. Furthermore, special emphasis is given on the strategies for improving the protein production, including fusion expression of heterologous proteins, RNAi technology, manipulations of secretion pathways, codon optimization of foreign genes, and screening of protease mutants. Lastly, this review proposes the future direction of metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi.
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Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Giardina P, Faraco V, Giovanni S. Heterologous laccase production and its role in industrial applications. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:252-62. [PMID: 21327057 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, catalyzing the oxidation of an array of aromatic substrates concomitantly with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. These enzymes are implicated in a variety of biological activities. Most of the laccases studied thus far are of fungal origin. The large range of substrates oxidized by laccases has raised interest in using them within different industrial fields, such as pulp delignification, textile dye bleaching, and bioremediation. Laccases secreted from native sources are usually not suitable for large-scale purposes, mainly due to low production yields and high cost of preparation/purification procedures. Heterologous expression may provide higher enzyme yields and may permit to produce laccases with desired properties (such as different substrate specificities, or improved stabilities) for industrial applications. This review surveys researches on heterologous laccase expression focusing on the pivotal role played by recombinant systems towards the development of robust tools for greening modern industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy.
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Zhang J, Mao Z, Xue W, Li Y, Tang G, Wang A, Zhang Y, Wang H. Ku80 gene is related to non-homologous end-joining and genome stability in Aspergillus niger. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1342-6. [PMID: 21225265 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ku70 and ku80 homologs from the Aspergillus niger genome were identified and their function was analyzed using targeted mutagenesis. The role of the ku80 gene in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) was investigated by calculating the frequency of homologous recombination. The transformation test verified that the frequency of homologous recombination significantly increased, from 1.78 to 65.6% in ku80 single deletion strains and to 100% in ku70/ku80 double deletion strains. These results suggest that the ku80 gene is important for non-homologous end-joining. Although the morphology of the ku deletion strains colonies was similar to that of the wildtype strain, mutants were more sensitive to the mutagen phleomycin. Furthermore, the purified ku80 deletion strain produced some sectored colonies on hygromycin B-containing plates. This result suggests that the ku80 gene deletion leads to genomic instability in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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Yoon J, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Disruption of ten protease genes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae highly improves production of heterologous proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:747-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Braaksma M, Martens-Uzunova ES, Punt PJ, Schaap PJ. An inventory of the Aspergillus niger secretome by combining in silico predictions with shotgun proteomics data. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:584. [PMID: 20959013 PMCID: PMC3091731 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ecological niche occupied by a fungal species, its pathogenicity and its usefulness as a microbial cell factory to a large degree depends on its secretome. Protein secretion usually requires the presence of a N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and by scanning for this feature using available highly accurate SP-prediction tools, the fraction of potentially secreted proteins can be directly predicted. However, prediction of a SP does not guarantee that the protein is actually secreted and current in silico prediction methods suffer from gene-model errors introduced during genome annotation. RESULTS A majority rule based classifier that also evaluates signal peptide predictions from the best homologs of three neighbouring Aspergillus species was developed to create an improved list of potential signal peptide containing proteins encoded by the Aspergillus niger genome. As a complement to these in silico predictions, the secretome associated with growth and upon carbon source depletion was determined using a shotgun proteomics approach. Overall, some 200 proteins with a predicted signal peptide were identified to be secreted proteins. Concordant changes in the secretome state were observed as a response to changes in growth/culture conditions. Additionally, two proteins secreted via a non-classical route operating in A. niger were identified. CONCLUSIONS We were able to improve the in silico inventory of A. niger secretory proteins by combining different gene-model predictions from neighbouring Aspergilli and thereby avoiding prediction conflicts associated with inaccurate gene-models. The expected accuracy of signal peptide prediction for proteins that lack homologous sequences in the proteomes of related species is 85%. An experimental validation of the predicted proteome confirmed in silico predictions.
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Braaksma M, Bijlsma S, Coulier L, Punt PJ, van der Werf MJ. Metabolomics as a tool for target identification in strain improvement: the influence of phenotype definition. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:147-159. [PMID: 20847006 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.041244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For the optimization of microbial production processes, the choice of the quantitative phenotype to be optimized is crucial. For instance, for the optimization of product formation, either product concentration or productivity can be pursued, potentially resulting in different targets for strain improvement. The choice of a quantitative phenotype is highly relevant for classical improvement approaches, and even more so for modern systems biology approaches. In this study, the information content of a metabolomics dataset was determined with respect to different quantitative phenotypes related to the formation of specific products. To this end, the production of two industrially relevant products by Aspergillus niger was evaluated: (i) the enzyme glucoamylase, and (ii) the more complex product group of secreted proteases, consisting of multiple enzymes. For both products, six quantitative phenotypes associated with activity and productivity were defined, also taking into account different time points of sampling during the fermentation. Both linear and nonlinear relationships between the metabolome data and the different quantitative phenotypes were considered. The multivariate data analysis tool partial least-squares (PLS) was used to evaluate the information content of the datasets for all the different quantitative phenotypes defined. Depending on the product studied, different quantitative phenotypes were found to have the highest information content in specific metabolomics datasets. A detailed analysis of the metabolites that showed strong correlation with these quantitative phenotypes revealed that various sugar derivatives correlated with glucoamylase activity. For the reduction of protease activity, mainly as-yet-unidentified compounds correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machtelt Braaksma
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Bijlsma
- TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Coulier
- TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Mariët J van der Werf
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Approaches for refining heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Braaksma M, Smilde AK, van der Werf MJ, Punt PJ. The effect of environmental conditions on extracellular protease activity in controlled fermentations of Aspergillus niger. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3430-3439. [PMID: 19628562 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.031062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic degradation by host proteases is one of the key issues in the application of filamentous fungi for non-fungal protein production. In this study the influence of several environmental factors on the production of extracellular proteases of Aspergillus niger was investigated systematically in controlled batch cultures. Of all factors investigated in a series of initial screening experiments, culture pH and nitrogen concentration in particular strongly affected extracellular protease activities. For instance, at a culture pH of 4, protease activity was higher than at pH 5, and protease activity increased with increasing concentrations of ammonium as nitrogen source. Interestingly, an interdependence was observed for several of the factors studied. These possible interaction effects were investigated further using a full factorial experimental design. Amongst others, the results showed a clear interaction effect between nitrogen source and nitrogen concentration. Based on the observed interactions, the selection of environmental factors to reduce protease activity is not straightforward, as unexpected antagonistic or synergistic effects occur. Furthermore, not only were the effects of the process parameters on maximum protease activity investigated, but five other protease-related phenotypes were studied as well, such as maximum specific protease activity and maximum protease productivity. There were significant differences in the effect of the environmental parameters on the various protease-related phenotypes. For instance, pH significantly affected final levels of protease activity, but not protease productivity. The results obtained in this study are important for the optimization of A. niger for protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machtelt Braaksma
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.,TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Age K Smilde
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.,TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Mariët J van der Werf
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.,TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.,TNO Quality of Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Naundorf A, Melzer G, Archelas A, Furstoss R, Wohlgemuth R. Influence of pH on the expression of a recombinant epoxide hydrolase in Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:756-65. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Quantification of the influence of extracellular laccase and intracellular reactions on the isomer-specific biotransformation of the xenoestrogen technical nonylphenol by the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4398-409. [PMID: 19429559 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00139-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica was used to quantify the effects of extracellular laccase and intracellular reactions on the isomer-specific biotransformation of technical nonylphenol (t-NP). In laccase-producing cultures, maximal removal rates of t-NP and the isomer 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol (NP112) were about 1.6- and 2.4-fold higher, respectively, than in laccase-lacking cultures. The selective suppression of either laccase or intracellular reactions resulted in essentially comparable maximal removal rates for both compounds. Evidence for an unspecific oxidation of t-NP isomers was consistently obtained from laccase-expressing fungal cultures when intracellular biotransformation was suppressed and from reaction mixtures containing isolated laccase. This observation contrasts with the selective degradation of t-NP isomers by bacteria and should prevent the enrichment of highly estrogenic isomers in remaining t-NP. In contrast with laccase reactions, intracellular fungal biotransformation caused a significant shift in the isomeric composition of remaining t-NP. As a result, certain t-NP constituents related to more estrogenic isomers were less efficiently degraded than others. In contrast to bacterial degradation via ipso-hydroxylation, the substitution pattern of the quaternary alpha-carbon of t-NP isomers does not seem to be very important for intracellular transformation in C. aquatica. As-yet-unknown intracellular enzymes are obviously induced by nonylphenols. Mass spectral data of the metabolites resulting from the intracellular oxidation of t-NP, NP112, and 4-(1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl)phenol indicate nonyl chain hydroxylation, further oxidation into keto or aldehyde compounds, and the subsequent formation of carboxylic acid derivatives. Further metabolites suggest nonyl chain desaturation and methylation of carboxylic acids. The phenolic moieties of the nonylphenols remained unchanged.
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Graf A, Dragosits M, Gasser B, Mattanovich D. Yeast systems biotechnology for the production of heterologous proteins. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:335-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Josic D, Kovač S. Application of proteomics in biotechnology – Microbial proteomics. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:496-509. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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