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Poulsen-Silva E, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F, Atala C, Moreno AA, Otero MC. Bioactive Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Presence in Species from Chile. Metabolites 2023; 13:805. [PMID: 37512512 PMCID: PMC10383681 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of at least one fungal and one algal species. They are found in different environments around the world, even in the poles and deserts. Some species can withstand extreme abiotic conditions, including radiation and the vacuum of space. Their chemistry is mainly due to the fungal metabolism and the production of several secondary metabolites with biological activity, which have been isolated due to an increasing interest from the pharmaceutical community. However, beyond the experimental data, little is known about their mechanisms of action and the potential pharmaceutical use of these kinds of molecules, especially the ones isolated from lesser-known species and/or lesser-studied countries. The main objective of this review is to analyze the bibliographical data of the biological activity of secondary metabolites from lichens, identifying the possible mechanisms of action and lichen species from Chile. We carried out a bibliographic revision of different scientific articles in order to collect all necessary information on the biological activity of the metabolites of these lichen species. For this, validated databases were used. We found the most recent reports where in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the biological properties of these metabolites. The biological activity, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, of 26 secondary metabolites are described, as well as their reported molecular mechanisms. The most notable metabolites found in this review were usnic acid, atranorin, protolichesterinic acid, and lobaric acid. Usnic acid was the most investigated metabolite, in addition to undergoing toxicological and pharmacological studies, where a hepatotoxicity effect was reported due to uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, no major studies have been made to validate the pharmacological application of these metabolites, and few advancements have been made in their artificial growth in bioreactors. Despite the described biological activities, there is little support to consider these metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations or to evaluate them in clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to carry out further studies regarding their possible human health effects. These lichen secondary metabolites present a promising research opportunity to find new pharmaceutical molecules due to their bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Poulsen-Silva
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - María Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Kumar TK, Siva B, Anand A, Anusha K, Mohabe S, Reddy AM, Le Devehat F, Tiwari AK, Boustie J, Babu KS. Comprehensive Lichenometabolomic Exploration of Ramalina conduplicans Vain Using UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS: An Identification of Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Hyperglycemic Constituents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196720. [PMID: 36235256 PMCID: PMC9570585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS/MS)-guided metabolite isolation as a choice analytical approach to the ongoing structure−activity investigations of chemical isolates from the edible lichen, Ramalina conduplicans Vain. This strategy led to the isolation and identification of a new depside (5) along with 13 known compounds (1−4, 6−14), most of which being newly described in this lichen species. The structures of the isolates were established by detailed analysis of their spectral data (IR, NMR, and Mass). The acetone extract was further analyzed by UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS in a negative ionization mode, which facilitated the identification and confirmation of 18 compounds based on their fragmentation patterns. The antioxidant capacities of the lichen acetone extract (AE) and isolates were measured by tracking DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Most isolates displayed marked radical scavenging activities against ABTS while moderate activities were observed against DPPH radical scavenging. Except for atranol (14), oxidative DNA damage was limited by all the tested compounds, with a marked protection for the novel isolated compound (5), as previously noted for the acetone extract (p < 0.001). Furthermore, compound (4) and acetone extract (AE) have inhibited intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme significantly (p < 0.01). Although some phytochemical studies were already performed on this lichen, this study provided new insights into the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds, illustrating interest in future novel analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatapudi Kiran Kumar
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bandi Siva
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ajay Anand
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Komati Anusha
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Satish Mohabe
- Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Vemanapuram, Kadapa 516003, India
- Faculty of Sciences & IT, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India
| | | | - Françoise Le Devehat
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joël Boustie
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Katragadda Suresh Babu
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.S.B.)
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3
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Mendes RF, Bellozi PMQ, Conegundes JLM, Fernandes MF, Pinto NCC, Silva JMDA, Costa JCDA, Chedier LM, Dias ACP, Scio E. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and in vitro antioxidant, antiglycant and anti-neuroinflammatory actions of Syzygium malaccense. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210457. [PMID: 34852065 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Syzygium malaccense is popularly used to treat inflammation and pain-related ailments. The species was assessed regarding its antioxidant, antiglycant, anti-inflammatory, including anti-neuroinflammatory, and antinociceptive activities. Different models were employed to measure S. malaccense extract (ESM) antioxidant activity. The antiglycant activity was determined using the glucose-induced protein glycation model. LPS-induced neuroinflammation on murine BV-2 microglial cell line was used for anti-neuroinflammatory activity evaluation. The croton oil-induced ear edema test was accomplished to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Acetic acid-induced writhing together with formalin-induced paw licking assays were performed to evaluate the antinociceptive potential. Finally, the chemical characterization was accomplished by a UHPLC-MS analysis. ESM presented relevant antioxidant and antiglycant activity. NO production by BV-2 cells was reduced, indicating the relevant neuroprotective activity. ESM significantly decreased the mice ear edema induced by croton oil and the nociceptive stimulus induced by acetic acid and formalin by central and peripheral mechanisms. The flavonoids myricitrin, myricetin and quercetin were identified and, as far as we know, the alkaloid reserpine was reported in the species for the first time. The antioxidant and antiglycant potential of ESM, may be related to the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and to the in vitro neuroinflammation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F Mendes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula M Q Bellozi
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica L Mota Conegundes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria F Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Josiane M DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C DA Costa
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Chedier
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto C P Dias
- Universidade do Minho, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Departamento de Biologia, Rua da Universidade, s/n, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,Universidade do Minho, Centro de Engenharia Biológica (CEB), Rua da Universidade, s/n, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Elita Scio
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos (LPNB), Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Natural Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010029. [PMID: 33374186 PMCID: PMC7824130 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from plants and fungi are stimulating growing interest in consumers and, consequently, in the food and supplement industries. The beneficial effects of these natural compounds are being thoroughly studied and there are frequent updates about the biological activities of old and new molecules isolated from plants and fungi. In this article, we present a review of the most recent literature regarding the recent discovery of secondary metabolites through isolation and structural elucidation, as well as the in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation of their biological effects. In particular, the possibility of using these bioactive molecules in the prevention and/or treatment of widely spread pathologies such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.
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Pavan Kumar P, Siva B, Anand A, Tiwari AK, Vekata Rao C, Boustie J, Suresh Babu K. Isolation, semi-synthesis, free-radicals scavenging, and advanced glycation end products formation inhibitory constituents from Parmotrema tinctorum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:976-988. [PMID: 31242773 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1628024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided separation of acetone extract from lichen Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale led to the isolation of six major phenolic constituents (1-6). Compounds structures were established using NMR and mass spectral techniques. Further, to develop libraries on these scaffolds, a series of semi-synthetic derivatives were prepared (1a-1f, 2a-2b, 3a, 5a) and investigated for their free-radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)) scavenging and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory activities. Amongst tested derivatives, 1a, 1d, 1e, 2a, and 5a showed strong ABTS scavenging potentials comparable to Trolox. In addition, these derivatives also manifested moderate AGEs formation inhibitory activities. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavan Kumar
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Bandi Siva
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ajay Anand
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - C Vekata Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
| | - Joel Boustie
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes 35000, France
| | - K Suresh Babu
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Orfanoudaki M, Hartmann A, Alilou M, Gelbrich T, Planchenault P, Derbré S, Schinkovitz A, Richomme P, Hensel A, Ganzera M. Absolute Configuration of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids, Their Wound Healing Properties and In Vitro Anti-Aging Effects. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E35. [PMID: 31906052 PMCID: PMC7024213 DOI: 10.3390/md18010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble metabolites, reported to exhibit strong UV-absorbing properties. They have been found in a wide range of marine organisms, especially those that are exposed to extreme levels of sunlight, to protect them against solar radiation. In the present study, the absolute configuration of 14 mycosporine-like-amino acids was determined by combining the results of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and that of advanced Marfey's method using LC-MS. The crystal structure of a shinorine hydrate was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data and its absolute configuration was established from anomalous-dispersion effects. Furthermore, the anti-aging and wound-healing properties of these metabolites were evaluated in three different assays namely the inhibition of collagenase, inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and wound healing assay (scratch assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Orfanoudaki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.O.); (M.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.O.); (M.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mostafa Alilou
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.O.); (M.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Thomas Gelbrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Patricia Planchenault
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045 Angers, France; (P.P.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Séverine Derbré
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045 Angers, France; (P.P.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045 Angers, France; (P.P.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045 Angers, France; (P.P.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.O.); (M.A.); (M.G.)
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Olivier-Jimenez D, Chollet-Krugler M, Rondeau D, Beniddir MA, Ferron S, Delhaye T, Allard PM, Wolfender JL, Sipman HJM, Lücking R, Boustie J, Le Pogam P. A database of high-resolution MS/MS spectra for lichen metabolites. Sci Data 2019; 6:294. [PMID: 31780665 PMCID: PMC6882832 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While analytical techniques in natural products research massively shifted to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, lichen chemistry remains reliant on limited analytical methods, Thin Layer Chromatography being the gold standard. To meet the modern standards of metabolomics within lichenochemistry, we announce the publication of an open access MS/MS library with 250 metabolites, coined LDB for Lichen DataBase, providing a comprehensive coverage of lichen chemodiversity. These were donated by the Berlin Garden and Botanical Museum from the collection of Siegfried Huneck to be analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Spectra at individual collision energies were submitted to MetaboLights (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS999) while merged spectra were uploaded to the GNPS platform (CCMSLIB00004751209 to CCMSLIB00004751517). Technical validation was achieved by dereplicating three lichen extracts using a Molecular Networking approach, revealing the detection of eleven unique molecules that would have been missed without LDB implementation to the GNPS. From a chemist's viewpoint, this database should help streamlining the isolation of formerly unreported metabolites. From a taxonomist perspective, the LDB offers a versatile tool for the chemical profiling of newly reported species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Olivier-Jimenez
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et Télécommunications de Rennes)-UMR 6164, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marylène Chollet-Krugler
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - David Rondeau
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et Télécommunications de Rennes)-UMR 6164, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
- Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Mehdi A Beniddir
- CNRS, BioCIS (Biomolécules: Conception Isolement et Synthèse)-UMR 8076, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, F-92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Solenn Ferron
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Delhaye
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et Télécommunications de Rennes)-UMR 6164, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Harrie J M Sipman
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joël Boustie
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- CNRS, BioCIS (Biomolécules: Conception Isolement et Synthèse)-UMR 8076, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, F-92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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